WEBVTT - How Big Bang Theory Works, with Neil deGrasse Tyson 0:00:01.120 --> 0:00:11.319 Welcome to stuff you should know Frundhouse stuff Works dot Com. Hey, 0:00:11.360 --> 0:00:15.280 and welcome to the podcast. I'm Chipper. Josh Clark's Chipper, 0:00:15.400 --> 0:00:20.080 Charles Pryant. Oh, that's your new nickname, Chipper Charles. Yeah. 0:00:20.160 --> 0:00:23.800 And then there's that Jerry. She's not Chipper, she is 0:00:23.840 --> 0:00:28.000 actually Chipper. I'm not chipperun crumpy because this man, oh man, 0:00:28.120 --> 0:00:30.120 my head is already melted. You guys should see the 0:00:30.160 --> 0:00:35.040 vein and Chuck's forehead. It is protruding. It's our best, 0:00:35.280 --> 0:00:40.320 of course Stu astrophysicists. But we do have an astrophysicist 0:00:40.400 --> 0:00:42.360 coming on as a guest at the end of the episode, 0:00:42.400 --> 0:00:47.839 don't we Yes, my friend, you interviewed Dr Neil deGrasse Tyson, 0:00:48.680 --> 0:00:51.120 or as I like to call him in d T. Sure, 0:00:51.200 --> 0:00:55.800 that's what I call him to uh indeed, Dino My yeah, 0:00:55.840 --> 0:00:58.280 but I was unable to be on the interview for 0:00:58.360 --> 0:01:02.280 various tooth related reads, so you took it upon yourself, 0:01:02.320 --> 0:01:04.640 and I think an interview like that it's probably just 0:01:04.680 --> 0:01:07.200 better for one person. Anyway. It gets a little clumsy 0:01:07.200 --> 0:01:10.680 if two people that I don't know anything about astrophysics 0:01:10.880 --> 0:01:14.720 are trying to glean information here's my question. Yeah, right, 0:01:14.760 --> 0:01:19.520 would you eat for breakfast? Doctor Um? But yeah, it 0:01:19.600 --> 0:01:21.080 was very kind of him to come on, and we 0:01:21.120 --> 0:01:23.520 want to thank um our friends at the Fox Theater 0:01:23.880 --> 0:01:26.959 where he's going to be on April twentie here in Atlanta, 0:01:27.680 --> 0:01:30.320 UM for hooking that up. So thanks to everybody who 0:01:30.400 --> 0:01:32.400 made that happen, because it's a great interview, as you 0:01:32.400 --> 0:01:34.319 guys will hear at the end of this episode. Yeah, 0:01:34.400 --> 0:01:36.959 I loved listening to it. And I'm gonna go ahead 0:01:37.000 --> 0:01:40.200 and say my two favorite parts are probably one that 0:01:40.240 --> 0:01:41.920 won't make it in when you said that you're happy 0:01:41.959 --> 0:01:43.680 to plug the Fox Theater show and he was like, 0:01:43.920 --> 0:01:46.840 don't bother, it's going to be sold out. And then 0:01:46.880 --> 0:01:49.360 at the end when you thanked him for advancing our 0:01:49.520 --> 0:01:51.880 our understanding of this light years and he was like, 0:01:52.280 --> 0:01:54.640 that's not nearly enough. He's like a light Year, it's 0:01:54.680 --> 0:01:57.400 not very far. Thanks. Yeah, so I changed the par sex. 0:01:57.520 --> 0:01:59.680 He's like, you're getting close. I know it was. It 0:01:59.720 --> 0:02:01.440 was very funny. Actually, I hope you leave that part 0:02:01.480 --> 0:02:03.800 in there. I I hope so. And later on I 0:02:03.800 --> 0:02:08.000 immediately were good at not saying, well you you advanced 0:02:08.040 --> 0:02:10.839 our show billions and billions of light years. You would 0:02:10.840 --> 0:02:12.800 have appreciated that, Yeah, you would have, and I didn't 0:02:12.800 --> 0:02:14.919 do it. Didn't It wasn't sharp enough. It was a 0:02:14.919 --> 0:02:18.320 good interview though, Uh, feel free to skip right ahead 0:02:18.320 --> 0:02:21.760 of that, but a little here and go to sleep. Um, 0:02:21.880 --> 0:02:25.840 so we're talking about the Big Bang theory and not 0:02:25.960 --> 0:02:28.760 the TV show, So settled down, nerds. I think he 0:02:28.880 --> 0:02:32.119 was on that show. THO wouldn't I'm sure sure, Yeah, 0:02:32.160 --> 0:02:34.280 he made an appearance. Um, I think all you have 0:02:34.320 --> 0:02:37.280 to do is say, like, you will further science if 0:02:37.320 --> 0:02:39.239 you appear on this. He's like, I'll do it. Yeah. 0:02:39.280 --> 0:02:42.640 I've never seen one episode of that show. I guess 0:02:42.639 --> 0:02:44.840 that may be seen some here and there. It's it's 0:02:45.440 --> 0:02:48.639 I think, literally the most popular show in the world, 0:02:50.560 --> 0:02:52.800 or it was like last season or the season before. 