1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,040 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, the production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,119 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:13,119 --> 00:00:17,080 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 4 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:19,720 Speaker 1: It's time for Unearthed. Here at the end of the year. 5 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:25,320 Speaker 1: Our most recent previous installment of Unearthed left off approximately 6 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:28,280 Speaker 1: in August, so for folks that are new to the show, 7 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,800 Speaker 1: this is the time of year when we talk about 8 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:34,400 Speaker 1: things that were literally or figuratively unearthed over the past 9 00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:37,159 Speaker 1: however many months, and in this case to day, it's 10 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: from approximately September until mid December, or at least that's 11 00:00:42,159 --> 00:00:44,960 Speaker 1: when we found out about them. I think this episode 12 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:47,240 Speaker 1: is coming out at the very end of December beginning 13 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:50,160 Speaker 1: of January, so there's going to be just a week 14 00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:53,360 Speaker 1: and a half or so gap between when we record 15 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:56,400 Speaker 1: and when it's actually coming out. If any gigantic news 16 00:00:56,520 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 1: breaks and that time, it'll just go on the next 17 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:04,080 Speaker 1: one to late to like to get in there. So 18 00:01:04,120 --> 00:01:07,800 Speaker 1: today we have a lot of different stuff, including updates 19 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:11,920 Speaker 1: to previous episodes, some books and letters, shipwrecks which are 20 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:14,640 Speaker 1: a big favorite, and some animal finds, along with some 21 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:17,800 Speaker 1: a few other categories. And then next time, we will 22 00:01:17,800 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: have the edibles and potables and the clothing and accessories 23 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:25,040 Speaker 1: and the exclamations as examples of what we'll have next time. 24 00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: So first up, we're gonna talk about some episode updates, 25 00:01:27,720 --> 00:01:31,399 Speaker 1: starting with a recent headline. On December sixteenth, officials in 26 00:01:31,440 --> 00:01:35,200 Speaker 1: Oklahoma announced the results of ground penetrating radar scans that 27 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,800 Speaker 1: were used to look for signs of mass graves associated 28 00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: with the massacre in Greenwood, also known as the Tulsa 29 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,959 Speaker 1: Race Riot. The team had focused on areas that were 30 00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:48,720 Speaker 1: mentioned as possible mass grave sites in the two thousand 31 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:51,960 Speaker 1: one report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa 32 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:56,280 Speaker 1: Race Riot, and this included Oaklawn Cemetery, New Block Park, 33 00:01:56,600 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: and an area near the Arkansas River known as the Canes. 34 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:03,880 Speaker 1: So nothing is official yet from this survey. This was 35 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:06,280 Speaker 1: one of those things that they were doing to see 36 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:08,880 Speaker 1: where they should look closer, and they did find two 37 00:02:08,960 --> 00:02:12,440 Speaker 1: areas in Oaklawn Cemetery and one in the Canes that 38 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:15,720 Speaker 1: they said, we're consistent with a possible mass burial site 39 00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:19,560 Speaker 1: on these sites warranted a closer look. Negotiations are also 40 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:22,840 Speaker 1: still ongoing with another cemetery that had been mentioned in 41 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:26,400 Speaker 1: that report that cemetery hadn't yet given permission for the 42 00:02:26,440 --> 00:02:29,600 Speaker 1: work to take place, and this announcement was made just 43 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: a couple of days before we recorded this episode, so 44 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:36,480 Speaker 1: this is still ongoing. I was driving back on a 45 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,680 Speaker 1: road trip from Florida to Atlanta when this news broke 46 00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:44,239 Speaker 1: and my phone would not stop going off. Our episode 47 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:47,839 Speaker 1: on the Tulsa Massacre came out in and we re 48 00:02:47,919 --> 00:02:50,480 Speaker 1: aired it as a Saturday Classic in November of this year, 49 00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:53,240 Speaker 1: after it was featured in the opening episode of the 50 00:02:53,360 --> 00:02:56,720 Speaker 1: HBO show Watchman. Yeah, if you have not watched the 51 00:02:56,800 --> 00:03:00,960 Speaker 1: show Watchman, it sort of becomes uh part of the 52 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:05,520 Speaker 1: whole thread of the season, which I thought was really interesting. Um. 53 00:03:05,639 --> 00:03:08,600 Speaker 1: This is also one where I first heard that the 54 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:12,240 Speaker 1: announcement was coming before the announcement had actually been made. 55 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:14,440 Speaker 1: But the article that I was reading about it made 56 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,600 Speaker 1: it sound like it wasn't coming out until the following Monday, 57 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: rather than the Monday that it came out on, and 58 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:22,000 Speaker 1: I was like, Oh, I really wish we could talk 59 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:24,560 Speaker 1: about this, And then it turned out it was exactly 60 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:27,679 Speaker 1: the right time to get it into the episode. Previous 61 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: hosts of our show to move on to something else 62 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 1: talked about the Bayou Tapestry in July and that tapestry 63 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:37,200 Speaker 1: tells the story of the Norman conquest of England, but 64 00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:40,440 Speaker 1: there's been some debate about where exactly it was made, 65 00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:43,880 Speaker 1: who made it, and who they made it for. According 66 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:47,480 Speaker 1: to research published in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 67 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:51,080 Speaker 1: the Baioux Tapestry was specifically designed to be displayed in 68 00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: the Baiou Cathedral in Normandy, France, on the north, south, 69 00:03:54,840 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: and west walls of the cathedral's nave. We already knew 70 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 1: that's where it hung in the fifteenth century, but