1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:11,319 Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff you should know Frundhouse stuff Works dot Com. Hey, 2 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:15,280 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Chipper. Josh Clark's Chipper, 3 00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:20,080 Speaker 1: Charles Pryant. Oh, that's your new nickname, Chipper Charles. Yeah. 4 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:23,800 Speaker 1: And then there's that Jerry. She's not Chipper, she is 5 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:28,000 Speaker 1: actually Chipper. I'm not chipperun crumpy because this man, oh man, 6 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:30,120 Speaker 1: my head is already melted. You guys should see the 7 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:35,040 Speaker 1: vein and Chuck's forehead. It is protruding. It's our best, 8 00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:40,320 Speaker 1: of course Stu astrophysicists. But we do have an astrophysicist 9 00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: coming on as a guest at the end of the episode, 10 00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:47,839 Speaker 1: don't we Yes, my friend, you interviewed Dr Neil deGrasse Tyson, 11 00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:51,120 Speaker 1: or as I like to call him in d T. Sure, 12 00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:55,800 Speaker 1: that's what I call him to uh indeed, Dino My yeah, 13 00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:58,280 Speaker 1: but I was unable to be on the interview for 14 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:02,280 Speaker 1: various tooth related reads, so you took it upon yourself, 15 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,640 Speaker 1: and I think an interview like that it's probably just 16 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:07,200 Speaker 1: better for one person. Anyway. It gets a little clumsy 17 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:10,680 Speaker 1: if two people that I don't know anything about astrophysics 18 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:14,720 Speaker 1: are trying to glean information here's my question. Yeah, right, 19 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:19,520 Speaker 1: would you eat for breakfast? Doctor Um? But yeah, it 20 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:21,080 Speaker 1: was very kind of him to come on, and we 21 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: want to thank um our friends at the Fox Theater 22 00:01:23,880 --> 00:01:26,959 Speaker 1: where he's going to be on April twentie here in Atlanta, 23 00:01:27,680 --> 00:01:30,320 Speaker 1: UM for hooking that up. So thanks to everybody who 24 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:32,400 Speaker 1: made that happen, because it's a great interview, as you 25 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:34,319 Speaker 1: guys will hear at the end of this episode. Yeah, 26 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:36,959 Speaker 1: I loved listening to it. And I'm gonna go ahead 27 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:40,200 Speaker 1: and say my two favorite parts are probably one that 28 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:41,920 Speaker 1: won't make it in when you said that you're happy 29 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:43,680 Speaker 1: to plug the Fox Theater show and he was like, 30 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: don't bother, it's going to be sold out. And then 31 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,360 Speaker 1: at the end when you thanked him for advancing our 32 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:51,880 Speaker 1: our understanding of this light years and he was like, 33 00:01:52,280 --> 00:01:54,640 Speaker 1: that's not nearly enough. He's like a light Year, it's 34 00:01:54,680 --> 00:01:57,400 Speaker 1: not very far. Thanks. Yeah, so I changed the par sex. 35 00:01:57,520 --> 00:01:59,680 Speaker 1: He's like, you're getting close. I know it was. It 36 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: was very funny. Actually, I hope you leave that part 37 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:03,800 Speaker 1: in there. I I hope so. And later on I 38 00:02:03,800 --> 00:02:08,000 Speaker 1: immediately were good at not saying, well you you advanced 39 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:10,839 Speaker 1: our show billions and billions of light years. You would 40 00:02:10,840 --> 00:02:12,800 Speaker 1: have appreciated that, Yeah, you would have, and I didn't 41 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:14,919 Speaker 1: do it. Didn't It wasn't sharp enough. It was a 42 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:18,320 Speaker 1: good interview though, Uh, feel free to skip right ahead 43 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:21,760 Speaker 1: of that, but a little here and go to sleep. Um, 44 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:25,840 Speaker 1: so we're talking about the Big Bang theory and not 45 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:28,760 Speaker 1: the TV show, So settled down, nerds. I think he 46 00:02:28,880 --> 00:02:32,119 Speaker 1: was on that show. THO wouldn't I'm sure sure, Yeah, 47 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:34,280 Speaker 1: he made an appearance. Um, I think all you have 48 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 1: to do is say, like, you will further science if 49 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:39,239 Speaker 1: you appear on this. He's like, I'll do it. Yeah. 50 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:42,640 Speaker 1: I've never seen one episode of that show. I guess 51 00:02:42,639 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: that may be seen some here and there. It's it's 52 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:48,639 Speaker 1: I think, literally the most popular show in the world, 53 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:52,800 Speaker 1: or it was like last season or the season before. 54 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:55,960 Speaker 1: Like it's just taking off like a rocket. And hats 55 00:02:55,960 --> 00:02:58,919 Speaker 1: off to them too, because they like mix actual science 56 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:01,920 Speaker 1: and science jokes and that stuff. It's it's like smartening 57 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,920 Speaker 1: up the world. Well, I'll tell you one quote I 58 00:03:04,919 --> 00:03:09,959 Speaker 1: got from Mr Tyson, uh Dr Tyson from the Internet 59 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:13,120 Speaker 1: and it was actually heard him say it, so I 60 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:15,560 Speaker 1: know it was a real quote. Uh. He said that 61 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:17,639 Speaker 1: you know people ask do you believe in the Big 62 00:03:17,639 --> 00:03:20,560 Speaker 1: Bang theory? And uh, and only the way that he can. 63 00:03:20,639 --> 00:03:23,119 Speaker 1: He was like, well, it's not a matter of believing, 64 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:25,760 Speaker 1: he said, I only believe in things that are evidence based. 65 00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:28,639 Speaker 1: And he said the question should be that you posit 66 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:31,240 Speaker 1: to people, of all the data and evidence out there, 67 00:03:31,240 --> 00:03:34,600 Speaker 1: what theory is best supported uh, And he said it's 68 00:03:34,639 --> 00:03:38,080 Speaker 1: the Big Bang theory, right And UM our colleague Jonathan 69 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:40,200 Speaker 1: Strickland who wrote the article that this is based on, 70 00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: and kudos to that cat because he took some really 71 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:49,720 Speaker 1: really difficult concepts and explained it really well. He explained 72 00:03:49,720 --> 00:03:51,520 Speaker 1: it in a way that I came close to understand 73 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:54,839 Speaker 1: a time. But he makes that same point too, that 74 00:03:54,840 --> 00:03:58,320 Speaker 1: that UM not only is the Big Bang theory of theory, 75 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:02,200 Speaker 1: which obviously cannot be proved and can only be disproven UM, 76 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: but that there are other competing theories out there too, 77 00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:06,920 Speaker 1: which we'll talk about later UM, but that for the 78 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 1: most part, it has the most UM observational evidence backing 79 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: it up, including the recent UM confirmation of gravitational waves 80 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:18,920 Speaker 1: which made a huge stir UM, and that as a result, 81 00:04:18,960 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 1: it's the most widely subscribe to theory among scientists as 82 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:27,279 Speaker 1: describing the early universe, and that's a big thing. There's 83 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:29,240 Speaker 1: a big distinction about that. A lot of people think 84 00:04:29,279 --> 00:04:32,920 Speaker 1: that the Big Bang describes the formation of the universe. No, 85 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:39,240 Speaker 1: the Big Bang describes the time starting very soon after 86 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:43,719 Speaker 1: the universe formed. But it does not go back into 87 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:46,880 Speaker 1: where the origin of the universe came from what came 88 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:49,320 Speaker 1: before it. And it actually doesn't even go all the 89 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:53,200 Speaker 1: way back to that point where everything started. It just 90 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: can't because science falls apart, as we'll see the further 91 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:58,280 Speaker 1: you try to go back in time because you know, 92 00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: time ceases to exist at that point. Yeah, if the 93 00:05:01,800 --> 00:05:05,800 Speaker 1: universe were a human being, it's the big Bang theory 94 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:08,320 Speaker 1: sort of describes the point where the sperm and the 95 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:14,120 Speaker 1: egg meet up. Uh, it describes the time a trillionth 96 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:16,680 Speaker 1: of a trillionth of a second after they met up. 97 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:20,719 Speaker 1: What about that? Yeah, which is you know, it's close. 98 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:25,479 Speaker 1: It's a pretty great time it. So another misconception, Chuck, 99 00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:28,880 Speaker 1: is that, um, the Big Bang was an explosion, and 100 00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: that's not that's not correct. No. In fact, a man 101 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:35,440 Speaker 1: named Sir Fred Hoyle is the one who gave it 102 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:38,120 Speaker 1: a name almost, well not almost. He gave it to 103 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:41,720 Speaker 1: it in jest as sort of an insult because he 104 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:44,880 Speaker 1: was a believer. I don't know if he always was, 105 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:46,159 Speaker 1: but he was a believer at the time in the 106 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:50,200 Speaker 1: steady state theory. Um, And it was like, yeah, the explosion, 107 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:53,160 Speaker 1: this big bang, but it's not an explosion at all, 108 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:56,480 Speaker 1: so chuck, um, it's a it's a rapid expansion. It 109 00:05:56,560 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: wasn't the best way to think of it is like this, 110 00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:00,680 Speaker 1: So like an explosion. Right, Let's say you have a 111 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:03,520 Speaker 1: planet and that planet is actually the universe, and it's 112 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:06,479 Speaker 1: just floating there in space, and Darth Vader shoots it 113 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: with the Death Start and goes right, and it goes everywhere, 114 00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:13,280 Speaker 1: starts scattering everywhere, but it's scattering within the boundaries that 115 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:16,520 Speaker 1: confines of space as we understand it. That would be 116 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:20,080 Speaker 1: the popular conception of what the Big Bang represents, not 117 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:22,960 Speaker 1: at all what the Big Bang actually, he says, is 118 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:28,800 Speaker 1: that space itself inflated, it expanded, and that all the 119 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:35,320 Speaker 1: stuff that was in it was in this very tightly wound, dense, 120 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:43,120 Speaker 1: incredibly hot core that was a singularity basically that expanded 121 00:06:43,160 --> 00:06:46,160 Speaker 1: into the universe. That's as big as we understand it now. Yeah, 122 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 1: something that was so tiny and hot, it had an 123 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:53,760 Speaker 1: infinite amount of density because everything we know was crammed in. 124 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:57,360 Speaker 1: You know what It's like, It's like, uh, if Neil 125 00:06:57,400 --> 00:06:59,960 Speaker 1: de grass Tyson listens to this, he's going to love this. Okay. 126 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:02,479 Speaker 1: You know the little pellets that you would get with 127 00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:04,920 Speaker 1: your fireworks, a little black pellet and then you light 128 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:07,720 Speaker 1: it a smoke snake and then it snakes out to like, 129 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:10,720 Speaker 1: you know, several feet Right. That's that's like it, except 130 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: if that pellet were like thousands and thousands and thousands 131 00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:16,920 Speaker 1: of fraction of the size of ahead of a pin. 132 00:07:18,800 --> 00:07:20,720 Speaker 1: I think that's a great analogy. And I'm just gonna 133 00:07:21,160 --> 00:07:24,440 Speaker 1: leave the room right and I'll come back in forty minutes. 