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Speaker 1: Okay, why do you think people are preoccupied with being first?

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Speaker 1: What do you mean, you know, like first person on

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Speaker 1: the moon, first person or run four minute mile. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I see what you mean. There's kind of an obsession

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Speaker 1: right with being first. But you know, I think last

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Speaker 1: can be good too. What who wants to be last?

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Speaker 1: You know, like the last cookie in the box is

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Speaker 1: always the tastiest. The last person to arrive at the

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Speaker 1: party makes you the coolest person. That's true. That's true.

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Speaker 1: Last person to turn in their project but still be

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Speaker 1: on time, that's right. I am a big believer in

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Speaker 1: optimal procrastination. Hi. I'm or Hey. I'm cartoonists and the

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Speaker 1: creator of PhD comics. Hi I'm Daniel. I'm a particle

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Speaker 1: physicist and I'm sitting in a closet in Aspen, Colorado.

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Speaker 1: I didn't know you were in the closet, Daniel, I'm

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Speaker 1: more literally in the closet than figuratively in the closet,

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Speaker 1: only only in Aspen, Colorado. That that is a wild

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Speaker 1: world place. It is a beautiful place. I'm here because

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Speaker 1: I'm at the Aspen Center for Physics for a week,

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Speaker 1: where people come from all over the country to sort

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Speaker 1: of sit around and think about big ideas and think

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Speaker 1: about the future of physics and brainstorm new experiments and

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Speaker 1: think about the history of physics. Also, wow, pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: Is that something that happens every year? Yeah, every summer

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Speaker 1: physicists come to Aspen and think big thoughts while surrounded

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Speaker 1: by rich people. You're saying like, that's an exclusive thing.

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Speaker 1: You can't be rich and a physicist. Well, it feels

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Speaker 1: like an Aspen. There's two kinds of people, the rich

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Speaker 1: people and the physicists. But it's fun to be here

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Speaker 1: and to think about, you know, all the physics that's

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Speaker 1: been done in the last fifty years of pysis that

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Speaker 1: will be done in the next fifty years. And also

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Speaker 1: makes me think back about the origin of physics, you know,

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Speaker 1: like where this all started. Yeah, so welcome to our party.

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Speaker 1: Our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. That's right, our podcast in which

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Speaker 1: we think about all the big things, the hard things,

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Speaker 1: the new things, the old things, and try to explain

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Speaker 1: them to you in any way that we hope is educational, understandable,

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Speaker 1: and maybe a little entertaining. First things, the last things,

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Speaker 1: the things that made it just in time, not to

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Speaker 1: be late all the things that's right. We should do

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Speaker 1: a podcast on people who won the Nobel Prize and

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Speaker 1: their discovery came in just in time before the threshold. Well,

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Speaker 1: I always say that, you know, when I see grass

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Speaker 1: students really stressed out, I always tell them that, you

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Speaker 1: know what you even if you get to c you

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Speaker 1: still get a PhD. That's true. It took me a

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Speaker 1: while to understand that nobody in graduate school cares about

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Speaker 1: grades like you get, you gonna a minus, you gotta

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Speaker 1: be doesn't really matter anymore because just surviving is all

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Speaker 1: that matters. Yeah, but they do care about in science,

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Speaker 1: about being first, right, Like that's a huge deal. It

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Speaker 1: is a huge deal, and first counts for a lot.

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Speaker 1: Like if you're the first person to publish an idea

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Speaker 1: in a paper, even if you're first by one day,

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Speaker 1: which means the other folks were thinking about it at

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Speaker 1: the same time as you were, they just didn't put

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Speaker 1: their paper out, you get primary credit for it, so

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Speaker 1: it matters a lot. Yeah, you get the particle named

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Speaker 1: after you, you get um people making videos about you online. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's basically first, and then there's everybody else. And I'm

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Speaker 1: saying that's the right way to do it, or that

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Speaker 1: it's fair, or that it's healthy. Um, it's a little

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Speaker 1: bit insane, but it's sort of the way we do things.

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Speaker 1: There's a system where we put articles on the Internet,

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Speaker 1: and the order in which the articles appear on the

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Speaker 1: Internet for that day's listings depends on how close your

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Speaker 1: submission was to four pm Eastern Time. So every day

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Speaker 1: at three fifty nine Eastern time, there's a bunch of

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Speaker 1: physicists sitting around their computers trying to click their paper

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Speaker 1: in just past the deadline. It's like an Internet comments

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Speaker 1: where the first person always says first first comment. It's

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Speaker 1: saying there's just a bunch of Internet trolls. That's right,

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Speaker 1: Internet trolls with PhDs. Yeah, that's basically describes our field.

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Speaker 1: But first of discovers a big deal. But maybe an

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Speaker 1: even bigger deal is to discover the first of something, right,

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Speaker 1: like the first planet or the first moon or the

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Speaker 1: first asteroid. Those are pretty big too, even maybe more

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Speaker 1: important than getting the credit. Yeah, it's sort of like

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Speaker 1: a categorical discovery, right, you discover a whole new kind

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Speaker 1: of thing. The first person to discover, you know, a

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Speaker 1: new kind of like marsupials or something. Right, It's like, whoa,

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Speaker 1: It's not only are you found a new animal, you

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Speaker 1: found a whole new category of animals. That's pretty cool. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it changes everyone's perspective about things, right, I mean to

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Speaker 1: be the first to discover a giraffe, I mean that

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Speaker 1: probably blue people's mind. Yeah. And and that's the idea,

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Speaker 1: is that the first person is one that really carries

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Speaker 1: the most information. Like if you have the first person

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Speaker 1: to have this new idea of an new way of

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Speaker 1: thinking about the universe, or the first person to find

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Speaker 1: something out, that's the piece of information. Right. That's how

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Speaker 1: humanity sort of learned about it. And that's why I

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Speaker 1: think being first is prized. It's not just like Usain Bolt, um,

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Speaker 1: you know, running over the finish line of tiny bit

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Speaker 1: faster than the next guy or the next gal. It's

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Speaker 1: it's really about who's delivering the information, who's making that

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Speaker 1: sort of intellectual leap forward? Yeah, like who planted that

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Speaker 1: flag on that new continent? Right, Like you're literally out

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Speaker 1: there by yourself. Yeah, except that it turns out there

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Speaker 1: is usually indigenous people that you've slogged on the way.