according 71 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:03,520 Speaker 1: to this research, that wasn't just a place that someone 72 00:04:03,560 --> 00:04:06,120 Speaker 1: figured out to put it where it would fit. That 73 00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:08,920 Speaker 1: is where it was always supposed to go. So this 74 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: doesn't answer ongoing questions about who exactly commissioned or made 75 00:04:13,640 --> 00:04:16,480 Speaker 1: this piece, but it does suggest that whoever designed it 76 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:19,560 Speaker 1: and planned out its construction had at least visited this 77 00:04:19,680 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 1: cathedral and either took measurements or had access to the 78 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:26,320 Speaker 1: dimensions of the nave. The cathedral as it stands today 79 00:04:26,440 --> 00:04:28,159 Speaker 1: is very different from the way it looked when the 80 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:32,320 Speaker 1: Biou Tapestry was created, so this research required Christopher Norton 81 00:04:32,360 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 1: from the University of York to figure out the naves 82 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:38,520 Speaker 1: earlier dimensions, including where the choir screen would have gone 83 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:44,040 Speaker 1: based on written documents and surviving architectural features, and another find. 84 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:47,279 Speaker 1: A team at Yama Gotta University in Japan studied the 85 00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:51,680 Speaker 1: Nasca Lines between eighteen and in November of this year, 86 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:55,000 Speaker 1: they announced their findings, which included the presence of a 87 00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:59,880 Speaker 1: hundred and forty three previously undocumented petroglyphs on the west 88 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:03,760 Speaker 1: inside of the Nasca plateau. One of them was detected 89 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:07,000 Speaker 1: through artificial intelligence and then confirmed by a human that 90 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:10,599 Speaker 1: particular petroglyph is about five meters tall and seems to 91 00:05:10,720 --> 00:05:14,479 Speaker 1: represent a person. In addition to these discoveries, the team 92 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:18,200 Speaker 1: used artificial intelligence to analyze aerial footage and in the 93 00:05:18,279 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: process they spotted at least another five hundred potential petroglyphs, 94 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:24,880 Speaker 1: which need to be evaluated by a human being before 95 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:28,159 Speaker 1: they can be confirmed. Our episode on the Nasca Lines 96 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:30,920 Speaker 1: came out in September, and there have been a few 97 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:34,920 Speaker 1: Unearthed episode updates on the line since then. In an 98 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:38,880 Speaker 1: update to a previous unearthed in the autumn of this year, 99 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:42,279 Speaker 1: and onearthed we talked about new evidence about the extent 100 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:46,240 Speaker 1: of the plague of Justinian, also called the justiniac plague, 101 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:49,279 Speaker 1: and according to research that was published in the December 102 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:52,760 Speaker 1: second issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:55,320 Speaker 1: it turns out that plague might not have been such 104 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:59,440 Speaker 1: a big deal. Actually, Researchers from the University of Maryland's 105 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:04,279 Speaker 1: nash nl Socio Environmental Synthesis Center concluded that reports of 106 00:06:04,279 --> 00:06:08,920 Speaker 1: the plague's effects might have been exaggerated. Basically, it's long 107 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: been described as a pandemic that killed between a third 108 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:14,880 Speaker 1: and a half of the population of the Mediterranean, but 109 00:06:14,920 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 1: there's no evidence of that scale of death. For example, 110 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 1: such a huge death toll would have affected agricultural output, 111 00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:24,680 Speaker 1: which would have affected pollen levels, but that doesn't seem 112 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:27,760 Speaker 1: to be reflected in the physical records. They also couldn't 113 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,360 Speaker 1: see any shifts in burial practices, which often come about 114 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:34,039 Speaker 1: after a plague because of the huge numbers of bodies 115 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:37,679 Speaker 1: that need to be buried. So between these two uh 116 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:40,920 Speaker 1: findings that we've talked about, it seems like maybe this 117 00:06:40,960 --> 00:06:45,080 Speaker 1: plague reached farther than was previously believed, but might not 118 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: have been as lethal as it has been reported. According 119 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: to a different paper in the journal Current Biology, DNA 120 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:58,000 Speaker 1: research has confirmed that the Carolina parakeet became extinct due 121 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:03,160 Speaker 1: to human activity. Researchers sequenced the parakeets full genome along 122 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:05,839 Speaker 1: with the DNA of the sun parakeet, which is a 123 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:09,640 Speaker 1: related bird that still lives today, and they wanted to 124 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:12,440 Speaker 1: figure out when these two species diverged from each other 125 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:15,840 Speaker 1: and also look for evidence of what caused the Carolina 126 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:20,640 Speaker 1: parakeets extinction. When they sequenced the Carolina parakeets DNA, they 127 00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:24,360 Speaker 1: didn't find evidence of inbreeding or population decline that would 128 00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:27,280 Speaker 1: be expected if the bird had been threatened or endangered 129 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:30,880 Speaker 1: for some time before going extinct, so they concluded that 130 00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:34,120 Speaker 1: the extinction was sudden and abrupt, which means it was 131 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:37,960 Speaker 1: probably caused by humans. We talked about the Carolina parakeet 132 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:42,560 Speaker 1: and its extinction in our episode on end Lings, and 133 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:46,320 Speaker 1: then to finish out the updates just last week, we 134 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:49,920 Speaker 1: talked about Ethiopia's rock hewn churches and the introduction of 135 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,360 Speaker 1: Christianity to Ethiopia during the time of the Oxymite Empire, 136 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,600 Speaker 1: and then the exact same day as we