134 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 1: But but even still, Chuck, take that analogy, right, when 135 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:31,120 Speaker 1: you imagine that, you imagine that snake growing that you 136 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:33,760 Speaker 1: on a sidewalk and maybe there's kind of grass in 137 00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:35,720 Speaker 1: your view and it's at night and there's a car 138 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:39,520 Speaker 1: park there because you're outside, right, Well, sure, that's where 139 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,720 Speaker 1: our brain wants to take us. We want to confine 140 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:46,440 Speaker 1: what we know within the boundaries of our universe. What 141 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:52,080 Speaker 1: we're talking about is the universe itself growing, Yeah, expanding 142 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:55,239 Speaker 1: in nothingness. Yeah, and he points out in the interview, 143 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:56,640 Speaker 1: I don't want to spoil it, but he kind of 144 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:59,600 Speaker 1: blows my mind when he starts talking about like this 145 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:04,000 Speaker 1: goes yawned, what our human senses can understand night and 146 00:08:04,080 --> 00:08:06,800 Speaker 1: sound like forget about it. Yeah, and that's how nobody's 147 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: gonna be able to pin anything on us, because we'll 148 00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:11,880 Speaker 1: be like, well, we just can't comprehend that, So how 149 00:08:11,920 --> 00:08:15,440 Speaker 1: could you blame us for getting it wrong? So um, chuck, 150 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:18,880 Speaker 1: Now I'm going to leave the room, okay, and you 151 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:21,600 Speaker 1: need what half an hour? It may take a little 152 00:08:21,640 --> 00:08:24,000 Speaker 1: longer than that. Now I get parts of it, so 153 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: I'll just chime in when I feel confident. There's a 154 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: there's a line right, um that that Strickland had in here. 155 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:32,760 Speaker 1: It was, um, he says, at the earliest moments of 156 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:35,680 Speaker 1: the Big Bang, all of the matter, energy, and space 157 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:38,679 Speaker 1: we could observe was compressed to an area of zero 158 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,760 Speaker 1: volume and infinite density. Doesn't that sound like the line 159 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:44,520 Speaker 1: from a religious text or something like that? Isn't it 160 00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:47,959 Speaker 1: just like right there on that border between like science 161 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:51,040 Speaker 1: and religion basically, yeah, Like and and now take this drug, 162 00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:54,199 Speaker 1: and everyone take their clothes off and follow me and 163 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:57,640 Speaker 1: we'll understand what I'm talking about. Uh yeah, And you 164 00:08:57,679 --> 00:09:01,839 Speaker 1: know what when Strickland and and and scientists and cosmologists 165 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:04,840 Speaker 1: talk about that, that is what is known as a singularity, 166 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:10,520 Speaker 1: that that thing with a zero volume and infinite density. Right, So, um, 167 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:13,360 Speaker 1: I think it bears repeating at least one more time. 168 00:09:13,559 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: What we're talking about is all of the matter, all 169 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:19,079 Speaker 1: of the energy, all of the heat, all the radiation, 170 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:22,600 Speaker 1: everything in the universe that is here or ever was 171 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:26,000 Speaker 1: here over the last thirteen point roughly seven and nine 172 00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:34,160 Speaker 1: billion years, was in an a point that was twenty 173 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:39,440 Speaker 1: three orders of magnitude smaller than the diameter of an atom. 174 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: You almost you just call it yourself, wanting to say 175 00:09:41,559 --> 00:09:45,720 Speaker 1: it's like a little ball. But there's not even circularism. Yeah, 176 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: is that a word? There was nothing circular. And so 177 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:52,520 Speaker 1: at this time, at this point, um, we know that 178 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:56,400 Speaker 1: it was very very hot, makes sense, mind bogglingly hot, 179 00:09:56,440 --> 00:09:58,840 Speaker 1: Like you can't even think of all the zeros associated 180 00:09:58,880 --> 00:10:02,640 Speaker 1: with the degree is of kelvin or fahrenheit or celsius. Right, 181 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: and it was incredibly dense. And then something happened. We 182 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:10,440 Speaker 1: don't know what that was. A science simply isn't equipped 183 00:10:10,440 --> 00:10:13,840 Speaker 1: to explain it or understand it or detect it. Something 184 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:19,440 Speaker 1: happened to make this incredibly dense ball or whatever it was. 185 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:24,920 Speaker 1: There was expand Yes, and it was not like the 186 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:28,640 Speaker 1: smoke snake. It wasn't a child with a lighter. You 187 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:32,560 Speaker 1: don't know that, neither grass Tyson doesn't know that. Nobody 188 00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:38,200 Speaker 1: knows that. So this uh expanding happened really really really fast. 189 00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:42,200 Speaker 1: And we'll talk later about just those first few seconds afterwards, 190 00:10:42,520 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: like that's how fast we're talking, Well, a few like 191 00:10:46,640 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: trillions of a second is how they break it down, 192 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:52,559 Speaker 1: Like there this so much happened in that first literally 193 00:10:52,600 --> 00:10:55,480 Speaker 1: the first second of the origin of the universe. That 194 00:10:55,679 --> 00:10:59,640 Speaker 1: um that there are different ages and epochs that happened 195 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:04,280 Speaker 1: in like trillions of a second. Yeah, it's really mind blowing. 196 00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:08,160 Speaker 1: So as things expanded though in those first few seconds, 197 00:11:08,240 --> 00:11:11,520 Speaker 1: and today things are still expanding. Things are expanding and 198 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 1: things are cooling down even as we speak. Literally every 199 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:18,640 Speaker 1: second that we're on the Earth, we're expanding and well 200 00:11:18,679 --> 00:11:22,880 Speaker 1: not us, but the universe is expanding and cooling right exactly. 201 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:24,800 Speaker 1: And as a matter of fact, from what I understand, 202 00:11:25,040 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: um our our region of the universe, which is um 203 00:11:28,559 --> 00:11:33,000 Speaker 1: something like ninety billion light years across is is no 204 00:11:33,120 --> 00:11:37,000 Speaker 1: longer expanding, but other parts of the universe are expanding. 205 00:11:37,520 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 1: And there's this really great article about cosmology and where 206 00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:43,600 Speaker 1: it stands right now. It's in a on not cosmetology, 207 00:11:43,679 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: no cosmology, um and it was written by a guy 208 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:50,360 Speaker 1: named Ross Anderson, and I think it's called in the Beginning, 209 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:53,800 Speaker 1: and it's incredibly well written. But he makes a really 210 00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:57,840 Speaker 1: great analogy. He says that that ninety billion light year 211 00:11:57,880 --> 00:12:01,679 Speaker 1: across portion of the universe that we inhabit, that we 212 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:07,120 Speaker 1: consider our own, is but a small section of one 213 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:11,560 Speaker 1: tiny bubble that floats along on a frothy sea whose 214 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:16,880 Speaker 1: proportions defy comprehension, and that neat And that's just our 215 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:19,439 Speaker 1: section of the universe, right, that's our little neighborhood. So 216 00:12:19,480 --> 00:12:24,560 Speaker 1: the universe is unknowably large. We sound like HP Lovecraft 217 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:28,080 Speaker 1: here describing this stuff. Um, and still some parts of 218 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:32,199 Speaker 1: it are expanding. And apparently in the early universe, when 219 00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 1: it was a singularity, the four forces, the four fundamental forces, 220 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:41,320 Speaker 1: the dark side. Oh I thought you were going. I 221 00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:44,880 Speaker 1: thought you met the Star Wars universe. Uh. Yeah, So 222 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:48,679 Speaker 1: the force, the dark Side, mindy Glorians and Mark Hamil's 223 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:55,240 Speaker 1: hair prequels. The four basic forces as everyone knows, electromagnetism, 224 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:59,080 Speaker 1: strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravity, right, and 225 00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:03,720 Speaker 1: that that's singularity. Before the universe expanded began to expand, um, 226 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:07,160 Speaker 1: all of them were coupled together into a single unified force, 227 00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:10,040 Speaker 1: which we don't understand how we know we don't And 228 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:12,520 Speaker 1: as a matter of fact, trying to get them back 229 00:13:12,559 --> 00:13:15,559 Speaker 1: together is one of the great pursuits of physics because 230 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: if we can figure out how they were all unified, um, 231 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:22,120 Speaker 1: we can start to understand the science we need, the paradigm, 232 00:13:22,160 --> 00:13:24,760 Speaker 1: we need to understand the origins of the universe, but 233 00:13:24,840 --> 00:13:27,080 Speaker 1: we just can't figure out how to do it, right. Yeah. 234 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,120 Speaker 1: One thing that kind of blows my mind with this 235 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:31,440 Speaker 1: is when you know, we get to this stuff later on, 236 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:35,320 Speaker 1: about does it defy other laws of physics and stuff? 237 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:38,720 Speaker 1: Like Basically every answer is like the further you travel 238 00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:42,320 Speaker 1: back towards that singularity, the less all these rules that 239 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:45,000 Speaker 1: we think we understand apply, right falls apart. Yeah, so 240 00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:48,439 Speaker 1: just you know, we will probably never understand this stuff, 241 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:54,280 Speaker 1: you know, at that very singular moment. Yeah, I don't know. 242 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:57,280 Speaker 1: I disagree. I think I disagree. Yeah, I think that 243 00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:01,920 Speaker 1: we are maybe a century or two away from understanding it. Well, 244 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:04,199 Speaker 1: you just clearly pull that out of your hat. Well, 245 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:07,160 Speaker 1: I totally did. But we've made some another hundred and 246 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,480 Speaker 1: twenty six years. Well, no, we've made some incredibly huge 247 00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:13,679 Speaker 1: strides in the last like hundred and fifty two hundred 248 00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:16,760 Speaker 1: years in our understanding thus far. Right, So I think 249 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,200 Speaker 1: that's not a bad guest, right it be a be 250 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:21,960 Speaker 1: a string theorist right to marry all these Uh, I 251 00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:24,200 Speaker 1: don't know. Probably I don't know. And that's what n 252 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 1: d T said. That's what we call him, now, that's 253 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 1: what he said. He was like, who knows. It could 254 00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:31,360 Speaker 1: be string theory. Um, maybe someone will be able to 255 00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:33,760 Speaker 1: come up with a unified theory or what's called the 256 00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:36,800 Speaker 1: theory of everything that unifies the four fundamental forces back 257 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:41,520 Speaker 1: into their their single um version of a force. Or 258 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:45,720 Speaker 1: maybe we just don't understand quantum physics enough quite yet. Um, 259 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:48,360 Speaker 1: And when we figure that out a little more, that 260 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:52,160 Speaker 1: will unlock some keys for us. So chock before we 261 00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:55,240 Speaker 1: get into um the how we started to come to 262 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:58,680 Speaker 1: understand the Big Bang and the origin of the universe Um, 263 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 1: let's take a break real quick. Al, I'm gonna go 264 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:30,040 Speaker 1: wipe my brow. You're doing great, all right. I sort 265 00:15:30,080 --> 00:15:32,640 Speaker 1: of get this part, So the history part, I'm gonna 266 00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: talk a little bit about it. Uh. And this makes 267 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:37,440 Speaker 1: a lot of sense to me. You go back in time. 268 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 1: Let's get in the way back machine. Oh yes, let's 269 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:51,080 Speaker 1: boys feel so safe and comfortable in here. Um, it does. Weirdly, 270 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:56,000 Speaker 1: it's eighteen hundreds and astronomers started using something called a spectroscope, 271 00:15:56,360 --> 00:15:58,600 Speaker 1: which is pretty nifty. And we've talked about light waves 272 00:15:58,640 --> 00:16:02,480 Speaker 1: in year before. A spectroscope is something that divides that 273 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,360 Speaker 1: light spectrum up into the wavelengths. Uh, blue on the left, 274 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 1: right on the right, and as you go further towards 275 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:14,200 Speaker 1: the red, the wavelengths grow longer. So that's part one, right, 276 00:16:14,640 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: that was spectroscopes. Yes, that's that's light waves, right and 277 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:22,760 Speaker 1: thew Around the same time, Um, a guy named Christian 278 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 1: Doppler was tinkering with the frequency of sound waves. Right. 