1
00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:06,000
Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff to Blow Your mind from how stuff

2
00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:13,600
Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to stuff to blow your

3
00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:15,560
Speaker 1: my My My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Julie Douglas,

4
00:00:15,600 --> 00:00:17,680
Speaker 1: and we are joining you once more from the House

5
00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:21,600
Speaker 1: Stuff Works Awsuary, the the catacombs beneath the House Stuff

6
00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:27,640
Speaker 1: Works Headquarters, the bone choked hallways, beneath the bone chandeliers,

7
00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:31,360
Speaker 1: and under the gaze, the watchful gaze of of of

8
00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:35,479
Speaker 1: countless human skulls. Indeed, and we're going to rethink bones today.

9
00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:37,640
Speaker 1: We think of them just propping up the meat bags

10
00:00:37,680 --> 00:00:39,760
Speaker 1: that we inhabit. That hey, they're doing a lot more

11
00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:46,800
Speaker 1: than that, they sure are. We're going to discuss the

12
00:00:46,840 --> 00:00:51,600
Speaker 1: bones of Santa Claus himself. Oh when we're talking about

13
00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:55,200
Speaker 1: Santa Claus here, and we're not talking about the mythical

14
00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:57,720
Speaker 1: jolly fat man that lives in the North Pole and

15
00:00:57,760 --> 00:01:01,640
Speaker 1: brings gifts more of what we're talking about the origin

16
00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:05,240
Speaker 1: of this a bit the the actual living human being

17
00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:09,959
Speaker 1: who himself is wrapped in myth up to this day. Um,

18
00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:13,720
Speaker 1: But we're talking about St. Nicholas uh born marchis tenth

19
00:01:13,720 --> 00:01:17,040
Speaker 1: in the year to seventy CE, died in the year

20
00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:21,480
Speaker 1: three forty three on December six, fourth century Christian Saint

21
00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:24,400
Speaker 1: Greek Bishop of Mira, which is in modern day Turkey,

22
00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:29,200
Speaker 1: also known as Nicholas the wonder Worker because he has

23
00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,320
Speaker 1: all these various miracles attributed to him as a reputation

24
00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:35,080
Speaker 1: as a gift giver. And two of the stories are

25
00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:37,320
Speaker 1: pretty great because they tie in nicely with what we

26
00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:40,279
Speaker 1: just discussed about Benjamin Franklin, because one of the stories

27
00:01:40,319 --> 00:01:44,360
Speaker 1: involves essentially a serial killer and the other one involves prostitutes. Um,

28
00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:46,440
Speaker 1: would would you like to tell the prostitute story? Well,

29
00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:48,840
Speaker 1: the prostitute would be like sort of would be prostitutes?

30
00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:51,920
Speaker 1: Possibly there was there was a man and his three daughters,

31
00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:55,480
Speaker 1: and he didn't have the money to provide dowries for

32
00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:58,000
Speaker 1: his daughters, which meant that they were about to be

33
00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:00,560
Speaker 1: sold into slavery, which is probably mean they're about to

34
00:02:00,560 --> 00:02:03,320
Speaker 1: become prostitutes. So what does old good st Nick do?

35
00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:07,320
Speaker 1: He himself from a wealthy family, which in accounts for

36
00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:09,560
Speaker 1: that he gave away a lot of his money. Is

37
00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:13,640
Speaker 1: that he took bags of gold and tossed them through

38
00:02:13,720 --> 00:02:18,280
Speaker 1: the windows of these three daughters on three consecutive nights.

39
00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:22,959
Speaker 1: Uh thereby saving them from a life of wretched prostitution. There.

40
00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:25,040
Speaker 1: So there we have gift giving and also some sort

41
00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:28,480
Speaker 1: of innate understanding of what's going on with people's lives

42
00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:31,679
Speaker 1: that he knows that you've been naughty or nice or

43
00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:36,320
Speaker 1: indeed what you really need this Christmas? And also uh,

44
00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:40,560
Speaker 1: sort of breaking the parameters of someone's house and yeah,

45
00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:43,240
Speaker 1: breaking in and just and uh and getting done when

46
00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:47,320
Speaker 1: needs to getting done. Another story, the serial killer story,

47
00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:49,160
Speaker 1: if you want to frame it that way, is that,

48
00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:53,079
Speaker 1: according to legend, there was a famine, and what happens

49
00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:54,960
Speaker 1: in famine there's not enough food to go around. And

50
00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:57,280
Speaker 1: if your business is that of a butcher, what are

51
00:02:57,280 --> 00:02:59,240
Speaker 1: you gonna do? You need meat to sell, people need

52
00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:01,920
Speaker 1: meat to eat. Sometimes you got to improvise. Sometimes you

53
00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:04,680
Speaker 1: have to lure three children into your house, kill them,

54
00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:07,200
Speaker 1: slice them up, and put their meat in a barrel

55
00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:10,480
Speaker 1: to cure them. His Ham well St Nick cole w

56
00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:13,160
Speaker 1: into this, so because he was in talent at the time,

