WEBVTT - The Habsburg Jaw: Death of a Dynasty 0:00:01.080 --> 0:00:03.680 When I was a kid, I was obsessed with the 0:00:03.760 --> 0:00:14.280 nineteen eighties ABC primetime soap opera Dynasty. The series centered 0:00:14.560 --> 0:00:19.280 on the wealthy Carrington family of Denver, Colorado, a patriarch 0:00:19.360 --> 0:00:23.640 oil tycoon, and a cast of feuding family members. Let's 0:00:23.680 --> 0:00:25.520 just say that I feel as I do because we 0:00:25.600 --> 0:00:29.760 have so much in common, such as what our blood, 0:00:30.840 --> 0:00:36.960 our teens. But that dynasty, for all its drama and dysfunction, 0:00:37.479 --> 0:00:40.479 had nothing on the real life dynasties we're going to 0:00:40.520 --> 0:00:45.280 talk about today, like the Habsburgs, the family that ruled 0:00:45.440 --> 0:00:47.280 much of Europe for centuries. 0:00:47.960 --> 0:00:51.280 These people are so powerful, I mean power over tens 0:00:51.280 --> 0:00:55.080 of millions of people and gazillions of acres of land. 0:00:55.400 --> 0:00:59.560 This royal family, however, was a little too close. The 0:00:59.600 --> 0:01:03.600 final Habsburg, ruler of Spain, who died in seventeen hundred, 0:01:03.960 --> 0:01:07.520 is considered to be the most inbred royal ever. 0:01:08.240 --> 0:01:11.440 His Habsburg jaw was so pronounced that his two sets 0:01:11.440 --> 0:01:15.360 of teeth couldn't touch at all. He couldn't keep food 0:01:15.400 --> 0:01:16.040 in his mouth. 0:01:16.640 --> 0:01:19.400 In this episode, we're going to look at the practices 0:01:19.760 --> 0:01:24.920 of intermarriage and inbreeding among several major royal families and 0:01:25.000 --> 0:01:28.720 how these practices built and in some cases led to 0:01:28.760 --> 0:01:31.840 the unraveling of their respective empires. 0:01:32.319 --> 0:01:36.160 The strategy for survival and for enhancement of power becomes, 0:01:36.280 --> 0:01:39.600 especially in the Habsburg case, the recipe for its undoing. 0:01:39.959 --> 0:01:44.800 From CBS Sunday Morning and iHeart I'm Moacca and this 0:01:45.080 --> 0:01:56.840 is mobituaries, this moment, the Habsburg jaw and the death 0:01:57.040 --> 0:02:19.280 of a dynasty. Royal families and inbreeding are they kind 0:02:19.320 --> 0:02:20.560 of like peanut butter and jelly. 0:02:21.200 --> 0:02:23.880 There are two great tastes that went great together mo 0:02:24.480 --> 0:02:25.560 for a really long time. 0:02:27.120 --> 0:02:31.160 I'm talking with my friend Caroline Weber. Carries a professor 0:02:31.200 --> 0:02:35.480 of French and comparative literature at Barnard College and a 0:02:35.520 --> 0:02:36.600 best selling author. 0:02:37.040 --> 0:02:39.120 At the moment, I'm working on a book on royalty 0:02:39.160 --> 0:02:43.080 around the world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 0:02:43.120 --> 0:02:46.079 And one of the amazing things to underscore is that 0:02:46.680 --> 0:02:49.839 this kind of royal intermarriage really continued for a very 0:02:49.880 --> 0:02:52.920 long time. Even though it led to the end of 0:02:52.960 --> 0:02:57.520 some dynasties, It's persisted among a number of especially European dynasties. 0:02:57.520 --> 0:03:00.600 And the most recent example, I think, in kind of 0:03:00.600 --> 0:03:04.320 contemporary collective memory is the late Queen Elizabeth I and 0:03:04.360 --> 0:03:05.880 Prince Philip who are cousins, Who. 0:03:05.720 --> 0:03:08.119 Were cousins, and how close were their cousins. 0:03:08.360 --> 0:03:12.119 They were third cousins, so not super close by royal standards. 0:03:12.120 --> 0:03:16.720 They shared a common great great grandmother in Queen Victoria. 