1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,840 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the 3 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:10,039 Speaker 1: T d I H Vault, so you'll also here to hosts. 4 00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:17,279 Speaker 1: Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. Welcome to 5 00:00:17,320 --> 00:00:21,520 Speaker 1: this Day in History Classes July. On this day in 6 00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:26,239 Speaker 1: the United States invaded Puerto Rico. This happened during the 7 00:00:26,239 --> 00:00:28,760 Speaker 1: Spanish American War. It was not a very long war, 8 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:32,880 Speaker 1: It only lasted for four months. Spain, when the war began, 9 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:36,000 Speaker 1: had two main possessions in the Caribbean. One was Cuba 10 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 1: and the other was Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico had been 11 00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:44,040 Speaker 1: Spanish territory for about four hundred years. Originally, the United 12 00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: States plan had been to take over Puerto Rico first 13 00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:49,560 Speaker 1: during this war, and then to use Puerto Rico was 14 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: sort of a stepping stone into an invasion of Cuba. 15 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:55,320 Speaker 1: The focus was really on Cuba. Cua was the more 16 00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 1: important target from the American point of view. Under the 17 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:01,959 Speaker 1: direction of the War Department, Lieutenant Harry F. Whitney had 18 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:05,960 Speaker 1: even investigated the island of Puerto Rico while disguised as 19 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:10,080 Speaker 1: a crewman aboard a British ship. But President William McKinley 20 00:01:10,200 --> 00:01:14,000 Speaker 1: ordered the military to go directly for Cuba since that 21 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:17,679 Speaker 1: was the ultimate goal, so instead of using Puerto Rico 22 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:21,080 Speaker 1: as a step in that process. Instead, the invasion of 23 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:25,039 Speaker 1: Puerto Rico happened only after Spanish forces in Cuba surrendered, 24 00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:29,760 Speaker 1: which is on July. Really, by the time the United 25 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:33,600 Speaker 1: States invaded Puerto Rico, it already seemed pretty certain that 26 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 1: Spain was going to surrender, but invading met the United 27 00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:40,959 Speaker 1: States was already going to have a presence in Puerto 28 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:45,720 Speaker 1: Rico once everyone came to negotiating table to formally end 29 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: the war. The order to attack Puerto Rico came on 30 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 1: July eighteenth, the day after Spain had surrendered in Cuba, 31 00:01:52,760 --> 00:01:55,440 Speaker 1: but it took three days to get the necessary escort 32 00:01:55,520 --> 00:01:59,280 Speaker 1: ships to actually start the mission. When the mostly volunteer 33 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:03,160 Speaker 1: force land did on twenty five, they were mostly unopposed, 34 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 1: and throughout the fighting, American forces saw very few casualties, 35 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:11,639 Speaker 1: while Spanish forces saw a lot more. My August, the 36 00:02:11,760 --> 00:02:15,560 Speaker 1: US military had secured the island and Spain signed an 37 00:02:15,639 --> 00:02:18,840 Speaker 1: armistice on August twelve, and then the Treaty of Paris 38 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:22,880 Speaker 1: in December of eight ended the war and formally approved 39 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 1: United States possession of Puerto Rico. However, no Puerto Ricans 40 00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:31,560 Speaker 1: had a seat at the negotiating table in all of this, 41 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,160 Speaker 1: nor did anyone from any of the other islands that 42 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:38,720 Speaker 1: were part of this war, which included Cuba, Guam, and 43 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: the Philippines. When all this happened, movements for independence and 44 00:02:43,800 --> 00:02:47,280 Speaker 1: colonial reform and the abolition of slavery and other changes 45 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:51,120 Speaker 1: had been sweeping through Puerto Rico for almost forty years, 46 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:54,360 Speaker 1: but in the end, Puerto Rico became the only Spanish 47 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:59,920 Speaker 1: territory in the America's not to gain independence. Today, port 48 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:04,080 Speaker 1: Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Puerto 49 00:03:04,160 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: Ricans were granted full United States citizenship in nineteen seventeen. 50 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:12,400 Speaker 1: Eventually it became an autonomous commonwealth, with a new constitution 51 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:15,839 Speaker 1: being adopted on the fifty fourth anniversary of this invasion. 52 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:20,240 Speaker 1: Puerto Rico has held five different referenda on the subject 53 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:24,800 Speaker 1: of becoming a United States state, with voters approving statehood 54 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:27,799 Speaker 1: in the last two, but that last one, which took 55 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:32,080 Speaker 1: place in seventeen, had a very low voter turnout, probably 56 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,120 Speaker 1: because of a boycott. So the subject of statehood for 57 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:37,839 Speaker 1: Puerto Rico was currently in the hands of Congress, which 58 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,520 Speaker 1: has not chosen to address it. Thanks to Christopher Hasciotis 59 00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:45,440 Speaker 1: for his research on today's episode and Statari Harrison for 60 00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:49,120 Speaker 1: her editing on all of these episodes. You can subscribe 61 00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:52,800 Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, 62 00:03:52,880 --> 00:03:56,200 Speaker 1: and wherever else you get your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow 63 00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:09,200 Speaker 1: for a declaration of Independence. Hi, I'm Eves, and welcome 64 00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:12,480 Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class, a show that uncovers 65 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:22,520 Speaker 1: a little bit more about history every day. The day 66 00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:30,039 Speaker 1: was July PM. Luis Joy Brown became the first person 67 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 1: to be born via in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization, 68 00:04:35,680 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: or IVF, is an assisted reproductive technology that helps with fertilization, 69 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:44,440 Speaker 1: embryo development, and implantation so a person can get pregnant. 