57
00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:16,239
Speaker 1: you know. And so what did he do. He raised

58
00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:19,239
Speaker 1: the Ham brothers from the dead using only the power

59
00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:25,080
Speaker 1: of prayer, like unhanded them and rehumed them right there,

60
00:03:25,440 --> 00:03:28,359
Speaker 1: presumably right there in the butcher's shop. And and I

61
00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:30,320
Speaker 1: don't know what happened in the butcher's business. I assume

62
00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:33,640
Speaker 1: it ruined him. Um, that was the Barbara Fleet Street

63
00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:38,680
Speaker 1: right it wasn't. Yeah, but yeah, as you can see,

64
00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:42,280
Speaker 1: this guy St. Nick St. Nicholas is full of do goodery,

65
00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:46,440
Speaker 1: literally full of do goodery. Yes, because we're about to

66
00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:50,320
Speaker 1: discuss St. Nick himself is arguably the gift that keeps

67
00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:52,720
Speaker 1: on giving. That's right. When he died, he was buried

68
00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:57,680
Speaker 1: and his remains were revered as holy relics. And the

69
00:03:57,760 --> 00:04:00,200
Speaker 1: years after his death, his tomb was said to give

70
00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:04,040
Speaker 1: off a sweet smell and to weep a mysterious liquid

71
00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:08,280
Speaker 1: which would cure those who touched it. Yes, and this liquid,

72
00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:12,000
Speaker 1: according to those who collected and uh and those who

73
00:04:12,040 --> 00:04:16,720
Speaker 1: spend the myths around it, is supposedly manna. Uh. And

74
00:04:16,960 --> 00:04:19,600
Speaker 1: for for those of you are not versed in your

75
00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:23,520
Speaker 1: biblical studies, manna is the edible substance provided by God

76
00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:28,640
Speaker 1: to the wandering Israelites. Uh. Precious stuff that again just

77
00:04:28,760 --> 00:04:30,560
Speaker 1: manner from heaven. You've all heard that phrase, and that

78
00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:33,360
Speaker 1: the ideas this was literally some sort of a food

79
00:04:33,400 --> 00:04:36,760
Speaker 1: substance that came from God and just fell right into

80
00:04:36,800 --> 00:04:40,840
Speaker 1: their laps. Uh, what that food substance actually was. You know,

81
00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:43,560
Speaker 1: you can just go like a completely supernatural route and

82
00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,200
Speaker 1: say it's just something magical that sustains you. You can

83
00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:49,560
Speaker 1: you can go along with a certain rabbinical writings that

84
00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:53,039
Speaker 1: say that no one pooped from eating manna, and in fact,

85
00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:55,880
Speaker 1: it wasn't until several decades later when the manna ceased

86
00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:58,640
Speaker 1: to fall that people began pooping. I don't know, now,

87
00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:01,000
Speaker 1: I'm not not sure that means that there was no

88
00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:04,400
Speaker 1: pooping from mana at all, and then when they had

89
00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:06,600
Speaker 1: to eat other things then they started pooping in or

90
00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:09,040
Speaker 1: if there's like a block of build up of poop

91
00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:12,840
Speaker 1: over those decades until the manna ran out, I'm not

92
00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:15,320
Speaker 1: sure you can. Yeah, these are things that are lost

93
00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:17,919
Speaker 1: in history. Yeah they're they're lost in history. But but

94
00:05:17,960 --> 00:05:20,080
Speaker 1: then there are just there have been scientists that have

95
00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:24,320
Speaker 1: argued that manna might have actually been something like locusts um,

96
00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:27,400
Speaker 1: that it could have been an appetite suppressing cactus sap

97
00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:31,600
Speaker 1: or even appetite suppressing psychedelic mushrooms, which would have been

98
00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:33,800
Speaker 1: perfect because then you also have you know, something like

99
00:05:33,839 --> 00:05:37,960
Speaker 1: psilocybin that's that's playing into some sort of spiritual experience

100
00:05:37,960 --> 00:05:41,760
Speaker 1: as well. Now, for hundreds of years now, the manna

101
00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:45,720
Speaker 1: has been collected, mixed with holy water, embottled in small

102
00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:49,560
Speaker 1: glass vials, decorated with icons of the saint, and put

103
00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:53,440
Speaker 1: up for sale to pilgrims, people who were visiting St.

104
00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:57,000
Speaker 1: Nick's manna for sale to the pilgrim And I would

105
00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,520
Speaker 1: like to say, if if you have some of this,

106
00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:03,520
Speaker 1: or are habitedt on hand, or or can obtain it,

107
00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:05,520
Speaker 1: do send it to us. I would love to have

108
00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:08,279
Speaker 1: some of this nana so you don't so you would

109
00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:10,400
Speaker 1: never have to poop again. I'm I'm willing to give

110
00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:13,040
Speaker 1: it a shot. I'm not really a fan of pooping.