0:03:17.560 --> 0:03:23.399 Marriage between royal relatives has many precedents. For example, scientists 0:03:23.480 --> 0:03:27.080 believe that the parents of boy King Tutan, common in 0:03:27.160 --> 0:03:31.600 ancient Egypt, were brother and sister. In ancient Rome, Emperor 0:03:31.680 --> 0:03:36.640 Claudius married his niece Agrippina the Younger. But this practice 0:03:36.720 --> 0:03:40.880 became super charged throughout Europe from the Late Middle Ages 0:03:41.280 --> 0:03:44.360 around the year fifteen hundred all the way until the 0:03:44.400 --> 0:03:49.760 outbreak of World War One in nineteen fourteen. Now, before 0:03:49.760 --> 0:03:53.400 we get into it, let's define one word that's central 0:03:53.440 --> 0:03:56.120 to this topic, consanguinity. 0:03:56.640 --> 0:04:02.200 Consanguinity is a word that describes blood relatedness between people 0:04:02.240 --> 0:04:05.000 who marry. If you were a king and you wanted 0:04:05.040 --> 0:04:08.000 your children to be recognized as a king, you would 0:04:08.040 --> 0:04:10.520 want to marry somebody who was perceived also to be 0:04:10.760 --> 0:04:15.120 of royal blood, and that royal blood often meant that 0:04:15.160 --> 0:04:18.280 they were in some way, shape or form related to you. 0:04:18.520 --> 0:04:23.080 Wow, So consanguinity inter marriage equaled stability. 0:04:23.480 --> 0:04:26.320 Yeah, it did. It represented a few things. I mean, 0:04:26.360 --> 0:04:31.320 on the one hand, consanguinity did mean concentrating family resources 0:04:31.360 --> 0:04:34.680 and territories and keeping them as it were in the family. 0:04:35.240 --> 0:04:38.600 So that was a big part of consanguinous marriages, this 0:04:38.720 --> 0:04:42.440 idea that you weren't going to let hard won territories 0:04:42.480 --> 0:04:45.440 in your kingdom potentially pass into the hands of a 0:04:45.520 --> 0:04:50.920 rival king somewhere else. But the disadvantage, politically speaking, was 0:04:50.960 --> 0:04:54.680 that consanguinity meant that you missed an opportunity to form 0:04:54.760 --> 0:04:57.320 an alliance with a rival king who was not already 0:04:57.320 --> 0:04:57.960 related to you. 0:04:58.400 --> 0:05:01.960 So for a good stretch of history, the incentives to 0:05:02.040 --> 0:05:04.600 intermarry were greater than the disincentives. 0:05:04.839 --> 0:05:09.400 Yes, especially because the disincentives weren't very well known. I 0:05:09.400 --> 0:05:13.839 think just the idea of genetics as an actual science 0:05:13.960 --> 0:05:16.520 that didn't even start to come into being really until 0:05:16.520 --> 0:05:19.640 the nineteenth century. So for hundreds of years when you intermarried, 0:05:20.160 --> 0:05:23.400 the big incentive was this purity of your bloodline and 0:05:23.440 --> 0:05:28.320 this kind of reinforced intrafamilial connection, which became more and 0:05:28.360 --> 0:05:32.800 more meaningful as your family expanded its territory more and more. 0:05:32.839 --> 0:05:35.480 And this is why the Hobsburgs are such a good 0:05:35.600 --> 0:05:38.320 example or bad example of inbreeding. 0:05:40.440 --> 0:05:42.120 Who were the Hobsburgs. 0:05:42.520 --> 0:05:46.560 So the Hobsburgs were a royal family who traced their 0:05:46.680 --> 0:05:51.320 origins to the early Middle Ages in Central and Eastern 0:05:51.400 --> 0:05:53.760 Europe what we would call today Austria and Hungary. 0:05:54.120 --> 0:05:57.640 The Habsburgs held some of their power through their relationship 0:05:57.760 --> 0:06:01.400 with what was known as the Holy Roman Empire, a 0:06:01.520 --> 0:06:05.839 vast Christian political entity in Europe modeled on the original 0:06:06.000 --> 0:06:06.800 Roman Empire. 0:06:07.440 --> 0:06:11.320 Since Charlemagne in the ninth century, Europe had had an 0:06:11.360 --> 0:06:15.039 elected Holy Roman Emperor who was the defender of the 0:06:15.040 --> 0:06:19.719 faith for all Catholics, but essentially the Habsburgs kept becoming 0:06:19.800 --> 0:06:20.799 Holy Roman Emperor. 0:06:22.680 --> 0:06:26.840 Enter Maximilian the First. He was a Habsburg and put 0:06:26.839 --> 0:06:30.120 the family on the map quite literally with his election 0:06:30.279 --> 0:06:33.960 as Holy Roman Emperor and by his marriage to Mary 0:06:34.040 --> 0:06:34.840 of Burgundy. 