1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:08,760 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:12,039 --> 00:00:15,320 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:18,119 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. Today we're going to talk about 5 00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:22,040 Speaker 2: somebody whose life and work overlapped with a number of 6 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 2: previous episodes, including the ones where we've talked about chemistry, 7 00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:31,760 Speaker 2: home economics, and women during World War Two. Maria Ilagan 8 00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:35,040 Speaker 2: Arosa was born in the Philippines and her education in 9 00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:38,680 Speaker 2: chemistry took place primarily in the United States at the 10 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:42,760 Speaker 2: University of Washington in Seattle. Then she took that knowledge 11 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:45,479 Speaker 2: back to the Philippines and spent the rest of her 12 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:49,520 Speaker 2: life working to eliminate food insecurity. So she was trying 13 00:00:49,560 --> 00:00:54,440 Speaker 2: to reduce the philippines reliance on imported foods, trying to 14 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 2: revive the use of locally available ingredients, and writing recipes 15 00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:01,960 Speaker 2: for dishes that continue to be a big part of 16 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:07,119 Speaker 2: Filipino cuisine today. Maria Arosa was killed during the Battle 17 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:10,520 Speaker 2: of Manila in World War Two, and while we will 18 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:13,399 Speaker 2: be touching on some of the atrocities that took place 19 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:17,000 Speaker 2: in the Philippines during the war, that is really not 20 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:20,319 Speaker 2: the primary focus of the episode. So if you listen 21 00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:22,720 Speaker 2: and you think wonder why we did not mention any 22 00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:26,759 Speaker 2: particular thing, it's because our focus is really on her 23 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 2: in her life. Maria Aroso was born on November twenty eighth, 24 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 2: eighteen ninety three, and to All Philippines to all is 25 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:37,760 Speaker 2: on the coast, very roughly one hundred kilometers or sixty 26 00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:43,200 Speaker 2: miles south of Manila. Her parents were Simplicio Arosa e Agoncio, 27 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 2: who was captain of a steamship, and her mother was 28 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:49,880 Speaker 2: Juliana Ilagen. Maria was the fourth of their eight children. 29 00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 2: The Philippines was under Spanish colonial control when Maria was born, 30 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:58,960 Speaker 2: and the Spanish had established a free public education system 31 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,480 Speaker 2: there about thirty years before her birth through a royal 32 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:06,600 Speaker 2: decree by Queen Isabella the Second. There had been schools 33 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:10,640 Speaker 2: before that point, primarily run by Catholic religious orders, but 34 00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:14,560 Speaker 2: this decree mandated the building of schools for boys and 35 00:02:14,639 --> 00:02:17,600 Speaker 2: for girls in all towns that had more than five 36 00:02:17,639 --> 00:02:22,120 Speaker 2: thousand residents. Education was also made compulsory between the ages 37 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:25,520 Speaker 2: of six and twelve, so by the time Maria was born, 38 00:02:26,120 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 2: most children in the Philippines had access to education, at 39 00:02:29,240 --> 00:02:33,120 Speaker 2: least through primary school. It was not as common for 40 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 2: people to go on to college, but Maria and all 41 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 2: seven of her siblings did, four of them going to 42 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:42,400 Speaker 2: college in the Philippines and three in the United States. 43 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:46,000 Speaker 2: She and all of her siblings were seen as respectable 44 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:49,480 Speaker 2: and accomplished, and later on, in nineteen forty eight, their 45 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:52,080 Speaker 2: mother was voted Mother of the Year by the National 46 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:55,680 Speaker 2: Federation of Women's Clubs of the Philippines for having raised 47 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:56,800 Speaker 2: all of those kids. 48 00:02:57,240 --> 00:02:57,760 Speaker 1: I love that. 49 00:02:57,880 --> 00:03:03,640 Speaker 2: Somehow we don't have much detail or many anecdotes about 50 00:03:03,680 --> 00:03:06,800 Speaker 2: Maria's young life, but this was a really tumultuous time 51 00:03:06,880 --> 00:03:12,239 Speaker 2: in the Philippines. The Filipino nationalist organization Katipunin was established 52 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:15,320 Speaker 2: the year before she was born to fight against Spanish 53 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:18,840 Speaker 2: colonial rule. By August of eighteen ninety six, it had 54 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:23,239 Speaker 2: an estimated one hundred thousand members. Katipunin had been founded 55 00:03:23,280 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 2: as a secret organization, and when the Spanish authorities discovered 56 00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 2: its existence, its founder, Andreas Bonifacio, called for an armed 57 00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:35,880 Speaker 2: uprising that's generally marked as the start of the Philippine Revolution. 58 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:40,120 Speaker 2: This happened just a few months before Maria turned three. 59 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:45,160 Speaker 2: Fighting in the Philippine Revolution continued until December of eighteen 60 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:49,440 Speaker 2: ninety seven, when the Pact of Biacnabato established a provisional 61 00:03:49,560 --> 00:03:54,000 Speaker 2: truce with revolutionary leaders exiled to Hong Kong and Spain 62 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 2: promising to make a number of reforms. Neither side really 63 00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:00,640 Speaker 2: followed through on the intent of this pack, though, with 64 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:05,080 Speaker 2: revolutionary leaders re arming themselves in Hong Kong and Spain 65 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:09,400 Speaker 2: not actually carrying out those reforms within a few months. 66 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:12,840 Speaker 2: Spain also had some other things to worry about. The 67 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:16,880 Speaker 2: United States had backed Cuba's fight to become independent from Spain, 68 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 2: and tensions between Spain and the United States escalated after 69 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:25,480 Speaker 2: the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor on February fifteenth, 70 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:29,159 Speaker 2: eighteen ninety eight. By April of that year, the two 71 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:32,120 Speaker 2: were at war. In May of eighteen ninety eight, the 72 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:35,280 Speaker 2: United States defeated the Spanish fleet that was anchored in 73 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:39,719 Speaker 2: Manila Bay, and when American forces arrived for a ground 74 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:45,600 Speaker 2: invasion of Manila, Filipino revolutionary forces joined them. Revolutionaries considered 75 00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:49,240 Speaker 2: this as fighting with the United States against a common 76 00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:53,880 Speaker 2: enemy to free the Philippines from Spanish colonial control, and 77 00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:56,960 Speaker 2: on June twelfth of eighteen ninety eight, the Revolutionary Government 78 00:04:57,080 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 2: of the Philippines proclaimed its independence. Neither the United States 79 00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:06,400 Speaker 2: nor Spain recognized this independence, though, and the Treaty of Paris, 80 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:09,960 Speaker 2: signed on December tenth, eighteen ninety eight, gave the United 81 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:13,880 Speaker 2: States the right to purchase the Philippines from Spain, which 82 00:05:13,920 --> 00:05:17,920 Speaker 2: it did for twenty million dollars. The US Senate ratified 83 00:05:17,960 --> 00:05:21,280 Speaker 2: the treaty on February fourth, eighteen ninety nine, by which 84 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:25,120 Speaker 2: point American troops had already started fighting against revolutionaries in 85 00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:29,320 Speaker 2: the Philippines who continued to fight for their independence. At 86 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:32,400 Speaker 2: this point, Maria was only five, and her father was 87 00:05:32,480 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 2: using his steamship to transport Filipino troops and supplies to 88 00:05:36,480 --> 00:05:39,920 Speaker 2: support the fight for independence. That was something he had 89 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:43,200 Speaker 2: been doing during the Spanish American War and the earlier 90 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:47,120 Speaker 2: revolutionary uprising. Her father was one of the people as 91 00:05:47,160 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 2: well who lobbied for the United States to recognize the 92 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:52,160 Speaker 2: Philippines as independent. 