111
00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:16,240
Speaker 1: So you know, if there's some sort of holy a lick, sir,

112
00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:18,880
Speaker 1: that seeped from the bones of a dead saint, that

113
00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:21,480
Speaker 1: I can take and stave that off for a decade

114
00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:24,279
Speaker 1: or so, I'm all in. As much as I'd like

115
00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:27,560
Speaker 1: to delve into a rich poop conversation, I'm going to

116
00:06:27,680 --> 00:06:30,120
Speaker 1: back away from it. And I'm going to point out

117
00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:33,280
Speaker 1: that this manner was produced in a couple of locations,

118
00:06:33,400 --> 00:06:36,840
Speaker 1: so it was in in modern Turkey what we now

119
00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:41,240
Speaker 1: is modern Turkey and also in Bari, Italy, because in

120
00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:46,679
Speaker 1: ten eighties seven Italian soldiers moved St. Nicholas's bones to Italy,

121
00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:51,160
Speaker 1: citing invading Seljuk Turks as a concern for the bones welfare.

122
00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,200
Speaker 1: And here to the bones were found to have a

123
00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:59,960
Speaker 1: liquid around them. So there's all such a different encount

124
00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,960
Speaker 1: it's here of what that liquid was actually composed of.

125
00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:06,680
Speaker 1: There was one analysis of a bottle that was just water.

126
00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:10,120
Speaker 1: There was another one where it was vegetable oil from

127
00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:13,280
Speaker 1: a long, long time ago. Yeah, because it can essentially

128
00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:15,080
Speaker 1: be anything if you just you wrap it in a

129
00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:19,320
Speaker 1: nice story and enough belief, then it doesn't matter. Now

130
00:07:20,320 --> 00:07:22,880
Speaker 1: when we start asking the hard questions of what is

131
00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:26,360
Speaker 1: it really and is there really some sort of liquid

132
00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:29,239
Speaker 1: it's seeping out of this box that and then people

133
00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:33,160
Speaker 1: are bottling and drinking um, the answer is a little

134
00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:36,520
Speaker 1: less fantastic but but but also kind of disgusting. So

135
00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:39,040
Speaker 1: it's it's a win win. Do you think it's gross?

136
00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:41,400
Speaker 1: I mean, it's a little bit we're talking about I mean,

137
00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:45,160
Speaker 1: we're still talking about bone water um, because essentially we're

138
00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:48,880
Speaker 1: talking about condensation burries a port town. It's a marble

139
00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:51,800
Speaker 1: tomb it's below sea level. And there was a two

140
00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:55,120
Speaker 1: thousand and four documentary titled The Real Face of Santa

141
00:07:55,640 --> 00:07:58,320
Speaker 1: in which they actually took a small camera and they

142
00:07:58,400 --> 00:08:00,960
Speaker 1: jabbed it into the tomb so they can actually look

143
00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:04,520
Speaker 1: at the bones, and the bones are deteriorating. They're they're

144
00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:09,560
Speaker 1: lying in pools of shallow water. So this presumably is

145
00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:13,680
Speaker 1: the source of the manner the condensation, bones soaking in

146
00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:17,040
Speaker 1: the condensation and the leaking out. Yeah, because really, as

147
00:08:17,040 --> 00:08:21,120
Speaker 1: you said, it's underground, you have seawater being redistributed around

148
00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:27,080
Speaker 1: it in these capillaries, so that is a really dank area,

149
00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:31,640
Speaker 1: and of course condensation happens. Um, I'm not trying to

150
00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:36,599
Speaker 1: poop poo the holy water that allows you not to

151
00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:40,640
Speaker 1: poo poo waiting for that. It's still magical bone water.

152
00:08:40,679 --> 00:08:43,400
Speaker 1: So I'm I'm I'm happy with it either way. Indeed,

153
00:08:43,840 --> 00:08:47,800
Speaker 1: and here's a little historical side note on husband killing

154
00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:53,280
Speaker 1: poisons that used throughout the centuries, because a lot of

155
00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:55,760
Speaker 1: times that was the only way to get out of

156
00:08:55,760 --> 00:08:59,080
Speaker 1: a bad relationship. Yeah, you're in a crappy relationship. You

157
00:08:59,160 --> 00:09:02,400
Speaker 1: have a bottle of this manna sitting around with a

158
00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:05,000
Speaker 1: little icon of st Nicholas on it. Maybe your husband

159
00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:07,240
Speaker 1: has a cold, Maybe you slip in a little bit

160
00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:09,960
Speaker 1: of poison in there and say, ah, you should really

161
00:09:10,679 --> 00:09:13,520
Speaker 1: take this. I think it's going to cure you. This

162
00:09:13,640 --> 00:09:17,840
Speaker 1: happened more than once with these vials. And actually there's

163
00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:20,520
Speaker 1: a pretty big history of arsenic being used as a

164
00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:23,680
Speaker 1: husband killer as well that we could go into, but

165
00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:27,160
Speaker 1: I just wanted to mention that in terms of St. Nicholas. Okay, well,

166
00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:29,920
Speaker 1: if you, if you do send a bottle of man

167
00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,120
Speaker 1: to us, please don't put any poison in it, or