0:06:35.240 --> 0:06:39.320 Marie of Burgundy basically through her father had inherited much 0:06:39.320 --> 0:06:42.680 of Burgundy in France, but also the Netherlands and some 0:06:42.800 --> 0:06:45.000 territories kind of stretching into what we would today consider 0:06:45.120 --> 0:06:48.159 to be Belgium. And when she married a member of 0:06:48.200 --> 0:06:52.200 the Habsburg royal family, the Austrian Habsburgs then sort of 0:06:52.200 --> 0:06:54.760 took over that whole swath of land as well. 0:06:55.279 --> 0:06:58.800 Maximilian the First and Mary of Burgundy, who were not 0:06:59.000 --> 0:07:04.080 closely related, had one surviving son. This son would expand 0:07:04.160 --> 0:07:07.560 the Habsburg's influence even further than his father did. 0:07:08.080 --> 0:07:12.120 This guy's son was known as Philip the Handsome Philippe 0:07:12.160 --> 0:07:16.520 Leubel we called him in French. Philippe Leubel then crucially 0:07:16.760 --> 0:07:20.920 married the last offshoot of a Spanish royal family known 0:07:20.920 --> 0:07:24.640 as aragon and Castile. So most Americans have heard of 0:07:24.720 --> 0:07:28.680 Ferdinand and Isabella. They sponsored Christopher Columbus's trip to the 0:07:28.680 --> 0:07:31.560 New World. They had a daughter known as Juana the 0:07:31.640 --> 0:07:33.960 Crazy Juana la Looca, and so some of the I 0:07:34.000 --> 0:07:38.480 think the lunacy that the Habsburg's later evinced was actually 0:07:38.560 --> 0:07:41.480 inherited from this woman, who was born a Castilian an 0:07:41.520 --> 0:07:45.480 Aragonese princess. But she married a son of this Habsburg 0:07:45.560 --> 0:07:48.720 Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor called Philippe Leubel. 0:07:49.280 --> 0:07:53.080 To recap Philip the Handsome, the only surviving son of 0:07:53.120 --> 0:07:57.080 the Habsburg Emperor, marries Juana the Crazy, the heir to 0:07:57.120 --> 0:08:00.440 the Spanish throne. This meant their descent and so would 0:08:00.520 --> 0:08:05.440 inherit both the Habsburg and Spanish territories, and Guana la 0:08:05.480 --> 0:08:11.200 Loca would be an amazing telenovellah I Love Betty leafea 0:08:11.240 --> 0:08:13.080 which became Ugly Betty in the United States. It was 0:08:13.120 --> 0:08:16.120 originally a Colombian telenovela. And yeah, and one on La 0:08:16.200 --> 0:08:18.880 Loca would be amazing. It's just a great title already. 0:08:18.880 --> 0:08:21.960 And she, by most accounts, really was insane. 0:08:23.720 --> 0:08:27.920 But Juana and Philip's son had some sense. He ruled 0:08:27.960 --> 0:08:31.520 as Charles the First of Spain and Charles the Fifth 0:08:31.600 --> 0:08:32.880 of the Holy Roman Empire. 0:08:33.360 --> 0:08:36.680 When Charles came of age, he made the very smart 0:08:36.720 --> 0:08:39.319 decision that he wasn't going to try to be in 0:08:39.360 --> 0:08:44.600 control of both Austria, Central Europe, Northern Europe and also Spain. 0:08:44.960 --> 0:08:48.320 So he essentially split the Habsburgs into two branches, and 0:08:48.360 --> 0:08:53.400 he founded the dynasty of Spanish Habsburgs as separate from 0:08:53.800 --> 0:08:55.760 his Austrian Habsburg cousins. 0:08:56.400 --> 0:08:59.679 The likeness of Charles quint as he's known has been 0:08:59.720 --> 0:09:02.640 to pay did by a number of painters. They all 0:09:02.679 --> 0:09:05.880 show him with a distinctive mandible. 0:09:07.280 --> 0:09:11.120 So he did have what became known as the as 0:09:11.160 --> 0:09:15.719 the Habsburg jaw, this very protuberant lower jaw, that kind 0:09:15.720 --> 0:09:18.560 of jutted out. If you see there's a famous painting 0:09:18.640 --> 0:09:21.000 of him by Titian where you can kind of see 0:09:21.000 --> 0:09:23.720 he's got very sickly looking skin. He suffered from gout. 0:09:23.800 --> 0:09:26.319 He may have suffered from epilepsy, which became a kind 0:09:26.320 --> 0:09:29.160 of a hereditary habsburg condition. But the main thing is 0:09:29.200 --> 0:09:32.559 the jaw, and the jaw kind of was often associated 0:09:32.559 --> 0:09:35.960 with something that modern scientists call maxillary deficiency, where the 0:09:36.080 --> 0:09:38.760 upper jaw kind of was sunken in. And the Titian 0:09:38.920 --> 0:09:41.600 portrait of Charles Quint really shows a head that almost 0:09:41.600 --> 0:09:44.400 looks like a cashew. It's kind of collapsed in the center, 0:09:44.840 --> 0:09:47.520 with a bulbous forehead up top, and then this really 0:09:47.840 --> 0:09:51.600 outwardly jutting jaw and underbite at the bottom. 