279 00:16:26,960 --> 00:16:30,280 Speaker 1: He was studying those because he's a smart guy, and 280 00:16:30,320 --> 00:16:32,240 Speaker 1: he said, you know what, it's weird that when I 281 00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:35,560 Speaker 1: sit by a train it sounds different as it goes 282 00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:38,280 Speaker 1: by me. Approaches then goes by me and goes further 283 00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:40,880 Speaker 1: away from me. Right, it sounds different than that doesn't 284 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:43,360 Speaker 1: really make any sense. Yeah, And whereas most people would 285 00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: just seat their figgy pudding and go about their day, 286 00:16:45,920 --> 00:16:48,120 Speaker 1: he wanted to try and explain it. He was like 287 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:50,600 Speaker 1: anybody else who had been like this new Charles Dickens 288 00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:54,080 Speaker 1: book is top notch. Uh. So he said, you know what, 289 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:56,960 Speaker 1: as as this noise approaches you, the sound waves that 290 00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,440 Speaker 1: generates compress is going to change that frequency, or at 291 00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:03,280 Speaker 1: least how you perceive it, in a different pitch. So 292 00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:05,920 Speaker 1: as it moves away from you, those waves are gonna 293 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,560 Speaker 1: stretch that pitch goes down. And I'm gonna name this 294 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:12,600 Speaker 1: effect after myself. Well, let my wife do it so 295 00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:15,320 Speaker 1: I don't look like a jerk. Right. So basically you 296 00:17:15,359 --> 00:17:19,320 Speaker 1: marry these two things, light wavelengths in the Doppler effect, 297 00:17:19,680 --> 00:17:22,600 Speaker 1: and it's sort of let us down this path to 298 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:24,960 Speaker 1: where we could understand the Big Bang theory. Right. It 299 00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:30,200 Speaker 1: would indicate that um, something it's something that was emitting 300 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:34,399 Speaker 1: light out there in the universe whose light moved towards 301 00:17:34,440 --> 00:17:38,400 Speaker 1: the red end of the spectrum would be emitting longer wavelengths, 302 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:42,160 Speaker 1: which would suggest based on Christian Doppler's findings that it 303 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,919 Speaker 1: was moving away, right yeah, and they they found that. 304 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:47,400 Speaker 1: They said, look at these stars, some of the light 305 00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:51,680 Speaker 1: is falling into this this right hand side, and does 306 00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:54,800 Speaker 1: that mean it's it's moving away and it's getting faster 307 00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:57,080 Speaker 1: and that just wants to get away from us. That's 308 00:17:57,320 --> 00:18:01,040 Speaker 1: that's where Edwin Hubble came in. He based He said, yeah, 309 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:03,680 Speaker 1: this is really weird, guys, because some of these stars 310 00:18:04,119 --> 00:18:07,320 Speaker 1: appear to have a velocity that's proportional to its distance 311 00:18:07,359 --> 00:18:09,440 Speaker 1: from the Earth. Like there seems to be some sort 312 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:12,920 Speaker 1: of rhyme or reason here to it. And it suggested 313 00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:16,160 Speaker 1: to Hubble and later on to everybody else, including Einstein, 314 00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:21,400 Speaker 1: as we'll see, that the universe itself was expanding. And 315 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:25,159 Speaker 1: this is where we came to the genuine origin of 316 00:18:25,320 --> 00:18:29,359 Speaker 1: the Big Bang theory, the idea that the universe was 317 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:34,359 Speaker 1: expanding and constant right, yes, is that the the idea 318 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:38,280 Speaker 1: is that the constant no no no um. The the 319 00:18:38,359 --> 00:18:43,560 Speaker 1: Hubble constant is the the proportion between or the relationship 320 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:47,240 Speaker 1: between how fast something is moving away from us to 321 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:52,240 Speaker 1: its distance from us. We constant rate, I mean and 322 00:18:52,320 --> 00:18:55,720 Speaker 1: actually no, the universe appears to be expanding more quickly 323 00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:58,679 Speaker 1: than it was before. Yeah, so it's increasing, which is 324 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:02,960 Speaker 1: that's what makes a lot of really in relationship. Yeah. Yeah, 325 00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:05,600 Speaker 1: the hubble constant has to do not necessarily with the 326 00:19:05,640 --> 00:19:08,560 Speaker 1: inflation of universe itself and the expension universe itself, but 327 00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:12,520 Speaker 1: that how far or how fast uh say, a star 328 00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:15,520 Speaker 1: is moving away from us, and the further away from 329 00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:18,480 Speaker 1: us it is, it appears to be moving faster than 330 00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:20,960 Speaker 1: others that are closer. Yeah, and we should point out 331 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:25,320 Speaker 1: you said inflation, uh, and or expansion. And apparently if 332 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:28,920 Speaker 1: you're an insider, if you're a scientists, you probably say inflation. Sure. 333 00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:33,240 Speaker 1: So expansion is the basis of the Big Bang theory. 334 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:38,080 Speaker 1: It's the idea that the the universe has expanded over time. 335 00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:40,480 Speaker 1: So that by logic, since time is one of the 336 00:19:40,520 --> 00:19:43,040 Speaker 1: four dimensions that we live in, right, you've got the 337 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: three dimensions plus time, So therefore space time describes the 338 00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: fabric of the universe and the reality we live in. Right. 339 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:52,800 Speaker 1: So by logic of that, if you went backward in time, 340 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:56,800 Speaker 1: the universe would be smaller and smaller and smaller. And 341 00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:59,000 Speaker 1: the more they started looking into it, the more their 342 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,080 Speaker 1: minds started pop being as they realized like, wow, this 343 00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,200 Speaker 1: thing was really really small ones and that's the basis 344 00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:09,960 Speaker 1: of it. Inflation theory comes in and suggests how that happened, 345 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:12,159 Speaker 1: how that expansion happened, and it fills in a lot 346 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,240 Speaker 1: of blanks that well, we'll also talk about Yes, you 347 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:20,600 Speaker 1: mentioned Einstein earlier. Uh, he's a noted smart guy. Um. 348 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:24,880 Speaker 1: And he actually had some issues because it conflicted somewhat 349 00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:28,720 Speaker 1: with his general relativity theories because he subscribed to his 350 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:31,960 Speaker 1: own theory that the universal static it's not expanding, right, 351 00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:34,200 Speaker 1: And I don't I think like he was like a 352 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,879 Speaker 1: member of the there's a way of viewing the universe 353 00:20:36,920 --> 00:20:38,919 Speaker 1: that like it was always this way, it was always 354 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: spread out this way. It wasn't getting bigger. That's nuts. 355 00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:45,440 Speaker 1: And so he figured that his general theory of relativity 356 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:49,359 Speaker 1: would prove this, and actually he was extremely surprised to 357 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,879 Speaker 1: find that his own general theory of relativity actually said no, 358 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:56,320 Speaker 1: the universe is either expanding or contracting. It's certainly not steady. 359 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,119 Speaker 1: And then Edwin Hubble came along and he had his 360 00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:02,800 Speaker 1: findings and I'm Stein said, you know what I was wrong? Yeah, 361 00:21:02,960 --> 00:21:04,880 Speaker 1: that's that's big enough of a man to admit it. Yeah, 362 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:06,800 Speaker 1: that's the kind of guy I am. Uh. And one 363 00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:08,640 Speaker 1: day people are gonna keep my brain in a jar 364 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:10,879 Speaker 1: in a barn and slice it up. It's gonna go 365 00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:13,399 Speaker 1: on a car trip. That was a good episode we 366 00:21:13,440 --> 00:21:15,679 Speaker 1: did too. Yeah, do we do one on that on 367 00:21:15,720 --> 00:21:18,320 Speaker 1: its own? Einstein's Brain? Oh yeah, that's right, boy. Those 368 00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:23,600 Speaker 1: were the good old days Einstein's Brain episodes. Alright, so, uh, 369 00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:27,240 Speaker 1: let's talk about some of the predictions that rose from 370 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:31,440 Speaker 1: the uh the theory that the universe is expanding. Uh. 371 00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:36,080 Speaker 1: One is uh And Strickland says the universe is homogeneous 372 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:39,480 Speaker 1: and isotropic, which is a fancy way of saying it's 373 00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:43,040 Speaker 1: it's made up of the same materials in completely uniform. Yeah. 374 00:21:43,119 --> 00:21:45,880 Speaker 1: Here is one of the first times we run into 375 00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:48,720 Speaker 1: something where you're like, what are you talking about. It's 376 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:50,919 Speaker 1: funny if you read Strickland's article, and I sent him 377 00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:53,120 Speaker 1: an email saying as much that I was like, this 378 00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:55,359 Speaker 1: is really well written, but if you just read the 379 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:57,640 Speaker 1: words you're saying, it sounds like it was written by 380 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:02,200 Speaker 1: someone who is totally insane, you know. And he makes 381 00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 1: the point too, He's like, well, yeah, all you have 382 00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:05,639 Speaker 1: to do is look out into the Milky Way or 383 00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:08,360 Speaker 1: anything like that. Anything we can see easily and see 384 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:11,679 Speaker 1: that it looks different, Like there's not a star that 385 00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:13,639 Speaker 1: looks just like our son with the same number of 386 00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:16,240 Speaker 1: planets looking around. The point is is that you look, 387 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 1: if you go out of several orders of magnification and 388 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,520 Speaker 1: look at the universe outside of any given galaxy, you're 389 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:28,600 Speaker 1: gonna see that Actually, yeah, everything's distributed pretty evenly throughout 390 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:31,920 Speaker 1: the universe, and so that makes it homogeneous. And then secondly, 391 00:22:32,119 --> 00:22:35,119 Speaker 1: it's isotropic, meaning that there is no center to the universe. 392 00:22:35,119 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: There's no central point. Yeah, which some people positive that 393 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:41,040 Speaker 1: the Earth is the center of the universe. Uh well, 394 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:43,800 Speaker 1: we'll talk a little bit about that later. But that's wrong, right, 395 00:22:45,119 --> 00:22:49,040 Speaker 1: I Mean, it hasn't been disproven, but it's just extremely unlikely. 