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Speaker 1: But that is side side let's not let's not make

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Speaker 1: the analogy physicist and complete. Let's not promote white based

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Speaker 1: yours central colonialism on this show. But yeah, I say

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Speaker 1: you're the first personal end of the moon. Right then

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Speaker 1: you're doing something no human being has ever done before.

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Speaker 1: That really is an important moment. And so today this

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Speaker 1: might be the first in a series of episodes about

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Speaker 1: first and today we're going to be talking about the

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Speaker 1: first particle. Who discovered the first particle? And what was

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Speaker 1: the first particle discovered? Yeah, and this is a fascinating story.

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Speaker 1: Not only did he discover particles, he sort of invented

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Speaker 1: the concept of particles, which is something we're sort of

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Speaker 1: still struggling to figure out, Like what is a particle?

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Speaker 1: We've talked about on this podcast a few times, Like

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Speaker 1: what does that mean philosophically? What does it look like?

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Speaker 1: What are we really talking about? Do we have more

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Speaker 1: than just a mathematical model. Do we have like a

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Speaker 1: complete understanding what a particle is? Anyway, And so it's

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Speaker 1: instructive to go back to sort of the first time

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Speaker 1: anybody said, oh, look I found a particle, to understand

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Speaker 1: what made them think it was a particle? What ideas

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Speaker 1: did they have that justified this creation of a whole

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Speaker 1: new concept. Yeah, and it's a big deal because everything

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Speaker 1: is made out of particles, right, It's what makes up

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Speaker 1: the things in the universe. Everything's made out of a particle. Well, yeah, everything,

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Speaker 1: if you mean everything, the five percent of the universe

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Speaker 1: that he knows made out of particles. Right. I didn't

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Speaker 1: tell you that I know what dark matter and dark

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Speaker 1: energy I part made of. I didn't. I forgot to

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Speaker 1: mention mastered those concepts. It was more for our listeners.

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Speaker 1: I know that you're aware of dark matter and dark energy,

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Speaker 1: but you know it's dark energy. We don't know what

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Speaker 1: it is. Dark matter might be made of particles, we

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Speaker 1: don't know, but it might not. But yeah, the rest

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Speaker 1: of all the stuff in the universe, stars and ice

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Speaker 1: cream and hamsters and all that great stuff is all

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Speaker 1: made of particles, right, And so it's fascinating thing about it.

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Speaker 1: And and I think we should clarify here when we

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Speaker 1: talk about particles, I'm thinking about it in the modern sense.

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Speaker 1: We have like twelve matter particles. We've thought about five

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Speaker 1: force particles. We've thought about not in terms of like elements,

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Speaker 1: which sort of an earlier development, which of the current

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Speaker 1: particles that we think of is not divided into smaller

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Speaker 1: bits was discovered, right, And there was a time in

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Speaker 1: our human history where we didn't know these things, right, Like,

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Speaker 1: we didn't know that we were made out of particles,

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Speaker 1: and we didn't know how many there were. We didn't

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Speaker 1: know what they were, what they looked like, are also

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Speaker 1: big they were so and it's pretty recent, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: most of human history we really had no idea. I mean,

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Speaker 1: Greek suggested this concept of an atom, that maybe matter

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Speaker 1: was divided into tiny bits, but that was just one

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Speaker 1: idea they had of like, you know, lots and lots

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Speaker 1: of ideas. So the fact that would happened to be right,

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Speaker 1: I think people give them too much credit for. But

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Speaker 1: the modern idea that matter was divided into these tiny

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Speaker 1: little lego blocks, essentially, that what seemed to us to

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Speaker 1: be smooth and indivisible and continuous was actually just like

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Speaker 1: made of super tiny little pixels. That's a pretty modern idea.

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Speaker 1: The origin of it comes in the eighteen hundreds, you know,

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Speaker 1: with chemistry. People started to think about, you know, reactions

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Speaker 1: between different gases and stuff, and they noticed that these

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Speaker 1: gases had reactions in these patterns which suggested that there

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Speaker 1: was like individible little units of the gases, which of

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Speaker 1: course turned out to be atoms and molecules. Right, I

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Speaker 1: imagined that maybe not a lot of people out there

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Speaker 1: know what was the first particle discovered? Right? I mean,

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Speaker 1: you know, if I had to guess, um, I don't

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Speaker 1: know what I would say. You know, protons, neutrons, the particles.

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Speaker 1: I'm thinking of the twelve matter particles. We have six leptons,

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Speaker 1: those electron muan tao, and then three neutrinos and then

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Speaker 1: six quarks right the up down strange charm bottom top.

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Speaker 1: So if those particles, I was wondering, did people know,

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Speaker 1: you know, which was the first discovered? People have any idea?

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Speaker 1: And so I walked around and I asked people what

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Speaker 1: was the first particle discovered? And again these these interviews,

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Speaker 1: you'll hear we're not done at U c Irvine, but

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Speaker 1: actually in the airport at Heathrow, um, and so you'll

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Speaker 1: hear some international voices. So think back, if somebody ask

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Speaker 1: you what was the first what do you think the

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Speaker 1: first matter particle discovered? Was? What would you say to

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Speaker 1: a random stranger at an airport in London here's what

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Speaker 1: people have to ask you physics questions before you call security.