168
00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:34,760
Speaker 1: go ahead and put poison in it, because now I'm

169
00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:37,240
Speaker 1: gonna be a little hesitant about drinking it. Yeah, all right,

170
00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:39,000
Speaker 1: we're gonna take a quick break and when we come

171
00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:49,160
Speaker 1: back more bones. Now, if you walk down the hall

172
00:09:49,240 --> 00:09:53,840
Speaker 1: here of the hs W headquarters asso Harry Basement, you

173
00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:58,040
Speaker 1: will see another specimen. Yes, a very curious specimen, because

174
00:09:58,080 --> 00:10:03,280
Speaker 1: the the skull is is elongated, kind of swollen looking,

175
00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:07,679
Speaker 1: almost kind of a cone head looking skull. And you know,

176
00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:09,160
Speaker 1: if you didn't know anybody, you might look at this

177
00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:13,400
Speaker 1: and say, this is clearly some sort of non human

178
00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,400
Speaker 1: hominid ancest here, some sort of weird cone head ape

179
00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:22,120
Speaker 1: that predated human human civilization, or you might look at

180
00:10:22,160 --> 00:10:27,160
Speaker 1: the stars for anning for an explanation. Yeah, Child's deformed skull,

181
00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:31,760
Speaker 1: later dubbed the star Child skull, was found in the

182
00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:35,640
Speaker 1: early nineteen thirties in the arid region around Chihuahua. Now,

183
00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:40,720
Speaker 1: at the time, little was known about Meso American civilizations

184
00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:45,280
Speaker 1: or really any other sort of extenuating circumstances that might

185
00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:50,240
Speaker 1: shape a skull in such an unusual manner. But this

186
00:10:50,280 --> 00:10:54,480
Speaker 1: guy found the skull, looked at it and thought, hmm,

187
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:59,880
Speaker 1: this could be some sort of ancient alien civilization relic.

188
00:11:00,240 --> 00:11:03,720
Speaker 1: And people thought, hey, this is evidence here that that

189
00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,880
Speaker 1: aliens are around, they exist. Yeah. Indeed, I mean if

190
00:11:07,880 --> 00:11:10,560
Speaker 1: you if you look at enough skulls that that seem

191
00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:13,120
Speaker 1: to be deformed, you can begin to pull out any

192
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:15,319
Speaker 1: number of ideas about what's going on here. You you

193
00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:18,959
Speaker 1: constantly see pictures of weird skulls throwing showing up on

194
00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:21,960
Speaker 1: the internet, be it something that presumably has horns or

195
00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:25,240
Speaker 1: it's or some sort of weird deformation that makes it

196
00:11:25,280 --> 00:11:29,640
Speaker 1: appear less human and uh, and you'll see the explanations

197
00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:32,800
Speaker 1: ranging from the you know, the the realistic and scientific

198
00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:36,480
Speaker 1: all the way into the cryptozoological and uh and cosmic.

199
00:11:37,160 --> 00:11:41,440
Speaker 1: But when it comes to elongated skulls, these these tall skulls,

200
00:11:41,440 --> 00:11:44,760
Speaker 1: these kind of cone head skulls, um you see these

201
00:11:45,640 --> 00:11:49,800
Speaker 1: around the world. You see these popping up just about everywhere.

202
00:11:49,840 --> 00:11:52,160
Speaker 1: And then and then you have to ask these questions,

203
00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:57,640
Speaker 1: what's going on here? Who are these co netted individuals? Right?

204
00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:01,280
Speaker 1: And I had mentioned meso American civilizations. Well, this is

205
00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:05,040
Speaker 1: where you see a lot of examples of this. And

206
00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:08,360
Speaker 1: of course this would need to be done in childhood

207
00:12:08,520 --> 00:12:11,000
Speaker 1: because the bones of the skull are much more malleable

208
00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:14,280
Speaker 1: than and at birth the heads of babies were tightly

209
00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:17,120
Speaker 1: wrapped with cloth in order to give their heads that

210
00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:22,640
Speaker 1: kind of streamlined, elongated look. Of course, the question is why.

211
00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:27,200
Speaker 1: And archaeologist Christina Garcia Moreno, director of the research project

212
00:12:27,679 --> 00:12:31,840
Speaker 1: that looked into this, said that quote, cranial deformation in

213
00:12:31,880 --> 00:12:35,880
Speaker 1: Mesoamerican cultures was used to differentiate one social group from

214
00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:39,560
Speaker 1: another and for ritual purposes. So this is also a

215
00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:43,199
Speaker 1: largely esthetic thing. Yeah, I mean aesthetics is key here.

216
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:47,440
Speaker 1: The the idea that a larger skull, a taller skull,

217
00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:50,640
Speaker 1: brings you closer to heaven or it gives you a

218
00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:53,640
Speaker 1: higher social status, or that it means you're smarter, you

219
00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:57,520
Speaker 1: have a bigger brain. In there um and UH and

220
00:12:57,559 --> 00:13:00,680
Speaker 1: so you you see variations of this in the in

221
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:02,720
Speaker 1: various cultures around the world. You see it in UH

222
00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:05,559
Speaker 1: in Meso American cultures, you see it in African cultures.