0:02:52.840 --> 0:02:55.960 Like it's just taking off like a rocket. And hats 0:02:55.960 --> 0:02:58.919 off to them too, because they like mix actual science 0:02:58.919 --> 0:03:01.920 and science jokes and that stuff. It's it's like smartening 0:03:02.000 --> 0:03:04.920 up the world. Well, I'll tell you one quote I 0:03:04.919 --> 0:03:09.959 got from Mr Tyson, uh Dr Tyson from the Internet 0:03:10.720 --> 0:03:13.120 and it was actually heard him say it, so I 0:03:13.160 --> 0:03:15.560 know it was a real quote. Uh. He said that 0:03:15.680 --> 0:03:17.639 you know people ask do you believe in the Big 0:03:17.639 --> 0:03:20.560 Bang theory? And uh, and only the way that he can. 0:03:20.639 --> 0:03:23.119 He was like, well, it's not a matter of believing, 0:03:23.160 --> 0:03:25.760 he said, I only believe in things that are evidence based. 0:03:26.240 --> 0:03:28.639 And he said the question should be that you posit 0:03:28.720 --> 0:03:31.240 to people, of all the data and evidence out there, 0:03:31.240 --> 0:03:34.600 what theory is best supported uh, And he said it's 0:03:34.639 --> 0:03:38.080 the Big Bang theory, right And UM our colleague Jonathan 0:03:38.120 --> 0:03:40.200 Strickland who wrote the article that this is based on, 0:03:40.720 --> 0:03:44.920 and kudos to that cat because he took some really 0:03:45.000 --> 0:03:49.720 really difficult concepts and explained it really well. He explained 0:03:49.720 --> 0:03:51.520 it in a way that I came close to understand 0:03:52.280 --> 0:03:54.839 a time. But he makes that same point too, that 0:03:54.840 --> 0:03:58.320 that UM not only is the Big Bang theory of theory, 0:03:58.520 --> 0:04:02.200 which obviously cannot be proved and can only be disproven UM, 0:04:02.240 --> 0:04:04.200 but that there are other competing theories out there too, 0:04:04.200 --> 0:04:06.920 which we'll talk about later UM, but that for the 0:04:06.960 --> 0:04:11.240 most part, it has the most UM observational evidence backing 0:04:11.240 --> 0:04:15.080 it up, including the recent UM confirmation of gravitational waves 0:04:15.080 --> 0:04:18.920 which made a huge stir UM, and that as a result, 0:04:18.960 --> 0:04:23.080 it's the most widely subscribe to theory among scientists as 0:04:23.560 --> 0:04:27.279 describing the early universe, and that's a big thing. There's 0:04:27.279 --> 0:04:29.240 a big distinction about that. A lot of people think 0:04:29.279 --> 0:04:32.920 that the Big Bang describes the formation of the universe. No, 0:04:33.279 --> 0:04:39.240 the Big Bang describes the time starting very soon after 0:04:39.720 --> 0:04:43.719 the universe formed. But it does not go back into 0:04:44.080 --> 0:04:46.880 where the origin of the universe came from what came 0:04:46.920 --> 0:04:49.320 before it. And it actually doesn't even go all the 0:04:49.360 --> 0:04:53.200 way back to that point where everything started. It just 0:04:53.279 --> 0:04:55.720 can't because science falls apart, as we'll see the further 0:04:55.800 --> 0:04:58.280 you try to go back in time because you know, 0:04:58.680 --> 0:05:01.680 time ceases to exist at that point. Yeah, if the 0:05:01.800 --> 0:05:05.800 universe were a human being, it's the big Bang theory 0:05:05.880 --> 0:05:08.320 sort of describes the point where the sperm and the 0:05:08.360 --> 0:05:14.120 egg meet up. Uh, it describes the time a trillionth 0:05:14.160 --> 0:05:16.680 of a trillionth of a second after they met up. 0:05:17.320 --> 0:05:20.719 What about that? Yeah, which is you know, it's close. 