0:09:51.960 --> 0:09:56.360 An Italian writer named Antonio de Biats, who met Charles Quint, 0:09:56.400 --> 0:10:00.480 wrote in fifteen seventeen that he had a long, avarice 0:10:00.559 --> 0:10:04.040 face and a lopsided mouth which drops open when he 0:10:04.120 --> 0:10:07.480 is not on his guard. So this King Charles wasn't 0:10:07.520 --> 0:10:11.719 exactly Prince Charming, but his decision to divide the dynasty 0:10:12.000 --> 0:10:16.360 between Spain and Austria would guarantee that his descendants would 0:10:16.360 --> 0:10:18.280 be even less portrait Jenic. 0:10:21.320 --> 0:10:25.520 His parents were not that closely interrelated. Charles quint was 0:10:25.559 --> 0:10:29.200 not really the product of significant inbreeding, but because it 0:10:29.240 --> 0:10:32.319 was his decision essentially to try to split the Habsburg 0:10:32.400 --> 0:10:35.920 family into two branches of a royal family that together 0:10:36.160 --> 0:10:40.480 ruled so much of Europe. His son became the Spanish 0:10:40.480 --> 0:10:44.000 Habsburg King, who was really just in charge of Spain 0:10:44.200 --> 0:10:47.079 and the Holy Roman Empire, and his younger brother, Charles 0:10:47.160 --> 0:10:51.200 Quint's younger brother, Ferdinand I, became the head of the 0:10:51.200 --> 0:10:54.200 Austrian branch of the family and ruling over Austria and 0:10:54.240 --> 0:10:58.400 its associated territories. He really instituted, I think the policy 0:10:58.600 --> 0:11:02.040 of significant innermarriage tween and among so what you then 0:11:02.080 --> 0:11:07.040 have after Charles Quint is generations of Spanish Habsburg's marrying 0:11:07.080 --> 0:11:10.440 Austrian habsburg to keep it, keep it all together. 0:11:10.280 --> 0:11:12.960 Keep it all together. Yeah, by splitting the empire, he 0:11:13.200 --> 0:11:16.120 actually encouraged incentivized intermarriage. 0:11:16.160 --> 0:11:17.960 That's right, and that's why I think you find so 0:11:18.080 --> 0:11:21.080 much more intermarriage in the Habsburg family than in other 0:11:21.520 --> 0:11:23.520 European royal families. 0:11:23.400 --> 0:11:26.440 So much so that a Latin motto was coined in 0:11:26.520 --> 0:11:28.160 connection with the Habsburgs. 0:11:28.360 --> 0:11:30.840 There's no evidence that they invented it themselves, but it 0:11:30.880 --> 0:11:33.960 became one that was cited every time you saw news 0:11:34.000 --> 0:11:36.719 of yet another Habsburg marriage. It would say, let other 0:11:36.840 --> 0:11:43.480 nations wage war, You happy Austria conquer through marriage. Jamie 0:11:43.480 --> 0:11:44.760 and I are more than brother and sister. 0:11:45.480 --> 0:11:47.839 We shed a wound, came into this world together, we 0:11:47.960 --> 0:11:52.280 belonged together. Contrary to what the Game of Thrones extended 0:11:52.400 --> 0:11:56.440 universe might have you believe, Incest wasn't a personal preference 0:11:56.720 --> 0:11:59.880 as much as it was a political strategy. 0:11:59.400 --> 0:12:01.760 Because he really was trying to manage an empire that 0:12:01.840 --> 0:12:05.640 was so vast. People forget that actually Mexico was part 0:12:05.760 --> 0:12:09.240 of Charles Quint's empire. I mean, he claimed Mexico in 0:12:09.280 --> 0:12:13.880 that obviously dubious and problematic colonialius way. He claimed the Philippines, 0:12:13.960 --> 0:12:17.000 and so his empire really covered so much of the 0:12:17.000 --> 0:12:20.040 globe that it didn't make sense for all of that 0:12:20.080 --> 0:12:22.640 to be concentrated into one branch of one family. And 0:12:22.679 --> 0:12:25.240 so by creating this kind of separate but equal branch 0:12:25.280 --> 0:12:27.680 of the Austrian Habsburgs, he had a kind of a 0:12:27.720 --> 0:12:31.200 constant pool of intermarriage where none of these territories would 0:12:31.240 --> 0:12:32.199 go outside of the family. 