223
00:13:05,679 --> 00:13:08,920
Speaker 1: You see it UH in some of the Pacific island cultures.

224
00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:11,040
Speaker 1: I mean, you even see it in in cultures where

225
00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:14,560
Speaker 1: there's UH, there's there's there's not necessarily any evidence of

226
00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:20,680
Speaker 1: existing or even recent UH skull deformation rituals. For instance,

227
00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:23,800
Speaker 1: you look in in Chinese culture. If you've ever been

228
00:13:23,840 --> 00:13:26,440
Speaker 1: to a Chinese hotel or even like a Chinese home

229
00:13:26,520 --> 00:13:30,680
Speaker 1: or Chinese restaurant, you may have seen UH statues of

230
00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:33,440
Speaker 1: these three little men or sometimes there's three big men,

231
00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:35,400
Speaker 1: depending on the size of the statues, of course, but

232
00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:39,520
Speaker 1: their Foo, Lou, and Show Um and they each stand

233
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,400
Speaker 1: for a different cosmic entity UH. And you have food

234
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:45,920
Speaker 1: that represents good fortune, and he's seen in a scholars

235
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:48,120
Speaker 1: dress holding a baby. And then there's a Lou that

236
00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:51,000
Speaker 1: represents prosperity. But then there's this old man named Show

237
00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:54,319
Speaker 1: and he's holding the peach of immortality and he has

238
00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:57,280
Speaker 1: this giant head, and he's this old man with a

239
00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:00,280
Speaker 1: giant head because he's old and he's wise, and he

240
00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:03,080
Speaker 1: presumably spent that teen years in his mother's room before

241
00:14:03,080 --> 00:14:06,439
Speaker 1: he was born. I'm sure that was a happy day

242
00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:09,360
Speaker 1: for her. Yeah, well she should be proud. He's old

243
00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:11,439
Speaker 1: and wise and uh, you know he he used to

244
00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:14,680
Speaker 1: be venerated with a giant head that she gave birth to.

245
00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:19,920
Speaker 1: Now the January in March nineteen sixty seven issue of

246
00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:25,360
Speaker 1: the French fashion magazine Official featured the Mangbatwo people of

247
00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:29,520
Speaker 1: Congo and they practiced lapombo at the time. Again, this

248
00:14:29,760 --> 00:14:33,960
Speaker 1: this head elongation, although the practice began dying out in

249
00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:37,240
Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties with your arrival of more Europeans in westernization,

250
00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:42,640
Speaker 1: but it's an example of it occurring um in recent history.

251
00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:47,680
Speaker 1: And because of this distinctive look too, you'll often recognize

252
00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:51,600
Speaker 1: it in Magbatwo figures. In African art. You see depictions

253
00:14:51,680 --> 00:14:55,000
Speaker 1: of the daughter of Pharaoh amatep the fourth, and you

254
00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:58,600
Speaker 1: can note a definite elongated skull present in both both

255
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:02,360
Speaker 1: the art and in the Mamma fid remains uh of

256
00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:06,120
Speaker 1: of both the Amatet the fourth and his son famous

257
00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:09,720
Speaker 1: son Tuton, common king Tut and Uh. It really depends

258
00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:14,320
Speaker 1: on who you ask regarding why those skulls are so shape.

259
00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:16,720
Speaker 1: Some people will go straight up star child on you

260
00:15:16,800 --> 00:15:20,200
Speaker 1: and say that they was because clearly, uh, the ancient

261
00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:25,160
Speaker 1: Egyptians were interbred with extraterrestrials. Others will say that there

262
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:29,200
Speaker 1: was probably some some sort of skull deformation ritual going

263
00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:32,160
Speaker 1: on to give them that that appearance, or that it's

264
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:35,640
Speaker 1: just mere heredity. Um, you can sort of pick and

265
00:15:35,680 --> 00:15:38,680
Speaker 1: shoes as far as the star talk goes. That skull

266
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,560
Speaker 1: um was actually tested the DNA hay and it was

267
00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:45,200
Speaker 1: confirmed that it is in fact a human skull, and

268
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:48,680
Speaker 1: in fact it was a male child who likely suffered

269
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,200
Speaker 1: from hydrocephalus, which is a condition that leads to skull

270
00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:56,760
Speaker 1: elongation in deformation. So that one's out now in other

271
00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:01,120
Speaker 1: people that actually still practice skull deformation to this day

272
00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:06,840
Speaker 1: are the Vana two people. And Vana two people associate

273
00:16:06,880 --> 00:16:10,320
Speaker 1: elongated heads with the folk hero and that who had

274
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:13,920
Speaker 1: higher intelligence, greater social status, and closer proximity to the

275
00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:16,400
Speaker 1: world of the spirits. And as according to an excellent

276
00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:18,840
Speaker 1: article from the Australian Museum that I'll link to, at