93 00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: The Philippine American War was officially declared over in nineteen 94 00:05:56,760 --> 00:06:01,599 Speaker 1: oh two. That year, Congress also passed the Philippine Organic Act. 95 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:05,400 Speaker 1: This act did not grant independence to the Philippines, but 96 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:09,440 Speaker 1: it did establish a civilian government and authorize two Filipino 97 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:13,159 Speaker 1: resident commissioners to have seats in Congress, although these were 98 00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:18,400 Speaker 1: non voting representatives. Residents of the Philippines were considered US nationals, 99 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:21,359 Speaker 1: but not citizens. That's something that we talked more about 100 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:24,120 Speaker 1: in our episode on the Insular Cases in August of 101 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:28,839 Speaker 1: twenty twenty three. Eventually, the Arosa family moved from Taal 102 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:32,400 Speaker 1: to Bawan, which is roughly twenty kilometers farther south and 103 00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:36,080 Speaker 1: also on the coast. The details are vague here, but 104 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:39,680 Speaker 1: most sources about Maria Arosa's life say the family was 105 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:42,720 Speaker 1: trying to get away from the violence and brutality of 106 00:06:42,760 --> 00:06:47,920 Speaker 1: American soldiers who were stationed in Taal. Apparently, American authorities 107 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:52,520 Speaker 1: found their departure suspicious, and her father was arrested and detained. 108 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:55,960 Speaker 1: There are also some sources that say their move was 109 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:59,080 Speaker 1: in the aftermath of an eruption of the Taal volcano. 110 00:06:59,839 --> 00:07:04,200 Speaker 1: That eruption seems to have happened later either way. In Bawan, 111 00:07:04,520 --> 00:07:09,920 Speaker 1: Juliana and Simplicio ran a general store. Simplicio died in 112 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:13,400 Speaker 1: nineteen ten at the age of just forty five. Maria 113 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: was sixteen at that point, and she started helping her 114 00:07:15,960 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: mother to run the store. In nineteen fifteen. At the 115 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:22,480 Speaker 1: age of twenty one, Maria enrolled at the University of 116 00:07:22,520 --> 00:07:26,800 Speaker 1: the Philippines to study pharmaceutical chemistry. A year later, she 117 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:30,080 Speaker 1: traveled to the United States to continue her college education 118 00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: at the University of Seattle. 119 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:36,800 Speaker 2: There are some contradictory accounts about this moment in Maria's 120 00:07:36,840 --> 00:07:40,480 Speaker 2: young life as well. According to some accounts, her education 121 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:43,960 Speaker 2: was self funded, but others say that she had been 122 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 2: awarded a partial scholarship from the government. In nineteen oh three, 123 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:52,680 Speaker 2: Congress had passed the Pensonado Act, which provided funding for 124 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:55,680 Speaker 2: students from the Philippines to go to college in the 125 00:07:55,800 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 2: United States. This act was ostensibly part of an American 126 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:04,400 Speaker 2: plan to quote modernize the Philippines and prepare it for 127 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:07,560 Speaker 2: self government, although it was definitely also an attempt to 128 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 2: promote goodwill and cut down on the likelihood of another 129 00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:16,960 Speaker 2: revolutionary uprising. In the program's first year, only men and 130 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:20,200 Speaker 2: boys received scholarships, but that changed in the second year. 131 00:08:21,640 --> 00:08:24,800 Speaker 2: It's possible that Maria was the recipient of one of 132 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:29,080 Speaker 2: these scholarships. Two of her brothers definitely were, including her 133 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 2: brother Jose, who came to Seattle while Maria was still 134 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:34,440 Speaker 2: a student there. I did not find her name on 135 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:38,080 Speaker 2: any of the specific documents that had lists of students 136 00:08:38,120 --> 00:08:41,840 Speaker 2: on them. A lot of accounts of Maria's life say 137 00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:45,760 Speaker 2: that she traveled to Seattle as a stowaway, including some 138 00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:49,400 Speaker 2: accounts written by family members, but her name is on 139 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:52,760 Speaker 2: a passenger manifest from a Japanese ship that arrived in 140 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:56,520 Speaker 2: Washington in August of nineteen sixteen, along with the name 141 00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:58,800 Speaker 2: of a friend that she was known to be traveling with. 142 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:02,440 Speaker 2: Once arrived, she lived at the YMCA for a while 143 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:07,080 Speaker 2: before eventually finding other housing. Some of Rosa's letters home 144 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:10,440 Speaker 2: from her college years have survived and been translated into 145 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:14,600 Speaker 2: English and posted online by family members. These letters make 146 00:09:14,640 --> 00:09:17,320 Speaker 2: it sound like her time in college was difficult but 147 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:20,760 Speaker 2: worth it. Most of these letters describe her as safe 148 00:09:20,760 --> 00:09:23,440 Speaker 2: and well through the mercy of God, and she also 149 00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:26,439 Speaker 2: credits God's help in keeping her well and helping her 150 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:30,840 Speaker 2: with her studies. She clearly worried about her family, especially 151 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:33,880 Speaker 2: after hearing about an outbreak of cholera in the Philippines. 152 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:37,600 Speaker 2: At various points after getting this news, Maria urged her 153 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:41,000 Speaker 2: mother to eat nutritious food, get plenty of sleep, and 154 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 2: wash her hands, and to cook or boil anything she 155 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 2: ate or drank, and to throw away any food that 156 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:51,439 Speaker 2: flies or mosquitoes had landed on. And these worries continued 157 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:54,840 Speaker 2: with the start of the nineteen eighteen flu pandemic. Maria 158 00:09:54,880 --> 00:09:59,319 Speaker 2: herself contracted the pandemic flu in nineteen nineteen, but she recovered. 159 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:04,400 Speaker 2: Maria was also worried about her brothers and nephews. World 160 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,800 Speaker 2: War One had already started when she left for the 161 00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:11,400 Speaker 2: United States. The Philippine Assembly established the Philippine National Guard 162 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:15,440 Speaker 2: in nineteen seventeen, and the National Guard recruited between fifteen 163 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:19,520 Speaker 2: thousand and twenty five thousand Filipino soldiers to support the 164 00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:23,920 Speaker 2: American war effort. Maria didn't give a reason why in 165 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:27,840 Speaker 2: her letters. I can imagine a number of different possible reasons, 166 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:31,160 Speaker 2: but she was strongly against the idea of the young 167 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:35,360 Speaker 2: men and her family joining. Although being so far away 168 00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:38,439 Speaker 2: from her family during wartime and a pandemic must have 169 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:42,000 Speaker 2: been stressful, the war also led to an opportunity. While 170 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:44,920 Speaker 2: a Roso was in college, one of the people who 171 00:10:44,960 --> 00:10:48,600 Speaker 2: was working in the university's food lab left for military service, 172 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:52,000 Speaker 2: and Aroso was hired to take his place. In a 173 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:54,720 Speaker 2: letter to her mother, she described this as an honor 174 00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:57,600 Speaker 2: because this was a type of job that was always 175 00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:02,920 Speaker 2: offered to white people first before Filipino, Chinese, or Japanese applicants. 