recorded that episode, 137 00:07:56,920 --> 00:07:59,920 Speaker 1: a paper was published in the journal Antiquity that detail 138 00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:04,040 Speaker 1: the excavation of the oximate town of Beta Somati. I 139 00:08:04,080 --> 00:08:06,720 Speaker 1: feel like sometimes all we need to invoke a study 140 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:09,560 Speaker 1: publishing is to record an episode about a topic that 141 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:13,800 Speaker 1: does feel that way sometimes. Uh. This excavation unearthed a 142 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:16,520 Speaker 1: part of the city that showed signs of both domestic 143 00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:20,880 Speaker 1: life and commercial activities like manufacturing and trade. It also 144 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:24,000 Speaker 1: on earth a basilica that shows evidence of both religious 145 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:27,560 Speaker 1: and administrative activities, along with some blending of pagan and 146 00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 1: early Christian traditions. Various items at the basilica date back 147 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 1: to between the years two d fifty eight and sixty five, 148 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:37,760 Speaker 1: and archaeologists who worked on the excavation believe that it 149 00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:41,040 Speaker 1: may be one of the first churches constructed outside the 150 00:08:41,080 --> 00:08:45,760 Speaker 1: capital of Axum after the introduction of Christianity. Another notable 151 00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: find at this site is a gold and Carnelian ring. 152 00:08:49,559 --> 00:08:52,880 Speaker 1: The rings design is described as really Roman, but the 153 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:56,120 Speaker 1: insignia that is carved into it is a bull's head 154 00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:59,280 Speaker 1: that looks a lot more African. This paper was published, 155 00:08:59,280 --> 00:09:01,880 Speaker 1: as Tracy had said, in the journal Antiquity, and the 156 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:04,320 Speaker 1: authors noted that there is still a lot more research 157 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:06,800 Speaker 1: to be done at the site, but that so far 158 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:10,160 Speaker 1: it suggests a lot of blending and overlap between Oxomite 159 00:09:10,160 --> 00:09:14,440 Speaker 1: and Preoxomite culture and pagan and Christian religions, rather than 160 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:17,400 Speaker 1: a sudden shift that followed changes in the ruling dynasty 161 00:09:17,440 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: of the region. To move on to the books and 162 00:09:20,320 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: letters in this edition of Unearthed, Murasaki Shikibu's eleventh century 163 00:09:25,160 --> 00:09:28,400 Speaker 1: The Tale of Ganji is a classic in Japanese literature, 164 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:31,200 Speaker 1: but there aren't any copies of it that date back 165 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: to her lifetime. The oldest and most complete surviving version 166 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:38,280 Speaker 1: of it that we have today is called the Aobyoshiban 167 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: or Blue Cover Book, and that has become the standard 168 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:45,680 Speaker 1: text for most translations of her work. Four of its 169 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:49,199 Speaker 1: chapters are confirmed to have been handwritten by the man 170 00:09:49,240 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 1: who compiled it in the thirteenth century. That was the 171 00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 1: poet Fujiwara no Taka. Now there is a fifth chapter 172 00:09:56,720 --> 00:10:00,440 Speaker 1: thanks to a newly unearthed manuscript. Apart from so minor 173 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:03,800 Speaker 1: copying errors, the other four chapters seemed to be identical 174 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:07,800 Speaker 1: to previously known copies, and this newly confirmed fifth chapter 175 00:10:07,960 --> 00:10:11,880 Speaker 1: details Genji's meeting his future wife, a character named Mourasaki. 176 00:10:12,280 --> 00:10:14,959 Speaker 1: The manuscript that this chapter was found in had been 177 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:18,120 Speaker 1: passed down through the Okochee family, who were descended from 178 00:10:18,160 --> 00:10:21,480 Speaker 1: a Japanese feudal lord. This manuscript had been in the 179 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:25,680 Speaker 1: family's possession since seventeen forty three, so the manuscript itself 180 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:29,560 Speaker 1: wasn't something that was previously unknown. In April, though, the 181 00:10:29,600 --> 00:10:33,000 Speaker 1: family asked for experts to evaluate the manuscript, and the 182 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:36,080 Speaker 1: announcement that it contained this fifth chapter of the Tale 183 00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:39,040 Speaker 1: of Genji came in October. So if you're thinking I 184 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:41,920 Speaker 1: wish I knew more about this Murasaki Shikibu person and 185 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:45,520 Speaker 1: the Tale of Genji, just stay tuned. Yeah, stay tuned 186 00:10:45,520 --> 00:10:51,560 Speaker 1: pretty soon. Actually. Uh. Chris Rolston at the Columbian College 187 00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:55,480 Speaker 1: of Arts and Sciences at George Washington University to move 188 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:59,120 Speaker 1: on to another story, is using advanced imaging to study 189 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:02,920 Speaker 1: notes that were on two thousand year old pottery fragments. 190 00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:06,440 Speaker 1: So pottery fragments that contain some kind of inscriptions are 191 00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:09,840 Speaker 1: writing on them are called ostrica, and these ostrica in 192 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:14,120 Speaker 1: particular were excavated in Jordan's in Night, but they were 193 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:17,680 Speaker 1: thought to have been subsequently lost until more recently in 194 00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:20,680 Speaker 1: Ralston's own words. These were like the post it notes 195 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:24,079 Speaker 1: of antiquity. When a useful pot or vessel broke, people 196 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:26,360 Speaker 1: would keep the pieces and then use them to jot 197 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:29,840 Speaker 1: down things they needed to remember temporarily, like ancient shopping 198 00:11:29,880 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: lists or reminders of errands that they needed to run. 199 00:11:33,160 --> 00:11:35,280 Speaker 1: The notes on these fragments were made with an ash 200 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:38,280 Speaker 1: based ink that is largely faded now, so multi spectral 201 00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:40,600 Speaker 1: imaging is being used to try to get a better look. 202 00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:44,000 Speaker 1: Even though these fragments of pottery don't contain what we 203 00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:47,400 Speaker 1: might really think of as important information, there's still a 204 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:50,600 Speaker 1: potential source of new knowledge