277
00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:22,000
Speaker 1: the bottom of this landing page for this episode. Now,

278
00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:24,560
Speaker 1: this might seem kind of strange as practice, but really

279
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,280
Speaker 1: this is body modification, and if you look at it

280
00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:32,120
Speaker 1: this way, it's not really any stranger than taking say

281
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:36,200
Speaker 1: your skin on your face and stretching it back so

282
00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:40,640
Speaker 1: it's smooth over your bones, or filling your breast with

283
00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:44,080
Speaker 1: you know, material to make them larger, your peanuts, or

284
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:48,680
Speaker 1: but for that matter, I mean, there's we've been modifying

285
00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:51,600
Speaker 1: our bodies for a very long time. This is just

286
00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:54,520
Speaker 1: a different expression of it. Yeah, and more to the point,

287
00:16:54,760 --> 00:16:56,680
Speaker 1: this is this is not in the same league as

288
00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:59,840
Speaker 1: something say like foot binding. Uh. This is even the

289
00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:02,920
Speaker 1: sometimes see this referred to as skull binding. Uh. There's

290
00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:04,600
Speaker 1: no evidence to show that this is in any way

291
00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:08,359
Speaker 1: painful for the child. It's generally done by you have

292
00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:10,960
Speaker 1: to have something to wrap around the child's skull during

293
00:17:10,960 --> 00:17:14,840
Speaker 1: that during that time period when the skull is still solidifying,

294
00:17:14,920 --> 00:17:17,640
Speaker 1: and get into that in just a second. But but yeah,

295
00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:21,239
Speaker 1: there's no pain. And then once they have actually grown up,

296
00:17:21,280 --> 00:17:25,160
Speaker 1: there's no there's no known detrimental aspect to having a

297
00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:28,840
Speaker 1: different shaped skull. So it's you know, it's totally starbellied

298
00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:32,879
Speaker 1: sneeches in terms of that it's an aesthetic of beauty

299
00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:35,040
Speaker 1: in that culture, not exactly, and who's to say that

300
00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:37,240
Speaker 1: it's it's not beautiful. I mean, certainly you look at

301
00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:41,560
Speaker 1: these images of you know, Egyptian queens and it looks

302
00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:44,720
Speaker 1: pretty there, and that any weirder than anything else we do,

303
00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:49,120
Speaker 1: uh in terms of of the actual ability the window

304
00:17:49,160 --> 00:17:52,080
Speaker 1: in which we can manipulate that skull. Uh. This of

305
00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:54,159
Speaker 1: course comes back to the fact that babies have soft

306
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:59,040
Speaker 1: heads because essentially because we decided to become bipeds. Uh,

307
00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:01,280
Speaker 1: well we didn't decide, it happened. And in doing so

308
00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:05,399
Speaker 1: there was a certain amount there's a certain problems came up.

309
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:07,880
Speaker 1: It had to do with the size of the pelvis,

310
00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:09,680
Speaker 1: and then the head has to squit has to fit

311
00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:14,800
Speaker 1: through uh that uh, that pelvis uh and allow and

312
00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:17,280
Speaker 1: then also you need to allow breathing room for a

313
00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:20,239
Speaker 1: large brain to girl in there. So you have this

314
00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,159
Speaker 1: this window where the bones in the in the in

315
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:25,919
Speaker 1: the skull don't completely fuse together and during that time

316
00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:29,840
Speaker 1: you can change the shape uh and and therefore um

317
00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:33,600
Speaker 1: alter the finished form of the skull. Yeah. Indeed, and

318
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,119
Speaker 1: that's why you say it's it's not something that is

319
00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:40,879
Speaker 1: harmful to the child or painful. Again, these bones are

320
00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:43,160
Speaker 1: malleable at that point. Yeah, And I mean you see

321
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,119
Speaker 1: this too as as well with infants. Sometimes if infant

322
00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:48,159
Speaker 1: sleeps too much in the same position, you'll get kind

323
00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:51,760
Speaker 1: of a flat part on the back of the skull. Um. Uh.

324
00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:55,040
Speaker 1: And there was actually you actually had something called to

325
00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:59,880
Speaker 1: loose deformities caused by infant headbands in pre twentieth century France,

326
00:19:00,240 --> 00:19:01,879
Speaker 1: wrapping all the babies in these head bands and it

327
00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,360
Speaker 1: just ends up changing the shape of the skull. Well,

328
00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:06,840
Speaker 1: just even think about a child who's in their seat

329
00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:09,159
Speaker 1: carrier a lot, a lot of times the back of

330
00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:12,040
Speaker 1: their heads will flatten. Um. I'm sure any parents out

331
00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,439
Speaker 1: there who have experiences can say yes, and you know

332
00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:17,919
Speaker 1: that does happen, and you have to try to shift

333
00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:20,240
Speaker 1: their head around a lot when they're sleeping to try

334
00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:23,440
Speaker 1: to even it out. So apparently in some cases, there

335
00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:26,280
Speaker 1: there have been cases where doctors have used headgear to

336
00:19:26,440 --> 00:19:31,520
Speaker 1: try and help readjust skulls that seem to be taking

337
00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:36,320
Speaker 1: on a less desired form. But the research is kind

338
00:19:36,320 --> 00:19:40,080
Speaker 1: of on both sides to whether it actually makes a difference. Uh.