0:05:21.000 --> 0:05:25.479 It's a pretty great time it. So another misconception, Chuck, 0:05:25.520 --> 0:05:28.880 is that, um, the Big Bang was an explosion, and 0:05:28.960 --> 0:05:33.120 that's not that's not correct. No. In fact, a man 0:05:33.200 --> 0:05:35.440 named Sir Fred Hoyle is the one who gave it 0:05:35.480 --> 0:05:38.120 a name almost, well not almost. He gave it to 0:05:38.200 --> 0:05:41.720 it in jest as sort of an insult because he 0:05:42.240 --> 0:05:44.880 was a believer. I don't know if he always was, 0:05:44.920 --> 0:05:46.159 but he was a believer at the time in the 0:05:46.160 --> 0:05:50.200 steady state theory. Um, And it was like, yeah, the explosion, 0:05:50.240 --> 0:05:53.160 this big bang, but it's not an explosion at all, 0:05:53.480 --> 0:05:56.480 so chuck, um, it's a it's a rapid expansion. It 0:05:56.560 --> 0:05:58.080 wasn't the best way to think of it is like this, 0:05:58.160 --> 0:06:00.680 So like an explosion. Right, Let's say you have a 0:06:00.760 --> 0:06:03.520 planet and that planet is actually the universe, and it's 0:06:03.520 --> 0:06:06.479 just floating there in space, and Darth Vader shoots it 0:06:06.520 --> 0:06:09.840 with the Death Start and goes right, and it goes everywhere, 0:06:10.160 --> 0:06:13.280 starts scattering everywhere, but it's scattering within the boundaries that 0:06:13.320 --> 0:06:16.520 confines of space as we understand it. That would be 0:06:16.760 --> 0:06:20.080 the popular conception of what the Big Bang represents, not 0:06:20.200 --> 0:06:22.960 at all what the Big Bang actually, he says, is 0:06:23.000 --> 0:06:28.800 that space itself inflated, it expanded, and that all the 0:06:28.800 --> 0:06:35.320 stuff that was in it was in this very tightly wound, dense, 0:06:36.000 --> 0:06:43.120 incredibly hot core that was a singularity basically that expanded 0:06:43.160 --> 0:06:46.160 into the universe. That's as big as we understand it now. Yeah, 0:06:46.279 --> 0:06:49.920 something that was so tiny and hot, it had an 0:06:49.960 --> 0:06:53.760 infinite amount of density because everything we know was crammed in. 0:06:54.160 --> 0:06:57.360 You know what It's like, It's like, uh, if Neil 0:06:57.400 --> 0:06:59.960 de grass Tyson listens to this, he's going to love this. Okay. 0:07:00.160 --> 0:07:02.479 You know the little pellets that you would get with 0:07:02.560 --> 0:07:04.920 your fireworks, a little black pellet and then you light 0:07:04.960 --> 0:07:07.720 it a smoke snake and then it snakes out to like, 0:07:07.800 --> 0:07:10.720 you know, several feet Right. That's that's like it, except 0:07:10.760 --> 0:07:14.560 if that pellet were like thousands and thousands and thousands 0:07:14.600 --> 0:07:16.920 of fraction of the size of ahead of a pin. 0:07:18.800 --> 0:07:20.720 I think that's a great analogy. And I'm just gonna 0:07:21.160 --> 0:07:24.440 leave the room right and I'll come back in forty minutes. 0:07:24.600 --> 0:07:27.040 But but even still, Chuck, take that analogy, right, when 0:07:27.080 --> 0:07:31.120 you imagine that, you imagine that snake growing that you 0:07:31.440 --> 0:07:33.760 on a sidewalk and maybe there's kind of grass in 0:07:33.800 --> 0:07:35.720 your view and it's at night and there's a car 0:07:35.840 --> 0:07:39.520 park there because you're outside, right, Well, sure, that's where 0:07:39.560 --> 0:07:42.720 our brain wants to take us. We want to confine 0:07:43.560 --> 0:07:46.440 what we know within the boundaries of our universe. What 0:07:46.480 --> 0:07:52.080 we're talking about is the universe itself growing, Yeah, expanding 0:07:52.200 --> 0:07:55.239 in nothingness. Yeah, and he points out in the interview, 0:07:55.240 --> 0:07:56.640 I don't want to spoil it, but he kind of 0:07:56.680 --> 0:07:59.600 blows my mind when he starts talking about like this 0:07:59.640 --> 0:08:04.000 goes yawned, what our human senses can understand night and 0:08:04.080 --> 0:08:06.800 sound like forget about it. Yeah, and that's how nobody's 0:08:06.840 --> 0:08:08.880 gonna be able to pin anything on us, because we'll 0:08:08.920 --> 0:08:11.880 be like, well, we just can't comprehend that, So how 0:08:11.920 --> 0:08:15.440 could you blame us for getting it wrong? So um, chuck, 0:08:17.080 --> 0:08:18.880 Now I'm going to leave the room, okay, and you 0:08:18.960 --> 0:08:21.600 need what half an hour? It may take a little 0:08:21.640 --> 0:08:24.000 longer than that. Now I get parts of it, so 0:08:24.040 --> 