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Speaker 1: Think about what your answer would be. Well, here's what

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Speaker 1: those travelers had to say, iron, I don't know, oxygen

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Speaker 1: or probably the electron electrons, I imagine, all right, a

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Speaker 1: lot of good guesses there. So people said iron, some

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Speaker 1: people said the proton, some people said oxygen. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: I think a lot of people when I said particle,

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Speaker 1: they thought elements, they thought atoms, um And I'm not

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Speaker 1: sure if that's because they weren't aware of the structure

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Speaker 1: of matter sort of below the atomic level, or they

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Speaker 1: just thought that that still counts as the particle. But

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Speaker 1: you know, in modern day particle physics, we don't think

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Speaker 1: of oxygen as a particle. It's basically like a huge construction,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's a it's massive on the particle scale. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and we're so we're talking about the discovery of the

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Speaker 1: things that atoms are made at. We know that matter

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Speaker 1: is made out of molecules, and molecules are made out

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Speaker 1: of atoms, and atoms are made out of smaller things

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Speaker 1: that we so far don't know that they can be

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Speaker 1: split anymore. Right, that's right. And we know that these

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Speaker 1: particles that some of those particles makeup atoms right up,

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Speaker 1: quirks down, corks and electrons makeup atoms. But there are

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Speaker 1: other particles out there, right, There's lots of other particles.

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Speaker 1: There's twelve of them, and so it could be that

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Speaker 1: when you discover particle, it's not a particle that exists

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Speaker 1: in the atom, right, or it could be a particle

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Speaker 1: that helps them solve the puzzle of how the atoms

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Speaker 1: put together. Um, so there's more particles out there than

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Speaker 1: sort of exist in your ice cream besides the chocolate chips, right,

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Speaker 1: and the that is a fundamental unit of happiness, but

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Speaker 1: not a fundamental unit of the universe and charcolate chips up.

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Speaker 1: But so at some point we thought adams were like

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Speaker 1: the smallest things in the universe, right, But then we

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Speaker 1: find out that there are there. They're actually made out

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Speaker 1: of particles. And so one of those particles was the

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Speaker 1: first one discovered, and so the question is which one

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Speaker 1: was it? That's right, So I thought it'd be fun.

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Speaker 1: We'll walk you through the experiment from the point of

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Speaker 1: view of the experiment or right, what were they doing?

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Speaker 1: What were they trying to figure out? Why did they

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Speaker 1: do it, what do they learn? And at the end

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Speaker 1: we'll we'll reveal what the first particle was that was

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Speaker 1: discovered by this experiment. A mystery, an ice cream exactly.

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Speaker 1: Nobody dies in this mystery. We well they did die,

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Speaker 1: but um at the time they were due to this mystery.

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Speaker 1: Nobody was killed by this particle. All right, let's get

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Speaker 1: into that's not true. People are killed by this particle

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Speaker 1: all the time. All right, let's get into the story.

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Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. All right, we're

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Speaker 1: trying to piece together the story of which was the

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Speaker 1: first particle discovered ever so the first time that we

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Speaker 1: figured out that the atom is not the fundamental unit

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Speaker 1: of the universe. So so step us thirty daniel, what

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Speaker 1: what what year is it? What what year are we in?

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Speaker 1: And what was what we're people thinking? Cast your mind

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Speaker 1: back thirteen or so decades to the late eighteen hundreds,

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Speaker 1: and back then, physicists we're really just starting to make

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Speaker 1: any any progress in like understanding the thing around this

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Speaker 1: stuff around us. Back then, physics was like, okay, we

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Speaker 1: got this kind of thing. We got magnetism, we got

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Speaker 1: you know, people get electrically zapped. We got gravity, we

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Speaker 1: have just like a long list of things that we

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Speaker 1: don't understand, and compared to modern physics, where we feel

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Speaker 1: like most of the stuff around us we understand, you know,

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Speaker 1: the macroco the macroscopic scale. Right, it's rare these days

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Speaker 1: that you see something happened you're like, whoa, that's just

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Speaker 1: totally a mystery. Back then, there was a lot of

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Speaker 1: stuff going on that people didn't understand, and so people

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Speaker 1: were just sort of investigating it, playing with it, right.

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Speaker 1: They didn't understand what gamma rays were, X rays were

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Speaker 1: and all this stuff. Now we have a holistic understanding.

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Speaker 1: But back then there were a lot of these mysteries

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Speaker 1: and one of them. One of them was cathode rays.

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Speaker 1: This is something people had created and we're playing with

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Speaker 1: but didn't really understand. It's amazing to think have that mindset, right,

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Speaker 1: Like there's so many weird things going on and you're

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Speaker 1: just like, oh, well, I'll just go about my life anyways. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And you know, also, there were many fewer people doing

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Speaker 1: science back then, um, and so there's just a lot

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Speaker 1: less progress being made. And I wonder what it's like

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Speaker 1: sometimes to live in the universe where you know their

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Speaker 1: natural things happening for which we just do not have

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Speaker 1: an axclanation, like in your everyday life. Yeah, Like you're

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Speaker 1: walking around and it's like, oh, look at that cloud.

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Speaker 1: I have no idea what the thing is made out of?

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Speaker 1: Or yeah exactly could who knows somebody painting it blue?

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Speaker 1: Yeah right? Or why is lightning strike? Or what is lightning? Right? Um,

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Speaker 1: all this kind of stuff, or what is disease? Right?

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Speaker 1: People had no idea how disease was transmitted. Um. My

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Speaker 1: wife tells me this story about how until fairly recently,

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Speaker 1: doctors used to go from doing autopsies on cadavers to

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Speaker 1: delivering babies without washing their hands because they just didn't

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Speaker 1: understand right that what disease was. And so it's hard

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Speaker 1: to it hard sometimes to put your mind in in

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Speaker 1: the mindset of what people were like back then. But

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Speaker 1: back then people were playing with Catherine Raise and until recently,

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Speaker 1: cathode rays were pretty common. They're what used to make

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Speaker 1: TVs work. It's a little beam of electrons east sweep

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Speaker 1: along the back of the screen and make the picture

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Speaker 1: on the screen. These days everybody has a flat screen.