70 00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:48,400 Speaker 1: I VF can be used as an infertility treatment or 71 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:52,799 Speaker 1: to prevent passing on genetic disorders. The term in vitro 72 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 1: means the process takes place in a test tube, culture dish, 73 00:04:56,680 --> 00:04:59,880 Speaker 1: or somewhere else outside of the body, as opposed to 74 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:03,680 Speaker 1: in vivo, which means a process takes place inside the 75 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:07,800 Speaker 1: body of a living organism. While the actual procedure of 76 00:05:07,839 --> 00:05:11,240 Speaker 1: IVF was established at the end of the twentieth century, 77 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:15,080 Speaker 1: the science behind it dates back to the late nineteenth century. 78 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:20,680 Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy eight, embryologist Samuel Leopold Shank collected ova, 79 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:24,320 Speaker 1: or egg seals from rabbits and guinea pigs. When he 80 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: added sperm or male reproductive cells to the ova, he 81 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:32,000 Speaker 1: noted that cell division could occur outside of a mammal's body. 82 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:36,760 Speaker 1: In eighteen ninety, scientist Walter Heap transferred a fertilized egg 83 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:39,920 Speaker 1: from an Angora rabbit to a Belgian hair rabbit, which 84 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:43,679 Speaker 1: then gave birth to Angora rabbits. It was the first 85 00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:49,040 Speaker 1: successful mammalian embryo transfer, and in nineteen thirty four, Gregory 86 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:53,240 Speaker 1: Pinkus and Ernst vin zin's Ensman introduced sperm to rabbit 87 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:56,279 Speaker 1: eggs while they were outside of the body, implanted the 88 00:05:56,279 --> 00:05:59,800 Speaker 1: eggs back into the rabbit, and the rabbit became pregnant. 89 00:06:00,839 --> 00:06:04,360 Speaker 1: But they had implanted the eggs before they had fully matured, 90 00:06:04,839 --> 00:06:09,120 Speaker 1: and fertilization had actually occurred inside the rabbit's body, not 91 00:06:09,560 --> 00:06:14,640 Speaker 1: in vitro. In nineteen fifty nine, scientists mean to a 92 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:19,560 Speaker 1: chong successfully used IVF to impregnate a rabbit, but it 93 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:24,200 Speaker 1: was the collaboration between gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and professor of 94 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:28,279 Speaker 1: human reproduction Robert Edwards that would produce the first human 95 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:33,719 Speaker 1: pregnancy via IVF. Debto and Edwards began working together in 96 00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:38,480 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty. In nineteen seventy six, they started working with 97 00:06:38,560 --> 00:06:42,280 Speaker 1: Leslie and John Brown. The couple have been trying to 98 00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:45,479 Speaker 1: have a baby for years with no success, but in 99 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: November of nineteen seventy seven, Leslie successfully had an embryo 100 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: and planted into her uterus from a petri dish. On 101 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 1: July nineteen seventy eight, Luise Joy Brown was born to 102 00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:02,200 Speaker 1: Leslie and John Brown via Cisterian section at Oldham and 103 00:07:02,320 --> 00:07:07,240 Speaker 1: District General Hospital in Manchester, England. The procedure in the 104 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 1: birth of the first so called test two baby we're controversial. 105 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: Religious groups spoke out against IVF as an unnatural form 106 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:20,720 Speaker 1: of conception. Articles questioned the ethic cality of IVF, and 107 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: the Browns got hate mail as well as letters of congratulations. 108 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:29,559 Speaker 1: Questions have arisen over who owns the embryos and whether 109 00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:33,040 Speaker 1: scientists should be allowed to perform experiments for stem cell 110 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: research with cryo preserve embryos that are not implanted. IVF 111 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:42,880 Speaker 1: is also associated with high rates of multiple births. Still, 112 00:07:43,160 --> 00:07:47,320 Speaker 1: research into IVF continue to be funded. The first private 113 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:52,640 Speaker 1: IVF clinic opened in nineteen eighty. Luis's younger sister, Natalie, 114 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:57,120 Speaker 1: was also conceived by IVF. Natalie was the first person 115 00:07:57,160 --> 00:08:01,440 Speaker 1: born via IVF to give birth. Since Luise was born, 116 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:05,640 Speaker 1: IVF technology has improved and millions of babies have been 117 00:08:05,680 --> 00:08:11,680 Speaker 1: born through IVF. Today, it's the most popular assisted reproductive technology. 118 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little 119 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:19,840 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. We love 120 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:22,960 Speaker 1: it if you left us a comment on Twitter, Instagram 121 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:29,239 Speaker 1: or Facebook. At t d i h C podcast, thanks 122 00:08:29,240 --> 00:08:37,480 Speaker 1: for showing up. We'll meet here again tomorrow. For more 123 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 124 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:42,680 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.