0:08:26.160 I'll just chime in when I feel confident. There's a 0:08:26.440 --> 0:08:29.600 there's a line right, um that that Strickland had in here. 0:08:30.080 --> 0:08:32.760 It was, um, he says, at the earliest moments of 0:08:32.800 --> 0:08:35.680 the Big Bang, all of the matter, energy, and space 0:08:35.720 --> 0:08:38.679 we could observe was compressed to an area of zero 0:08:38.760 --> 0:08:41.760 volume and infinite density. Doesn't that sound like the line 0:08:41.800 --> 0:08:44.520 from a religious text or something like that? Isn't it 0:08:44.600 --> 0:08:47.959 just like right there on that border between like science 0:08:47.960 --> 0:08:51.040 and religion basically, yeah, Like and and now take this drug, 0:08:51.040 --> 0:08:54.199 and everyone take their clothes off and follow me and 0:08:54.600 --> 0:08:57.640 we'll understand what I'm talking about. Uh yeah, And you 0:08:57.679 --> 0:09:01.839 know what when Strickland and and and scientists and cosmologists 0:09:01.840 --> 0:09:04.840 talk about that, that is what is known as a singularity, 0:09:04.960 --> 0:09:10.520 that that thing with a zero volume and infinite density. Right, So, um, 0:09:11.240 --> 0:09:13.360 I think it bears repeating at least one more time. 0:09:13.559 --> 0:09:16.040 What we're talking about is all of the matter, all 0:09:16.080 --> 0:09:19.079 of the energy, all of the heat, all the radiation, 0:09:19.160 --> 0:09:22.600 everything in the universe that is here or ever was 0:09:22.960 --> 0:09:26.000 here over the last thirteen point roughly seven and nine 0:09:26.080 --> 0:09:34.160 billion years, was in an a point that was twenty 0:09:34.320 --> 0:09:39.440 three orders of magnitude smaller than the diameter of an atom. 0:09:39.559 --> 0:09:41.520 You almost you just call it yourself, wanting to say 0:09:41.559 --> 0:09:45.720 it's like a little ball. But there's not even circularism. Yeah, 0:09:46.040 --> 0:09:49.280 is that a word? There was nothing circular. And so 0:09:49.400 --> 0:09:52.520 at this time, at this point, um, we know that 0:09:52.600 --> 0:09:56.400 it was very very hot, makes sense, mind bogglingly hot, 0:09:56.440 --> 0:09:58.840 Like you can't even think of all the zeros associated 0:09:58.880 --> 0:10:02.640 with the degree is of kelvin or fahrenheit or celsius. Right, 0:10:03.000 --> 0:10:07.520 and it was incredibly dense. And then something happened. We 0:10:07.559 --> 0:10:10.440 don't know what that was. A science simply isn't equipped 0:10:10.440 --> 0:10:13.840 to explain it or understand it or detect it. Something 0:10:13.920 --> 0:10:19.440 happened to make this incredibly dense ball or whatever it was. 0:10:19.800 --> 0:10:24.920 There was expand Yes, and it was not like the 0:10:25.960 --> 0:10:28.640 smoke snake. It wasn't a child with a lighter. You 0:10:28.640 --> 0:10:32.560 don't know that, neither grass Tyson doesn't know that. Nobody 0:10:32.600 --> 0:10:38.200 knows that. So this uh expanding happened really really really fast. 0:10:38.240 --> 0:10:42.200 And we'll talk later about just those first few seconds afterwards, 0:10:42.520 --> 0:10:46.040 like that's how fast we're talking, Well, a few like 0:10:46.640 --> 0:10:49.280 trillions of a second is how they break it down, 0:10:49.320 --> 0:10:52.559 Like there this so much happened in that first literally 0:10:52.600 --> 0:10:55.480 the first second of the origin of the universe. That 0:10:55.679 --> 0:10:59.640 um that there are different ages and epochs that happened 0:11:00.200 --> 0:11:04.280 in like trillions of a second. Yeah, it's really mind blowing. 0:11:04.480 --> 0:11:08.160 So as things expanded though in those first few seconds, 0:11:08.240 --> 0:11:11.520 and today things are still expanding. Things are expanding and 0:11:11.520 --> 0:11:15.400 things are cooling down even as we speak. Literally every 0:11:15.520 --> 0:11:18.640 second that we're on the Earth, we're expanding and well 0:11:18.679 --> 0:11:22.880 not us, but the universe is expanding and cooling right exactly. 