176 00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:05,160 Speaker 2: It was also a job that she described as a 177 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,559 Speaker 2: great responsibility and a great help to her studies as 178 00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:12,080 Speaker 2: she tested foods for purity and adulteration, and she made 179 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 2: sure they met quality standards and actually contained what was 180 00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:18,800 Speaker 2: on their labeling. We'll talk about her life after college 181 00:11:18,960 --> 00:11:32,439 Speaker 2: after a sponsor break. Maria Aurosa earned a bachelor's degree 182 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:36,720 Speaker 2: in pharmaceutical chemistry in nineteen seventeen, followed by a bachelor's 183 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:40,360 Speaker 2: in food chemistry in nineteen eighteen, and then won in 184 00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:44,920 Speaker 2: pharmacy in nineteen twenty. That sounds like plenty, and she 185 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:47,680 Speaker 2: thought about returning home at that point, but she stayed 186 00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:51,200 Speaker 2: for one more year to earn a master's in pharmaceutical 187 00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:54,440 Speaker 2: chemistry because she hoped having that masters would help her 188 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:57,520 Speaker 2: get a higher rate of pay after she returned home. 189 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:02,040 Speaker 2: While at the University of Washiington's, she was inducted into 190 00:12:02,200 --> 00:12:06,280 Speaker 2: Sigma sized Scientific Research Honor Society and Iota Sigma Pi 191 00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:11,000 Speaker 2: Honor Society for women in chemistry. While in the United States, 192 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:15,000 Speaker 2: in addition to just an enormous amount of schoolwork, she 193 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:18,880 Speaker 2: also helped her mother run an export business with Juliana, 194 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:22,760 Speaker 2: ordering goods like baby bibs, embroideries, and bags in the 195 00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 2: Philippines and shipping them to the United States, where Maria 196 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 2: arranged for their sale, offered some guidance on what was 197 00:12:29,840 --> 00:12:32,960 Speaker 2: selling and what was not, and sent the proceeds back home. 198 00:12:33,880 --> 00:12:36,640 Speaker 2: Some of the jobs Maria did to support herself while 199 00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:39,640 Speaker 2: she was in college would also go on to influence 200 00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:42,760 Speaker 2: her work when she got back to the Philippines, including 201 00:12:42,880 --> 00:12:46,560 Speaker 2: working at a fish cannery in Alaska and picking fruit 202 00:12:46,679 --> 00:12:50,840 Speaker 2: on a farm during the summers. After earning her master's degree, 203 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:53,680 Speaker 2: Erosha turned down a job offer to be an assistant 204 00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 2: chemist for the state of Washington. She arrived back in 205 00:12:56,960 --> 00:13:00,959 Speaker 2: the Philippines in nineteen twenty two. A year she taught 206 00:13:00,960 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 2: home economics at Centro Escolar University, and then she went 207 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:07,439 Speaker 2: to work as a chemist at the Bureau of Science 208 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,480 Speaker 2: for the rest of her career. A huge part of 209 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:16,240 Speaker 2: Erosa's work was focused on reducing food insecurity and malnutrition, 210 00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:21,160 Speaker 2: and on food autonomy for the Philippines. The term food 211 00:13:21,320 --> 00:13:25,040 Speaker 2: sovereignty would not be coined for decades, but there was 212 00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 2: a lot of overlap with what she was doing trying 213 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:32,719 Speaker 2: to give local people rather than governments and corporations, control 214 00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:36,960 Speaker 2: over their own food systems. To be very clear, the 215 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:41,600 Speaker 2: Philippines is home to a huge diversity of different ethnic groups. 216 00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:46,360 Speaker 2: This archipelago has had connections to other nations, both nearby 217 00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:50,080 Speaker 2: and across oceans for centuries, so Filipino cuisine has a 218 00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:53,440 Speaker 2: lot of different influences. I cannot stress this enough. I 219 00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:58,360 Speaker 2: am not criticizing any cuisines that arose from this process 220 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:02,960 Speaker 2: or any foods that people like to eat. The reliance 221 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:08,040 Speaker 2: on American foods after the Philippines became a US territory, though, 222 00:14:08,679 --> 00:14:13,319 Speaker 2: that was an intentional part of American control over the islands. 223 00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:17,560 Speaker 2: After the United States annexed the Philippines following the Spanish 224 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:21,560 Speaker 2: American War, the US thought the Philippines was not capable 225 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 2: of governing itself. President William McKinley had instructed commissioners to 226 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:32,200 Speaker 2: americanize and civilize the archipelago. Obviously, this was not just 227 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:35,720 Speaker 2: about food, but food was a part of it. Authorities 228 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:39,240 Speaker 2: from the United States saw Filipino foods as unhealthy and 229 00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:44,040 Speaker 2: poor quality, and encouraged people to eat processed imports instead. 230 00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:47,720 Speaker 2: As the United States eventually started looking at a plan 231 00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:52,240 Speaker 2: for the Philippines to become independents, adoption of American foods 232 00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:56,320 Speaker 2: was also seen as a sign of progress. If American 233 00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:00,080 Speaker 2: officials dined at the home of a Filipino official, eating 234 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:03,240 Speaker 2: any Filipino dishes that were served was considered to be 235 00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:06,240 Speaker 2: a gesture of goodwill, Like it was a it was 236 00:15:06,320 --> 00:15:10,920 Speaker 2: polite to accept and appreciate this food. But if this 237 00:15:11,120 --> 00:15:16,640 Speaker 2: Filipino host instead served American dishes, that was seen as 238 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:20,040 Speaker 2: a sign that the hosts, and by extension, the community 239 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 2: that they were part of, were moving toward being capable 240 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:28,440 Speaker 2: of governing themselves. This even included a preference for canned 241 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:32,840 Speaker 2: imported fruit over fruits that were locally grown, because local 242 00:15:32,880 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 2: fruit was believed to be a potential vector for cholera. 243 00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 2: To be clear, cholera is spread through contaminated food and water, 244 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:43,840 Speaker 2: but it's caused by bacteria, not the fruit itself, and 245 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,240 Speaker 2: canned foods had their own problems in the early twentieth century, 246 00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:51,760 Speaker 2: including bachulism outbreaks, which were an ongoing problem in American 247 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,920 Speaker 2: canned goods. Yeah, so we're not going to get into 248 00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 2: the weeds about the idea of healthy or unhealthy, because 249 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:02,240 Speaker 2: food is more complicated than that. But this meant that 250 00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:08,200 Speaker 2: over time, the Philippines was increasingly and really artificially dependent 251 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:12,840 Speaker 2: on imports of processed and preserved foods, primarily shipped from 252 00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 2: the United States, Australia, and Japan. This was generally a 253 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:21,400 Speaker 2: lot more expensive than food produced locally would have been, 254 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:25,240 Speaker 2: and this focus on imported food also meant that people 255 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:28,880 Speaker 2: had progressively less and less familiarity with how to prepare 256 00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:32,200 Speaker 2: and eat the foods that were abundant there in the Philippines. 257 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:36,560 Speaker 2: So Erosa focused on figuring out the nutrient content and 258 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:41,000 Speaker 2: uses for foods that were locally available, sometimes reviving older 259 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:44,360 Speaker 2: traditions and sometimes finding new uses for things that were 260 00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:47,880 Speaker 2: typically seen as a byproduct or waste or suited only 261 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:51,400 Speaker 2: for animal feed. Many of these were also foods that 262 00:16:51,480 --> 00:16:55,920 Speaker 2: had potential as export crops. For example, Maria Arosa is 263 00:16:55,960 --> 00:16:59,000 Speaker 2: the first person known to have canned and frozen mangoes 264 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:02,680 Speaker 2: in the Philippines. Mangoes aren't native to the Philippines, but 265 00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:06,320 Speaker 2: they were introduced sometime after the fifteenth century, and they 266 00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:12,080 Speaker 2: grew and grow abundantly there. Arosa also established rural improvement 267 00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:15,840 Speaker 2: clubs basically four H clubs, patterned after the four H 268 00:17:15,920 --> 00:17:19,520 Speaker 2: clubs she'd encountered while studying in the United States. These 269 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:23,720 Speaker 2: provided information and instruction on how to grow, prepare, make, 270 00:17:23,840 --> 00:17:27,280 Speaker 2: and preserve things at home. By nineteen twenty four, these 271 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:30,720 Speaker 2: clubs had about twenty two thousand members around the Philippines. 