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Speaker 1: But you know those old deep TVs, the ones that

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Speaker 1: are pretty thick. Yeah, those have a little beam of

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Speaker 1: particles at them. Back then people were playing with them

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Speaker 1: because they were pretty easy to make. All you need

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Speaker 1: to do was make some like glass tube that was

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Speaker 1: mostly that was a pretty good vacuum, and you'd put

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Speaker 1: some material and it's some metal and you'd um, you'd

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Speaker 1: heat it up and then it put some electrical voltage

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Speaker 1: across it and you would get these crazy glowing rays

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Speaker 1: that shot from one side of the tube to the other. Ah,

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Speaker 1: whoa yeah, And they were like it was like a

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Speaker 1: side show. People were like go around like you know circuses,

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Speaker 1: like oh, here see the bearded lady. See the man

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Speaker 1: who can make glowing rays in the tube, you know,

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Speaker 1: and nobody understood it. But it was just this like

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Speaker 1: weird thing. And that's why it's called cathode ray tube,

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Speaker 1: Like yeah, like those old monitors and TVs or they're

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Speaker 1: called c rt s because that's what it stands stands for,

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Speaker 1: right exactly. And you know, Kathy, it comes from the

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Speaker 1: fact that you have a voltage across as you have

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Speaker 1: an an node and a cathode, right, and and you

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Speaker 1: would get these weird rays and nobody understood, like what

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Speaker 1: is this ray you couldn't like put your hand in

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Speaker 1: there because it was inside the tube and like touch it.

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Speaker 1: People were wondering, like is a ray a fundamental thing

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Speaker 1: of the universe? Right? They didn't know, and like I

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Speaker 1: can make this thing glow, but you know, everything in

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Speaker 1: the universe is a mystery, is indistinguishable from magic until

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Speaker 1: physics basically takes it apart and understand it. Either I

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Speaker 1: could say that's either ruining the magic or you know,

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Speaker 1: revealing the mysteries. Physicists killing the magic since late eighteen hundreds,

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Speaker 1: physicists capturing the magic to make better TVs for you

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Speaker 1: about that, or thinking the magic and then publishing a

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Speaker 1: long paper about it and hopes that they get the

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Speaker 1: Nobel Price about it and getting it in just on

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Speaker 1: time before they did. So we were in late eighteen hundreds,

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Speaker 1: and you know that, I imagine there's also all kinds

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Speaker 1: of weird thing is going on, right, Like Tesla was

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Speaker 1: around that time to write and just the people people

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Speaker 1: were playing with electricity and magnetism, and it was people

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Speaker 1: were just starting to understand how those two things were connected.

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Speaker 1: But there was lots of there was like every day

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Speaker 1: there was some physics experiments somebody did with the result

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Speaker 1: that people didn't understand, you know, which almost never happens anymore.

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Speaker 1: But back then there was just like tons of stuff

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Speaker 1: that nobody understood. It was it was a field day

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Speaker 1: for physics. Okay. So and so that this one in

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Speaker 1: particular led to the first discovery of a particle. Um

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Speaker 1: So step was who who is playing with this? So

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Speaker 1: it's a guy named J. J. Thompson, and he was

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Speaker 1: curious about what these things were and he was like, well,

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Speaker 1: let's try to you know, poke them. Let's see what

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Speaker 1: we can do to affect these rays. So the first

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Speaker 1: thing he did was like, all right, I'm gonna make

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Speaker 1: my cathode ray and then I'm gonna put the cathode

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Speaker 1: ray tube inside another electric field. Remember there's already a

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Speaker 1: little electric field inside. If a cathode and an anode,

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Speaker 1: you're playing a voltage across it as it makes the rays.

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Speaker 1: But then he puts that inside and other electric field

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Speaker 1: to see if he could bend the race. His question

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Speaker 1: was like, can I move the direction of the rays

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Speaker 1: by applying an electric field? Because you know, like why not? Right? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: Like you know you have this is how you do science.

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Speaker 1: You have a limited number of tools, and you just

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Speaker 1: try to poke everything you can with those tools and

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Speaker 1: see if they give you any information. Do you think

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Speaker 1: that was the first thing he tried? Like did he try?

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Speaker 1: Was He's sitting around like what if I put a

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Speaker 1: banana on the beam, or what if I you know,

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Speaker 1: what if I light a fire under the beam? Or

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Speaker 1: what if? I think a great question? And I bet,

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Speaker 1: I bet his his log notebook um contains a bunch

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Speaker 1: of hilarious stuff. But this is what if I dipped

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Speaker 1: the capite ray and chocolate. This is the first productive

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Speaker 1: set of experiments he did. And and what he found

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Speaker 1: was that if you put another electric field on it,

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Speaker 1: you can bend the rays. So he instead of just

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Speaker 1: having straight rays across the tube, he could make the

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Speaker 1: rays hit the side of the tube instead. WHOA, Like

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Speaker 1: he was bending the light rays. Like he was bending

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Speaker 1: this magical glowing ray. Yeah, and it like glows purple

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Speaker 1: or whatever. And he was bending this ray And that

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Speaker 1: must have been pretty cool, right because you can turn

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Speaker 1: up and down the electric field and you can see

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Speaker 1: the ray bending, and so you're like, wow, I have

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Speaker 1: power over this ray, you know, And and that's not

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Speaker 1: something you can do with light, like if you light

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Speaker 1: a flashlight, that beam is not gonna get band noticeably

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Speaker 1: or at all by a magnet. Right, that's right. A

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Speaker 1: magnet or electric field will not change the direction of light.

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Speaker 1: You can do with a black hole, though, But I

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Speaker 1: don't think you have went around in your workshop. He

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Speaker 1: didn't have a black hole. He did not have a

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Speaker 1: black hole, or I'm sure he would have tried it, right,

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Speaker 1: dipped the black hole and chocolate, combined the black hole

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Speaker 1: with bananas. You never knew these rays you could bend,

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Speaker 1: which was weird. Right, And that told him that they

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Speaker 1: probably had some electric charge to them, right, that this

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Speaker 1: wasn't just like neutral light. This was something with special

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Speaker 1: property to it. Because the only things that have electric charge,

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Speaker 1: you depositive or negative, get moved by by electric fields. Right.