0:11:22.880 --> 0:11:24.800 And as a matter of fact, from what I understand, 0:11:25.040 --> 0:11:28.480 um our our region of the universe, which is um 0:11:28.559 --> 0:11:33.000 something like ninety billion light years across is is no 0:11:33.120 --> 0:11:37.000 longer expanding, but other parts of the universe are expanding. 0:11:37.520 --> 0:11:40.760 And there's this really great article about cosmology and where 0:11:40.760 --> 0:11:43.600 it stands right now. It's in a on not cosmetology, 0:11:43.679 --> 0:11:47.880 no cosmology, um and it was written by a guy 0:11:47.920 --> 0:11:50.360 named Ross Anderson, and I think it's called in the Beginning, 0:11:50.480 --> 0:11:53.800 and it's incredibly well written. But he makes a really 0:11:53.800 --> 0:11:57.840 great analogy. He says that that ninety billion light year 0:11:57.880 --> 0:12:01.679 across portion of the universe that we inhabit, that we 0:12:01.720 --> 0:12:07.120 consider our own, is but a small section of one 0:12:07.240 --> 0:12:11.560 tiny bubble that floats along on a frothy sea whose 0:12:11.559 --> 0:12:16.880 proportions defy comprehension, and that neat And that's just our 0:12:16.960 --> 0:12:19.439 section of the universe, right, that's our little neighborhood. So 0:12:19.480 --> 0:12:24.560 the universe is unknowably large. We sound like HP Lovecraft 0:12:24.600 --> 0:12:28.080 here describing this stuff. Um, and still some parts of 0:12:28.120 --> 0:12:32.199 it are expanding. And apparently in the early universe, when 0:12:32.200 --> 0:12:37.320 it was a singularity, the four forces, the four fundamental forces, 0:12:37.440 --> 0:12:41.320 the dark side. Oh I thought you were going. I 0:12:41.320 --> 0:12:44.880 thought you met the Star Wars universe. Uh. Yeah, So 0:12:44.920 --> 0:12:48.679 the force, the dark Side, mindy Glorians and Mark Hamil's 0:12:48.720 --> 0:12:55.240 hair prequels. The four basic forces as everyone knows, electromagnetism, 0:12:55.320 --> 0:12:59.080 strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravity, right, and 0:12:59.120 --> 0:13:03.720 that that's singularity. Before the universe expanded began to expand, um, 0:13:03.920 --> 0:13:07.160 all of them were coupled together into a single unified force, 0:13:07.480 --> 0:13:10.040 which we don't understand how we know we don't And 0:13:10.160 --> 0:13:12.520 as a matter of fact, trying to get them back 0:13:12.559 --> 0:13:15.559 together is one of the great pursuits of physics because 0:13:15.559 --> 0:13:18.480 if we can figure out how they were all unified, um, 0:13:18.600 --> 0:13:22.120 we can start to understand the science we need, the paradigm, 0:13:22.160 --> 0:13:24.760 we need to understand the origins of the universe, but 0:13:24.840 --> 0:13:27.080 we just can't figure out how to do it, right. Yeah. 0:13:27.120 --> 0:13:29.120 One thing that kind of blows my mind with this 0:13:29.240 --> 0:13:31.440 is when you know, we get to this stuff later on, 0:13:31.480 --> 0:13:35.320 about does it defy other laws of physics and stuff? 0:13:35.360 --> 0:13:38.720 Like Basically every answer is like the further you travel 0:13:38.800 --> 0:13:42.320 back towards that singularity, the less all these rules that 0:13:42.360 --> 0:13:45.000 we think we understand apply, right falls apart. Yeah, so 0:13:45.120 --> 0:13:48.439 just you know, we will probably never understand this stuff, 0:13:50.000 --> 0:13:54.280 you know, at that very singular moment. Yeah, I don't know. 0:13:54.440 --> 0:13:57.280 I disagree. I think I disagree. Yeah, I think that 0:13:57.320 --> 0:14:01.920 we are maybe a century or two away from understanding it. Well, 0:14:01.920 --> 0:14:04.199 you just clearly pull that out of your hat. Well, 0:14:04.240 --> 0:14:07.160 I totally did. But we've made some another hundred and 0:14:07.160 --> 0:14:10.480 twenty six years. Well, no, we've made some incredibly huge 0:14:10.520 --> 0:14:13.679 strides in the last like hundred and fifty two hundred 0:14:13.800 --> 0:14:16.760 years in our understanding thus far. Right, So I think 0:14:16.800 --> 0:14:19.200 that's not a bad guest, right it be a be 0:14:19.200 --> 0:14:21.960 a string theorist right to marry all these Uh, I 0:14:22.000 --> 0:14:24.200 