272 00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:35,040 Speaker 2: She also worked with the Extension Service to provide families 273 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:39,639 Speaker 2: with information on gardening, raising poultry, and making things that 274 00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:43,480 Speaker 2: could be sold. The whole idea was for families to 275 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:46,560 Speaker 2: be more self sufficient and to find new sources of 276 00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:51,200 Speaker 2: income and to progressively reduce their reliance on American goods. 277 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:54,800 Speaker 2: While she was relying on education that she had attained 278 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:58,240 Speaker 2: in the United States, Arosa was focused on what people 279 00:17:58,280 --> 00:18:01,480 Speaker 2: in the Philippines actually needed and how people were living 280 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:04,240 Speaker 2: day to day, like a lot of people didn't have 281 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:09,200 Speaker 2: electricity in their homes, especially outside of cities. She modified 282 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 2: an existing type of earthenware container called a pallioc, adding 283 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:15,639 Speaker 2: a piece of sheet metal to the bottom and aluminum 284 00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 2: foil under the lid, and that turned it into a 285 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:20,639 Speaker 2: small oven that could be used over a fire or 286 00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:24,960 Speaker 2: a wood burning stove. As we said earlier, commercially canned 287 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:27,639 Speaker 2: foods had become a big part of the food supply 288 00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,840 Speaker 2: in the Philippines, but at the same time, they were 289 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,080 Speaker 2: expensive and they were out of a lot of people's 290 00:18:34,119 --> 00:18:39,040 Speaker 2: reach financially. But home canning was not widely practiced at all. 291 00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:44,000 Speaker 2: When Orosa started doing this work. She developed canning methods 292 00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:49,080 Speaker 2: for a wide range of locally available foods, including whole mangos, 293 00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:52,840 Speaker 2: and she created educational materials to teach people how to 294 00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 2: do this themselves. In nineteen twenty five, the annual Manila 295 00:18:57,040 --> 00:19:00,679 Speaker 2: Carnival included a display of home canned goods, which was 296 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:04,639 Speaker 2: many people's first exposure to the idea. Interest in canning 297 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:09,200 Speaker 2: at home really increased after this point. In nineteen twenty seven, 298 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:12,480 Speaker 2: Aroso was promoted to lead the Division of Food Preservation 299 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:16,120 Speaker 2: at the Bureau of Science in Manila. A year later, 300 00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:18,360 Speaker 2: as part of her work, she embarked on a year 301 00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:22,640 Speaker 2: long global tour to study food preservation techniques and home 302 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:27,760 Speaker 2: demonstration methods. The people traveling with her included Isabel de Santos, 303 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:31,440 Speaker 2: owner of DeSanto's Fruit Products Company, which had been established 304 00:19:31,480 --> 00:19:35,359 Speaker 2: two years before and incorporated under the name ismar taken 305 00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:40,040 Speaker 2: from the names Isabel and Maria. Maria wasn't directly involved 306 00:19:40,119 --> 00:19:42,520 Speaker 2: in the creation of this company, but she had been 307 00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:45,480 Speaker 2: the one who had taught Isabel how to preserve fruit. 308 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:50,480 Speaker 2: This company preserved foods for export, especially mangoes and guava, 309 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:53,880 Speaker 2: according to a nineteen twenty nine description of their visit 310 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:57,040 Speaker 2: to Hawaii on this tour. By that point, Arosa had 311 00:19:57,119 --> 00:20:01,119 Speaker 2: sixteen women working for her as demonstrators, traveling all around 312 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:03,720 Speaker 2: the Philippines to teach people how to can their own 313 00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:07,119 Speaker 2: food and to develop new methods in the food lab. 314 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:11,880 Speaker 2: Arosa was promoted to lead the Philippines' Home Economics Division 315 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,399 Speaker 2: after she returned from this tour. She applied what she 316 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:19,919 Speaker 2: had learned during this year of research to finding or 317 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:24,800 Speaker 2: reviving nutrient dense foods in the Philippines. This included making 318 00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:29,400 Speaker 2: flour from coconuts, green bananas, cassava, and rice rather than 319 00:20:29,480 --> 00:20:33,760 Speaker 2: using imported wheat flour. She also developed culinary uses for 320 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:36,760 Speaker 2: coconut oil, which was mainly being used for things like 321 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,680 Speaker 2: floor polish. In nineteen thirty two, she published a booklet 322 00:20:40,680 --> 00:20:43,960 Speaker 2: of recipes using roselle, which is a type of hibiscus 323 00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:47,760 Speaker 2: that had been introduced to the Philippines from India and Malaysia. 324 00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:51,359 Speaker 2: Its fruit has a similar flavor to cranberries, which were 325 00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:55,440 Speaker 2: another expensive import from the United States. So she saw 326 00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:58,920 Speaker 2: the roselle as a potential source of both food and income, 327 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:01,439 Speaker 2: and the booklet out lined recipes for a range of 328 00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:06,959 Speaker 2: foods made from it, including jellies, butters, marmalades, chutneys, juice, wine, 329 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:11,840 Speaker 2: and vinegar. She also developed a number of recipes using soybeans, 330 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 2: including a soybean based powdered protein drink called soilac. Here 331 00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:20,679 Speaker 2: also is a recipe that she wrote for soy milk, 332 00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:24,600 Speaker 2: which was published in a USDA bulletin in nineteen thirty six. 333 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:28,440 Speaker 2: That bulletin also included two different recipes for making powdered 334 00:21:28,560 --> 00:21:32,520 Speaker 2: soybean milk that she wrote. Quote, Wash the beans thoroughly, 335 00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,680 Speaker 2: soak them in plenty of water for twelve hours, changing 336 00:21:35,760 --> 00:21:39,720 Speaker 2: the water frequently. Grind the soaked beans, and a stone mill, 337 00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:43,520 Speaker 2: adding small amounts of water while grinding. The total amount 338 00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:46,719 Speaker 2: of water subsequently added as from three to five times 339 00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:49,960 Speaker 2: that of the beans. The thin paste like fluid is 340 00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 2: boiled half hour and then strained through a cheesecloth. A 341 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:57,439 Speaker 2: small amount of vanilla extract or other flavoring maybe added 342 00:21:57,480 --> 00:22:00,640 Speaker 2: in order to mask the characteristic odor and flavor of 343 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:04,639 Speaker 2: the milk. Rice was and is a staple food in 344 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:08,280 Speaker 2: the Philippines, but rice brand or derrek, was considered to 345 00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:12,680 Speaker 2: be a waste product of the refining process. Arosa found 346 00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:15,239 Speaker 2: that rice brand was very high in B vitamins as 347 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:18,440 Speaker 2: well as vitamins A, D, and E, and she created 348 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:20,960 Speaker 2: a recipe for Derek cookies that were high enough in 349 00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 2: B vitamins that they could be used to treat and 350 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:26,639 Speaker 2: prevent the vitamin B one deficiency known as Barry berry. 351 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:31,000 Speaker 2: Her most famous culinary development was banana ketchup, and we 352 00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:44,440 Speaker 2: will talk about that after a sponsor break. The culinary 353 00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:48,880 Speaker 2: invention that Maria Rosa is most famous for is banana ketchup. 354 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,359 Speaker 2: So let's back up for a second and talk about ketchup. 