about the past, so called 205 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:53,880 Speaker 1: important official documents. At the time, we're mostly written down 206 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:56,880 Speaker 1: on things like papyrus and animal skin, so thanks to 207 00:11:57,000 --> 00:11:59,760 Speaker 1: climate conditions and the passage of time, a lot of 208 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,160 Speaker 1: them have not survived until the present. The site where 209 00:12:03,160 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: the fragments were found is also associated with a lot 210 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:09,360 Speaker 1: of historical figures like King Herod and John the Baptists, 211 00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:11,640 Speaker 1: so who knows. It may turn out that even though 212 00:12:11,679 --> 00:12:14,400 Speaker 1: these are sort of jotted down personal notes, they may 213 00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:17,640 Speaker 1: actually wind up containing some references to people or events 214 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:20,520 Speaker 1: that are still more known about today. Moving on, Dr 215 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:23,680 Speaker 1: John Mark Philo, an honorary fellow in English Studies at 216 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:26,920 Speaker 1: the University of East Anglia, has unearthed Queen Elizabeth the 217 00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:31,200 Speaker 1: first translations of the Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus. 218 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:33,960 Speaker 1: At least there is a lot of evidence to suggest 219 00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:36,880 Speaker 1: that that's what he found. It's written on paper that 220 00:12:36,920 --> 00:12:40,720 Speaker 1: Elizabeth's secretaries were fond of using, and it has corrections 221 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:43,880 Speaker 1: in what looks to be the Queen's handwriting and Filo's 222 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:46,720 Speaker 1: words quote. The corrections made to the translation are a 223 00:12:46,760 --> 00:12:49,840 Speaker 1: match for Elizabeth's late hand which was, to put it 224 00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:53,960 Speaker 1: mildly idiosyncratic. The higher you are in the social hierarchy 225 00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:57,000 Speaker 1: of Tutor England, the messier you can let your handwriting become. 226 00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:01,559 Speaker 1: For the queen. Comprehension is somebody else's problem. A paper 227 00:13:01,679 --> 00:13:04,520 Speaker 1: published on November twenty nine in the Review of English 228 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:07,480 Speaker 1: Studies details some other clues as to why this is 229 00:13:07,559 --> 00:13:11,400 Speaker 1: believed to be Elizabeth's work. This includes water marks in 230 00:13:11,440 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 1: the paper and some comparisons to the handwriting of people 231 00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:17,640 Speaker 1: who were known to have worked as scribes for the Queen. 232 00:13:17,880 --> 00:13:19,840 Speaker 1: And after we take a quick sponsor break, we're gonna 233 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:30,480 Speaker 1: move on to shipwrecks. And there are a lot of them, 234 00:13:30,520 --> 00:13:33,720 Speaker 1: so to move on to the shipwrecks. The remains of 235 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:37,000 Speaker 1: the schooner's Pestigo and St. Andrew's have been found in 236 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:41,040 Speaker 1: northern Lake Michigan. These two vessels collided and sank in 237 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:45,160 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy eight. They were basically headed in opposite directions, 238 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: with the Pastigo loaded with coal and the St. Andrew's 239 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:51,520 Speaker 1: loaded with corn, and the two of them apparently collided 240 00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:56,320 Speaker 1: due to misunderstood torch signals. Bernie Hellstrom first spotted the 241 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:59,160 Speaker 1: find in June using a bottom sounder and then took 242 00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:02,320 Speaker 1: pictures of it with a submersible camera, but it wasn't 243 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:05,400 Speaker 1: immediately clear what vessels these were because they were about 244 00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:08,240 Speaker 1: fifty miles from where the Pestigo and the St. Andrews 245 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:11,560 Speaker 1: were believed to have collided. Divers has since been to 246 00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:14,120 Speaker 1: the site with cameras and the schooners are described as 247 00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,920 Speaker 1: being in an amazing state of preservation. In other news, 248 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:22,240 Speaker 1: maritime archaeologists in Sweden have discovered two wrecks that they 249 00:14:22,240 --> 00:14:25,360 Speaker 1: think date back to the seventeenth century. Both of them 250 00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:28,520 Speaker 1: are warships, and one of them maybe the sister ship 251 00:14:28,560 --> 00:14:31,120 Speaker 1: to the Vassa which sank on its maiden voyage and 252 00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:35,560 Speaker 1: was also covered in our previous episode More Shipwrecked Stories Battleships. 253 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: Back in twleven, three four hundred year old shipwrecks have 254 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:43,240 Speaker 1: been unearthed in central Gothenburg, Sweden, during construction work on 255 00:14:43,280 --> 00:14:47,160 Speaker 1: a new railway line. It wasn't an altogether surprising find. 256 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:49,880 Speaker 1: The area that they were discovered used to be a 257 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:52,440 Speaker 1: harbor in the sixteen hundreds, but it was filled in 258 00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:55,360 Speaker 1: in the eighteen hundreds. What is not known is whether 259 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: these ships were wrecked accidentally or if they were deliberately 260 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 1: scuttled for some reason. They were made of oak and 261 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,800 Speaker 1: measured fifteen to twenty meters in length, and based on 262 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:07,400 Speaker 1: their size, they are believed to have been cargo ships. 