0:12:32.480 --> 0:12:35.200 Wow, they had so much power, and they were trying 0:12:35.240 --> 0:12:36.320 to maintain that power. 0:12:36.360 --> 0:12:36.719 That's right. 0:12:36.960 --> 0:12:41.079 Is there any family today that's the equivalent God the Kardashians. 0:12:41.120 --> 0:12:42.760 I was going to say, are they as powerful as 0:12:42.760 --> 0:12:43.559 the Kardashians. 0:12:43.559 --> 0:12:47.520 I think it's hard to tell, because, yeah, their brand 0:12:47.640 --> 0:12:50.600 wasn't as beloved apparently as the Kardashians. But yeah, in 0:12:50.679 --> 0:12:54.520 terms of ubiquity and everywhere you look, there they are. 0:12:54.800 --> 0:12:57.360 There is a kind of a Kardashian effect that you see, 0:12:57.400 --> 0:13:00.000 we haven't yet lived long enough and the Kardashians haven't 0:13:00.080 --> 0:13:02.040 lived long enough for us to see what happens with 0:13:02.120 --> 0:13:04.400 the children of Kim and Chloe and Courtney. 0:13:04.440 --> 0:13:04.839 Well they do. 0:13:04.920 --> 0:13:06.959 They have their own TV shows, those kids. 0:13:07.120 --> 0:13:09.880 They will by the time this airs, and they have 0:13:10.160 --> 0:13:11.640 delightful charles. They look great. 0:13:11.800 --> 0:13:14.160 Oh right, yeah, well I do feel like that. Yeah, 0:13:14.200 --> 0:13:16.720 the Kardashians have done a much better job of kind 0:13:16.720 --> 0:13:18.280 of diversification in. 0:13:18.320 --> 0:13:21.840 Marriage, and that's why the Kardashian dynasty will last even 0:13:21.920 --> 0:13:23.480 centuries longer than the Hopspurs. 0:13:23.559 --> 0:13:27.600 Yeah. Now, I want you guys to be able to 0:13:28.000 --> 0:13:31.320 do this. Tell you're my age and one of your 0:13:31.400 --> 0:13:36.040 kids takes over, that's a whole that's the Joy. 0:13:36.520 --> 0:13:39.640 Charles quint had a son who became Philip the Second 0:13:39.679 --> 0:13:42.720 of Spain, who had a son called Philip the Third, 0:13:43.080 --> 0:13:44.880 who had a son called Philip the. 0:13:44.880 --> 0:13:50.240 Fourth, and they all interestingly and importantly married Austrian either 0:13:50.920 --> 0:13:52.720 nieces or cousins. 0:13:53.120 --> 0:13:56.360 And as the consanguinity picks up in pace, so do 0:13:56.559 --> 0:13:57.720 its consequences. 0:13:58.120 --> 0:14:00.440 Because the hobsburg is what you really see is just 0:14:01.000 --> 0:14:05.280 generation after generation, the problems that we now either know 0:14:05.800 --> 0:14:10.600 or suspect were genetically transmitted just get more and more pronounced. 0:14:10.960 --> 0:14:14.640 Philip the Fourth and his niece slash wife had one 0:14:14.720 --> 0:14:18.559 surviving son, who would be known as Charles the Second 0:14:19.040 --> 0:14:23.160 or Charles the Bewitched due to his many infirmities. 0:14:23.640 --> 0:14:27.680 Well, Charles the Second is important because he really represents 0:14:28.360 --> 0:14:32.560 the worst of what can happen with these successive consanguineous 0:14:32.640 --> 0:14:35.720 marriages from one generation to the next. His habsburg jaw 0:14:35.840 --> 0:14:38.680 was so pronounced that his two sets of teeth couldn't 0:14:38.720 --> 0:14:42.480 touch at all, he couldn't keep food in his mouth. 0:14:42.880 --> 0:14:46.520 He never really mentally developed beyond the age of about 0:14:46.960 --> 0:14:48.160 ten years old. 0:14:48.720 --> 0:14:51.600 Charles was unable to speak until the age of four, 0:14:52.160 --> 0:14:54.960 and he couldn't walk until the age of eight. He 0:14:55.000 --> 0:14:58.440 looked elderly when he was only thirty years old, suffering 0:14:58.480 --> 0:15:02.920 from edemas on his feet, legs, abdomen, and face in 0:15:03.000 --> 0:15:08.600 his teeth not meeting his inability to chew. And this 0:15:08.760 --> 0:15:12.240 is centuries before protein shakes. Like, there's right, I mean 0:15:12.240 --> 0:15:15.960 the thunder straw has been invented probably at that point. 