don't know. Probably I don't know. And that's what n 0:14:24.280 --> 0:14:26.840 d T said. That's what we call him, now, that's 0:14:26.840 --> 0:14:28.600 what he said. He was like, who knows. It could 0:14:28.640 --> 0:14:31.360 be string theory. Um, maybe someone will be able to 0:14:31.400 --> 0:14:33.760 come up with a unified theory or what's called the 0:14:33.760 --> 0:14:36.800 theory of everything that unifies the four fundamental forces back 0:14:36.840 --> 0:14:41.520 into their their single um version of a force. Or 0:14:41.760 --> 0:14:45.720 maybe we just don't understand quantum physics enough quite yet. Um, 0:14:45.760 --> 0:14:48.360 And when we figure that out a little more, that 0:14:48.400 --> 0:14:52.160 will unlock some keys for us. So chock before we 0:14:52.200 --> 0:14:55.240 get into um the how we started to come to 0:14:55.360 --> 0:14:58.680 understand the Big Bang and the origin of the universe Um, 0:14:58.760 --> 0:15:00.840 let's take a break real quick. Al, I'm gonna go 0:15:00.880 --> 0:15:30.040 wipe my brow. You're doing great, all right. I sort 0:15:30.080 --> 0:15:32.640 of get this part, So the history part, I'm gonna 0:15:32.640 --> 0:15:35.760 talk a little bit about it. Uh. And this makes 0:15:35.760 --> 0:15:37.440 a lot of sense to me. You go back in time. 0:15:37.520 --> 0:15:39.640 Let's get in the way back machine. Oh yes, let's 0:15:45.520 --> 0:15:51.080 boys feel so safe and comfortable in here. Um, it does. Weirdly, 0:15:51.600 --> 0:15:56.000 it's eighteen hundreds and astronomers started using something called a spectroscope, 0:15:56.360 --> 0:15:58.600 which is pretty nifty. And we've talked about light waves 0:15:58.640 --> 0:16:02.480 in year before. A spectroscope is something that divides that 0:16:02.600 --> 0:16:06.360 light spectrum up into the wavelengths. Uh, blue on the left, 0:16:06.840 --> 0:16:09.000 right on the right, and as you go further towards 0:16:09.000 --> 0:16:14.200 the red, the wavelengths grow longer. So that's part one, right, 0:16:14.640 --> 0:16:18.760 that was spectroscopes. Yes, that's that's light waves, right and 0:16:18.760 --> 0:16:22.760 thew Around the same time, Um, a guy named Christian 0:16:22.800 --> 0:16:26.760 Doppler was tinkering with the frequency of sound waves. Right. 0:16:26.960 --> 0:16:30.280 He was studying those because he's a smart guy, and 0:16:30.320 --> 0:16:32.240 he said, you know what, it's weird that when I 0:16:32.280 --> 0:16:35.560 sit by a train it sounds different as it goes 0:16:35.600 --> 0:16:38.280 by me. Approaches then goes by me and goes further 0:16:38.320 --> 0:16:40.880 away from me. Right, it sounds different than that doesn't 0:16:40.920 --> 0:16:43.360 really make any sense. Yeah, And whereas most people would 0:16:43.360 --> 0:16:45.320 just seat their figgy pudding and go about their day, 0:16:45.920 --> 0:16:48.120 he wanted to try and explain it. He was like 0:16:48.440 --> 0:16:50.600 anybody else who had been like this new Charles Dickens 0:16:50.600 --> 0:16:54.080 book is top notch. Uh. So he said, you know what, 0:16:54.160 --> 0:16:56.960 as as this noise approaches you, the sound waves that 0:16:57.000 --> 0:17:00.440 generates compress is going to change that frequency, or at 0:17:00.480 --> 0:17:03.280 least how you perceive it, in a different pitch. So 0:17:03.320 --> 0:17:05.920 as it moves away from you, those waves are gonna 0:17:06.000 --> 0:17:08.560 stretch that pitch goes down. And I'm gonna name this 0:17:08.640 --> 0:17:12.600 effect after myself. Well, let my wife do it so 0:17:12.720 --> 0:17:15.320 I don't look like a jerk. Right. So basically you 0:17:15.359 --> 0:17:19.320 marry these two things, light wavelengths in the Doppler effect, 0:17:19.680 --> 0:17:22.600 and it's sort of let us down this path to 0:17:22.640 --> 0:17:24.960 where we could understand the Big Bang theory. Right. It 0:17:25.000 --> 0:17:30.200 would indicate that um, something it's something that was emitting 0:17:30.320 --> 0:17:34.399 light out there in the universe whose light moved towards 0:17:34.440 --> 0:17:38.400 the red end of the spectrum would