263 00:15:07,960 --> 00:15:12,240 Speaker 1: In other news, four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk at 264 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,240 Speaker 1: the Battle of Midway in nineteen forty two, and in 265 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:18,520 Speaker 1: October it was announced that two of them have been found, 266 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:22,400 Speaker 1: the Kaga and the Akagi. Until this point, the only 267 00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:25,080 Speaker 1: sunken vessel from the Battle of Midway to be discovered 268 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:28,640 Speaker 1: was the Yorktown, which was found in nine and as 269 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:30,520 Speaker 1: was the case with some of the other shipwrecks we 270 00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:33,080 Speaker 1: have talked about, on the show. The Kaga and the 271 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:36,840 Speaker 1: Akagi were found by researchers using the research vessel Petrol, 272 00:15:37,240 --> 00:15:39,480 Speaker 1: which was owned by the late Paul Allen, and they 273 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:42,360 Speaker 1: were working in conjunction with the U. S. Navy. Uh, 274 00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:44,360 Speaker 1: it seems like we somehow missed this one, But the 275 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:46,920 Speaker 1: r V Petrol also found the wreck of the USS 276 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,960 Speaker 1: Hornet in late January. The Hornet was part of the 277 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:52,400 Speaker 1: Doolittle Raid, which we talked about on the show in 278 00:15:52,480 --> 00:15:55,440 Speaker 1: February of sixteen, and it sank during the Battle of 279 00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 1: Santa Cruz Island in nineteen forty two. When we were 280 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:01,680 Speaker 1: on tour in Texas, one of my lift drivers asked 281 00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:04,120 Speaker 1: me about this fine, and I felt silly because I 282 00:16:04,160 --> 00:16:07,600 Speaker 1: didn't know what to tell him. Yeah, it's like I 283 00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: don't recall, but that doesn't mean anything. Yeah, we have 284 00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:15,280 Speaker 1: a lot of different ways of trying to keep track 285 00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:17,240 Speaker 1: with all of these different fines during the year. But 286 00:16:17,280 --> 00:16:20,440 Speaker 1: I really think we somehow just missed this one, Maybe 287 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,560 Speaker 1: because it was in January and there's kind of a 288 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:25,400 Speaker 1: lot going on at the very start of the year. 289 00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:27,560 Speaker 1: I don't know. Yeah, that was a case where I 290 00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:29,640 Speaker 1: had mentioned to this driver. I don't even know how 291 00:16:29,640 --> 00:16:32,640 Speaker 1: we got on it that I had grown up in 292 00:16:32,680 --> 00:16:35,240 Speaker 1: northwest Florida for part of my life, and we talked 293 00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:37,520 Speaker 1: about Hurlbert Field and he said, oh, and then he 294 00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:39,480 Speaker 1: wanted to talk about Jimmy Doolittle a lot, and that's 295 00:16:39,480 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: how we landed. So Ken, should you be listening? Thank you? 296 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:48,440 Speaker 1: That was a lovely riding conversation. Oh good. Another nineteen 297 00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:51,800 Speaker 1: forty two shipwrecks the HMS Urge, which was part of 298 00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: the British tenth submarine Floortill. It departed from Malta on 299 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:58,040 Speaker 1: April seven, nineteen forty two, but then it never made 300 00:16:58,040 --> 00:17:02,160 Speaker 1: it to Alexandria, Egypt, and its fate was unknown until 301 00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:05,440 Speaker 1: this year's discovery. Off the coast of Malta. They found 302 00:17:05,440 --> 00:17:08,000 Speaker 1: the Urge in about four hundred feet of water. That 303 00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:11,439 Speaker 1: discovery was announced in November, and it appears that the 304 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:15,439 Speaker 1: vessel was sunk by a mine. In a somewhat similar mystery, 305 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:20,359 Speaker 1: the USS gray Back left Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on January 306 00:17:20,680 --> 00:17:23,320 Speaker 1: for a combat patrol, but it never made it back. 307 00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:25,840 Speaker 1: And before that point, the gray Back had been regarded 308 00:17:25,880 --> 00:17:29,440 Speaker 1: as one of the most successful submarines in the U. S. Navy, 309 00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:33,280 Speaker 1: based on Japanese war records. US officials thought they had 310 00:17:33,280 --> 00:17:36,879 Speaker 1: an approximate idea of where this vessel might have been sunk, 311 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: but it turned out that the translation of the longitude 312 00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:45,000 Speaker 1: and latitude in those Japanese documents wasn't correct. When officials 313 00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:48,240 Speaker 1: began going back through old records last year, they found 314 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 1: a reference to a Japanese bomber striking a submarine on February. 315 00:17:54,480 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 1: It turns out that this was the Gray Back, more 316 00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:58,960 Speaker 1: than one hundred miles from where the U s had 317 00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:03,080 Speaker 1: previously thought that it had gone down. Private explorers with 318 00:18:03,119 --> 00:18:05,520 Speaker 1: the Lost fifty two project, which was founded to try 319 00:18:05,520 --> 00:18:09,520 Speaker 1: to find missing US World War two submarines, made the discovery. 320 00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: Based on that new information, a team from Bournemouth University 321 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: and the Marine Archaeology c Trust, supported by the National 322 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,200 Speaker 1: Museum of the Royal Navy, has been excavating the wreck 323 00:18:20,280 --> 00:18:23,760 Speaker 1: of the h M S Invincible. This was originally a 324 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:27,240 Speaker 1: French ship called Love on Ceb and it was captured 325 00:18:27,240 --> 00:18:30,240 Speaker 1: by the British Navy in seventeen forty seven before running 326 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: aground and sinking in seventeen fifty eight. Fines from this 327 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:36,840 Speaker 1: excavation included a lot of objects that point to everyday 328 00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:40,880 Speaker 1: life on the ship, including wig curler's clay pipes, bottles, 329 00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:43,800 Speaker 1: and a mop head and bucket. Many of these items 330 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,440 Speaker 1: will ultimately go on display at the National Museum of 331 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:49,640 Speaker 1: the Royal Navy. The water level markers that had been 332 00:18:49,720 --> 00:18:52,119 Speaker 1: hand cut into the side of the ship are still 333 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:55,159 Speaker 1: also visible more than two hundred sixty years after it 334 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,520 Speaker 1: went down. And in our last shipwreck of this edition, 335 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:02,239 Speaker 1: a team of divers from Sweden has salvaged hundreds of 336 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 1: bottles of liquor from a World War One era shipwreck. 337 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:08,320 Speaker 1: The Cryos, was in route to Russia when it was 338 00:19:08,359 --> 00:19:12,240 Speaker 1: sunk by a German submarine in nineteen seventeen, carrying all 339 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:15,040 Speaker 1: that liquor. The salvage group that did this work is 340 00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:19,440 Speaker 1: known as Ocean X and specializes in salvaging alcohol from shipwrecks. 