355 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:57,199 Speaker 2: If your background is like Holly's and mine, ketchup is 356 00:22:57,280 --> 00:23:01,359 Speaker 2: probably so synonymous with tomato that you don't even need 357 00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:05,639 Speaker 2: to say the tomato part. But ketchup has roots in 358 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:09,840 Speaker 2: Asian cuisines, and its early precursors did not have tomatoes 359 00:23:09,920 --> 00:23:14,040 Speaker 2: in them at all. These were fermented fish or soybean 360 00:23:14,119 --> 00:23:16,679 Speaker 2: pastes that were meant to have a very long shelf life. 361 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:20,879 Speaker 2: The exact origins of the word ketchup are not totally clear. 362 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,280 Speaker 2: It first appeared in English in the seventeenth century as 363 00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:27,840 Speaker 2: a word for sauces that British merchants and colonists were 364 00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:31,760 Speaker 2: bringing back to Europe from Asia. Some articles on ketchup 365 00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 2: history cite a specific word as its origin, but there 366 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:37,840 Speaker 2: are really a number of similar words from East, South 367 00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:42,040 Speaker 2: and Southeast Asian languages that all describe various brines and 368 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:47,159 Speaker 2: salti or savory sauces. Regardless, early references to ketchup and 369 00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:49,919 Speaker 2: English make it clear that it really didn't resemble the 370 00:23:49,920 --> 00:23:53,720 Speaker 2: tomato ketchup of today. Like one recipe from sixteen eighty 371 00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:56,680 Speaker 2: three calls for ketchup and if you don't have any ketchup, 372 00:23:56,720 --> 00:24:01,000 Speaker 2: you can substitute an anchovy, So obviously not the same thing. Yeah, 373 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:05,040 Speaker 2: anchovy would not be a good substitute for the red 374 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:06,840 Speaker 2: tomato ketchup that comes out of a bottle. 375 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:09,240 Speaker 1: It would be a far better substitute in my book, 376 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:12,600 Speaker 1: but that's just a matter of personal taste. 377 00:24:13,359 --> 00:24:18,920 Speaker 2: Over the seventeen hundreds, various English language references to ketchup, 378 00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:25,760 Speaker 2: and recipes for making ketchup involve things like soy, mushroom juice, walnuts, 379 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,640 Speaker 2: and oysters, as well as a number of different fruits, 380 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:33,200 Speaker 2: but not tomatoes, since the conventional wisdom among a lot 381 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,240 Speaker 2: of Europeans at that point was that tomatoes were poisonous. 382 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:42,119 Speaker 2: Exact recipes for making this non tomato ketchup could really vary, 383 00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:45,680 Speaker 2: but for the most part they involved simmering the ingredients 384 00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:49,320 Speaker 2: down until they had thickened, or adding lots of salt 385 00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:53,160 Speaker 2: to a paste, or some combination of both of those things. 386 00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:57,440 Speaker 2: James MEAs is usually credited with introducing the first tomato 387 00:24:57,560 --> 00:25:01,080 Speaker 2: ketchup in eighteen twelve, although his this version tended to 388 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:04,160 Speaker 2: spoil fairly quickly and it was really more like tomato 389 00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:07,800 Speaker 2: sauce in consistency, but people seemed to like it, and 390 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:10,919 Speaker 2: in the decades that followed, more and more ketchup recipes 391 00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:16,280 Speaker 2: included tomato or just had tomato as their primary ingredient. Then, 392 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:21,200 Speaker 2: in eighteen seventy six, Hines introduced a bottled tomato ketchup 393 00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:24,520 Speaker 2: that also contained vinegar and sugar that gave it a 394 00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:29,199 Speaker 2: longer shelf life. It was thicker and sweeter than Misa's version, 395 00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:32,520 Speaker 2: and it was made without the preservatives that had become 396 00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:37,040 Speaker 2: controversial in the late nineteenth century. By the early nineteen hundreds, 397 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:41,920 Speaker 2: Hine was selling five million bottles of tomato ketchup a year. 398 00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:47,119 Speaker 2: The tomato part is there on the label. Like we 399 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:50,120 Speaker 2: said earlier, For a lot of Americans, that tomato part 400 00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:54,400 Speaker 2: goes without saying. Tomatoes had been introduced to the Philippines 401 00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:58,120 Speaker 2: from South America, most likely by Spain during the Manila 402 00:25:58,160 --> 00:26:01,439 Speaker 2: galleyan trade that ran from Manila to Acapulco from the 403 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:07,280 Speaker 2: sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Eventually, a localized tomato variety developed, 404 00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:10,520 Speaker 2: known as the native tomato or the Cammatis tagalog, which 405 00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:14,760 Speaker 2: usually has a lighter red or sometimes greenish skin. This 406 00:26:14,920 --> 00:26:17,679 Speaker 2: variety of tomato is more resistant to the climate of 407 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:20,240 Speaker 2: the Philippines, and it's a key component in a number 408 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:24,040 Speaker 2: of Filipino dishes, but it's usually more sour and acidic 409 00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:26,680 Speaker 2: than what would be used to make today's tomato ketchup. 410 00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:31,680 Speaker 2: Aside from that, the runaway success of Hinz tomato ketchup 411 00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:34,439 Speaker 2: meant that by the early twentieth century, people were not 412 00:26:34,640 --> 00:26:38,720 Speaker 2: typically making their own ketchup at home. Anymore, they were 413 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:42,840 Speaker 2: buying it in glass bottles. Circling back around to what 414 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 2: we discussed earlier about American food imports into the Philippines 415 00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:52,800 Speaker 2: and the early twentieth century, imported bottled ketchup was really expensive, 416 00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:56,600 Speaker 2: but it was also in really hide demand, both because 417 00:26:56,640 --> 00:27:00,440 Speaker 2: of the presence of Americans living in the Philippines and 418 00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:05,879 Speaker 2: this influence of Americans and American policy on Filipino cuisine. 419 00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:09,679 Speaker 2: Maria Arosa looked for an alternative, making ketchups from a 420 00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:13,960 Speaker 2: lot of different fruits, including guava and papaya. That Roselle 421 00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:18,800 Speaker 2: cookbook we mentioned earlier included Brozelle ketchup, but banana ketchup 422 00:27:18,880 --> 00:27:22,480 Speaker 2: was the most successful of all her ketchup recipes, made 423 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:27,680 Speaker 2: from saba bananas, brown sugar, spices, and vinegar. Saba bananas 424 00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:30,679 Speaker 2: are stockier and have a richer flavor than the cavendish 425 00:27:30,680 --> 00:27:34,360 Speaker 2: bananas that are the usual standard in most American grocery stores. 426 00:27:35,119 --> 00:27:39,640 Speaker 2: About a decade after Arosa developed her banana ketchup, Magdolo 427 00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:43,919 Speaker 2: viv and Francisco Senior started the first mass production of 428 00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:48,919 Speaker 2: commercially bottled banana ketchup under the brand named Mafron. Today, 429 00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:52,919 Speaker 2: some commercially bottled banana ketchups are colored red, but others 430 00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:55,720 Speaker 2: aren't and retain the color of the banana and the 431 00:27:55,760 --> 00:28:00,560 Speaker 2: spices instead. Banana ketchup continues to be popular both in 432 00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:04,159 Speaker 2: the Philippines and in the Filipino diaspora, both as a 433 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:09,760 Speaker 2: condiment and as an ingredient in other foods, including Filipino spaghetti, 434 00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,800 Speaker 2: which includes banana ketchup and cut up hot dogs in 435 00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:15,879 Speaker 2: the sauce. I would absolutely eat this, but I have not. 436 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:20,800 Speaker 1: In nineteen thirty four, Arosa became head of the Plant 437 00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:24,960 Speaker 1: Utilization Division of the Philippine government's Bureau of Plant Industry. 