339
00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:42,040
Speaker 1: To if you actually need to put a headgear on

340
00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:44,000
Speaker 1: the child, or if you just basically make sure the

341
00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:47,359
Speaker 1: child is in some different positions to even it out. Now,

342
00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:50,800
Speaker 1: the next example we're going to cover is actually something

343
00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:53,400
Speaker 1: that is that we have here is it's in um

344
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:56,320
Speaker 1: a jar from aldehyde. It's at Jonathan Strickland's desk. You

345
00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:59,439
Speaker 1: won't let anybody move it, but we still can go

346
00:20:00,359 --> 00:20:04,280
Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland's desk all the way down here in the ossuary. Um.

347
00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:06,560
Speaker 1: You know, well, it's just one of his locations. He's

348
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,520
Speaker 1: got several satellite Well, I think he works well. I

349
00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:12,840
Speaker 1: guess with the skeletons, you know he does. He needs

350
00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:15,040
Speaker 1: his you know, quiet time, and I guess this provides it.

351
00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:17,400
Speaker 1: It is quiet down here. But what we're talking about

352
00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:24,480
Speaker 1: is a bizarre harry frog that has catlike extendable claws,

353
00:20:24,560 --> 00:20:28,400
Speaker 1: except for they're not like claws. Their their bones. Indeed,

354
00:20:28,640 --> 00:20:32,560
Speaker 1: these bones really put any human bones to shame. And

355
00:20:32,560 --> 00:20:34,720
Speaker 1: and really they're enough to make any I think any

356
00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:37,439
Speaker 1: comic book fan also a little jealous, because this is

357
00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:41,840
Speaker 1: we're talking wolverine s powers here. Um. The harry frog,

358
00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:46,119
Speaker 1: the Trictobaractus robust us of Cameroon has this unique ubility

359
00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:49,199
Speaker 1: ability to flex a few muscles and in doing so

360
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:53,679
Speaker 1: break sharp bits of bone off in its hind legs

361
00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:57,200
Speaker 1: and drive them through the skin. So at this point,

362
00:20:57,240 --> 00:21:00,240
Speaker 1: each toe has what looks like a thorn or acts

363
00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:04,000
Speaker 1: claw emerging from the skin. Uh. But it's but it's not.

364
00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:07,040
Speaker 1: It's not a claw, it's not a tooth, it's not keraton,

365
00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,760
Speaker 1: it's not enamel. It's good old broken bone. Uh, which

366
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:14,120
Speaker 1: is gonna jab. It's a amace with I mean, it's

367
00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:18,639
Speaker 1: breaking its own bones and piercing its own flesh to

368
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:22,000
Speaker 1: make a weapon come out of it. It's amazing, Like

369
00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:24,200
Speaker 1: we couldn't do it because we're talking about a compound fracture.

370
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:27,560
Speaker 1: If we get a compound fracture, it's it's horrific and

371
00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:31,159
Speaker 1: it needs it needs medical attention right away. Um, and

372
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:33,199
Speaker 1: you're certainly not going to go stabbing people in the

373
00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:37,320
Speaker 1: neck with it, right But but biologists suspect that these

374
00:21:37,359 --> 00:21:41,040
Speaker 1: bone claws with the with the hairy frog simply slide

375
00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:45,560
Speaker 1: back into place and everything just regenerates. How cool is that.

376
00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:49,159
Speaker 1: Here's here are the specifics at rest. The claws of T.

377
00:21:49,359 --> 00:21:52,199
Speaker 1: Robust Us are found on the hind feet only and

378
00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:56,000
Speaker 1: they're they're nestled inside a mass of connective tissue, and

379
00:21:56,040 --> 00:21:58,520
Speaker 1: a chunk of collagen forms a bomb between the claws

380
00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:00,440
Speaker 1: short point and a small piece of bone at the

381
00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:03,679
Speaker 1: tip of the frog's toe. So the other end of

382
00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:06,000
Speaker 1: the claw is connected to a muscle, and when the

383
00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:09,840
Speaker 1: animal is attacked or threatened, it contracts this muscle which

384
00:22:09,880 --> 00:22:13,600
Speaker 1: pulls the claw downwards, and then the sharp point then

385
00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:16,439
Speaker 1: breaks away from the bony tip and cuts through the stone,

386
00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:23,600
Speaker 1: the toepad emerging on the underside. Now to that well

387
00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:26,040
Speaker 1: or can you? I don't know, because we have another

388
00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:30,120
Speaker 1: specimen here, also in Jonathan Strickland's desk, which the desk

389
00:22:30,240 --> 00:22:32,280
Speaker 1: is also made out of bones, just in case anyone

390
00:22:32,320 --> 00:22:33,639
Speaker 1: was wondering. By the way, we need to move the