396 00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:52,040 Speaker 1: I think. Yeah, I think it's very human centric thing 397 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:54,800 Speaker 1: to say. But the reason why some people say that 398 00:22:55,119 --> 00:22:59,320 Speaker 1: is that they are if you look around, that expansion 399 00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:04,160 Speaker 1: that we're seeing is everything's going away from us, which 400 00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:06,359 Speaker 1: is like, why is that happening? Like we should be 401 00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:10,479 Speaker 1: going along at least with with something else. But the 402 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:13,439 Speaker 1: idea is that we're not because we're the center of 403 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:16,679 Speaker 1: the universe. But the the implications of that are so 404 00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:20,120 Speaker 1: mind boggling that it's just not possible almost that we're 405 00:23:20,160 --> 00:23:22,959 Speaker 1: actually at the center of the universe. When we're just 406 00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:26,160 Speaker 1: the small segment of a tiny bubble in a frothy 407 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:29,000 Speaker 1: sea that defies proportions. There's no way that's the center 408 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 1: of the universe. Uh. So another prediction was UM and uh. 409 00:23:33,960 --> 00:23:36,919 Speaker 1: We talked a little bit about the intense heat uh 410 00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:39,840 Speaker 1: at the very first moments of the Big Bang. Uh. 411 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:43,680 Speaker 1: And if that were true, then you would feel and 412 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:46,560 Speaker 1: see this radiation I guess, not see it, but you 413 00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:50,320 Speaker 1: would have this radiation expanded over the entire galaxy in 414 00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:54,200 Speaker 1: roughly equal proportions. Yeah, because again, remember the universe is 415 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:58,119 Speaker 1: homogeneous and isotropics, so if there was radiation, it should 416 00:23:58,119 --> 00:24:01,280 Speaker 1: be evenly distributed toether be like they call it an echo. 417 00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:05,280 Speaker 1: I've seen described in some right. Okay, So apparently back 418 00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:07,359 Speaker 1: in the forties they detected this stuff and didn't know 419 00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,120 Speaker 1: what they were looking at, and in the sixties they 420 00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:14,159 Speaker 1: figured out, holy cow, this is the cosmic microwave background, 421 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:17,239 Speaker 1: which is basically UM. I think of it as more 422 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:21,119 Speaker 1: like a fingerprint, the fingerprints of the universe, right, and 423 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:25,320 Speaker 1: it's evenly distributed. It's this trace radiation that's still around 424 00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:29,960 Speaker 1: from the Big Bang, which is pretty amazing. So when 425 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:32,119 Speaker 1: you put that in the discovery that the universe does 426 00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:35,120 Speaker 1: seem to be homogeneous and isotropic, along with the fact 427 00:24:35,119 --> 00:24:38,919 Speaker 1: that we discovered this cosmic radiation background that's evenly distributed 428 00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:42,120 Speaker 1: throughout the universe, it really gives a lot of credence 429 00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:44,760 Speaker 1: to the Big Bang theory. And so too does this 430 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:49,960 Speaker 1: UM gravitational wave. The gravitational wave discovery. They apparently found 431 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:55,000 Speaker 1: um curls in the cosmic microwave background that were are 432 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:58,119 Speaker 1: remnants of gravitational wave from the Big Bang too. So 433 00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:01,119 Speaker 1: it's just getting supported all for the place, and everybody's 434 00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,560 Speaker 1: super happier. Yeah, there's like real observational data there, all right, 435 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:10,520 Speaker 1: we tease those those first nano seconds nano moments after 436 00:25:10,560 --> 00:25:14,320 Speaker 1: the Big Bang. Um, so let's let's talk about them 437 00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:18,040 Speaker 1: right now. The earliest thing that scientists can even talk 438 00:25:18,080 --> 00:25:21,560 Speaker 1: about like with a straight face, like later on when 439 00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:24,000 Speaker 1: they're having drinks at the bar, that they talk about 440 00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:27,440 Speaker 1: but before this, but if they're like on a podium 441 00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:30,240 Speaker 1: in front of an audience, they can go back as 442 00:25:30,280 --> 00:25:34,399 Speaker 1: far as uh I'll just say the equation, even though 443 00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:38,120 Speaker 1: it will make no sense to anyone. Uh T equals 444 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:44,680 Speaker 1: one times ten to the negative forty three seconds. Yeah, yes, okay, 445 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:49,040 Speaker 1: so T equals the time after the creation of the universe, 446 00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:54,840 Speaker 1: and as far back as they've gone is point zero 447 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:59,080 Speaker 1: zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 448 00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:03,560 Speaker 1: zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 449 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:08,480 Speaker 1: zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 450 00:26:08,640 --> 00:26:13,399 Speaker 1: zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero 451 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:18,400 Speaker 1: zero one second after the creation of the universe. That's 452 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:20,639 Speaker 1: how far back they've been able to trace the Big Bang, 453 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:27,360 Speaker 1: and that amazing. That fraction of one second is how 454 00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:29,880 Speaker 1: far back they've been able to figure it out. And 455 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:33,720 Speaker 1: so much happened in that first second. Chuck, that just 456 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:38,760 Speaker 1: fractions of that fraction are, like I said before, like 457 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:42,920 Speaker 1: different epochs in the era or the age of the Universe, 458 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:46,280 Speaker 1: like entire epochs happened in trillions of a trillion of 459 00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:51,119 Speaker 1: a second. It's just so mind boggling. I love it, though, 460 00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:54,280 Speaker 1: Like I've really given myself over this. I was fighting 461 00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:56,000 Speaker 1: at first, like, well it just makes sense. I don't 462 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,199 Speaker 1: want to how how does that make sense? And I 463 00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:00,720 Speaker 1: did look plenty of stuff up. I also just kind 464 00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: of was like, I'm just taking it to submit on faith, 465 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:06,359 Speaker 1: despite what Andy T says, like you do kind of 466 00:27:06,359 --> 00:27:08,240 Speaker 1: have to take this on faith, especially if you're not 467 00:27:08,280 --> 00:27:11,560 Speaker 1: an astrophysicist. And I just kind of gave myself over 468 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:13,880 Speaker 1: to and I love it. You know what happens when 469 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:16,560 Speaker 1: my mind gets bent like that too far? I just 470 00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,879 Speaker 1: have some pie. Oh that's good stuff. What's kind of 471 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:21,439 Speaker 1: stare at the wall and have some pie. What do 472 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:25,359 Speaker 1: you recommend? It does matter? Okay, so something super sweet, 473 00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,800 Speaker 1: not fruity. Uh, what's a fruity pie? Like a cherry 474 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,400 Speaker 1: pie or apple pie? M m. I like a good 475 00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:34,199 Speaker 1: apple crumble pie. Oh yeah, I do too, but but 476 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:37,600 Speaker 1: not like the one with the crisscross pastry on top. 477 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:41,480 Speaker 1: I don't. I don't really discriminate against pie. I tend 478 00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:46,320 Speaker 1: more towards the fruity section of the pie spectrum, and 479 00:27:46,359 --> 00:27:48,399 Speaker 1: I tend to think of pecan like right in the middle. 480 00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:50,120 Speaker 1: But then on the other end you have like your 481 00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:53,080 Speaker 1: creamy and chocolate moose pies and stuff like that. I 482 00:27:53,119 --> 00:27:54,919 Speaker 1: tend to be on the other side, a little good 483 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:58,439 Speaker 1: lemon pie, lemon stuff. What I don't get is the 484 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:01,080 Speaker 1: cheddar on the apple pie. I've never gotten that. I've 485 00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:04,520 Speaker 1: never tried it. Maybe I should. Those people are obviously crazy. 486 00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: I like sweet and savory together, so maybe I should 487 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:12,440 Speaker 1: give it a whirling again. French and a frosty and 488 00:28:12,920 --> 00:28:16,320 Speaker 1: a day. Alright, So at that point that you described that, 489 00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:19,040 Speaker 1: you know, don't say all the zeros again, but that 490 00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:23,320 Speaker 1: at that point the universe was tiny, tiny, tiny and 491 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:27,280 Speaker 1: small and dense and hot, and the area of the 492 00:28:27,359 --> 00:28:30,640 Speaker 1: universe spanned a region of about three point nine by 493 00:28:30,680 --> 00:28:36,440 Speaker 1: ten to thirty in everything, and that that area, right, 494 00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:40,880 Speaker 1: tend to the negative thirty three centimeters. Again, the average 495 00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:44,479 Speaker 1: diameter of an atom or roughly something like that is 496 00:28:44,680 --> 00:28:48,080 Speaker 1: tend to the negative ten. This is that much smaller 497 00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:51,720 Speaker 1: than an atom. And everything that's in the universe now 498 00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:55,840 Speaker 1: was encapsulated in that tiny little thing, whatever it was. 499 00:28:56,560 --> 00:29:01,320 Speaker 1: That's right. And again, like surely astrophysicist and cosmologists when 500 00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:04,000 Speaker 1: they were coming up with these calculations are like, I 501 00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:07,600 Speaker 1: just can't be right, and I guess over time they 502 00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 1: were like, it seems to be right either. We're all 503 00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:14,480 Speaker 1: just totally off our rockers. And really, somebody forgot to 504 00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:18,160 Speaker 1: carry one and everybody forgot to carry one or this 505 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:21,320 Speaker 1: is really how things started, and it's just mind boggling 506 00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:24,480 Speaker 1: to think. All right, So in that very first first, first, 507 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:29,280 Speaker 1: first moment um, theorists think that, uh, those four primary 508 00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:32,760 Speaker 1: forces that we mentioned are still hanging together, They're still united, 509 00:29:33,160 --> 00:29:37,040 Speaker 1: and that matter and energy were inseparable at this point, 510 00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:39,000 Speaker 1: which is another don't feel bad if like you're sitting 511 00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:41,560 Speaker 1: there going like, how is that possible? No one knows. 512 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,320 Speaker 1: They just see, like the calculations bear that out is 513 00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:47,320 Speaker 1: another way to put it. You know, that's right, But 514 00:29:47,480 --> 00:29:49,880 Speaker 1: that's how it was. Matter and energy were one and 515 00:29:49,880 --> 00:29:52,440 Speaker 1: the same. Uh. And as things expanded, we'll go into 516 00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:55,760 Speaker 1: these in detail. Um. We go through something called bario genesis, 517 00:29:56,040 --> 00:30:01,080 Speaker 1: particle cosmology, and then standard cosmology. And as this time passes, 518 00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:05,600 Speaker 1: things become a little more easy to understand. And when 519 00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:08,040 Speaker 1: I say easy to understand, I mean extremely difficult, but 520 00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,400 Speaker 1: at least at least your mind can wrap around it 521 00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 1: start to at least right. So remember we started at tea, 522 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:16,360 Speaker 1: which is the time after the creation of the university 523 00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:19,880 Speaker 1: equals one times tend to the negative forty three seconds. Uh. 524 00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:25,080 Speaker 1: The next the next big part where things start and actually, um, 525 00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:28,200 Speaker 1: in between the two gravity separated from the from the 526 00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:32,480 Speaker 1: four fundamental forces, just a little thing like that. Um. 527 00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:34,720 Speaker 1: But the next big one that came along was that 528 00:30:34,840 --> 00:30:38,680 Speaker 1: tend to the negative thirty six seconds and um, this 529 00:30:38,720 --> 00:30:41,960 Speaker 1: is where Barrio genesis happened. And around this time also, 530 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:45,960 Speaker 1: this is where the electro week, which is electro magnetic 531 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:50,040 Speaker 1: and weak force combined together, separated from the strong magnetic force. 