438 00:28:25,680 --> 00:28:29,280 Speaker 1: That same year, the US passed the Philippine Independence Act, 439 00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:34,120 Speaker 1: establishing a ten year transition period for independence, during which 440 00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:36,919 Speaker 1: time the Philippines was meant to both prepare itself for 441 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:41,240 Speaker 1: independence and demonstrate that it was capable of it. But 442 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:46,800 Speaker 1: war disrupted that ten year plan. After rising tensions that 443 00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: had gone on for years, Japan invaded China in nineteen 444 00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:54,560 Speaker 1: thirty seven and Germany invaded Poland in nineteen thirty nine. 445 00:28:55,160 --> 00:28:59,440 Speaker 1: On December eighth, nineteen forty one, just hours after attacking 446 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:05,280 Speaker 1: Pearl Heart, Hawaii, Japan invaded the Philippines. The departure of 447 00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:08,480 Speaker 1: the United States military from the Philippines is really its 448 00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:12,480 Speaker 1: own involved story, but by May of nineteen forty two, 449 00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:17,080 Speaker 1: General Douglas MacArthur had withdrawn to Australia, vowing to return, 450 00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:22,000 Speaker 1: and about one hundred thousand Allied troops had been captured, 451 00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: with another about fifty thousand killed or wounded. The aftermath 452 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:32,040 Speaker 1: of this withdrawal included a series of atrocities, including the 453 00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:35,480 Speaker 1: Bataan Death March, which was a forced march of about 454 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:40,880 Speaker 1: twelve thousand American and sixty six thousand Filipino prisoners of war, 455 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:45,880 Speaker 1: during which thousands of them died. Arosa became part of 456 00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 1: the Filipino resistance against the Japanese, becoming a captain in 457 00:29:50,280 --> 00:29:54,760 Speaker 1: Marking's Gorillas. This gorilla unit also has its own history, 458 00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:59,480 Speaker 1: but Erosa's focus was once again on food finding and distributing, 459 00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:02,680 Speaker 1: including paying for it with her own money and working 460 00:30:02,680 --> 00:30:06,560 Speaker 1: with volunteers to prepare it. Many of these volunteers were 461 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,480 Speaker 1: students who were stranded in Manila because of the war. 462 00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:14,080 Speaker 1: During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, she also worked 463 00:30:14,120 --> 00:30:18,600 Speaker 1: to smuggle food to prisoners of war and into Santa 464 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,760 Speaker 1: Toomas internment camp, where thousands of civilians were being held. 465 00:30:23,360 --> 00:30:28,400 Speaker 1: She reportedly filled hollow bamboo with things like her soilac powder, 466 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:31,920 Speaker 1: which was nicknamed magic food, and got it into the 467 00:30:31,960 --> 00:30:35,160 Speaker 1: camps with the help of resistance fighters who were disguised 468 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:39,360 Speaker 1: as carpenters. It is likely that she saved thousands of 469 00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,680 Speaker 1: people from dying of starvation doing this work over the 470 00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:47,040 Speaker 1: course of the war. In nineteen forty three, Japan declared 471 00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:50,480 Speaker 1: the Philippines to be independent, with the hope of securing 472 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,520 Speaker 1: the loyalty of the archipelago and putting a stop to 473 00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:58,520 Speaker 1: the ongoing resistance fighting. But Filipinos continued their fight, including 474 00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:02,080 Speaker 1: alongside American forces when they arrived at Laity in October 475 00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:07,000 Speaker 1: of nineteen forty four. American efforts to liberate the Philippines 476 00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:10,200 Speaker 1: ultimately led to the Battle of Manila, which started on 477 00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:13,840 Speaker 1: February third, nineteen forty five, and lasted for a month. 478 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:18,280 Speaker 1: By that point, Allied forces had taken the surrounding countryside, 479 00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:23,400 Speaker 1: but Japanese infantry remained inside the city. The Battle of 480 00:31:23,480 --> 00:31:27,840 Speaker 1: Manila was truly horrific, with roughly one hundred thousand civilians 481 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:32,400 Speaker 1: being killed, many of them massacred indiscriminately by Japanese troops, 482 00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:35,840 Speaker 1: but some were killed by American artillery, and one of 483 00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:39,680 Speaker 1: those was Maria Arosa. Her family had tried to get 484 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:42,320 Speaker 1: her to leave Manila and come back to Bowan, where 485 00:31:42,360 --> 00:31:45,040 Speaker 1: she might be safer, but she had insisted that she 486 00:31:45,080 --> 00:31:47,680 Speaker 1: could not abandon her work or the women that she 487 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:51,560 Speaker 1: was working with. Those women had been nicknamed the Arosa Girls. 488 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:55,840 Speaker 2: I think even after this, girls and young women who 489 00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 2: were part of like the home economics movement continued to 490 00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:03,880 Speaker 2: be nicknamed the Erosa Girls. On February thirteenth, nineteen forty five, 491 00:32:04,120 --> 00:32:07,160 Speaker 2: she and others from the Bureau of Plant Industry had 492 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,760 Speaker 2: taken refuge at an improvised bomb shelter when she was 493 00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:14,840 Speaker 2: struck in the foot by shrapnel. She was badly injured 494 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,800 Speaker 2: and taken to Remidio's Hospital in a push cart. This 495 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:22,000 Speaker 2: hospital had been established by the Philippine Red Cross at 496 00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:25,560 Speaker 2: Malate Catholic School, but at this point the Red Cross's 497 00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:28,640 Speaker 2: funding had run out and the hospital was being staffed 498 00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 2: entirely by volunteers. A Red Cross sign had been painted 499 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:34,480 Speaker 2: on the roof to try to make it clear that 500 00:32:34,520 --> 00:32:37,520 Speaker 2: this was a hospital, but this was hit by American 501 00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:41,960 Speaker 2: shelling during a three day bombardment of the area. According 502 00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:45,960 Speaker 2: to survivors, there had not been a large Japanese presence 503 00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:49,200 Speaker 2: in the area when this bombardment happened, and one account 504 00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:53,680 Speaker 2: compared it to using a pile driver on an ant hill. 505 00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:56,600 Speaker 2: That same day, while at the hospital for treatment of 506 00:32:56,600 --> 00:33:00,680 Speaker 2: the injury to her foot, Maria Ilagan Arosa was again 507 00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:04,520 Speaker 2: struck by shrapnel, this time in the heart. She was 508 00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:06,840 Speaker 2: killed at the age of fifty one, and she was 509 00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:09,520 Speaker 2: one of about four hundred people who died in Manila 510 00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:13,840 Speaker 2: that day. The dead could not be buried immediately because 511 00:33:13,880 --> 00:33:16,920 Speaker 2: the few Japanese soldiers who were in the area were 512 00:33:16,920 --> 00:33:20,440 Speaker 2: shooting at people in the streets. It's believed that she 513 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:23,120 Speaker 2: was eventually buried in a mass grave on the grounds 514 00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:27,080 Speaker 2: of Blante Catholic School, although the exact location is not 515 00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:30,800 Speaker 2: currently known. The Battle of Manila went on for more 516 00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:34,040 Speaker 2: than two weeks after Arosa's death, ending on March third, 517 00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:37,720 Speaker 2: nineteen forty five. It is regarded as the worst urban 518 00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:40,400 Speaker 2: battle fought in the Pacific theater during World War II. 519 00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,320 Speaker 2: Roughly ten percent of the population in Manila was killed 520 00:33:44,360 --> 00:33:47,080 Speaker 2: and much of the city was reduced to rubble, including 521 00:33:47,280 --> 00:33:51,320 Speaker 2: nearly the entire business district. In terms of capital cities, 522 00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:54,400 Speaker 2: the destruction in Manila was comparable to that of Berlin 523 00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:57,880 Speaker 2: and Warsaw, but it's far less well known today outside 524 00:33:57,920 --> 00:34:02,520 Speaker 2: of the Pacific. Direction of Manila was a massive loss 525 00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:07,360 Speaker 2: of cultural and architectural heritage for the Philippines. This diverse 526 00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 2: and cosmopolitan city had been nicknamed the Pearl of the 527 00:34:10,680 --> 00:34:14,440 Speaker 2: Orient as far back as the seventeen fifties. On a 528 00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:20,239 Speaker 2: more practical level, this destruction included many government buildings, including 529 00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:24,400 Speaker 2: buildings where Maria Arosa had worked. Most of her research, 530 00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:27,360 Speaker 2: teaching tools and materials that she had created for the 531 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:32,280 Speaker 2: Philippines Extension