391
00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:37,440
Speaker 1: jar back into the little round circle that he drew underneath,

392
00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:41,560
Speaker 1: or else he gets really upset this Uh. This second

393
00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:45,600
Speaker 1: specimen is the Spanish ribbed newt and wind threatened, the

394
00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:50,639
Speaker 1: slimy amphibian strange its ribs until they break through the

395
00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:54,200
Speaker 1: skin and emerge like a row of sharp claws along

396
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,760
Speaker 1: its side. Uh. And then if this isn't enough, it

397
00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:02,680
Speaker 1: also secretes a powerful toxin. UH. So you really don't

398
00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:04,760
Speaker 1: want to eat this guy. It like makes it, It

399
00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:08,440
Speaker 1: makes itself appear to be like the boniest, most toxic

400
00:23:08,520 --> 00:23:11,560
Speaker 1: piece of fish on the plate. You know, I'm not impressed.

401
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:17,280
Speaker 1: I've seen this at a Victoria's Secret Angel show. Yeah,

402
00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:19,119
Speaker 1: you do see some underwear models that do look like

403
00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:26,639
Speaker 1: their bones are about to just pop out. Um God,

404
00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:30,520
Speaker 1: it's just do you ever imagine if you've had a

405
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:33,199
Speaker 1: leg cramp before, right where you're kind of stretching and

406
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:36,840
Speaker 1: then suddenly cramps. And I wonder sometimes like if you

407
00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:40,440
Speaker 1: just try to injure yourself through sheer flexing of muscles,

408
00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:43,600
Speaker 1: you know, could what how much harm could you do

409
00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:45,760
Speaker 1: to yourself? And then I think of this example and

410
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:47,840
Speaker 1: it makes me crampe. Not that not that you can

411
00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:50,119
Speaker 1: do this, but I'm saying, here's an animal that just

412
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,200
Speaker 1: by thinking about it and straining it may not even

413
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,320
Speaker 1: thinking about it, depending on how you look at animal cognition,

414
00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:57,920
Speaker 1: it just makes its bones pop out of its body. Well.

415
00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:00,400
Speaker 1: It used to be really impressed by the seats cucumber,

416
00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:03,320
Speaker 1: which can take all of its internal organs and eject

417
00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:06,040
Speaker 1: it from its anus at people, right, But this is

418
00:24:06,160 --> 00:24:09,440
Speaker 1: I mean that it doesn't have anything on this guy,

419
00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:12,760
Speaker 1: you know, and much like the hairy frog, this new

420
00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:15,800
Speaker 1: can simply retract its ribs back into its body and

421
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:20,119
Speaker 1: then regenerate the damage tissue. Easy, peasy, let me squeezy,

422
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:22,800
Speaker 1: So that you have it. A couple of of non

423
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:27,120
Speaker 1: human skeletal examples that are definitely worth looking at, definitely

424
00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:30,959
Speaker 1: worth envying even if you if you look at your

425
00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:35,000
Speaker 1: own skeletal system and it's it's relative inability to break

426
00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:37,480
Speaker 1: out of your body and harm people. But as we

427
00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:39,879
Speaker 1: discussed earlier that the fist itself is a is a

428
00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:44,800
Speaker 1: highly evolved punching skeletal system, so you know, it all

429
00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:47,959
Speaker 1: works out. Yeah, So this is kind of rethinking of bones,

430
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:51,359
Speaker 1: how we house them, how we use them, Uh, just

431
00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:54,840
Speaker 1: a whole little uh poo poo platter. Yeah, yeah, Yeah.

432
00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:57,879
Speaker 1: The ossuary is pretty expansive down here. There are various

433
00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:00,280
Speaker 1: other specimens we could have discussed, and you know, maybe

434
00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:03,920
Speaker 1: we'll we'll return in the future and discuss more of them,

435
00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:06,280
Speaker 1: but for now, it looks like we're out of time.

436
00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:08,960
Speaker 1: I think I hear John, Do you hear Jo? Here

437
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,879
Speaker 1: is what? Okay, we need to get out of here. Yeah,

438
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:14,879
Speaker 1: before he finds us walk carefully because there's some bones

439
00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:18,240
Speaker 1: littered on the floor. That wasn't us. That wasn't us. Okay,

440
00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:20,440
Speaker 1: we better get out of here, hey. In the meantime,

441
00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:23,000
Speaker 1: be sure to check out stuff to Blow your Mind

442
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:25,280
Speaker 1: dot com. That's where we'll find all the articles that

443
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:28,960
Speaker 1: we've written, all the blog posts, all the podcast episodes,

444
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,320
Speaker 1: all the videos. Links out to our social media accounts.

445
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,200
Speaker 1: You name it, it's there. And if you'd like to

446
00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:36,640
Speaker 1: drop us a letter, please do so. And you can

447
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:39,800
Speaker 1: email us at blow the Mind at how Stuff Work

448
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:45,520
Speaker 1: stuff for more on this and thousands of other topics.

449
00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:53,040
Speaker 1: Does it how stuff works dot com