532 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:54,280 Speaker 1: And apparently here at that tend to the negative thirty 533 00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:58,760 Speaker 1: six power seconds. Um, that was where inflation happened. That's 534 00:30:58,840 --> 00:31:01,320 Speaker 1: that's where the expansion began, right, And that's where we 535 00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:05,720 Speaker 1: actually could begin to observe some kind of matter. Yeah, 536 00:31:05,760 --> 00:31:08,520 Speaker 1: and they think that what happened was a tremendous amount 537 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:12,600 Speaker 1: of matter and anti matter were created. But that and 538 00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:14,840 Speaker 1: we did it. We we don't remember a lot of 539 00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:17,960 Speaker 1: about the details. But remember we did a a podcast 540 00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:22,360 Speaker 1: on anti matter spacecraft. How amazing those were. But ani 541 00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:26,080 Speaker 1: matter and matter like to just destroy each other and 542 00:31:26,240 --> 00:31:30,680 Speaker 1: effectively cancel one another out. Um. But apparently at the 543 00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:33,240 Speaker 1: beginning of the universe, that the origin of the universe. 544 00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:36,320 Speaker 1: It's suggested by this that there was a slight imbalance 545 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:39,760 Speaker 1: in whatever makes matter and whatever makes anti matter, so 546 00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:44,040 Speaker 1: that there was slightly more matter that um was created 547 00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:47,880 Speaker 1: than anti matter. That good thing. So that right, so 548 00:31:47,920 --> 00:31:50,680 Speaker 1: that that stuff survived. Had the balance been the other direction, 549 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:53,120 Speaker 1: there would be slightly more anti matter than matter now, 550 00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:55,760 Speaker 1: and who knows what kind of loopy bizarro universe that 551 00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,280 Speaker 1: would have created, seriously, or if there would have been 552 00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:01,200 Speaker 1: anything at all. So all that matter matter that survived 553 00:32:01,600 --> 00:32:04,640 Speaker 1: is the matter that we see in the universe now, 554 00:32:05,240 --> 00:32:08,040 Speaker 1: and that's a lot of matter. So imagine, since this 555 00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:10,600 Speaker 1: is just a tiny fraction of the matter that was 556 00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:14,080 Speaker 1: created and destroyed by the antimatter that was also created, 557 00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:17,040 Speaker 1: how much matter in any matter was created at ten 558 00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:21,080 Speaker 1: to the negative thirty six seconds through Barrio genesis. Again, 559 00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:23,560 Speaker 1: it's just mind boggling. And that was the result chock 560 00:32:23,640 --> 00:32:28,680 Speaker 1: of energy and matter uncoupling as well. Right, that's right, okay, 561 00:32:28,720 --> 00:32:31,760 Speaker 1: all right, And this is the point where we can 562 00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:34,000 Speaker 1: actually start to you know, we we did one on 563 00:32:34,040 --> 00:32:37,000 Speaker 1: the Large Hadron Collider. It's a particle accelerator, the biggest 564 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:39,360 Speaker 1: and best that we have on the Earth. And this 565 00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:42,800 Speaker 1: is where you can actually use a particle accelerator to 566 00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:46,520 Speaker 1: recreate and look at this stuff. So we can actually 567 00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:49,520 Speaker 1: observe this at this point. Yeah, we can smash things 568 00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:54,760 Speaker 1: together and be like ka boom, look at that early universe. 569 00:32:56,080 --> 00:33:00,840 Speaker 1: That's what they do, sir. Yeah, all right, well people 570 00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:03,160 Speaker 1: should listen to that one too, by the way, that 571 00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:05,560 Speaker 1: would be a good like primer. That was one where 572 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:07,560 Speaker 1: we wondered whether it was going to end the universe 573 00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:10,720 Speaker 1: or not. Right it did not not yet. So at 574 00:33:10,720 --> 00:33:13,719 Speaker 1: this point there is still no light. Things are too dense, 575 00:33:14,160 --> 00:33:18,760 Speaker 1: and it is still just a dark, dense area, right exactly. Um, 576 00:33:18,840 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: and about I think during the particle cosmology epoch, um, 577 00:33:23,720 --> 00:33:29,080 Speaker 1: the electromagnetic force and the weak force breakoff into separate forces. 578 00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: That's right, and we still can't at this point. These 579 00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:36,320 Speaker 1: sub atomic particles still can't bond there there. They can form, 580 00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:39,960 Speaker 1: but they can't hook up in party, right exactly. That 581 00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:43,480 Speaker 1: actually didn't start to take place until we reached the 582 00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:47,600 Speaker 1: standard cosmology age, which is the age that I believe 583 00:33:47,840 --> 00:33:50,560 Speaker 1: we're in now, right, Yeah, which started point oh one 584 00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:53,960 Speaker 1: seconds after the initial bang, right a second. So we've 585 00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:56,760 Speaker 1: gone through that many ages and we haven't even mentioned 586 00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: them all in those that within that first second. Yeah, 587 00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:04,480 Speaker 1: it's crazy, it is crazy. So um that standard cosmology 588 00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:07,920 Speaker 1: this is about where the the astrophysicists and cosmologists say, 589 00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:11,480 Speaker 1: we understand it from about here on out right. Everything 590 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:14,359 Speaker 1: else it's a little shaky, but we've got some observational 591 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:18,280 Speaker 1: data that backs it up. But here is where neutrons 592 00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:22,160 Speaker 1: and protons were formed, and um, a little after that 593 00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:26,640 Speaker 1: they started to be able to form nuclei through nucleosynthesis, right, 594 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:31,480 Speaker 1: and they would ultimately be the building box of atoms. Right. 595 00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:35,760 Speaker 1: And so at this point, uh, things are still expanding 596 00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:39,759 Speaker 1: and cooling at a rapid rate, and we can actually, uh, 597 00:34:39,840 --> 00:34:42,200 Speaker 1: there are no atoms yet. But like you said, it's 598 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:45,680 Speaker 1: it's too hot at this point for electrons to complete 599 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,520 Speaker 1: that process. Still too hot in the hot tub. Yeah, 600 00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:51,840 Speaker 1: I mean after a hundred seconds, the universe had cooled 601 00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:55,319 Speaker 1: to a temperature cooled after a hundred seconds to one 602 00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:58,600 Speaker 1: point eight billion degrees fahrenheight or a billion degrees since 603 00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:01,880 Speaker 1: Celsius was how how hot it was still after a 604 00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:05,960 Speaker 1: hundred seconds. Should we take another break here? All right, 605 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,319 Speaker 1: let's do that, and we'll come back in uh and 606 00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:26,160 Speaker 1: explain the rest of it in great easy to understand detail. 607 00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:40,280 Speaker 1: All Right, buddy, When we left off, things were expanding 608 00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:44,400 Speaker 1: and cooling and they still are actually the end. Ye Nope, 609 00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:47,960 Speaker 1: good night everyone and everyone. Here's Neil de grass Tyson 610 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:52,359 Speaker 1: to take us home. So, uh, fifty six thousand years 611 00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:58,680 Speaker 1: after the creation of the universe, or after the Big Bang, UM, 612 00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:02,200 Speaker 1: we were at the temperature of fifteen thousand, seven hundred 613 00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:06,560 Speaker 1: forty degrees fahrent height and cool seven twenty six degrees celsius. 614 00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:10,319 Speaker 1: Right after another three hundred and twenty four thousand years. 615 00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:13,080 Speaker 1: So at three hundred and eighty thousand years after, it 616 00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,680 Speaker 1: had cooled down to four thousand, just under five thousand 617 00:36:16,719 --> 00:36:19,920 Speaker 1: degrees fahreent height and just under three thousand degrees celsius. 618 00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:25,040 Speaker 1: And finally here adams started to form because protons and 619 00:36:25,080 --> 00:36:30,120 Speaker 1: electrons could combine um. And the other thing that happened 620 00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:34,880 Speaker 1: to was the density had expanded out enough the volume 621 00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:37,239 Speaker 1: head increases a better way to put it, and the 622 00:36:37,280 --> 00:36:41,359 Speaker 1: temperature had cooled so that suddenly the universe was now transparent. 623 00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:44,040 Speaker 1: We could see through it. Up to this point three 624 00:36:44,080 --> 00:36:46,839 Speaker 1: hundred and seventy nine thousand years, you still couldn't see 625 00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:48,960 Speaker 1: through it was too dense and too hot. And at 626 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,279 Speaker 1: about three hundred and eighty thousand years it hits that 627 00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:53,719 Speaker 1: point and you can see it like we do now. Yeah, 628 00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,200 Speaker 1: we finally have light at that point. Those cosmic microwave 629 00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:01,400 Speaker 1: background radiation was that we talked about earlier. It's locked 630 00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:04,319 Speaker 1: in UM. I don't think we mentioned earlier where we're 631 00:37:04,320 --> 00:37:06,799 Speaker 1: at now temperature wise, just to kind of put it 632 00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:12,480 Speaker 1: in perspective, we currently are at roughly negative four hundred 633 00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:16,080 Speaker 1: and fifty four point eight degrees fahrenheit negative to seventy 634 00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,319 Speaker 1: point four degrees celsius. Yeah, that's the temperature of space 635 00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:21,319 Speaker 1: right now. Right, Yeah, so it's definitely cool. Apparently it's 636 00:37:21,320 --> 00:37:24,040 Speaker 1: still cooling, like it's still not at absolute zero yet, 637 00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:28,600 Speaker 1: which is the the lowest temperature um or the lowest 638 00:37:28,640 --> 00:37:32,439 Speaker 1: activity that atoms will move at ever. So it's it's 639 00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:36,759 Speaker 1: still cooling and still expanding. Alright, So here's when things 640 00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:40,239 Speaker 1: really heat up. Alright, guess really cool down. Sorry bad 641 00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:43,479 Speaker 1: one um Strickling points out for the next hundred million 642 00:37:43,520 --> 00:37:45,799 Speaker 1: years or so. Uh, this is when the universe is 643 00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:50,600 Speaker 1: really cooling. It's expanding. Uh, and then you have matter 644 00:37:50,920 --> 00:37:54,840 Speaker 1: clusters together, yeah, eventually forms gas and this is the 645 00:37:55,080 --> 00:37:59,280 Speaker 1: quick view we'll dive into it. Uh, those gases form stars, 646 00:37:59,280 --> 00:38:03,480 Speaker 1: So stars cluster into galaxies, those galaxies cluster together into 647 00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:07,439 Speaker 1: solar systems. That's the overview. And so what they think 648 00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:09,799 Speaker 1: happened was because this really doesn't make any sense as 649 00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:11,719 Speaker 1: a matter of fact. One of the criticisms of big 650 00:38:11,719 --> 00:38:14,799 Speaker 1: bang theories that it violates the law of entropy, that 651 00:38:15,160 --> 00:38:19,319 Speaker 1: organizations become more disordered and chaotic over time, and the 652 00:38:19,360 --> 00:38:22,600 Speaker 1: idea that planets and galaxies and things formed seem like 653 00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:26,080 Speaker 1: it became more the opposite, right exactly UM, And so 654 00:38:26,120 --> 00:38:28,759 Speaker 1: they've really kind of looked into how anything would have 655 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:31,319 Speaker 1: formed at all. And what they think happened was that 656 00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:34,800 Speaker 1: back in say the ten to the negative forty three 657 00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:40,880 Speaker 1: um second era UM, there were quantic quantum fluctuations, little 658 00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:46,800 Speaker 1: vacuum energy fluctuations within this universe, this tiny little universe, 659 00:38:47,280 --> 00:38:51,920 Speaker 1: and that as the universe expanded very quickly, those fluctuations 660 00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:55,960 Speaker 1: grew tremendously in size, and the vacuum energy in the 661 00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:59,880 Speaker 1: cosmic microwave background, those little fluctuations that are on the 662 00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:04,279 Speaker 1: um we're just different enough from the other spots in 663 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:09,360 Speaker 1: the universe that they had slightly more density and thus 664 00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:13,880 Speaker 1: exerted slightly more gravitational poll than other areas. And so 665 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,520 Speaker 1: more matters started to attract around them, and they started 666 00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:20,000 Speaker 1: to form stars, and the stars started to form galaxies, 667 00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:22,440 Speaker 1: and planets started to form around him, and all of 668 00:39:22,520 --> 00:39:24,920 Speaker 1: a sudden, what had just started out as little vacuum 669 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:29,680 Speaker 1: energy became ultimately