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Speaker 1: Everything else just ignores electric fields. So I told him

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Speaker 1: these rays had some charge to them. So that was

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Speaker 1: the first hint that they had like some quality. Rather

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Speaker 1: than being glowing and cool, they carried a charge, meaning

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Speaker 1: like they prefer or get repelled or attracted by like

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Speaker 1: the opposite ends of a magnet. Exactly exactly, Okay, So

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Speaker 1: that this told J. J. Thompson that there was something

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Speaker 1: to this glow right like it was. It wasn't just

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Speaker 1: like empty light. There was something to it. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: then to confirm that, he did another experiment, which was

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Speaker 1: he swapped out the electric field for a magnetic field.

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Speaker 1: And remember, any particle that feels charged will also get

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Speaker 1: bent by a magnetic field that works a little bit differently,

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Speaker 1: and so this sort of confirmed to him that there

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Speaker 1: really was something that that was charged because he could

401
00:20:48,560 --> 00:20:50,600
Speaker 1: also bend them. We use the magnetic field. So he

402
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Speaker 1: turns the magnetic field on and the rays bend, and

403
00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:56,480
Speaker 1: if you use the magnetic field, they also bend. Yes,

404
00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:58,399
Speaker 1: they also been with the magnetic field, so bent to

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Speaker 1: electric field and it been to a magnetic field. So

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Speaker 1: that really told him that there was something there with charge.

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Speaker 1: But the real genius of his experiment came in the

408
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Speaker 1: next step. What other people had tried this kind of stuff,

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Speaker 1: but he was the first person to combine the electric

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Speaker 1: field and the magnetic field at the same time. But

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Speaker 1: the cool thing about this combining them was that an

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Speaker 1: electric field bends it based on how much charge it has. Okay,

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Speaker 1: the magnetic field bends it based on how much charge

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Speaker 1: it has. And also it's more sensitive to the mass. Right,

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Speaker 1: So by by measuring how much the electric field bends

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Speaker 1: it versus how much the magnetic field bends it, you

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Speaker 1: can measure the ratio of the charge and the mass

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Speaker 1: of this this ray, this thing. Right, So he's shooting

419
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Speaker 1: this particle through the Catherine ray, he's bending it one

420
00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:49,359
Speaker 1: way with the electric field, another way with the magnetic field.

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00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:52,280
Speaker 1: He's measuring all that. That lets him know that the

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Speaker 1: ray has mass, right, that the thing that's inside the

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00:21:55,320 --> 00:21:57,760
Speaker 1: ray that's causing this glow has some mass, And it

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Speaker 1: lets him measure the ratio of the charge to the mass.

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Speaker 1: Because like, if something is heavy and has a negative charge,

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Speaker 1: it will bend one way, but if something is light

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00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:11,199
Speaker 1: and has a negative charge will bend differently. Yeah, it

428
00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:14,760
Speaker 1: won't bend as much if it's heavier for example. Okay,

429
00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:17,119
Speaker 1: So the stronger the charge, the more the bending. The

430
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:20,320
Speaker 1: higher the mass, the less the bending. And because the

431
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:23,960
Speaker 1: electric field the magnetic field are sensitive in different ways

432
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:26,800
Speaker 1: to these two quantities, he could measure this ratio by

433
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,560
Speaker 1: measuring both of those things. So this is like experimental cleverness.

434
00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:32,440
Speaker 1: We hear lots of stories in the history of physics

435
00:22:32,440 --> 00:22:37,400
Speaker 1: of like theoretical genius, right, moments of insight, but experimental cleverness,

436
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:39,359
Speaker 1: you know, has really paved the way. This is like

437
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:41,760
Speaker 1: people figuring out, how can I solve this puzzle? How

438
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:44,320
Speaker 1: can I make the universe tell me this answer? How

439
00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:47,600
Speaker 1: can I arrange things in a way that nature cannot escape? Right?

440
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,480
Speaker 1: So I like, can I outclever the universe? Yes, exactly.

441
00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:54,040
Speaker 1: It's like being a detective, right, It's like, how can

442
00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:56,720
Speaker 1: I prove you know, how can I rule out this alibi?

443
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,320
Speaker 1: How can I construct a situation where the suspect has

444
00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:02,639
Speaker 1: to reveal to me who is the real killer? Right? Um?

445
00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:06,720
Speaker 1: That's experimental cleverness. Um. And the answer he got blew

446
00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:10,879
Speaker 1: his mind because he measured this charged mass ratio and

447
00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:14,440
Speaker 1: he was enormous, right, the charge which much much, much,

448
00:23:14,520 --> 00:23:17,119
Speaker 1: much much bigger than the mass. So he saw that

449
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:21,720
Speaker 1: whatever this ray was, it was supercharged, basically like it

450
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:25,840
Speaker 1: had a huge amount of charge but very little mass, yes, exactly,

451
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:28,640
Speaker 1: And so he was like, wow, whatever this thing is,

452
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:31,720
Speaker 1: there's stuff to it. It has mass, but it also

453
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,760
Speaker 1: has charge, but it's got this like way more charged

454
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:37,440
Speaker 1: than it has mass. But that must have been a

455
00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:41,960
Speaker 1: kind of mind blowing, right, like, this ray has mass,

456
00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:44,399
Speaker 1: like it has substance to it. That was the moment

457
00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:48,439
Speaker 1: when particle physics as a concept as a field was

458
00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:52,000
Speaker 1: born because he was like, ah ha, now I can

459
00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:54,080
Speaker 1: say that this ray is made of something that has

460
00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:56,960
Speaker 1: stuff to it, right, And he that's when he took

461
00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:00,879
Speaker 1: this first step. He created the concept of the fundamental particle.

462
00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:03,400
Speaker 1: And he's like, there's something in there that has both

463
00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:07,480
Speaker 1: charge and mass. So it's like a dot in space

464
00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:10,560
Speaker 1: that has more than one property, right, And that's sort

465
00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:12,480
Speaker 1: of the idea of a particle. It's like, it's just

466
00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:14,480
Speaker 1: a point in space that we could put labels on.