0:15:16.160 --> 0:15:19.840 Yeah, how did he eat not well? And it wasn't pretty. 0:15:20.080 --> 0:15:22.320 This is one of the fun things about studying royalty 0:15:22.440 --> 0:15:24.040 is if you're in a Storian like me and you're 0:15:24.040 --> 0:15:27.880 trying to read contemporary accounts, nobody wants ever to say 0:15:27.880 --> 0:15:31.120 anything bad about the king, so you get a lot 0:15:31.160 --> 0:15:35.560 of euphemisms like his majesty did not eat well tonight, 0:15:35.720 --> 0:15:37.480 and you think, okay, does that mean that he could 0:15:37.520 --> 0:15:39.520 barely get the food in or was it just a 0:15:39.600 --> 0:15:43.320 disgusting spectacle? And these euphemisms you can never say definitively 0:15:43.360 --> 0:15:45.480 what they mean, but you suspect that they hide a 0:15:45.600 --> 0:15:47.080 thousand embarrassments. 0:15:47.400 --> 0:15:51.800 Genetic analysis has determined that in the average Spanish Habsburg, 0:15:52.160 --> 0:15:56.720 about ten percent of maternal and paternal genes were identical, 0:15:57.120 --> 0:16:00.560 which means they were more closely inbread than the child 0:16:00.640 --> 0:16:04.160 of two first cousins. By the time Charles the Bewitched 0:16:04.320 --> 0:16:06.640 was born, the problem was even worse. 0:16:07.160 --> 0:16:10.160 One of the takeaways from one of these scientific reports 0:16:10.240 --> 0:16:15.040 was that even though Charles the Second's parents were quote 0:16:15.640 --> 0:16:21.680 primarily or only uncle and niece, they were so closely 0:16:21.720 --> 0:16:25.080 related already by the previous generations of inbreeding that they 0:16:25.080 --> 0:16:28.040 were as closely related as brother and sister. So Charles 0:16:28.080 --> 0:16:31.520 the Second really was the product of so much inbreeding 0:16:31.520 --> 0:16:34.040 that essentially it was like his parents were siblings. 0:16:34.160 --> 0:16:37.560 Oh my goodness. They tried to marry him off. 0:16:38.200 --> 0:16:40.840 They tried to marry Charles the Second off, and it 0:16:40.880 --> 0:16:44.920 did not go well because generally, one of the functions 0:16:44.960 --> 0:16:48.440 of slightly idealized royal portraiture was that you could send 0:16:48.520 --> 0:16:51.560 the equivalent of a photo to a foreign court and 0:16:51.600 --> 0:16:54.840 say this is who you'll be marrying. And there are 0:16:54.960 --> 0:17:00.000 countless stories throughout European history, at least, of massive dissipate 0:17:00.000 --> 0:17:03.400 ointments and temper tantrums when the person actually shows up. 0:17:03.600 --> 0:17:05.840 Some things never changed, some things never changed. 0:17:06.119 --> 0:17:07.880 Yeah, now, I mean, I guess it's like what does 0:17:07.880 --> 0:17:09.639 your Tinder photo look like? And how much have you 0:17:09.680 --> 0:17:11.920 tinkered with it? But in the case of Charles the 0:17:11.960 --> 0:17:16.000 second whatever miniature portrait of him was sent to the 0:17:16.080 --> 0:17:18.680 court of France where he got his first bride, did 0:17:18.720 --> 0:17:22.920 not reveal the full effect. So his first wife, Marie 0:17:22.960 --> 0:17:23.640 Luise of. 0:17:23.760 --> 0:17:25.320 Orleans, she swiped right. 0:17:25.520 --> 0:17:28.040 She swiped right, or her parents swiped right for her. 0:17:28.200 --> 0:17:31.439 When she got to Madrid and saw who her husband was, 0:17:31.640 --> 0:17:33.960 apparently she had a nervous breakdown. Of course it had 0:17:33.960 --> 0:17:37.560 to be restrained, and like dragged up to the altar screaming, and. 0:17:37.640 --> 0:17:40.840 Did anyone say to her, honey, but his personality haha? 0:17:41.320 --> 0:17:43.600 Well, sadly, because he couldn't really talk, we don't know 0:17:43.600 --> 0:17:46.320 what his personality was. He didn't even have that going for. 0:17:46.440 --> 0:17:48.720 He couldn't even cultivate the personality ride. He couldn't make 0:17:48.800 --> 0:17:49.600 himself understood. 