universal hot spots where you could find 670 00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:34,799 Speaker 1: matter clustered together, which explains why so much of it 671 00:39:34,880 --> 00:39:38,319 Speaker 1: is deep of deep spaces just void, and why some 672 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:42,000 Speaker 1: of it has stuff. Apparently it all began with these little, 673 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:46,120 Speaker 1: tiny quantum fluctuations way back trillions of the trillions of 674 00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:49,200 Speaker 1: a second after the universe was created. So like a 675 00:39:49,280 --> 00:39:52,120 Speaker 1: really cool dude at a at a party the size 676 00:39:52,160 --> 00:39:54,840 Speaker 1: of all human kind, and he's so cool that people 677 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:57,359 Speaker 1: start hanging out with him, and then his party grows 678 00:39:57,360 --> 00:39:59,640 Speaker 1: a little bigger. Is that a good way to describe it? 679 00:39:59,760 --> 00:40:02,440 Speaker 1: I think that's that's better than anybody could ever hope too. 680 00:40:02,719 --> 00:40:06,239 Speaker 1: So it's so it's an attraction basically that drew things 681 00:40:06,280 --> 00:40:10,200 Speaker 1: together ever so slightly enough to form larger bodies and 682 00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:12,160 Speaker 1: then larger bodies. Yeah, And the reason why they think 683 00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:16,960 Speaker 1: this happen is because these tiny little fluctuations, little little 684 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:21,600 Speaker 1: details in these little this little universe um grow bigger 685 00:40:21,719 --> 00:40:25,680 Speaker 1: over time, right, especially if you look at this inflation 686 00:40:25,920 --> 00:40:29,839 Speaker 1: growing as a process of time rather than just like 687 00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:34,279 Speaker 1: volume expansion, it's also time is is a dimension to it, right, 688 00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:38,640 Speaker 1: So it makes total sense, um in that just these 689 00:40:38,680 --> 00:40:41,480 Speaker 1: little things would get bigger as the universe itself got 690 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:44,719 Speaker 1: bigger too. Well, does that mean that the universe being 691 00:40:44,760 --> 00:40:47,160 Speaker 1: coy here? Does that mean the universe will ever expand 692 00:40:47,239 --> 00:40:51,120 Speaker 1: for all of time infinitely? So I mean you're talking 693 00:40:51,120 --> 00:40:54,080 Speaker 1: about like that debate, right, Yeah. Yeah, there's a whole 694 00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:56,680 Speaker 1: debate over whether or not it's ever going to stop, 695 00:40:56,680 --> 00:40:59,400 Speaker 1: and all of it comes down to how much matters 696 00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:02,600 Speaker 1: in the universe, which we don't quite know yet. When 697 00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:06,000 Speaker 1: they calculate the matter we do know about, um, they 698 00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:08,399 Speaker 1: realize that there's actually something that you can't account for, 699 00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:11,600 Speaker 1: and that's dark matter. Because we know that there's something 700 00:41:11,680 --> 00:41:15,880 Speaker 1: that's making stars behave differently here, there's clearly some matter 701 00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:18,839 Speaker 1: that we can't detect that's out there, So we can't 702 00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:20,600 Speaker 1: account for all the matter in the universe. So we 703 00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:22,920 Speaker 1: don't know how much matters in the universe. But the 704 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:25,839 Speaker 1: idea is if there is enough, then that gravity will 705 00:41:25,880 --> 00:41:28,480 Speaker 1: reverse and things will start to contract again, right, right, 706 00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:32,520 Speaker 1: Because gravity is this force that attracts matter to other matter. 707 00:41:33,239 --> 00:41:36,520 Speaker 1: And yeah, eventually, if there's enough matter, it'll it'll it'll 708 00:41:36,680 --> 00:41:40,279 Speaker 1: counteract that expansive force that came out of it. And 709 00:41:40,280 --> 00:41:43,920 Speaker 1: then yeah, probably will either stop, is one school of thought, 710 00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:47,400 Speaker 1: or the universe will contract and form what's called the 711 00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:51,200 Speaker 1: Big Crunch. And some people say that's what our universe is. 712 00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:54,600 Speaker 1: It's just the cycle of expansion and contraction that takes 713 00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:58,399 Speaker 1: place over many billions of years. But we're just one 714 00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:03,520 Speaker 1: part of a cycle that UM is ongoing, perhaps forever. 715 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:05,680 Speaker 1: It makes it sound when we talk about like that. 716 00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:07,960 Speaker 1: It makes it sound like the universe is just breathing. 717 00:42:08,640 --> 00:42:13,200 Speaker 1: It does, doesn't it in a creepy way? And Chuck. 718 00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:15,640 Speaker 1: That has to do also the reason why they don't 719 00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:19,920 Speaker 1: know UM if it's going to keep expanding or contracting. 720 00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:22,120 Speaker 1: They don't know if it's UM what's called the closed 721 00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:26,160 Speaker 1: universe with positive curvature or one with negative curvature, right, 722 00:42:26,640 --> 00:42:30,080 Speaker 1: And it also has to do with the the shape 723 00:42:30,080 --> 00:42:33,400 Speaker 1: of space to a certain degree. And Strickland also wrote 724 00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:37,040 Speaker 1: a really top notch article called does space have a shape? 725 00:42:37,120 --> 00:42:42,120 Speaker 1: It really is? Um? And something from studying this that 726 00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:45,359 Speaker 1: they figured out is that really it doesn't seem like 727 00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:49,480 Speaker 1: it has a positive or a negative curvature. It seems flat, 728 00:42:49,560 --> 00:42:52,120 Speaker 1: seems like it has a zero curvature. And this is 729 00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,240 Speaker 1: what's called the flat problem of the Big Bang theory. 730 00:42:55,440 --> 00:42:57,760 Speaker 1: Why should it be flat? That doesn't make any sense 731 00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:02,520 Speaker 1: because if you look at the spectrum between positive curvature 732 00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:05,960 Speaker 1: and negative curvature, there's a lot of places on that 733 00:43:06,040 --> 00:43:08,839 Speaker 1: spectrum where the universe could fall one way or the other. 734 00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:12,080 Speaker 1: But it's so close to the middle that astrophysicists and 735 00:43:12,120 --> 00:43:16,080 Speaker 1: cosmologists have no idea if it's positive or negative in 736 00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:20,680 Speaker 1: its curvature, and they've started to wonder like, why should 737 00:43:20,719 --> 00:43:23,440 Speaker 1: we be almost exactly in the middle. It doesn't make 738 00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:28,719 Speaker 1: any sense. It would suggest that the early universe was 739 00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:33,440 Speaker 1: so finely tuned that we're only slightly off of center. 740 00:43:33,920 --> 00:43:36,279 Speaker 1: So it would have had to have started almost completely 741 00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:40,320 Speaker 1: at center. Because remember, small fluctuations grow bigger and bigger 742 00:43:40,520 --> 00:43:43,319 Speaker 1: over time and on a larger scale. So since we're 743 00:43:43,360 --> 00:43:46,760 Speaker 1: still so close to center right now, with the universe 744 00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:48,480 Speaker 1: as big as it is, it would have had to 745 00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:51,000 Speaker 1: have been basically on top of exactly in the middle 746 00:43:51,040 --> 00:43:54,360 Speaker 1: between a closed and or a negative and a positive 747 00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:57,680 Speaker 1: curvature at the very beginning of it, which is kind 748 00:43:57,680 --> 00:44:00,600 Speaker 1: of puzzling in and of itself. That that's like, well, 749 00:44:00,680 --> 00:44:03,680 Speaker 1: that indicates some sort of weird fine tuning. So does 750 00:44:03,719 --> 00:44:06,200 Speaker 1: that mean that the astrophysicists are off a little bit 751 00:44:06,239 --> 00:44:08,600 Speaker 1: and their their own fine tuning of the Big Bang 752 00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:12,359 Speaker 1: theory and inflation or what? Who knows? Or is there 753 00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:14,720 Speaker 1: a little kid with the lighter who set the snake 754 00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:19,719 Speaker 1: off and the snake was very well manufactured. Uh, well, 755 00:44:19,760 --> 00:44:22,959 Speaker 1: that's just one thing that we can't quite explain. Um. 756 00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:25,399 Speaker 1: We talked earlier about the fact that at the very 757 00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:28,800 Speaker 1: beginning that the Big Bang theory wasn't meant to address 758 00:44:29,320 --> 00:44:32,880 Speaker 1: a lot of questions. Um. One of which is that 759 00:44:32,920 --> 00:44:35,959 Speaker 1: we touched on was what happened before the Big Bang? 760 00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:39,080 Speaker 1: And we just don't know. It doesn't even try, it doesn't. 761 00:44:39,719 --> 00:44:42,880 Speaker 1: It can't write. Yeah, that like trying to explain time 762 00:44:42,920 --> 00:44:47,399 Speaker 1: before timing existed is a futile right because you get 763 00:44:47,440 --> 00:44:50,520 Speaker 1: into stuff that I just suggested, which is basically amounts 764 00:44:50,560 --> 00:44:54,440 Speaker 1: to intelligent design or whatever, And there's that's that's beyond science. 765 00:44:54,480 --> 00:44:58,400 Speaker 1: Like science isn't equipped to say, oh, well, what about 766 00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:00,000 Speaker 1: this or what about that, and I tried really hard 767 00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:02,200 Speaker 1: to get Neil the grass Tyson to say something and 768 00:45:02,280 --> 00:45:05,080 Speaker 1: he was not going to bite. Well, no, and smartly. 769 00:45:05,120 --> 00:45:07,960 Speaker 1: You know, I think a scientist looks at the observational 770 00:45:08,040 --> 00:45:11,279 Speaker 1: data and extrapolates from there and not And I'm sure, 771 00:45:11,280 --> 00:45:12,839 Speaker 1: like I said, I'm sure, And I think he even 772 00:45:12,840 --> 00:45:15,319 Speaker 1: said in the interview that sure, people like to talk 773 00:45:15,320 --> 00:45:18,799 Speaker 1: about these things, but um, it's not like you know, 774 00:45:18,880 --> 00:45:22,480 Speaker 1: hard science. And and also to answer that flat problem 775 00:45:22,520 --> 00:45:25,960 Speaker 1: that I brought up, apparently inflation theory does answer it 776 00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:30,400 Speaker 1: does satisfy it by saying the universe appears flat to 777 00:45:30,640 --> 00:45:33,759 Speaker 1: us because we're looking at it strictly on a very 778 00:45:33,840 --> 00:45:37,480 Speaker 1: local level, even though we're looking at ninety nine billion 779 00:45:37,560 --> 00:45:43,360 Speaker 1: light years or something like that. Um, the it it's 780 00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:46,080 Speaker 1: really just a very small segment of something. So if 781 00:45:46,080 --> 00:45:49,319 Speaker 1: you take a balloon and you blow it up, it's 782 00:45:49,360 --> 00:45:53,400 Speaker 1: still curved. But um, the if you're just looking at 783 00:45:53,680 --> 00:45:56,400 Speaker 1: just a pinpoint segment of it, it's gonna appear flat 784 00:45:56,440 --> 00:45:58,880 Speaker 1: to everybody looking at it from just that tiny perspective. 785 00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:01,759 Speaker 1: So it's basically a perspective that we're looking at the 786 00:46:01,840 --> 00:46:03,920 Speaker 1: universe right now, makes it seem like it's flat, but 787 00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:06,480 Speaker 1: it's really actually curved one way or the other. Right, 788 00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:09,359 Speaker 1: that's the answer to that. Uh, Well, should we talk 789 00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:11,720 Speaker 1: about some of the problems with the Big Bang theory. 790 00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:15,080 Speaker 1: There are criticisms and there will continue to be. One 791 00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:17,839 Speaker 1: was that, uh, is that it violates the first law 792 00:46:17,880 --> 00:46:21,360 Speaker 1: of thermodynamics, that you can't create or destroy matter or energy. 