467
00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:17,200
Speaker 1: But how do you know it wasn't just another atom

468
00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:21,560
Speaker 1: or that it was just another like fluid or something. Well,

469
00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:24,560
Speaker 1: we knew it wasn't an atom because the atoms are

470
00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:27,200
Speaker 1: either neutral or they have positive charge with He didn't

471
00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:29,560
Speaker 1: know the structure of matter right at this point, he

472
00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:32,520
Speaker 1: didn't know what atoms were made out of. Right, But

473
00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:35,359
Speaker 1: no atom had this charge to mass ratio, right. Atoms

474
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:38,560
Speaker 1: were much more massive compared to their charge. So this

475
00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:41,560
Speaker 1: is definitely something This is definitely something new because remember

476
00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:44,399
Speaker 1: atoms are dominated by protons and neutrons, which are much

477
00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:48,240
Speaker 1: much heavier than electrons. Okay, so U and that was

478
00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:49,960
Speaker 1: a big deal. Do you think that really kind of

479
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:54,480
Speaker 1: blew his mind that he write like eureka on his notebook? Yeah?

480
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:56,359
Speaker 1: I think that was a great moment. You know, and

481
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,359
Speaker 1: other people had tried and failed, mostly because they didn't

482
00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:01,760
Speaker 1: have a good in off vacuum in their in their

483
00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:04,600
Speaker 1: catholine ray tubes, and so they didn't achieve these these results.

484
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:07,359
Speaker 1: And so you know, he worked carefully, he had some

485
00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:09,720
Speaker 1: good ideas, and so he was the first one across

486
00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,080
Speaker 1: the line. So because he was the first one across

487
00:25:12,080 --> 00:25:14,680
Speaker 1: the line, of course he got the right to name

488
00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:18,000
Speaker 1: this thing. Right. He created this whole concept of a particle,

489
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:19,840
Speaker 1: and I think it was a mind blowing moment for

490
00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:23,280
Speaker 1: him because he thought pretty grandly about it. But I

491
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:25,280
Speaker 1: don't think he'd be very impressed with the name he

492
00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:29,159
Speaker 1: All right, well, before we reveal the name of this

493
00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:45,880
Speaker 1: first particle, let's take another quick break. Alright, we're talking

494
00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:49,560
Speaker 1: about the first particle ever discovered, and we've been talking

495
00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:52,560
Speaker 1: about the story of J. J. Thompson, who did some

496
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:57,600
Speaker 1: clever experiments and he found that these rays of glowy

497
00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:01,120
Speaker 1: stuff had a lot of large but not a lot

498
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:03,720
Speaker 1: of mass. And so I'm trying to figure out, Daniel,

499
00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,199
Speaker 1: how this you go from that to like, oh, it

500
00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:09,200
Speaker 1: must be little tiny particles. That's basically it, right, he said,

501
00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:11,679
Speaker 1: that is what a particle is. It's a point in

502
00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:16,439
Speaker 1: space that has some mass and has some charge. And

503
00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:19,480
Speaker 1: that's like he knew this was something new. I hadn't

504
00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:22,959
Speaker 1: been discovered before, and so he thought, like, I'm gonna

505
00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:25,639
Speaker 1: call this thing something. It must be something because it

506
00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:27,560
Speaker 1: has some mass to it. You know, these days of

507
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:29,919
Speaker 1: a modern particle physics, right, we don't have to have

508
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:33,320
Speaker 1: mass to have a particle. Sort of generalize the concept

509
00:26:33,359 --> 00:26:35,760
Speaker 1: of a particle to just be like a dot in

510
00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,399
Speaker 1: space that has labels, and those labels can be like

511
00:26:38,680 --> 00:26:41,080
Speaker 1: do you have electric charge yes or no? Do you

512
00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:44,040
Speaker 1: have quantum color charge? Yes or no? Do you feel

513
00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:46,760
Speaker 1: the weak charge? Yes or no? Do you have mass?

514
00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:50,359
Speaker 1: Yes or no? Right? Do you have spin? Very various

515
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,119
Speaker 1: answers to that, And so we've sort of generalized this

516
00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,480
Speaker 1: concept of a particle um to be like a dot

517
00:26:56,520 --> 00:26:59,359
Speaker 1: in space with various labels. But to my understanding, this

518
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:03,000
Speaker 1: is the first in history when that idea was used, Like,

519
00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,560
Speaker 1: here's the thing it's an it, and it has a

520
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,880
Speaker 1: special property of mass and a special property of charge

521
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,240
Speaker 1: that are you know, sort of like labels on it. Yeah.

522
00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:16,080
Speaker 1: And and remember he's imagining these rays to be made

523
00:27:16,119 --> 00:27:18,199
Speaker 1: up these things of these things, and they're all identical, right,

524
00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:21,159
Speaker 1: they all have the same charge to mass ratio. So

525
00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:24,320
Speaker 1: it's like this, he's imagining it to be this stream

526
00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:27,160
Speaker 1: of little special dots. And so that was the birth

527
00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:30,480
Speaker 1: of particle physics. Yeah. Yeah, although he didn't call it

528
00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:34,720
Speaker 1: a particle. His talents were in experiments and in cleverness,

529
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:39,280
Speaker 1: but not necessarily in you know, naming things. He and

530
00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:41,879
Speaker 1: I would not have been friends. No. He called this

531
00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:47,119
Speaker 1: thing that he found the corpus skule. Ah, And I

532
00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:51,399
Speaker 1: think corps comes from like, you know, incorporation, not like

533
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:53,520
Speaker 1: a company, but like a like a corpse, you know,

534
00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:57,440
Speaker 1: like matter, like like a body, Yes, like a body exactly.

535
00:27:58,040 --> 00:27:59,840
Speaker 1: And so I think he was going for like, you know,

536
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:04,800
Speaker 1: corpsito with corpuscule, like a little body, you know, or something.

537
00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:07,480
Speaker 1: He had been Italian, the history of physics would have

538
00:28:07,480 --> 00:28:13,240
Speaker 1: been totally different, that's right, exactly, or a Spanish or something.