0:17:50.520 --> 0:17:55.240 I'm suddenly reminded of Paul Rubens's bravura performance in the 0:17:55.280 --> 0:18:01.720 sitcom Thirty Rock as the genetically compromised European Prince Gerhart Habsburg. 0:18:02.280 --> 0:18:06.840 Thank you, all, dear friends, fuck on it to my 0:18:07.119 --> 0:18:07.640 bad day. 0:18:08.760 --> 0:18:13.000 I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one. Yeah, would 0:18:13.040 --> 0:18:16.560 he like to dance? Sadly, because my body does not 0:18:16.680 --> 0:18:22.000 produce joint fluid, I cannot but I would enjoy watching 0:18:22.040 --> 0:18:27.200 you dance moonbi Um, that depiction may not have been 0:18:27.240 --> 0:18:30.639 so far off from reality. During the last years of 0:18:30.680 --> 0:18:34.800 his life, Charles could barely stand up and suffered from 0:18:34.840 --> 0:18:40.960 hallucinations and convulsive episodes. Charles the Bewitched died in seventeen 0:18:41.040 --> 0:18:44.879 hundred at the age of thirty eight. According to his autopsy, 0:18:45.200 --> 0:18:48.679 his corpse did not contain a single drop of blood. 0:18:49.119 --> 0:18:53.080 His heart was the size of a peppercorn, his lungs corroded, 0:18:53.480 --> 0:18:57.440 his intestines rotten and gangrenous, He had a single testicle 0:18:57.720 --> 0:19:00.600 black as coal, and his head was water. 0:19:01.080 --> 0:19:03.200 So he really became a poster child for what can 0:19:03.240 --> 0:19:06.040 go wrong with interbreeding, and the line died with him 0:19:06.080 --> 0:19:08.879 because he couldn't conceive a child by either one of 0:19:08.880 --> 0:19:09.760 his wives. 0:19:09.560 --> 0:19:13.600 And that has real repercussions. Yes, yeah, I. 0:19:13.560 --> 0:19:18.240 Mean it basically threw the Spanish monarchy into a succession crisis, 0:19:18.760 --> 0:19:21.560 and yeah, and a war, the War of that's known 0:19:21.560 --> 0:19:26.560 as the War of Spanish Succession. There were claimants from 0:19:26.640 --> 0:19:30.679 the Austrian side who said, well, we're Hafsburgs too, and 0:19:30.720 --> 0:19:33.119 then you had the French who had a claim on 0:19:33.160 --> 0:19:34.000 the throne of Spain. 0:19:34.400 --> 0:19:38.360 The war of Spanish succession began in seventeen oh one 0:19:38.760 --> 0:19:41.920 and went on for more than a decade, claiming more 0:19:41.960 --> 0:19:45.040 than four hundred thousand lives in combat. 0:19:46.080 --> 0:19:48.880 It was almost a generation of young people just grew 0:19:48.960 --> 0:19:51.080 up with this war where it was unclear where the 0:19:51.080 --> 0:19:53.639 throne was going to land, and so in terms of 0:19:53.760 --> 0:19:58.240 drawbacks to consanguineous marriage and the genetic effects of that, 0:19:58.280 --> 0:20:01.119 this is another one. Right, the dynasty, which has drawn 0:20:01.160 --> 0:20:04.400 its legitimacy from a bloodline, dies out. 0:20:04.960 --> 0:20:08.920 But while the Spanish Habsburg line died out with Charles 0:20:09.000 --> 0:20:12.800 the Bewitched in seventeen hundred, the Austrian branch of the 0:20:12.840 --> 0:20:19.359 Habsburgs kept going. After a short break. We'll meet one 0:20:19.480 --> 0:20:24.160 Austrian Habsburg who could make this unsightly jaw look chic. 0:20:24.720 --> 0:20:27.320 Marie Antoinette was a Habsburg. Can we go to Marintoinette? 0:20:27.320 --> 0:20:38.400 Notte? When I went to the Queen the pot take 0:20:38.760 --> 0:20:42.719 no bread for you know what? We fred let them 0:20:42.720 --> 0:20:43.240 eat cake. 0:20:44.600 --> 0:20:48.520 That's such nonsense. I would never say that. Marie Antoinette, 0:20:48.760 --> 0:20:52.440 portrayed here by Kirsten Dunst in Sophia Coppola's twenty oh 0:20:52.480 --> 0:20:56.600 six film, is probably the most famous Habsburg in history, 0:20:57.160 --> 0:21:00.399 a product of the Austrian branch of the family. In 0:21:00.480 --> 0:21:03.760 seventeen seventy, she was married off to the air to 0:21:03.840 --> 0:21:08.320 the French throne, the future King Louis the sixteenth. 