793 00:46:22,080 --> 00:46:25,560 Speaker 1: And UH proponents will say that that's unwarranted for a 794 00:46:25,560 --> 00:46:28,960 Speaker 1: couple of reasons. One is it, like we already said, 795 00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:31,160 Speaker 1: it doesn't address the creation of the universe that was 796 00:46:31,239 --> 00:46:34,480 Speaker 1: never meant to but just how it evolved or inflated 797 00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:38,480 Speaker 1: over the years, over the years, over the sixty or 798 00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:42,200 Speaker 1: seventy years. Uh. And another reason is kind of like 799 00:46:42,239 --> 00:46:44,719 Speaker 1: we said earlier, is that the further back you go, 800 00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:48,280 Speaker 1: the rules don't apply. So maybe the law of thermodynamics 801 00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:51,279 Speaker 1: is just completely moot when you go back that far, 802 00:46:52,320 --> 00:46:54,640 Speaker 1: like it didn't come into being until later. Yeah, if 803 00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:57,920 Speaker 1: matter and energy or like one and the same, I 804 00:46:57,960 --> 00:47:02,000 Speaker 1: can imagine that some of our current laws don't thoroughly apply. Yeah, well, 805 00:47:02,040 --> 00:47:04,640 Speaker 1: probably a lot of them. Right. And then one of 806 00:47:04,680 --> 00:47:08,600 Speaker 1: the other things too, is that, um, that inflation that 807 00:47:08,719 --> 00:47:14,279 Speaker 1: supposedly happened when um, the strong nuclear force decoupled from 808 00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:18,200 Speaker 1: the electro weak force, and the universe suddenly expanded, you know, 809 00:47:18,320 --> 00:47:21,040 Speaker 1: within that one second, it just kept growing and growing 810 00:47:21,040 --> 00:47:24,480 Speaker 1: and growing way faster than the speed of light. And 811 00:47:24,520 --> 00:47:27,880 Speaker 1: a lot of people are like, wrong, nothing can go 812 00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:30,399 Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light. Well there was no light, 813 00:47:31,520 --> 00:47:34,279 Speaker 1: Well nothing you could see. Yeah, they're definitely photons, but 814 00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:37,279 Speaker 1: they they had that. The proponents of Big Bang have 815 00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:40,360 Speaker 1: the same answer. They say, well, again, dude, you're talking 816 00:47:40,920 --> 00:47:44,839 Speaker 1: general relativity. This this that wouldn't have applied at all. Yeah, 817 00:47:44,840 --> 00:47:47,319 Speaker 1: the answer is kind of consistently. Don't even come at 818 00:47:47,360 --> 00:47:51,759 Speaker 1: me with that, right your laws? Yeah, uh, should we 819 00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:56,800 Speaker 1: talk about should we finish with a few other alternative explanations. Yeah, 820 00:47:57,480 --> 00:47:59,880 Speaker 1: Like we said, there are alternative models, right, One of 821 00:48:00,120 --> 00:48:02,680 Speaker 1: is that same one that Einstein was a proponent of, 822 00:48:02,719 --> 00:48:07,279 Speaker 1: the steady state model. That it is not actually expanding 823 00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:12,880 Speaker 1: um and the apparently this this is hard for me 824 00:48:12,920 --> 00:48:16,279 Speaker 1: to wrap my mind around. The people who say that 825 00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:21,320 Speaker 1: it's not expanding explain away expansion by saying that matters 826 00:48:21,480 --> 00:48:26,960 Speaker 1: created as um in proportion to the original density of 827 00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:30,920 Speaker 1: the universe. So maybe the universe is expanding some and 828 00:48:31,120 --> 00:48:35,080 Speaker 1: more more matter has to be created to keep the 829 00:48:35,120 --> 00:48:36,759 Speaker 1: same density. So I think what they're saying is that 830 00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,800 Speaker 1: the universe has been at the same density all the time, 831 00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:42,800 Speaker 1: and sure it's expanding, but it's also creating more matter, 832 00:48:43,440 --> 00:48:48,200 Speaker 1: so which holds it static? Yeah, I guess so. Uh 833 00:48:48,320 --> 00:48:54,520 Speaker 1: the eck pi rodic echirotic pyrochic I know this two 834 00:48:54,560 --> 00:48:58,759 Speaker 1: letters should not be epirotic pyrotic model. Yeah. I think 835 00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:05,000 Speaker 1: that's just we're the worst. Uh that suggestion universe as 836 00:49:05,040 --> 00:49:08,160 Speaker 1: the result of a collision of Uh, well, that's when 837 00:49:08,160 --> 00:49:10,799 Speaker 1: you brought up earlier of two three dimensional worlds and 838 00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:14,240 Speaker 1: that there is some hidden fourth dimension out there. Well, 839 00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:17,120 Speaker 1: that's part of UM. The fourth dimension is part of 840 00:49:17,160 --> 00:49:22,560 Speaker 1: like standard astrophysics and cosmology. But this was like this, 841 00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:27,640 Speaker 1: this thing says our universe came out of two universes 842 00:49:27,719 --> 00:49:33,239 Speaker 1: colliding um in the fourth dimension, which that defies me 843 00:49:33,239 --> 00:49:35,239 Speaker 1: a little bit. But but the idea that there are 844 00:49:35,239 --> 00:49:37,480 Speaker 1: four dimensions in one of them is time is definitely 845 00:49:37,520 --> 00:49:41,440 Speaker 1: a part of like standard stuff. Still hard to think of. 846 00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:45,080 Speaker 1: And then plasma cosmology. I like that one a lot 847 00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:47,239 Speaker 1: because it's just totally different from the way we think 848 00:49:47,280 --> 00:49:49,880 Speaker 1: of the universe. It seeks to describe it based on 849 00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:56,239 Speaker 1: its um basically in it's it's electrical charge state, you know, 850 00:49:57,320 --> 00:49:59,799 Speaker 1: rather than like the temperature of it or the gent 851 00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:02,480 Speaker 1: ay or anything like that. It's more involved in like 852 00:50:02,880 --> 00:50:07,480 Speaker 1: the plasma aspects of a plasma's ionized gas um, and 853 00:50:07,520 --> 00:50:10,839 Speaker 1: it's like a fourth state of matter, and plasma cosmology 854 00:50:10,840 --> 00:50:14,200 Speaker 1: looks at it through that lens, which is basically totally 855 00:50:14,239 --> 00:50:16,440 Speaker 1: alien to everything we just talked about. From what I 856 00:50:16,480 --> 00:50:19,000 Speaker 1: can gather, did you just say there's a totally aliens 857 00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,680 Speaker 1: out there? There's aliens out there and the universe just 858 00:50:21,719 --> 00:50:27,440 Speaker 1: started by a little kid with a lighter. That's my stand. Well, Um, 859 00:50:27,480 --> 00:50:30,960 Speaker 1: if you like this, then stick around because right now, Chuck, 860 00:50:31,120 --> 00:50:34,480 Speaker 1: we have uh an interview with Neil Degrass Tyson. We 861 00:50:34,480 --> 00:50:37,080 Speaker 1: weren't joking. Great job on that one too, buddy, Thanks man, 862 00:50:37,160 --> 00:50:40,720 Speaker 1: we missed you. He was like, where's Chuck? That we did? 863 00:50:40,520 --> 00:50:44,040 Speaker 1: Did well? How are you guys doing good? How are 864 00:50:44,080 --> 00:50:48,520 Speaker 1: you doing? How stuff works? I have an inkling that 865 00:50:48,560 --> 00:50:51,759 Speaker 1: you may have a clue. Um, so I guess my 866 00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:54,480 Speaker 1: first question is then, how do you specifically, how do 867 00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:57,640 Speaker 1: you think of the universe. When you think of the universe, 868 00:50:57,640 --> 00:50:59,160 Speaker 1: as a whole, like do you think of it as 869 00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:03,239 Speaker 1: something like a speck of dust underneath the giant fingernail? 870 00:51:03,320 --> 00:51:05,759 Speaker 1: Or is it part of a branching multiverse or is 871 00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:09,800 Speaker 1: it a bubble that kind of pushes up against other bubbles? Like? What? 872 00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:12,279 Speaker 1: What is the universe when you think of it? I 873 00:51:12,280 --> 00:51:15,480 Speaker 1: don't think I think of the universe in a fundamentally 874 00:51:15,480 --> 00:51:18,440 Speaker 1: different way from that of my colleagues. What you want 875 00:51:18,440 --> 00:51:21,239 Speaker 1: to do is separate the things we have data and 876 00:51:21,280 --> 00:51:25,840 Speaker 1: observations to support and the things that live and thrive 877 00:51:25,880 --> 00:51:31,080 Speaker 1: on the frontier of theorizing about what the universe was 878 00:51:31,280 --> 00:51:34,920 Speaker 1: is or will one day be, or what larger system 879 00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:37,680 Speaker 1: it could be a part of. So if you live 880 00:51:37,719 --> 00:51:41,759 Speaker 1: in the realm of data, then we are in an 881 00:51:41,760 --> 00:51:46,279 Speaker 1: expanding universe, and it's been expanding for nearly fourteen billion years, 882 00:51:46,360 --> 00:51:48,520 Speaker 1: and it was smaller in the past and hot in 883 00:51:48,560 --> 00:51:52,360 Speaker 1: the past, and it's getting larger and cooler by the minute. 884 00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:57,879 Speaker 1: And we exist on this planet we call Earth born 885 00:51:58,280 --> 00:52:01,279 Speaker 1: four point six billion years go, with the rest of 886 00:52:01,320 --> 00:52:08,640 Speaker 1: the Solar System in some undis undistinguished part of an 887 00:52:08,760 --> 00:52:13,520 Speaker 1: undistinguished galaxy we call the Milky Way. And this this, 888 00:52:13,520 --> 00:52:17,879 Speaker 1: this scenario. This picture was very hard earned, and it's 889 00:52:18,000 --> 00:52:20,600 Speaker 1: it's no more than about eighty or ninety years old 890 00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:25,800 Speaker 1: in total. Edwin Hubble, the man in this particular usage 891 00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:29,719 Speaker 1: of the words, Edwin Hubble, in the nine twenties, ninety 892 00:52:29,800 --> 00:52:36,040 Speaker 1: years ago, discovered that there are other islands universes, if 893 00:52:36,080 --> 00:52:38,040 Speaker 1: you will, not the way we might think of that 894 00:52:38,120 --> 00:52:41,360 Speaker 1: term today, but back then there were the spiral fuzzy 895 00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:44,240 Speaker 1: things in the night sky, imagined to be just spiral 896 00:52:44,320 --> 00:52:48,200 Speaker 1: fuzzy things in the Milky Way. He would show that 897 00:52:48,200 --> 00:52:50,600 Speaker 1: those spiral fuzzy things are not in the Milky Way, 898 00:52:50,680 --> 00:52:54,560 Speaker 1: they are entire other milky ways, other galaxies. And that 899 00:52:54,760 --> 00:52:59,920 Speaker 1: was a profound expanding expansion of our worldview, if you would. 900 00:53:00,080 --> 00:53:02,160 Speaker 1: And then just three years after that, he would show 901 00:53:02,160 --> 00:53:06,080 Speaker 1: that these spiral fuzzy things are rapidly moving away from us. 902 00:53:06,480 --> 00:53:09,879 Speaker 1: Coupled with Einstein's general theory of relativity, we would learn 903 00:53:09,960 --> 00:53:13,600 Speaker 1: that it's not just galaxies spreading apart within a pre 904 00:53:13,640 --> 00:53:17,000 Speaker 1: existing space. It is the fabric of the space and 905 00:53:17,080 --> 00:53:21,879 Speaker 1: time itself that's expanding. All of this is supported by data. 906 00:53:22,080 --> 00:53:26,200 Speaker 1: So if you have discomfort thinking that the universe had 907 00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:31,279 Speaker 1: a beginning and that we will expand forever. Then too bad. 908 00:53:31,520 --> 00:53:35,279 Speaker 1: That's just what the universe says. And the universe, I've 909 00:53:35,320 --> 00:53:38,080 Speaker 1: said this before, the universe is under no obligation to 910 00:53:38,200 --> 00:53:41,279 Speaker 1: make sense to you, especially when what we learn of 911 00:53:41,320 --> 00:53:44,239 Speaker 1: the universe comes to us from methods and tools that 912 00:53:44,360 --> 00:53:49,400 Speaker 1: completely transcend our native, in born biological senses, which in 913 00:53:49,440 --> 00:53:53,120 Speaker 1: fact is the great ascent of science. What are all 914 00:53:53,120 --> 00:53:57,280 Speaker 1: the ways we can decode the operations of nature without 915 00:53:57,480 --> 00:54:01,759 Speaker 1: having to rely on the limits um that are sent 916 00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:06,880 Speaker 1: our biological senses forced us to occupy. So when science 917 00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:11,200 Speaker 1: is furthered um you know, decades down the road um, 918 00:54:11,280 --> 00:54:14,319 Speaker 1: and the vision we have or the view we have 919 00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:17,759 Speaker 1: of the universe we live in is um is magnified 920 00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:20,680 Speaker 1: by orders of magnitude from what we're looking at through 921 00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:23,840 Speaker 1: right now? What do what do you suspect? It's what 922 00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:26,160 Speaker 1: shape do you suspect it's going to take? Do you 923 00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:28,920 Speaker 1: have suspicions? And if I mean, if you don't, how 924 00:54:28,920 --> 00:54:31,799 Speaker 1: do you keep yourself from from making that leap? Like? Yes, 925 00:54:31,880 --> 00:54:33,520 Speaker 1: of course, this is what it's going to be, this 926 00:54:33,560 --> 00:54:37,640 Speaker 1: is what we're really living in. Well, we all have biases, 927 00:54:38,320 --> 00:54:41,080 Speaker 1: and let me not call them biases. Let's say, we 928 00:54:41,160 --> 00:54:44,239 Speaker 1: all have longings for how we think or want the 929 00:54:44,320 --> 00:54:48,959 Speaker 1: universe to be, and if you begin to believe your 930 00:54:49,239 --> 00:54:55,840 Speaker 1: longings too strongly, then you could you might miss some 931 00:54:56,000 --> 00:54:59,600 Speaker 1: realities that don't fit your expectations, and someone else will 932 00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:02,719 Speaker 1: catch them and make the discovery. So it's okay to 933 00:55:02,800 --> 00:55:04,839 Speaker 1: lean in one direction or another, but don't do so 934 00:55:04,920 --> 00:55:09,279 Speaker 1: while being blind to what else could be true in 935 00:55:09,320 --> 00:55:13,759 Speaker 1: spite of how you think it might be. So uh So, 936 00:55:13,840 --> 00:55:16,160 Speaker 1: now that the scenario I gave you is sort of 937 00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:21,520 Speaker 1: is very well established in terms of observations, data, uh data, 938 00:55:21,760 --> 00:55:27,000 Speaker 1: and um basically a century of thinking about and observing 939 00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:30,839 Speaker 1: the universe, imposing questions and answering them. So beyond that 940 00:55:30,920 --> 00:55:35,080 Speaker 1: we can ask, um, is there a multiverse? A right? 941 00:55:35,160 --> 00:55:39,680 Speaker 1: This seems to come naturally out of certain thinking about 942 00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:43,359 Speaker 1: the behavior of the universe. When you try to bring 943 00:55:43,400 --> 00:55:49,160 Speaker 1: together quantum physics and Einstein's general relativity, there are there 944 00:55:49,160 --> 00:55:53,040 Speaker 1: are good arguments to suggest that we could be in 945 00:55:53,080 --> 00:55:55,399 Speaker 1: a multiverse, and it's not obvious, at least to me, 946 00:55:55,800 --> 00:56:01,120 Speaker 1: how one would test that just yet. And so the 947 00:56:01,120 --> 00:56:06,080 Speaker 1: theories of the universe that point to a multiverse are 948 00:56:06,160 --> 00:56:09,960 Speaker 1: themselves well tested. So this is what gives you the 949 00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:15,680 Speaker 1: confidence that maybe maybe our multiverse folks are onto something. 