539
00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:15,680
Speaker 1: So he called it his corpuscule. So he saw this

540
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:18,159
Speaker 1: weird glow, and he thought, and he figured out that

541
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,399
Speaker 1: it has mass and charged and so he imagined that

542
00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:24,160
Speaker 1: it must be little tiny things and he called them exactly,

543
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:27,800
Speaker 1: and he called called them corpuscules. And he was pretty

544
00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,440
Speaker 1: pleased with himself. I mean, it's a pretty big discovery.

545
00:28:30,560 --> 00:28:34,040
Speaker 1: And he um, he named this thing. And then he imagined, ah, well,

546
00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:37,399
Speaker 1: maybe I haven't just discovered what makes these rays up.

547
00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:41,240
Speaker 1: Maybe everything is made of these things. And you know,

548
00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,920
Speaker 1: there's this tendency in physics when you make a discovery

549
00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:47,200
Speaker 1: to generalize it, to think too expansively, to imagine that

550
00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:50,000
Speaker 1: maybe you've cracked like a really deep secret in the universe.

551
00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,640
Speaker 1: And so he imagined that, you know, maybe atoms were

552
00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:55,280
Speaker 1: made out of these things, and he had found the

553
00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:57,479
Speaker 1: basic building block of the whole universe. He kind of

554
00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:01,400
Speaker 1: wasn't that far off, right, Like, in a way, everything

555
00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:03,960
Speaker 1: is sort of that we know about is sort of

556
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:09,440
Speaker 1: made out of these corpus schools, corps corpuscuits, that's right.

557
00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:12,880
Speaker 1: He was right that the little corpusculitos were boiling off

558
00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:15,840
Speaker 1: the cathode, right, and so it was reasonable for him

559
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:19,920
Speaker 1: to imagine that maybe everything had these little corpuscules inside

560
00:29:19,920 --> 00:29:22,719
Speaker 1: of them. Of course there's a deeper question there, right, like,

561
00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:25,720
Speaker 1: because these things are negative and most matter is neutral,

562
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:27,920
Speaker 1: so you have to answer the question of like, you know,

563
00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:32,480
Speaker 1: what's balancing it out. So he imagined that his model

564
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:35,320
Speaker 1: of matter was, you know, basically a bunch of his

565
00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:40,120
Speaker 1: little corpus scules and then some like thin positively charged

566
00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:43,680
Speaker 1: jelly to fill the universe to balance out those elect

567
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:47,760
Speaker 1: those the negative charges from his little corpuscuit, corpuscule and jelly.

568
00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:52,240
Speaker 1: That's right, he was thinking about dessert. Right, Well, let's

569
00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:55,320
Speaker 1: not keep our listeners and suspense anymore, Daniel. So this

570
00:29:55,440 --> 00:30:00,200
Speaker 1: corpus school is was later renamed into what we all

571
00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:04,880
Speaker 1: know and love as the electron. Most of the time

572
00:30:04,880 --> 00:30:08,080
Speaker 1: in particle physics, whoever discovers the particle, we give them

573
00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:10,040
Speaker 1: the right to name it, and even if it's ridiculous

574
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:12,680
Speaker 1: or silly, we usually keep it. But this one, for

575
00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:16,480
Speaker 1: reasons I don't understand, was later renamed and his the

576
00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:20,920
Speaker 1: inventor the discoverer's choice of corporate skool was tossed aside.

577
00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:24,479
Speaker 1: Oh man, there was like a vote. I don't know,

578
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:26,360
Speaker 1: I have to dig into the history of that. A

579
00:30:26,360 --> 00:30:28,680
Speaker 1: little bit like, we love you, j J. But you

580
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:32,040
Speaker 1: got skills, but these aren't them. We love you. But

581
00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:34,480
Speaker 1: that's a dumb name, man, And it is a dumb name.

582
00:30:34,720 --> 00:30:36,600
Speaker 1: I mean, I'm so I'm glad to be a particle

583
00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:40,000
Speaker 1: physicist and not a corpuscule physicist. I don't know. I mean,

584
00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,680
Speaker 1: is electron really a better name than corpus school? I

585
00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:47,080
Speaker 1: mean it sounds kind of corporate skul. It sounds like

586
00:30:47,080 --> 00:30:50,440
Speaker 1: a disease or something. I'm sorry, sir, you have corpus

587
00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:54,160
Speaker 1: s fueles. I'm gonna prescribe chocolate covered bananas for the

588
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,320
Speaker 1: rest of your life. I'm sorry, sir. Every atom in

589
00:30:56,320 --> 00:30:59,000
Speaker 1: your body has a bunch of corpus skools, and that

590
00:30:59,120 --> 00:31:03,880
Speaker 1: is you're in acted with corpus skules. There's nothing we

591
00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:07,760
Speaker 1: can do about it. I'm sorry to be so negative. So, so,

592
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:10,160
Speaker 1: that was the first particle then that was ever discovered

593
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:13,080
Speaker 1: by humans. It was the electron, that's right, yeah, And

594
00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:16,320
Speaker 1: and um, And he was right that electrons or corpuscules

595
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:18,840
Speaker 1: as he said them, as he called them, are inside

596
00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:21,920
Speaker 1: all of matter, right. Um. He was wrong about the

597
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,920
Speaker 1: structure of the atom and and where the positive charges are,

598
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:27,560
Speaker 1: but he was right, that that corpus skules play a

599
00:31:27,680 --> 00:31:30,640
Speaker 1: role in matter, and that's pretty cool. Wait wait, I'm

600
00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:35,080
Speaker 1: not made out of some positive jelly. I'm positive that

601
00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:37,080
Speaker 1: you're not made out of jelly. And you know, to

602
00:31:37,160 --> 00:31:40,640
Speaker 1: round it out, we now have a pretty solid modern

603
00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:44,120
Speaker 1: understanding of what happens inside cathode ray tubes, right, and

604
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:46,959
Speaker 1: why they why they work, and you know very quickly

605
00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:49,440
Speaker 1: they have the You have the cathode on one side

606
00:31:49,480 --> 00:31:51,600
Speaker 1: and you heat it up in the electrons boil off,

607
00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:54,920
Speaker 1: then they get slurped across by by the electric field

608
00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:58,520
Speaker 1: to the other side. But the interesting little nugget there

609
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:01,560
Speaker 1: is that if you have a perfect vacuum, you won't

610
00:32:01,600 --> 00:32:05,080
Speaker 1: see any cathode rays. Right. Electrons are not really visible,

611
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:08,520
Speaker 1: they don't glow. The reason that J. J. Thompson saw

612
00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:12,200
Speaker 1: raise is because he didn't succeed in making a perfect vacuum.