Service were destroyed. More than a million people 532 00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:35,000 Speaker 2: were killed in the Philippines during World War II, out 533 00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:39,759 Speaker 2: of a population of about eighteen million. General Tomoyuki Yamashida, 534 00:34:39,840 --> 00:34:42,440 Speaker 2: who had been in command of the Japanese forces defending 535 00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:45,240 Speaker 2: the Philippines toward the end of the war, was later 536 00:34:45,280 --> 00:34:50,239 Speaker 2: hanged for war crimes. The massive destruction and disruption contributed 537 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:54,279 Speaker 2: to rampant inflation and shortages of food and other resources 538 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:58,200 Speaker 2: after the war ended. There were also differences of opinion 539 00:34:58,320 --> 00:35:01,879 Speaker 2: within the Philippines and in the United States about how 540 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:06,480 Speaker 2: to handle Filipinos who had collaborated with the Japanese. When 541 00:35:06,520 --> 00:35:10,560 Speaker 2: World War two ended, the ten year timeline for independence 542 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:14,520 Speaker 2: for the Philippines had passed, and President Harry S. Truman 543 00:35:14,719 --> 00:35:18,400 Speaker 2: issued Proclamation twenty six ninety five on July fourth, nineteen 544 00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:22,760 Speaker 2: forty six, recognizing the Philippines as a separate and self 545 00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:27,719 Speaker 2: governing nation. Because of the war, this independence was recognized 546 00:35:27,719 --> 00:35:30,719 Speaker 2: in a very different context from what had been imagined 547 00:35:30,719 --> 00:35:33,840 Speaker 2: in nineteen thirty four, and the nation's transition from a 548 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:36,840 Speaker 2: colony first of Spain and then of the United States 549 00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:40,360 Speaker 2: to an independent nation is really its own separate story. 550 00:35:40,960 --> 00:35:44,440 Speaker 2: There were definitely struggles related to the food supply of 551 00:35:44,440 --> 00:35:47,080 Speaker 2: the Philippines in the wake of World War II and 552 00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:50,280 Speaker 2: the shift in its trading relationship from the United States 553 00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:53,680 Speaker 2: that came from it's no longer being a territory, but 554 00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:56,480 Speaker 2: Maria A Rosa's two decades of work on food and 555 00:35:56,520 --> 00:36:00,600 Speaker 2: security are recognized as having helped with this transition. It 556 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:03,480 Speaker 2: would have been even more difficult without everything she had 557 00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:06,920 Speaker 2: done to promote locally available food sources and methods for 558 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:11,040 Speaker 2: preparing and preserving them. A street in Manila was named 559 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:15,239 Speaker 2: after Maria Arosa in nineteen sixty four. On November twenty ninth, 560 00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:19,200 Speaker 2: nineteen eighty three, the National Historical Institute placed a marker 561 00:36:19,360 --> 00:36:23,640 Speaker 2: memorializing her at the Bureau of Plant Industry. There's also 562 00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:27,360 Speaker 2: a Mario y Arosa Memorial Hall at the Bureau of 563 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:32,000 Speaker 2: Agricultural Extension building in dillman Queson City, which is part 564 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:36,120 Speaker 2: of the Manila Metro Area. A plaque there reads quote 565 00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:40,840 Speaker 2: dedicated to the memory of Maria Ilagan Erosa, pharmaceutical chemist, 566 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:46,719 Speaker 2: home economist, humanitarian, guerrilla worker and organizer of home extension 567 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,239 Speaker 2: in government, died in the line of duty thirteen February 568 00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:54,880 Speaker 2: nineteen forty five. In twenty twenty, a marker commemorating Maria 569 00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:58,040 Speaker 2: Arosa was found during a search for a mass grave 570 00:36:58,160 --> 00:36:59,880 Speaker 2: believed to be the one on the grounds of the 571 00:37:00,120 --> 00:37:03,359 Speaker 2: Malate Catholic School. This is believed to have been a 572 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:06,719 Speaker 2: memorial stone rather than a marker of her burial site. 573 00:37:07,920 --> 00:37:12,160 Speaker 2: In twenty seventeen, a Ketchup Museum opened at the Neutra 574 00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:17,640 Speaker 2: Asia Kabwyo plant in the Light Industry Science Park in Kawaya, Laguna. 575 00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:20,720 Speaker 2: This closed during the early part of the COVID nineteen 576 00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:24,360 Speaker 2: pandemic and reopened in December of twenty twenty three. It 577 00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:29,160 Speaker 2: features exhibits on bananas, the commercial production of banana ketchup, 578 00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:32,400 Speaker 2: and in Maria Arosa Hall, the Life and work of 579 00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:35,879 Speaker 2: Maria Arosa. A Google doodle of her also came out 580 00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:38,320 Speaker 2: in twenty nineteen in commemoration of her one hundred and 581 00:37:38,360 --> 00:37:41,840 Speaker 2: twenty sixth birthday, and a bust of her was unveiled 582 00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:45,839 Speaker 2: in her home province of Batangas on her birthday that 583 00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:50,080 Speaker 2: same year. Over the course of her career, Maria Erosa 584 00:37:50,120 --> 00:37:53,600 Speaker 2: developed more than seven hundred recipes, many of them still 585 00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:57,600 Speaker 2: considered to be staples of Filipino cuisine. Her niece, Helen 586 00:37:57,640 --> 00:38:01,799 Speaker 2: Arosa del Rosario, collected these recipes along with essays about 587 00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:05,319 Speaker 2: her aunt, who she knew as Tia Maria, and these 588 00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:08,680 Speaker 2: were published as a book in nineteen seventy. This was 589 00:38:08,719 --> 00:38:11,440 Speaker 2: reprinted in nineteen ninety eight as part of the celebration 590 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:15,480 Speaker 2: of the centennial of Philippine Independence. That centennial, of course, 591 00:38:15,520 --> 00:38:19,440 Speaker 2: being of eighteen ninety eight when the Philippines declared itself independent, 592 00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:23,239 Speaker 2: not nineteen forty six, when the United States recognized it. 593 00:38:23,880 --> 00:38:26,799 Speaker 2: A fiftieth anniversary edition of this book was published as 594 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:30,960 Speaker 2: Appetite for Freedom, The Recipes of Maria y Arosa. There's 595 00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:33,000 Speaker 2: also a picture book about her that came out in 596 00:38:33,040 --> 00:38:36,880 Speaker 2: twenty twenty three that is called Maria Arosa, Freedom Fighter, 597 00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:40,799 Speaker 2: Scientist and Inventor from the Philippines. We'll talk a little 598 00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:44,320 Speaker 2: bit about a little story involving that fiftieth anniversary edition 599 00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:48,080 Speaker 2: on Friday, and we'll also talk about banana ketchup on Friday. 600 00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:50,319 Speaker 1: I'm ready to talk about food, food food. Do you, 601 00:38:50,360 --> 00:38:53,120 Speaker 1: in the meantime have listener mail? I do? 602 00:38:53,239 --> 00:38:55,760 Speaker 2: I do have listener mail. First, I have a note. 603 00:38:56,719 --> 00:38:59,640 Speaker 2: This is all about the ruby slippers from our Unearthed episode. 604 00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:02,920 Speaker 2: First all, First of note, a number of people have 605 00:39:03,040 --> 00:39:05,120 Speaker 2: contacted us about this, and I just want to thank 606 00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:09,120 Speaker 2: everybody who has contacted us about this for being kind 607 00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,920 Speaker 2: about it, because it is the exact kind of silly 608 00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:19,560 Speaker 2: mistake that has sometimes prompted violent anger from people. The 609 00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:27,880 Speaker 2: Judy Garland's museum is in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, not Grand Rapids, Michigan. 610 00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:32,720 Speaker 2: I just saw the word Grand Rapids in an article 611 00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:40,120 Speaker 2: and my brain auto completed the rest incorrectly, So apologies 612 00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:43,680 Speaker 2: for that. Judy Garland was from Minnesota, not from Michigan. 613 00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:47,440 Speaker 2: A couple different emails we're going to read quickly about 614 00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:50,920 Speaker 2: these reeby slippers because the emails they sort of dovetail. 615 00:39:51,040 --> 00:39:53,200 Speaker 2: The first one is from Holly, not the Holly. I've 616 00:39:53,239 --> 00:39:55,520 Speaker 2: been talking to you for the last forty minutes, as 617 00:39:55,520 --> 00:40:01,960 Speaker 2: far as you know, different Holly, Holly, Hi, Holly, and Tracy. 