0:21:08.000 --> 0:21:11.840 And he had significant Habsburg blood himself, because both Louis 0:21:11.880 --> 0:21:14.679 the fourteenth and Louis the thirteenth had been married to 0:21:15.240 --> 0:21:17.080 Habsburg first cousins of theirs. 0:21:17.280 --> 0:21:20.520 I'm back with author and professor Caroline Webber. 0:21:20.560 --> 0:21:23.320 So both she and her husband had this Habsburg blood line. 0:21:23.320 --> 0:21:25.879 But she was the one who really visibly had something 0:21:25.880 --> 0:21:29.640 of a Habsburg underbite, a kind of protuberant lower jaw 0:21:30.080 --> 0:21:32.280 that I think people who didn't like her took to 0:21:32.320 --> 0:21:35.520 be some kind of equivalent of resting bitch face. You 0:21:35.560 --> 0:21:38.960 know that she always had this kind of haughty set 0:21:39.000 --> 0:21:42.120 to her face because she also had a pendulous lower lip, 0:21:42.200 --> 0:21:43.960 which was associated with the Habsburg jaw. 0:21:44.160 --> 0:21:45.400 It was the pendulous lower lip. 0:21:45.400 --> 0:21:47.760 The pendulous lower lip was basically just a lip that 0:21:47.800 --> 0:21:51.960 would kind of hang low over the protuberant chin, and 0:21:52.000 --> 0:21:57.120 she had something of that according to contemporary reports. By 0:21:57.119 --> 0:22:00.719 most accounts, Marie Antoinette's version of these trees was not 0:22:01.600 --> 0:22:07.240 crazily exacerbated. Her mother an Austrian princess and empress had 0:22:07.359 --> 0:22:09.800 married a little bit outside of the bloodline into the 0:22:09.840 --> 0:22:12.280 ducal House of Lorraine, and so Marie Antoinette got a 0:22:12.320 --> 0:22:15.919 little bit of variety in the bloodline there. When she 0:22:16.119 --> 0:22:19.680 came to France as an almost fifteen year old girl 0:22:19.720 --> 0:22:22.200 in seventeen seventy, it had been a long time since 0:22:22.240 --> 0:22:27.399 the French people had seen kind of a fresh faced, young, pretty, 0:22:28.040 --> 0:22:31.280 fun loving teenage girl who was heir to the whole 0:22:31.359 --> 0:22:34.120 thing by dint of being married to the future king. 0:22:34.640 --> 0:22:38.320 And she became one of the first fashion celebrities in 0:22:38.400 --> 0:22:41.680 eighteenth century Europe, realiant in the history of all of Europe, 0:22:42.160 --> 0:22:45.720 and she was the first European royal whose likeness was 0:22:46.080 --> 0:22:49.520 reproduced in kind of a primitive early version of fashion magazines, 0:22:49.520 --> 0:22:53.160 which were these fashion illustrations. Those were generally quite idealizing 0:22:53.200 --> 0:22:56.280 when they depicted her face. It didn't have a super 0:22:56.280 --> 0:22:59.320 pronounced Hapsburg jaw. You'd maybe see a little hint of it, 0:22:59.440 --> 0:23:02.480 and people who admired her and thought she was elegant 0:23:02.480 --> 0:23:04.640 and liked the kind of crazy new way she liked 0:23:04.720 --> 0:23:07.320 to dress wanted to look like her, So you might 0:23:07.320 --> 0:23:10.040 see people kind of doing a poudy lip to try 0:23:10.080 --> 0:23:13.480 to vaguely affect. Yeah, but they didn't have plastic surgery 0:23:13.520 --> 0:23:16.920 back then, so there was no surgical method for making 0:23:16.960 --> 0:23:21.240 your lower lip puff out a little bit. There is 0:23:21.320 --> 0:23:24.240 a really funny story, for instance, of Marie Antoinette loved 0:23:24.320 --> 0:23:27.159 experimental hairstyles, and we all know the kind of the 0:23:27.200 --> 0:23:29.199 fashion plates and the portraits of her with like the 0:23:29.240 --> 0:23:33.480 three foot high beehive headdress sometimes that had like a 0:23:33.640 --> 0:23:37.160 fully rigged sailing ship ensconced in the in the coils 0:23:37.200 --> 0:23:37.640 of her hair. 0:23:38.400 --> 0:23:38.640 Yeah. 0:23:38.760 --> 0:23:43.919 Yeah, I wrote a book about this year's ago, but 0:23:43.960 --> 0:23:45.800 I mentioned it just to say anybody who wants to 0:23:45.800 --> 0:23:48.359