341 00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:22,840 Speaker 1: It's a very niche career, uh. They brought up six 342 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:25,760 Speaker 1: hundred bottles of Kognac and three hundred bottles of an 343 00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,200 Speaker 1: herbal liqueur known as benedictine. According to the rite up, 344 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:31,359 Speaker 1: they planned to have the salvage tested to see if 345 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:34,840 Speaker 1: it was still fit to drink. That amuses me because 346 00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:37,399 Speaker 1: sometimes we have updates where people there was. The test 347 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:40,480 Speaker 1: was they tried to drink it de termined that it 348 00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:45,160 Speaker 1: was undrinkable. I'm I it's not an appeal for me, 349 00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:49,080 Speaker 1: which may surprise people since we do history for a living. 350 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:53,240 Speaker 1: But like, there's plenty of perfectly fine alcohol if you 351 00:19:53,240 --> 00:19:56,359 Speaker 1: would like a cocktail available to you, Like, I don't 352 00:19:56,440 --> 00:20:01,119 Speaker 1: necessarily understand the draw of a historical liquor that may 353 00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:04,399 Speaker 1: or may not hurt you yet and also may or 354 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:09,000 Speaker 1: may not be any good anymore. Um. Yeah, So to 355 00:20:09,119 --> 00:20:11,439 Speaker 1: move on to our next subject, we have lots of 356 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:15,639 Speaker 1: fines related to animals. Thanks to a combination of DNA 357 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:20,080 Speaker 1: analysis and carbon fourteen dating, an interdisciplinary team of scientists 358 00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:24,679 Speaker 1: in Iceland has confirmed that Iceland's now extinct population of 359 00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:28,959 Speaker 1: walruses was genetically distinct, and that they went extinct not 360 00:20:29,119 --> 00:20:33,000 Speaker 1: long after the North first settled Iceland. It was already known, 361 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 1: or at least strongly suggested that there were once walruses 362 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:39,399 Speaker 1: in Iceland. Aside from the remains that were studied in 363 00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:43,320 Speaker 1: this research, the Icelandic sagas and other literature include references 364 00:20:43,359 --> 00:20:46,280 Speaker 1: to walrus hunting, and there are also places that are 365 00:20:46,359 --> 00:20:50,040 Speaker 1: named for walruses. In other news researchers in Junan Province, 366 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,960 Speaker 1: China have looked at fishbones to determine that people there 367 00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:59,560 Speaker 1: have been practicing aquaculture for eight thousand years, specifically with 368 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:02,439 Speaker 1: car farming dating all the way back to between sixty 369 00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:06,240 Speaker 1: two d and fifty hundred BC. There were already known 370 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: written references to carp farming going back to the first 371 00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: millennium b C, but it wasn't clear how long before 372 00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:15,600 Speaker 1: that it had existed, and it is still unclear exactly 373 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:19,280 Speaker 1: when and where aquaculture first started. For this research, the 374 00:21:19,359 --> 00:21:23,320 Speaker 1: team looked at fish remains, specifically the remains of five 375 00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:27,040 Speaker 1: hundred and eighty eight fish. They studied how old and 376 00:21:27,119 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 1: how large these carp were when they died, and their 377 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:32,280 Speaker 1: findings suggested that the majority of them were at their 378 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:34,840 Speaker 1: peak in terms of maturity, which would be a really 379 00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:38,080 Speaker 1: unusual age for them to have all died naturally in 380 00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:42,040 Speaker 1: the wild. They also found areas where the concentration of 381 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,680 Speaker 1: carp versus other fish was a lot higher than would 382 00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:49,040 Speaker 1: occur naturally in the wild. After examining all of this, 383 00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:52,760 Speaker 1: an international team put together a three phase model of 384 00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:57,080 Speaker 1: the development of aquaculture in Hunan Province. First, people fished 385 00:21:57,119 --> 00:22:00,959 Speaker 1: in marshy areas during the carp spawning season. Then they 386 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:04,600 Speaker 1: started digging channels and employing other water management techniques to 387 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:08,199 Speaker 1: encourage the carp to spawn in certain places, and then 388 00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:11,239 Speaker 1: in the last phase, people started managing carp spawning from 389 00:22:11,320 --> 00:22:14,920 Speaker 1: beginning to end, with humans caring for both spawning beds 390 00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:19,120 Speaker 1: and ponds for growing fish or fish habitats in patty fields. 391 00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:24,200 Speaker 1: Researchers in Egypt have been studying the sacred mummified ibises 392 00:22:24,280 --> 00:22:27,440 Speaker 1: that are found in Egyptian catacombs, and there are a 393 00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:31,000 Speaker 1: lot of these mummified birds. That's led to questions about 394 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:34,960 Speaker 1: how exactly Egyptians got so many of them. Some ancient 395 00:22:35,040 --> 00:22:37,840 Speaker 1: texts suggest that they might have been domesticated and raised 396 00:22:38,040 --> 00:22:42,040 Speaker 1: specifically so that they could be sacrificed and mummified, but 397 00:22:42,520 --> 00:22:45,840 Speaker 1: like that wasn't completely certain. According to DNA studies of 398 00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:50,440 Speaker 1: birds from six Egyptian catacombs, these mummified birds were really diverse, 399 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:53,760 Speaker 1: far more diverse than might be expected from an ongoing 400 00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:57,760 Speaker 1: captive breeding population and comparable to what would be expected 401 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:00,600 Speaker 1: in the wild. So it's possible at these birds were 402 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:03,399 Speaker 1: captured rather than farmed, or that they were farmed for 403 00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 1: brief periods when they were needed for these mummifications, and 404 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: in our last animal update, the ARC Center of Excellence 405 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:15,040 Speaker 1: for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage has been trying to determine 406 00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:19,200 Speaker 1: what exactly caused Australia's mega fauna to go extinct. Their 407 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:24,640 Speaker 1: research included mathematical models, climate research, fossil studies and archaeological records, 408 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:27,960 Speaker 1: and their conclusion was that human activity was a big 409 00:23:28,040 --> 00:23:30,639 Speaker 1: part of this. Not all that surprisingly that comes up 410 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: a lot, but there was also probably a connection to 411 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:37,040 Speaker 1: the reduced availability of drinking water because of a shifting climate. 