be emitting longer wavelengths, 0:17:38.480 --> 0:17:42.160 which would suggest based on Christian Doppler's findings that it 0:17:42.200 --> 0:17:44.919 was moving away, right yeah, and they they found that. 0:17:44.960 --> 0:17:47.400 They said, look at these stars, some of the light 0:17:47.560 --> 0:17:51.680 is falling into this this right hand side, and does 0:17:51.720 --> 0:17:54.800 that mean it's it's moving away and it's getting faster 0:17:55.240 --> 0:17:57.080 and that just wants to get away from us. That's 0:17:57.320 --> 0:18:01.040 that's where Edwin Hubble came in. He based He said, yeah, 0:18:01.080 --> 0:18:03.680 this is really weird, guys, because some of these stars 0:18:04.119 --> 0:18:07.320 appear to have a velocity that's proportional to its distance 0:18:07.359 --> 0:18:09.440 from the Earth. Like there seems to be some sort 0:18:09.480 --> 0:18:12.920 of rhyme or reason here to it. And it suggested 0:18:12.960 --> 0:18:16.160 to Hubble and later on to everybody else, including Einstein, 0:18:16.200 --> 0:18:21.400 as we'll see, that the universe itself was expanding. And 0:18:21.440 --> 0:18:25.159 this is where we came to the genuine origin of 0:18:25.320 --> 0:18:29.359 the Big Bang theory, the idea that the universe was 0:18:29.400 --> 0:18:34.359 expanding and constant right, yes, is that the the idea 0:18:35.119 --> 0:18:38.280 is that the constant no no no um. The the 0:18:38.359 --> 0:18:43.560 Hubble constant is the the proportion between or the relationship 0:18:43.640 --> 0:18:47.240 between how fast something is moving away from us to 0:18:47.400 --> 0:18:52.240 its distance from us. We constant rate, I mean and 0:18:52.320 --> 0:18:55.720 actually no, the universe appears to be expanding more quickly 0:18:55.720 --> 0:18:58.679 than it was before. Yeah, so it's increasing, which is 0:18:58.760 --> 0:19:02.960 that's what makes a lot of really in relationship. Yeah. Yeah, 0:19:02.960 --> 0:19:05.600 the hubble constant has to do not necessarily with the 0:19:05.640 --> 0:19:08.560 inflation of universe itself and the expension universe itself, but 0:19:08.640 --> 0:19:12.520 that how far or how fast uh say, a star 0:19:12.640 --> 0:19:15.520 is moving away from us, and the further away from 0:19:15.600 --> 0:19:18.480 us it is, it appears to be moving faster than 0:19:18.560 --> 0:19:20.960 others that are closer. Yeah, and we should point out 0:19:20.960 --> 0:19:25.320 you said inflation, uh, and or expansion. And apparently if 0:19:25.320 --> 0:19:28.920 you're an insider, if you're a scientists, you probably say inflation. Sure. 0:19:29.040 --> 0:19:33.240 So expansion is the basis of the Big Bang theory. 0:19:33.480 --> 0:19:38.080 It's the idea that the the universe has expanded over time. 0:19:38.280 --> 0:19:40.480 So that by logic, since time is one of the 0:19:40.520 --> 0:19:43.040 four dimensions that we live in, right, you've got the 0:19:43.040 --> 0:19:46.280 three dimensions plus time, So therefore space time describes the 0:19:46.280 --> 0:19:49.879 fabric of the universe and the reality we live in. Right. 0:19:49.960 --> 0:19:52.800 So by logic of that, if you went backward in time, 0:19:53.440 --> 0:19:56.800 the universe would be smaller and smaller and smaller. And 0:19:56.840 --> 0:19:59.000 the more they started looking into it, the more their 0:19:59.040 --> 0:20:02.080 minds started pop being as they realized like, wow, this 0:20:02.160 --> 0:20:05.200 thing was really really small ones and that's the basis 0:20:05.200 --> 0:20:09.960 of it. Inflation theory comes in and suggests how that happened, 0:20:09.960 --> 0:20:12.159 how that expansion happened, and it fills in a lot 0:20:12.200 --> 0:20:15.240 of blanks that well, we'll also talk about Yes, you 0:20:15.320 --> 0:20:20.600 mentioned Einstein earlier. Uh, he's a noted smart guy. Um. 0:20:20.640 --> 0:20:24.880 And he actually had some issues because it conflicted somewhat 0:20:24.920 --> 0:20:28.720 with his general relativity theories because he subscribed to his 0:20:28.760 --> 0:20:31.960 own theory that the universal static it's not expanding, right, 