613
00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:14,880
Speaker 1: He still had some gas in there and that gas

614
00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:17,640
Speaker 1: was getting ionized by the electrons and it was glowing.

615
00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,040
Speaker 1: So the cathode rays he was seeing were it actually electrons.

616
00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:24,160
Speaker 1: There were glowing gas caused by the electron, Like the

617
00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:27,760
Speaker 1: electrons hit the gas and then that's what makes it glow. Yeah, exactly.

618
00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:30,640
Speaker 1: So if he had been a better experimentalist and achieved

619
00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:33,840
Speaker 1: a better vacuum, he never would have discovered the corpus fuel.

620
00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:35,840
Speaker 1: If he had been the first to create a vacuum,

621
00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:39,480
Speaker 1: he would he would not have discovered the electron. That's right, exactly.

622
00:32:39,760 --> 00:32:44,480
Speaker 1: So it takes a combination of luck, skill, cleverness, and ineptitude.

623
00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:47,440
Speaker 1: All right, So that's the first particle ever discovered, the electron,

624
00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:49,040
Speaker 1: And I have to say, I think that's the one

625
00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:53,120
Speaker 1: I would have guessed, probably the electron. Yeah, because electricity

626
00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:57,000
Speaker 1: is sort of immediate and tactile. Why would have electron accessible?

627
00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:00,720
Speaker 1: And I just associated with there you know, they need

628
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:06,680
Speaker 1: about lightning and Tesla's coils and things like that. Do

629
00:33:06,720 --> 00:33:11,680
Speaker 1: you have like a steampunk image of physics needs? Basically

630
00:33:12,960 --> 00:33:15,640
Speaker 1: everything I know is through comics basically, you know what.

631
00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:18,680
Speaker 1: That's probably pretty accurate, so I won't dispute it. And

632
00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:20,000
Speaker 1: so what do you think would happen if we had

633
00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:23,320
Speaker 1: stayed with corpus school, Like would this be my corpus

634
00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:29,000
Speaker 1: stronic watch that I'm wearing and I'm listening to Corpus Corona?

635
00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:32,280
Speaker 1: I don't know, And I can't even imagine, Like if

636
00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:34,200
Speaker 1: we had stuck with that as a sort of precedent,

637
00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:36,520
Speaker 1: what would we have named the other particles? You know,

638
00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:43,680
Speaker 1: we have to follow, follow the corpse um, the corpse ethos,

639
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:49,320
Speaker 1: the cule pattern, the cels. So that's pretty cool to

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00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:53,520
Speaker 1: think about how things are discovered, you know, like to

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00:33:53,560 --> 00:33:57,440
Speaker 1: imagine not knowing anything about the things around you and

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00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:00,120
Speaker 1: to be the one who comes up with a some

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00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:02,720
Speaker 1: crazy idea or some some crazy experiment that cracks it

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00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:05,040
Speaker 1: all open. As always the case when you look at

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00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:07,840
Speaker 1: the history of science, it seems pretty straightforward, like he

646
00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:10,000
Speaker 1: didn't have to have any special materials. The kind of

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00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:12,719
Speaker 1: stuff he had around, lots of people had around. He

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00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:15,000
Speaker 1: just combined it in a sort of unusual way. And

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00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:16,800
Speaker 1: it's easy to look back and think, oh, I would

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00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:19,080
Speaker 1: have done that, But remember back then there were a

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00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:22,000
Speaker 1: lot of things people didn't understand. And having these ideas

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00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:26,360
Speaker 1: and recognizing the significance of the results you have, that's

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00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:29,640
Speaker 1: really where the genius comes in, and and knowing which

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00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:32,279
Speaker 1: experiments to do and what they mean. And so we

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00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:34,040
Speaker 1: should give a lot of credit to J. J. Thompson.

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00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:35,400
Speaker 1: We made a little bit of fun of him, but

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00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:38,000
Speaker 1: he really kicked off this whole field a part of physics,

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00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,240
Speaker 1: and so I certainly owe him a lot, right, And

659
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,360
Speaker 1: there's still a huge number of things we don't know.

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00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:46,160
Speaker 1: So any one of our listeners out or it could

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00:34:46,200 --> 00:34:48,640
Speaker 1: be the one, could be the next J. J. Thompson

662
00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:51,919
Speaker 1: could be the next person to discover something amazing. Yeah,

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00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:54,520
Speaker 1: and maybe with the materials you have in your garage,

664
00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:56,200
Speaker 1: just maybe give it a little more thought before you

665
00:34:56,320 --> 00:35:01,440
Speaker 1: name it. Just yeah, you do discover new particle, please

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00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:06,080
Speaker 1: call Jorge is very reasonable consulting rates. I work for bananas,

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00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:10,960
Speaker 1: so very reason Alright, alright, thanks for tuning in. Hope

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00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:20,879
Speaker 1: you enjoyed that. See you next time. If you still

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00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:23,920
Speaker 1: have a question after listening to all these explanations, please

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00:35:24,239 --> 00:35:26,520
Speaker 1: drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you.

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00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:29,359
Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

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00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:32,839
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or email us at

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00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:36,800
Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening

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00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,520
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

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00:35:39,560 --> 00:35:43,080
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast from

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00:35:43,080 --> 00:35:46,839
Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

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00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:54,600
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Ye