950 00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:20,800 Speaker 1: And there are other frontiers, for example, the quantum physics, 951 00:56:20,880 --> 00:56:25,480 Speaker 1: which is the theory of the small, and general relativity, 952 00:56:25,560 --> 00:56:30,200 Speaker 1: the theory of the large. They work perfectly well in 953 00:56:30,280 --> 00:56:35,200 Speaker 1: their own regimes. General relativity describing the large scale universe, 954 00:56:35,680 --> 00:56:43,640 Speaker 1: quantum physics describing with very high precision atoms, molecules, nuclei, particles, 955 00:56:43,680 --> 00:56:46,200 Speaker 1: this sort of thing. But in the early universe, when 956 00:56:46,200 --> 00:56:50,640 Speaker 1: the entire universe was the size of an atom, then 957 00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:55,480 Speaker 1: we might suppose that quantum forces override whatever was going 958 00:56:55,520 --> 00:56:59,680 Speaker 1: on with general relativity, because now the entire universe is 959 00:57:00,440 --> 00:57:05,560 Speaker 1: of the size that quantum laws um significantly manifest and 960 00:57:05,600 --> 00:57:08,120 Speaker 1: so and right now we do not have a good 961 00:57:08,160 --> 00:57:11,080 Speaker 1: way to merge those two theories. And this we've got 962 00:57:11,120 --> 00:57:15,480 Speaker 1: top people working on it, either collectively to string theorists 963 00:57:15,520 --> 00:57:18,600 Speaker 1: and others in that realm who are thinking long and 964 00:57:18,680 --> 00:57:21,280 Speaker 1: hard about these are the like a third theory that 965 00:57:21,320 --> 00:57:25,440 Speaker 1: needs to be introduced that will enclose quantum physics and 966 00:57:25,480 --> 00:57:31,640 Speaker 1: general relativity into a deeper, broader understanding of what's going on, 967 00:57:31,880 --> 00:57:36,160 Speaker 1: or will quantum physics absorb general relativity uh I don't 968 00:57:36,160 --> 00:57:39,240 Speaker 1: know that people know just yet, and it involves very 969 00:57:39,320 --> 00:57:42,760 Speaker 1: high levels of math and higher dimensions and this sort 970 00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:45,560 Speaker 1: of thing. And some people have criticized string theory for 971 00:57:45,760 --> 00:57:48,439 Speaker 1: not really being a legitimate theory because you can't test 972 00:57:48,480 --> 00:57:52,240 Speaker 1: it in any traditional way. But it's the only game 973 00:57:52,240 --> 00:57:54,760 Speaker 1: in town. So and they're not very expensive, you know, 974 00:57:54,920 --> 00:57:57,400 Speaker 1: you give them a pencil and a pad throwing a 975 00:57:57,480 --> 00:58:01,920 Speaker 1: laptop of string theorists in business. So I let them 976 00:58:01,920 --> 00:58:04,120 Speaker 1: go as far as they can take it. So, UM, 977 00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:07,760 Speaker 1: it doesn't seem like there is either like you said, uh, 978 00:58:07,960 --> 00:58:11,320 Speaker 1: quantum quantum physics maybe the answer to all this. We 979 00:58:11,440 --> 00:58:15,160 Speaker 1: just don't fully understand uh that that field yet enough 980 00:58:15,240 --> 00:58:18,360 Speaker 1: to um get back to the moment of the Big 981 00:58:18,360 --> 00:58:21,640 Speaker 1: Bang or the what happened before the Big Bang? Um. 982 00:58:21,680 --> 00:58:24,360 Speaker 1: But it could also be, from what I've seen, the 983 00:58:24,480 --> 00:58:27,400 Speaker 1: unified field theory that gets us back to that point. 984 00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:31,040 Speaker 1: But either way, to get to a point where we 985 00:58:31,120 --> 00:58:35,360 Speaker 1: go further beyond our current understanding, further back in time 986 00:58:35,720 --> 00:58:39,120 Speaker 1: in the Big Bang, including before the Big Bang, of 987 00:58:39,160 --> 00:58:41,920 Speaker 1: what was before. Um, it seems like it's going to 988 00:58:41,960 --> 00:58:45,000 Speaker 1: take a vast leap forward. Um. Do you think that 989 00:58:45,080 --> 00:58:48,480 Speaker 1: leap is going to come from a genius that hasn't 990 00:58:48,520 --> 00:58:50,720 Speaker 1: been born yet, or has been born but hasn't been 991 00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:53,480 Speaker 1: educated and entered the field yet. Is that how it's 992 00:58:53,520 --> 00:58:56,200 Speaker 1: going to happen. Is it gonna happen from you know, uh, 993 00:58:56,680 --> 00:58:59,000 Speaker 1: this person combining this work with this work and that 994 00:58:59,040 --> 00:59:01,360 Speaker 1: work and this work and and suddenly the pieces are 995 00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:05,920 Speaker 1: going to fall together. In that sense, that's a great 996 00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:10,479 Speaker 1: question that also has a philosophical dimension to it, such 997 00:59:10,560 --> 00:59:14,880 Speaker 1: that if you in modern times great leaps and science, 998 00:59:15,440 --> 00:59:18,040 Speaker 1: do they happen by the lone genius burning the candle 999 00:59:18,280 --> 00:59:21,840 Speaker 1: at midnight coming up with a Eureka moment? Or do 1000 00:59:21,960 --> 00:59:26,320 Speaker 1: they come about because you have huge, expensive, highly collaborative 1001 00:59:26,680 --> 00:59:32,479 Speaker 1: scientific projects such as LIGO discovering gravitational waves, such as 1002 00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:37,120 Speaker 1: UM the next generation space telescope it's called the James 1003 00:59:37,120 --> 00:59:41,760 Speaker 1: Webb Space Telescope, not yet launched, but that will enable 1004 00:59:41,840 --> 00:59:46,320 Speaker 1: us to see galaxies being born in the early universe, 1005 00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:50,000 Speaker 1: as well as a host of other other front tier 1006 00:59:50,160 --> 00:59:53,280 Speaker 1: observations that were not possible with previous telescopes. Well, that 1007 00:59:53,360 --> 00:59:55,720 Speaker 1: telescope had to be designed by whole teams of people 1008 00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:58,000 Speaker 1: with questions that they had in mind that they want 1009 00:59:58,040 --> 01:00:03,200 Speaker 1: answered by the new data. So so I I'm not 1010 01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:08,360 Speaker 1: convinced that we're just waiting for a new smart person 1011 01:00:08,400 --> 01:00:10,200 Speaker 1: to come along and have it all makes sense. I 1012 01:00:10,240 --> 01:00:16,320 Speaker 1: think we're waiting for someone to obtain new data that 1013 01:00:16,400 --> 01:00:19,520 Speaker 1: we've never seen before that then forced us into new 1014 01:00:19,680 --> 01:00:24,160 Speaker 1: ideas and understandings of the universe. Maybe there's some new 1015 01:00:24,280 --> 01:00:29,000 Speaker 1: theory that something. Maybe I'm not discounting it, but I 1016 01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:32,080 Speaker 1: can tell you is we're in an era. Look at 1017 01:00:32,120 --> 01:00:36,120 Speaker 1: the Higgs boson for example, that required the large Hadron 1018 01:00:36,200 --> 01:00:39,320 Speaker 1: collider and thousands of scientists and tens of thousands of 1019 01:00:39,320 --> 01:00:42,360 Speaker 1: engineers who built the thing in the first place. So 1020 01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:46,760 Speaker 1: we're kind of in a collaborative era right now. And 1021 01:00:48,080 --> 01:00:50,560 Speaker 1: so if I would, if I were betting man, I 1022 01:00:50,560 --> 01:00:53,560 Speaker 1: would say that the great discoveries to come will come 1023 01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:58,760 Speaker 1: about from huge collaborations, possibly even international collaborations. Now that 1024 01:00:58,760 --> 01:01:01,800 Speaker 1: that doesn't remove with the question as to whether there 1025 01:01:01,920 --> 01:01:05,200 Speaker 1: is an Einstein walking among us who happened to have 1026 01:01:05,280 --> 01:01:08,640 Speaker 1: been born into poverty in a developing country, and then 1027 01:01:08,640 --> 01:01:10,840 Speaker 1: we will never know, Well, that would be one of 1028 01:01:10,880 --> 01:01:15,240 Speaker 1: the great tragedies of modern civilization. So I, as an educator, 1029 01:01:15,560 --> 01:01:20,080 Speaker 1: feel very strongly about what kind of access. People of 1030 01:01:20,120 --> 01:01:23,400 Speaker 1: the world should have to knowledge, to learning, to health, 1031 01:01:24,160 --> 01:01:27,680 Speaker 1: to uh, you know, a person should be able to 1032 01:01:27,720 --> 01:01:31,080 Speaker 1: live a day and not have the entire day be 1033 01:01:31,160 --> 01:01:35,600 Speaker 1: preoccupied about whether whether you have food or whether or 1034 01:01:35,600 --> 01:01:37,760 Speaker 1: not you're going to die from a disease that your 1035 01:01:37,760 --> 01:01:42,600 Speaker 1: neighbor just died of. So this is a So I 1036 01:01:42,640 --> 01:01:45,720 Speaker 1: think we should be able to measure our state of 1037 01:01:45,720 --> 01:01:49,440 Speaker 1: our civilization by the extent to which we are in 1038 01:01:49,480 --> 01:01:54,720 Speaker 1: the position to discover another Einstein rising up from the 1039 01:01:54,800 --> 01:01:59,120 Speaker 1: midst and and that's so that's one way to get 1040 01:01:59,120 --> 01:02:01,200 Speaker 1: an Einstein another one. So's to wait around until one 1041 01:02:01,320 --> 01:02:04,440 Speaker 1: is born into the right circumstances. I'd rather, you know, 1042 01:02:04,440 --> 01:02:07,120 Speaker 1: we've got seven billion people on Earth, somebody and there's 1043 01:02:07,120 --> 01:02:10,160 Speaker 1: got to be badass enough to help us out. So you, 1044 01:02:10,320 --> 01:02:12,360 Speaker 1: I mean, you brought up your your your role as 1045 01:02:12,360 --> 01:02:16,240 Speaker 1: an educator, and you're a world class science popularizer and explainer. 1046 01:02:16,600 --> 01:02:18,640 Speaker 1: What what is it that got you into science as 1047 01:02:18,640 --> 01:02:22,400 Speaker 1: a kid? I was I was nine years old and 1048 01:02:22,480 --> 01:02:25,200 Speaker 1: it was a first visit to the Hayden Planetarium right 1049 01:02:25,240 --> 01:02:27,800 Speaker 1: here in New York. But my local planetarium. I think 1050 01:02:27,920 --> 01:02:31,840 Speaker 1: most big cities have planetariums, even medium sized cities, we'll 1051 01:02:31,880 --> 01:02:36,080 Speaker 1: have a planetarium. And my family, my parents took my 1052 01:02:36,160 --> 01:02:39,600 Speaker 1: brother and my sister and me too, all the cultural 1053 01:02:39,640 --> 01:02:43,520 Speaker 1: institutions of the city every weekend. So one weekend it 1054 01:02:43,600 --> 01:02:45,920 Speaker 1: was the Natural History Museum, another it was the zoo, 1055 01:02:46,040 --> 01:02:48,760 Speaker 1: another it was the aquarium. We even went to other 1056 01:02:48,880 --> 01:02:51,760 Speaker 1: things that sort of talented grown ups did, like we'd 1057 01:02:51,760 --> 01:02:54,840 Speaker 1: go to a baseball game, or the opera or or 1058 01:02:55,160 --> 01:02:59,200 Speaker 1: the theater. And that exposure enabled the three of us 1059 01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:04,280 Speaker 1: to see what is possible beyond the traditional you want 1060 01:03:04,280 --> 01:03:07,000 Speaker 1: to be a doctor, lawyer, indian chief, you know, the 1061 01:03:07,120 --> 01:03:09,840 Speaker 1: three traditional options that you're given as a as a 1062 01:03:10,120 --> 01:03:12,320 Speaker 1: as a six year old or a seven year old. 1063 01:03:12,520 --> 01:03:14,640 Speaker 1: And so out of that arose my interest in the 1064 01:03:14,720 --> 01:03:17,680 Speaker 1: universe that really got cemented by by the time I 1065 01:03:17,720 --> 01:03:21,440 Speaker 1: was eleven, I knew that if I was so convinced 1066 01:03:22,240 --> 01:03:24,520 Speaker 1: that I wanted to do astrophysics, that I began to 1067 01:03:24,800 --> 01:03:27,960 Speaker 1: began to question whether whether or not it was in 1068 01:03:27,960 --> 01:03:31,800 Speaker 1: fact the universe that chose me. That's really cool. Um, well, 1069 01:03:31,800 --> 01:03:34,720 Speaker 1: thank you very much. Dr Tyson. We appreciate you joining us. 1070 01:03:34,760 --> 01:03:38,080 Speaker 1: This is like you just took our big Big Bang 1071 01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:42,440 Speaker 1: episode and moved along light years. So thank you. Okay, 1072 01:03:43,320 --> 01:03:46,200 Speaker 1: thank you, And is not actually very far in the 1073 01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:48,600 Speaker 1: scale of the union, so I feel bad if I 1074 01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:52,040 Speaker 1: had taken it along billion. How about how about or something? 1075 01:03:52,840 --> 01:03:55,520 Speaker 1: Part is only three point to six light years, so 1076 01:03:55,560 --> 01:04:00,760 Speaker 1: that still won't even alright, you know, park is not 1077 01:04:00,800 --> 01:04:02,560 Speaker 1: even far enough a way to get to the nearest 1078 01:04:02,640 --> 01:04:05,360 Speaker 1: star to the Sun. Okay, so you're just in the 1079 01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:10,680 Speaker 1: wrong zone there, Okay, Well then how about billions of parsecs? Nice? 1080 01:04:11,840 --> 01:04:15,320 Speaker 1: Thank you very much. What a guy, huh, great job. 1081 01:04:15,520 --> 01:04:18,440 Speaker 1: Yeah he was. Man, he's just such a cool customer. 1082 01:04:18,520 --> 01:04:20,520 Speaker 1: That's why he is where he is now. Yeah, and 1083 01:04:20,560 --> 01:04:22,320 Speaker 1: if you want to hang out with him, head on 1084 01:04:22,360 --> 01:04:24,480 Speaker 1: over to the Hayden Planetarium. I'm sure he'd be happy 1085 01:04:24,480 --> 01:04:27,160 Speaker 1: to see you. Um. You can see him on tour. 1086 01:04:27,840 --> 01:04:30,880 Speaker 1: You can see him with Star Talk Live. He's got 1087 01:04:30,880 --> 01:04:32,600 Speaker 1: a podcast for those of you who don't know, with 1088 01:04:32,640 --> 01:04:36,200 Speaker 1: our pel Eugene Merman. He was on our TV show. 1089 01:04:36,280 --> 01:04:38,560 Speaker 1: Even he was I didn't get a chance to ask 1090 01:04:38,640 --> 01:04:41,160 Speaker 1: him if he remembered that he didn't. That's why I 1091 01:04:41,160 --> 01:04:45,479 Speaker 1: didn't get a chance. Yeah, I just would have been embarrassing. Um. Well, 1092 01:04:45,720 --> 01:04:47,360 Speaker 1: if you want to know more about the big bank 1093 01:04:47,440 --> 01:04:49,760 Speaker 1: type those words into the search part how stuff works 1094 01:04:49,800 --> 01:04:52,040 Speaker 1: dot Com and they'll bring up some great stuff. And 1095 01:04:52,200 --> 01:04:57,240 Speaker 1: since I said search parts, time for listener mail, I'm 1096 01:04:57,240 --> 01:05:03,200 Speaker 1: gonna call this is Russia European. Remember that debate, Well, 1097 01:05:03,240 --> 01:05:05,440 Speaker 1: wouldn't so much a debate. We just kind of wondered 1098 01:05:06,680 --> 01:05:09,440 Speaker 1: in the Continents episode, Hey guys, thanks for cracking me 1099 01:05:09,520 --> 01:05:12,160 Speaker 1: up with the show. Astonishing how many film references you 1100 01:05:12,200 --> 01:05:16,200 Speaker 1: can fit into a geography lesson. Yes, Russia is definitely 1101 01:05:16,240 --> 01:05:20,480 Speaker 1: a European country exclamation point. Historically, it's always been considered 1102 01:05:20,480 --> 01:05:22,880 Speaker 1: a part of Europe. For example, was named as one 1103 01:05:22,920 --> 01:05:25,280 Speaker 1: of the six major European countries in World War One, 1104 01:05:25,720 --> 01:05:29,640 Speaker 1: and the czar was closely related to other royalty in Europe. Uh, 1105 01:05:29,640 --> 01:05:32,720 Speaker 1: this is very different from China or India, always much 1106 01:05:32,720 --> 01:05:35,960 Speaker 1: more distant and mysterious to the east. Also, consider that 1107 01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:40,080 Speaker 1: maps are very deceptive. Over of Russia's population is on 1108 01:05:40,120 --> 01:05:44,640 Speaker 1: the European side, including every major city from Moscow to St. Petersburg, 1109 01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:47,400 Speaker 1: from Milan to I knew you were gonna say that 1110 01:05:47,760 --> 01:05:52,000 Speaker 1: very nice. I would have been so disappointed if you not. Uh, 1111 01:05:52,040 --> 01:05:54,160 Speaker 1: most of the land you see to the east is 1112 01:05:54,280 --> 01:05:58,040 Speaker 1: empty and largely uninhabitable, only there to look pretty on 1113 01:05:58,080 --> 01:06:01,120 Speaker 1: a map. Well, I don't know about that, but that's 1114 01:06:01,120 --> 01:06:03,040 Speaker 1: what that's what the little kid with the lighter put 1115 01:06:03,080 --> 01:06:06,120 Speaker 1: it there for. So cheers. That is from Timothy and 1116 01:06:06,960 --> 01:06:10,640 Speaker 1: that was one heckroposcience fil reference Timothy or timoth Ay? 1117 01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:13,960 Speaker 1: Is he Russian? Yeah? Good point. Yeah it's timoth Ay, 1118 01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:20,760 Speaker 1: Mosco wrote, using a pseudonym Timothy Milan to miss. If 1119 01:06:20,800 --> 01:06:22,560 Speaker 1: you want to get in touch with me and Chuck 1120 01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:24,600 Speaker 1: and Jerry, you can tweet to us at s y 1121 01:06:24,680 --> 01:06:27,120 Speaker 1: s K podcast. You can join us on Facebook dot com, 1122 01:06:27,160 --> 01:06:29,920 Speaker 1: slash stuff you Should Know, and you can send us 1123 01:06:29,920 --> 01:06:32,320 Speaker 1: to email, to stuff Podcast, to how stuff Works dot 1124 01:06:32,320 --> 01:06:34,480 Speaker 1: com and as always, joined us at home on the 1125 01:06:34,480 --> 01:06:42,160 Speaker 1: way Stuff you Should Know dot com For more on 1126 01:06:42,240 --> 01:06:44,720 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, does it how stuff 1127 01:06:44,720 --> 01:06:52,560 Speaker 1: Works dot com