618 00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:05,040 Speaker 2: I've enjoyed listening to your podcast for many years now, 619 00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:07,520 Speaker 2: having been introduced to it by my sister, a true 620 00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:09,840 Speaker 2: history major. I've been meaning to write to you so 621 00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:12,440 Speaker 2: many times about things that I hear that I can 622 00:40:12,480 --> 00:40:14,960 Speaker 2: relate to, but was finally prompted to do so today 623 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,040 Speaker 2: after hearing you talk about the ruby slippers. I live 624 00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:21,520 Speaker 2: in Minnesota and remembered hearing stories on the local news 625 00:40:21,560 --> 00:40:24,480 Speaker 2: about the ruby slippers being returned and about the man 626 00:40:24,520 --> 00:40:28,560 Speaker 2: who had stolen them. Apparently he Terry, had lived a 627 00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:30,600 Speaker 2: life of crime and was told by one of his 628 00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:34,240 Speaker 2: mobster friends that the rubies must be real, which justified 629 00:40:34,280 --> 00:40:38,319 Speaker 2: their one million dollar insured value. So Terry went to 630 00:40:38,360 --> 00:40:41,239 Speaker 2: go steal them as one last score, thinking he could 631 00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:43,719 Speaker 2: take the rubies off the shoes and sell them. When 632 00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:45,560 Speaker 2: he took them in to sell, the person he was 633 00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:48,360 Speaker 2: dealing with told him they were glass and not real rubies. 634 00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:50,759 Speaker 2: It still sounds fishy to me that he believed the 635 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:55,680 Speaker 2: rubies were real. However, he had never seen the movie 636 00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,880 Speaker 2: and did not know about their cultural significance, so maybe 637 00:40:58,920 --> 00:41:02,240 Speaker 2: he did not know what he was dealing with. Terry 638 00:41:02,239 --> 00:41:04,200 Speaker 2: got rid of the slippers two days later, and the 639 00:41:04,239 --> 00:41:08,280 Speaker 2: FBI eventually found the shoes in Minneapolis during a sting operation. 640 00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:11,480 Speaker 2: The FBI still hasn't disclosed exactly how they were able 641 00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:14,839 Speaker 2: to track the slippers down. I'm attatching the original news 642 00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:16,880 Speaker 2: story I saw, so you can read about it and 643 00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:20,719 Speaker 2: see what you think. So the next bit of. 644 00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:25,919 Speaker 1: Listen, I think he should go to jail for never 645 00:41:25,960 --> 00:41:26,960 Speaker 1: having seen The Wizard of the. 646 00:41:29,920 --> 00:41:33,120 Speaker 2: Next bit of this email is about an episode about 647 00:41:33,160 --> 00:41:36,680 Speaker 2: John Dillinger, which prior hosts the show did. I have 648 00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:42,120 Speaker 2: never heard it before, so I cannot really comment on 649 00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:45,560 Speaker 2: slash process the stuff about John Dillinger. I'm just going 650 00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:48,160 Speaker 2: to skip ahead and say anyway, I hope this article 651 00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:50,279 Speaker 2: helped shed some light on your questions about the man 652 00:41:50,320 --> 00:41:52,799 Speaker 2: who stole the bribe slippers. I always enjoy listening to 653 00:41:52,840 --> 00:41:55,120 Speaker 2: your podcast, and thank you for your diligence. And bring 654 00:41:55,120 --> 00:41:57,600 Speaker 2: you to light so many stories and cultural sensitivities that 655 00:41:57,640 --> 00:42:01,000 Speaker 2: can get lost over time, including a pet tax of 656 00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:04,120 Speaker 2: our Persian rag doll cat Smokey and our terry poodle 657 00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:06,480 Speaker 2: mixed Betty. Yes, our cat is bigger than our dog, 658 00:42:06,520 --> 00:42:08,879 Speaker 2: but they get along well and love playing with each other. 659 00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:13,160 Speaker 2: Thank you for all you do, Holly from Minnesota. Incredibly 660 00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:18,799 Speaker 2: cute cat, incredibly cute puppy dog. Listen, very excited to 661 00:42:18,920 --> 00:42:21,640 Speaker 2: get this email. I've had poodle fever lately, so that 662 00:42:21,760 --> 00:42:22,959 Speaker 2: was like too much for my heart. 663 00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:25,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, so cute. It's so cute. 664 00:42:25,280 --> 00:42:28,160 Speaker 2: I'm going to read this other email quickly because like 665 00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:30,320 Speaker 2: they sort of just go together. This is from Alan, 666 00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:33,200 Speaker 2: and Alan said, Hi, Tracy and Holly. I'm something of 667 00:42:33,239 --> 00:42:36,760 Speaker 2: an insomniac when I'm puzzling over something that doesn't make sense, 668 00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:40,319 Speaker 2: so I was hoping to solve this particular ruby slippers 669 00:42:40,560 --> 00:42:43,840 Speaker 2: mystery for you both. While the ruby slippers are covered 670 00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:46,360 Speaker 2: in sequins, the bows on the front of the shoes 671 00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:49,719 Speaker 2: are decorated with red crystals and glass gems, which might 672 00:42:49,880 --> 00:42:52,719 Speaker 2: look like ruby's to someone who had heard about the 673 00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:56,719 Speaker 2: value of the shoes without knowing their history. The defendant 674 00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:59,760 Speaker 2: also claims to have never seen The Wizard of Oz, 675 00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:03,440 Speaker 2: which seems unbelievable. Although the viewing habits of low level 676 00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:07,719 Speaker 2: Midwestern gangsters probably doesn't trend toward Hollywood musicals of the 677 00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:12,200 Speaker 2: nineteen thirties. The red crystals actually played an important role 678 00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:15,000 Speaker 2: in authenticating the shoes after they had been recovered by 679 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:18,319 Speaker 2: the FBI. During the Smithsonian's restoration of their pair of 680 00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:20,879 Speaker 2: ruby slippers, it was discovered that some of the red 681 00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:25,160 Speaker 2: crystals were replaced by clear ones painted red in what 682 00:43:25,280 --> 00:43:28,800 Speaker 2: was probably an on set repair during filming, a fact 683 00:43:28,960 --> 00:43:31,800 Speaker 2: not known to the public previously and therefore not something 684 00:43:31,880 --> 00:43:35,520 Speaker 2: a forger would have been able to duplicate. Of course, 685 00:43:35,560 --> 00:43:38,520 Speaker 2: there are lots of unanswered questions in this particular mystery, 686 00:43:38,560 --> 00:43:41,000 Speaker 2: But as someone who has been paying close attention to 687 00:43:41,080 --> 00:43:43,120 Speaker 2: the things we do know, I thought i'd passed along 688 00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:47,000 Speaker 2: something of what I'd learned to save your sleep. As 689 00:43:47,040 --> 00:43:49,480 Speaker 2: for pet tax, I'm including a picture of my little 690 00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:52,920 Speaker 2: guy Toddy, who acts as something of a lowing a 691 00:43:53,040 --> 00:43:55,839 Speaker 2: low level gangster in my house, shaking down his poor 692 00:43:55,880 --> 00:43:58,840 Speaker 2: brother and sister for any cat treats they may have missed. 693 00:43:58,920 --> 00:44:06,719 Speaker 2: Cheers Alan, opening the picture of Toddy. Oh my goodness, 694 00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:14,680 Speaker 2: Totty looks like the expression on this cat's face looks 695 00:44:15,719 --> 00:44:20,000 Speaker 2: Toddy is planning something. That's what I will say. So 696 00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:23,879 Speaker 2: thank you so much. Toddy is planning a heist for sure. 697 00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:25,920 Speaker 2: Thank you so much, Alan and Holly, both of you 698 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:29,960 Speaker 2: for this. I think I can believe someone never having 699 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:35,320 Speaker 2: seen the Wizard of Oz le iiil. What I can't, though, 700 00:44:35,760 --> 00:44:39,239 Speaker 2: quite wrap my head around, is the idea that a 701 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:42,920 Speaker 2: person who has lived for seventy some years in the 702 00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:47,440 Speaker 2: United States would be unaware of their cultural significance because 703 00:44:47,480 --> 00:44:49,640 Speaker 2: there are just so many references to the Wizard of 704 00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:52,560 Speaker 2: Oz and to the Ruby Slippers and so many other things. 705 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:55,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, and so I'm. 706 00:44:55,480 --> 00:44:58,880 Speaker 2: Sure there are people whose just world does not intersect 707 00:44:58,880 --> 00:45:02,120 Speaker 2: with that at all. I have a hard time imagining it. 708 00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:07,080 Speaker 2: So thank you very much Alan and Holly for sending 709 00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:10,680 Speaker 2: these emails, and to everyone who kindly told us that 710 00:45:10,760 --> 00:45:13,880 Speaker 2: Minnesota was where we were talking about in not Michigan. 711 00:45:14,640 --> 00:45:16,600 Speaker 2: If you would like to send us a note about 712 00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:19,239 Speaker 2: this or any other podcast, we write history podcasts at 713 00:45:19,280 --> 00:45:23,800 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio dot com, and you can subscribe to the show 714 00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:27,000 Speaker 2: on the iHeartRadio app and wherever else you like to 715 00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:34,719 Speaker 2: get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is 716 00:45:34,719 --> 00:45:39,080 Speaker 2: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 717 00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:42,560 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 718 00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:44,719 Speaker 2: your favorite shows.