412 00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:40,040 Speaker 1: The lead author of the paper noted that this is 413 00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,080 Speaker 1: particularly important work because this is one of the oldest 414 00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:47,000 Speaker 1: extinctions to begin after the spread of modern humans out 415 00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:49,719 Speaker 1: of Africa. We're gonna have a little bit more on Unearthed. 416 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: After we first paused for a little sponsor break. We 417 00:23:58,960 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 1: have a few a sort of random medieval era finds. Next. First, 418 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:09,959 Speaker 1: the Archbishop of London has donated a handbell known as 419 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:13,240 Speaker 1: the Naka Temple Handbell to the National Museum of Ireland. 420 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:15,840 Speaker 1: That bell is believed to date back to the eighth 421 00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:18,320 Speaker 1: or ninth century, and it's been in possession of the 422 00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:22,639 Speaker 1: archdiocese since the nineteen twenties. It is not clear how 423 00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:25,240 Speaker 1: this bell came to be in the possession of the archdiocese, 424 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:27,959 Speaker 1: but it's believed that a priest bought it at an auction. 425 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:32,440 Speaker 1: In nineteen fifteen. Cormack Bork, a curator of medieval antiquities 426 00:24:32,480 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: at the Ulster Museum of Belfast, managed to track down 427 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:39,240 Speaker 1: the bell by going through archival records. Once the archdiocese 428 00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:42,040 Speaker 1: released what they had, they offered to donate it. In 429 00:24:42,160 --> 00:24:46,600 Speaker 1: a totally different story, thieves broke into a medieval cathedral 430 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:50,720 Speaker 1: in all Aron Samarine in southern France by tying a 431 00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,840 Speaker 1: log to the roof of their car and then ramming 432 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:57,680 Speaker 1: the door with it. This cathedral was previously named a 433 00:24:57,760 --> 00:25:01,680 Speaker 1: UNESCO World Heritage Site. That happened in and the things 434 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:04,240 Speaker 1: that the thieves stole from it included gold and silver 435 00:25:04,359 --> 00:25:08,199 Speaker 1: chalices and crosses, a Nativity scene, and a sixteenth century 436 00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:10,920 Speaker 1: cape that had been donated by King Francis the First 437 00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:14,680 Speaker 1: along with other artifacts. That makes me real mad. Yeah, 438 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:16,399 Speaker 1: it made a lot of people really mad. Like I 439 00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:19,960 Speaker 1: saw so many outraged tweets about the ramming with the 440 00:25:20,080 --> 00:25:24,639 Speaker 1: log car. Yeah, that's just jerkery. We are moving on 441 00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:28,919 Speaker 1: to medieval Japan. Large parts of Shouty Castle in Okinawa 442 00:25:29,040 --> 00:25:32,320 Speaker 1: were destroyed in a fire in October. This complex of 443 00:25:32,359 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 1: buildings was actually a reconstruction, as the original fourteenth century 444 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:38,639 Speaker 1: buildings had been destroyed in World War Two during the 445 00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:42,080 Speaker 1: Battle of Okinawa, but the reconstruction was determined to be 446 00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:45,040 Speaker 1: authentic enough that it was named a UNESCO World Heritage 447 00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: Site in two thousand. As of the day of the fire, 448 00:25:48,119 --> 00:25:51,320 Speaker 1: the plan was to rebuild the site again. And our 449 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:57,160 Speaker 1: last grouping of topics for this first part of Unearthed 450 00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:01,560 Speaker 1: is historical inequality. Several papers published over the last few 451 00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:04,080 Speaker 1: months have looked at the historical roots of social and 452 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,320 Speaker 1: economic inequality, and we're going to just hit some of 453 00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:10,960 Speaker 1: the highlights. First up. Researchers from the Santa Fe Institute 454 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:14,600 Speaker 1: are challenging the long held idea that social and economic 455 00:26:14,720 --> 00:26:18,560 Speaker 1: inequality started to evolve really as soon as societies started 456 00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:22,679 Speaker 1: transitioning from hunting and gathering to agriculture. In this research, 457 00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:25,520 Speaker 1: the team studied information from a hundred and fifty different 458 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 1: archaeological sites, and they looked at different types of wealth 459 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:33,919 Speaker 1: across different societies. They concluded that economic inequality didn't really 460 00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:38,359 Speaker 1: develop until several millennia after the development of agriculture. They 461 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:41,200 Speaker 1: concluded that the likely shift was the introduction of the 462 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:44,760 Speaker 1: ox drawn plow, which was used mostly or exclusively for 463 00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:48,680 Speaker 1: plowing and similar work, rather than people cultivating their land 464 00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:51,760 Speaker 1: by hand with hose or occasionally by using a milk 465 00:26:51,920 --> 00:26:55,520 Speaker 1: cow or other cattle to try to plow. In addition 466 00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,240 Speaker 1: to the fact that only the more affluent could afford 467 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,560 Speaker 1: the cost associated with an and a plow, the ox 468 00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:04,960 Speaker 1: also replaced human labor, and that made land more valuable 469 00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:07,080 Speaker 1: than the human labor that was needed to work it. 470 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:11,440 Speaker 1: Samuel Bowls, who co authored this study, compared neolithic oxen 471 00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:14,600 Speaker 1: to today's robots, saying quote the effect was the same 472 00:27:14,640 --> 00:27:18,440 Speaker 1: as today, growing economic disparities between those who owned the 473 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:22,480 Speaker 1: robots and those who's worked the robots displaced moving on. 474 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:25,120 Speaker 1: According to a paper published in the Journal of Political 475 00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:29,280 