0:20:32.160 --> 0:20:34.200 And I don't I think like he was like a 0:20:34.200 --> 0:20:36.879 member of the there's a way of viewing the universe 0:20:36.920 --> 0:20:38.919 that like it was always this way, it was always 0:20:38.920 --> 0:20:42.080 spread out this way. It wasn't getting bigger. That's nuts. 0:20:42.080 --> 0:20:45.440 And so he figured that his general theory of relativity 0:20:45.720 --> 0:20:49.359 would prove this, and actually he was extremely surprised to 0:20:49.400 --> 0:20:52.879 find that his own general theory of relativity actually said no, 0:20:53.040 --> 0:20:56.320 the universe is either expanding or contracting. It's certainly not steady. 0:20:56.600 --> 0:20:59.119 And then Edwin Hubble came along and he had his 0:20:59.200 --> 0:21:02.800 findings and I'm Stein said, you know what I was wrong? Yeah, 0:21:02.960 --> 0:21:04.880 that's that's big enough of a man to admit it. Yeah, 0:21:04.880 --> 0:21:06.800 that's the kind of guy I am. Uh. And one 0:21:06.880 --> 0:21:08.640 day people are gonna keep my brain in a jar 0:21:08.680 --> 0:21:10.879 in a barn and slice it up. It's gonna go 0:21:10.920 --> 0:21:13.399 on a car trip. That was a good episode we 0:21:13.440 --> 0:21:15.679 did too. Yeah, do we do one on that on 0:21:15.720 --> 0:21:18.320 its own? Einstein's Brain? Oh yeah, that's right, boy. Those 0:21:18.320 --> 0:21:23.600 were the good old days Einstein's Brain episodes. Alright, so, uh, 0:21:23.680 --> 0:21:27.240 let's talk about some of the predictions that rose from 0:21:27.359 --> 0:21:31.440 the uh the theory that the universe is expanding. Uh. 0:21:31.480 --> 0:21:36.080 One is uh And Strickland says the universe is homogeneous 0:21:36.160 --> 0:21:39.480 and isotropic, which is a fancy way of saying it's 0:21:39.520 --> 0:21:43.040 it's made up of the same materials in completely uniform. Yeah. 0:21:43.119 --> 0:21:45.880 Here is one of the first times we run into 0:21:45.920 --> 0:21:48.720 something where you're like, what are you talking about. It's 0:21:48.720 --> 0:21:50.919 funny if you read Strickland's article, and I sent him 0:21:50.920 --> 0:21:53.120 an email saying as much that I was like, this 0:21:53.160 --> 0:21:55.359 is really well written, but if you just read the 0:21:55.400 --> 0:21:57.640 words you're saying, it sounds like it was written by 0:21:57.880 --> 0:22:02.200 someone who is totally insane, you know. And he makes 0:22:02.200 --> 0:22:03.600 the point too, He's like, well, yeah, all you have 0:22:03.680 --> 0:22:05.639 to do is look out into the Milky Way or 0:22:05.680 --> 0:22:08.360 anything like that. Anything we can see easily and see 0:22:08.400 --> 0:22:11.679 that it looks different, Like there's not a star that 0:22:11.720 --> 0:22:13.639 looks just like our son with the same number of 0:22:13.640 --> 0:22:16.240 planets looking around. The point is is that you look, 0:22:16.640 --> 0:22:20.560 if you go out of several orders of magnification and 0:22:20.600 --> 0:22:23.520 look at the universe outside of any given galaxy, you're 0:22:23.560 --> 0:22:28.600 gonna see that Actually, yeah, everything's distributed pretty evenly throughout 0:22:28.640 --> 0:22:31.920 the universe, and so that makes it homogeneous. And then secondly, 0:22:32.119 --> 0:22:35.119 it's isotropic, meaning that there is no center to the universe. 0:22:35.119 --> 0:22:38.119 There's no central point. Yeah, which some people positive that 0:22:38.160 --> 0:22:41.040 the Earth is the center of the universe. Uh well, 0:22:41.040 --> 0:22:43.800 we'll talk a little bit about that later. But that's wrong, right, 0:22:45.119 --> 0:22:49.040 I Mean, it hasn't been disproven, but it's just extremely unlikely. 0:22:49.119 --> 0:22:52.040 I think. Yeah, I think it's very human centric thing 0:22:52.160 --> 0:22:54.800 to say. But the reason why some people say that 0:22:55.119 --> 0:22:59.320 is that they are if you look around, that expansion 0:22:59.359 --> 0:23:04.160 that we're seeing is everything's going away from us, which 0:23:04.240 --> 0:23:06.359 is like, why is that happening? Like we should be 0:23:06.400 --> 0:23:10.479