Speaker 1: Economy called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution and the Origins of 476 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:33,199 Speaker 1: Private Property, the establishment of private property may have been 477 00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:37,160 Speaker 1: connected to the rise of agriculture in Mesopotamia. The papers 478 00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:40,280 Speaker 1: authors cited a number of studies suggesting that the first 479 00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:43,920 Speaker 1: farmers actually had a harder time than hunter gatherers, with 480 00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:48,399 Speaker 1: a day's work in agriculture initially yielding fewer calories than 481 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: a day of hunting or foraging, So then why do it. 482 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:56,840 Speaker 1: Their interpretation is that private property might have encouraged people 483 00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,240 Speaker 1: who had the means to have that private property to 484 00:27:59,359 --> 00:28:03,200 Speaker 1: make that ship. With the idea of private property established, 485 00:28:03,240 --> 00:28:05,800 Speaker 1: it was easier to also establish who had the right 486 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:09,080 Speaker 1: to harvest and benefit from a cultivated crop, or who 487 00:28:09,119 --> 00:28:11,400 Speaker 1: had the rights to the meat, milk, and other products 488 00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:15,040 Speaker 1: from domestic animals that were raised on that property. A 489 00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:18,840 Speaker 1: paper published in the journal Science also looks at inequality, 490 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:23,480 Speaker 1: this time within the same household. This team studied grave 491 00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: goods in grave sites in southern Germany dating back to 492 00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:30,520 Speaker 1: about four thousand years ago. These were small burial areas 493 00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:34,160 Speaker 1: associated with single homesteads, and they found that the people 494 00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:38,520 Speaker 1: buried in each homestead often included three groups. Biologically related 495 00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:41,720 Speaker 1: people of a high social status, women who were not 496 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:44,400 Speaker 1: related to that family, and we're not local to the area, 497 00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 1: but we're also high status and local people also unrelated 498 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,560 Speaker 1: to the family, who were not as well off. So 499 00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:54,320 Speaker 1: the team noted that they could only speculate as to 500 00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:58,880 Speaker 1: whether the households, unrelated people were servants or enslaved, but 501 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:01,760 Speaker 1: that there was this path and of inequality within the households. 502 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:03,720 Speaker 1: In the words of one of the authors of the paper, 503 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:08,640 Speaker 1: quote wealth was correlated with either biological kinship or foreign origin. 504 00:29:08,920 --> 00:29:12,600 Speaker 1: The nuclear family passed on their property and status over generations, 505 00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:16,480 Speaker 1: but at every farm we also found poorly equipped people 506 00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:20,040 Speaker 1: of local origin. Based on the genetic analysis of more 507 00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:24,000 Speaker 1: than one skeletons, it also appears that these farms were 508 00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: passed out through generations through the mail line, with adult 509 00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:30,800 Speaker 1: women leaving the household and the remaining men marrying women 510 00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:33,480 Speaker 1: who had moved in from elsewhere. So that's a wrap 511 00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:37,120 Speaker 1: on our first part of our two part Unearthed this 512 00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:41,480 Speaker 1: winter time. We'll have more next time. I also have 513 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:46,520 Speaker 1: a little listener mail fabulous that is particularly apt as 514 00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:50,280 Speaker 1: related to Unearthed. This is actually a Facebook comment from 515 00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:53,920 Speaker 1: Tim tim is Uh. The comment was on our post 516 00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:57,800 Speaker 1: about um the episode about the Italian Hall disaster, and 517 00:29:57,920 --> 00:30:00,480 Speaker 1: Tim said thanks for mentioning the role that our theology 518 00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:03,520 Speaker 1: played in the process of installing the new monument and 519 00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:07,000 Speaker 1: improving the memorials landscape. Here are some articles and essays 520 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,760 Speaker 1: about the survey. Please understand that the idea was to 521 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:12,840 Speaker 1: map and identify the layers and features, but then to 522 00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:16,720 Speaker 1: avoid digging into them. We were essentially identifying the depth 523 00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,360 Speaker 1: of the soil and the sediment brought in to cover 524 00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:22,160 Speaker 1: the rubble after the building was demolished in the late 525 00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:24,920 Speaker 1: nineteen eighties. So thanks so much for that, Tim. If 526 00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:27,560 Speaker 1: you go to our Facebook page and you scroll down 527 00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:30,080 Speaker 1: until you get to the post that is um that 528 00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:34,080 Speaker 1: episode about the Italian Hall disaster, uh Tim provided us 529 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 1: with i think three different links to blog posts that 530 00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:39,520 Speaker 1: were all about this archaeology work, as well as a 531 00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:42,920 Speaker 1: video of a local newscast about it. So thanks so much, Tim. 532 00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:46,360 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us about this 533 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:49,120 Speaker 1: or any other podcast, we're at History Podcast at iHeart 534 00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:52,240 Speaker 1: radio dot com, and then we're all over social media 535 00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,240 Speaker 1: at miss in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 536 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,800 Speaker 1: and Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show on Apple, podcast, 537 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:01,960 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, and anywhere else to get 538 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:09,240 Speaker 1: your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a 539 00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:12,160 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. 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