1 00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:12,360 Speaker 1: Welcome to Tech Stuff, a production from iHeartRadio. Hey thereon 2 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:15,480 Speaker 1: Welcome to Tech Stuff. I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm 3 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:18,360 Speaker 1: an executive producer with iHeartRadio. And how the tech are you? 4 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:25,000 Speaker 1: So I threatened? Sorry, I mean I mentioned last week 5 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: that I planned to do an episode about logic gates, 6 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: which light at the heart of computer processing. So today 7 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:33,720 Speaker 1: we're going to do a quick overview of logic gates 8 00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:36,120 Speaker 1: and what they do. And originally I was going to 9 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: run reruns this week because I'm actually on vacation as 10 00:00:39,040 --> 00:00:42,479 Speaker 1: you listen to this, but I had a little extra 11 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,800 Speaker 1: pizazz in my step that I'll talk about in a second. 12 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:48,760 Speaker 1: But yeah, let's talk about logic gates and what they do. 13 00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:51,200 Speaker 1: And first up, you should know that logic gates are 14 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:55,560 Speaker 1: based off of Boolean algebra. This branch of math was 15 00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:59,560 Speaker 1: invented by the guy that it was named after, George Algebra. 16 00:01:00,520 --> 00:01:03,600 Speaker 1: Just kidding. His name was George Bull. Bull was born 17 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: in England in eighteen fifteen, as so many were. He 18 00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:10,000 Speaker 1: died forty nine years later in Ireland. And I can 19 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:13,920 Speaker 1: understand why. I guess this is where I should mention. 20 00:01:13,959 --> 00:01:17,399 Speaker 1: I'm writing this episode while under the influence of advil 21 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: PM because I grabbed the wrong tablets while trying to 22 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: treat a headache. So that's going to be a factor 23 00:01:23,959 --> 00:01:26,959 Speaker 1: for the rest of this episode, just like you know. Anyway, 24 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:31,400 Speaker 1: George Bull helped establish symbolic logic, which, by the way, 25 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:35,840 Speaker 1: I loved that subject in college. It was a math 26 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:40,000 Speaker 1: course that I excelled at. In fact, I would only 27 00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:43,800 Speaker 1: show up to class on Thursdays and Fridays. We met 28 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:46,600 Speaker 1: every day of the week, but there was no attendance policy. 29 00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:49,120 Speaker 1: So Thursday I would show up to find out which 30 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:52,680 Speaker 1: chapters that the professor had gone over, and then Friday 31 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:55,720 Speaker 1: I would show up because there was a quiz for 32 00:01:55,840 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: that week's lessons. And symbolic logic made so much sense 33 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:03,880 Speaker 1: to me that I could just show up on Thursday 34 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: to see which chapters that needed to read, show up 35 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,120 Speaker 1: Friday and do the work. And I aced that class. 36 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:11,760 Speaker 1: Now this is not to say that I'm a genius. 37 00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 1: I am not. Just for some reason or another, symbolic 38 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:17,640 Speaker 1: logic clicked with me in a way that a lot 39 00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: of subjects never did. Anyway, symbolic logic would become a 40 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 1: fundamental foundation for digital circuits. Years later, my guess is 41 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,840 Speaker 1: he didn't know that was going to happen because computers 42 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:31,800 Speaker 1: weren't a thing yet. So what had happened was Bull 43 00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:35,280 Speaker 1: mostly learned mathematics all on his own. He received some 44 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:39,119 Speaker 1: tutoring from his father, who was a tradesman, and he 45 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:43,320 Speaker 1: did go to a couple of schools, but no like 46 00:02:43,960 --> 00:02:47,920 Speaker 1: secondary formal education. Mainly he was self taught, and he 47 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:52,520 Speaker 1: actually began teaching around various schools in his region when 48 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:55,840 Speaker 1: he was just sixteen years old, not only because he 49 00:02:55,919 --> 00:02:59,160 Speaker 1: was brilliant, but also because it was necessary. His father's 50 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:02,040 Speaker 1: business had slowed down and his family needed the income. 51 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:04,680 Speaker 1: So the gig economy has been around for a while, 52 00:03:04,680 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 1: I guess is what I'm saying. In the eighteen forties, 53 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: Bull submitted papers to the Cambridge Mathematical Journal on subjects 54 00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:16,560 Speaker 1: ranging from differential equations to calculus, you know, light reading. 55 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:20,000 Speaker 1: In eighteen forty seven, he published a work titled the 56 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:25,240 Speaker 1: Mathematical Analysis of Logic Being an Essay toward a Calculus 57 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: of Deductive reasoning. This landed him a university teaching gig, 58 00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:32,280 Speaker 1: even though he had never earned a college degree of 59 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: his own. In eighteen forty five, he published a further 60 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:39,800 Speaker 1: treatment of his ideas titled an Investigation into the Laws 61 00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:43,760 Speaker 1: of Thought on which are founded the mathematical theories of 62 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: logic and probabilities Real Page Turner. In eighteen forty six 63 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:54,120 Speaker 1: he married Mary Everest, the daughter of Mount Everest. Okay, wait, no, sorry, no, 64 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:57,880 Speaker 1: she was the daughter of George Everest. It's just that 65 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: Mount Everest is named after George Everest. That's actually true. 66 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:06,120 Speaker 1: I got a little confused there. Sorry, I'm blaming the ADVILPM. 67 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 1: At this point, Boole used mathematical symbols to represent logical 68 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:15,520 Speaker 1: arguments and showed that by encoding an argument as a 69 00:04:15,640 --> 00:04:18,800 Speaker 1: series of equations, one could check to see if the 70 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:22,760 Speaker 1: argument was sound or not, if it were true, or 71 00:04:22,800 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 1: if it were false. So, for example, maybe you were 72 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: saying something like all cats are mammals, Old Greg is 73 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:34,880 Speaker 1: a cat, therefore old Greg is a mammal. Well, you 74 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: could actually represent those statements as equations, and then you 75 00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:42,880 Speaker 1: could solve to show that the conclusion is contained within 76 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:47,160 Speaker 1: the premises. So if the premisses contained the conclusion and 77 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:49,960 Speaker 1: everything lines up, you would say it's logically sound. It 78 00:04:50,120 --> 00:04:53,800 Speaker 1: is a true argument. However, if you said all cats 79 00:04:53,839 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: are mammals. Old Greg likes to sip Bailey's out of 80 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: a shoe. Therefore, Old Greg is a mammal. Well, that 81 00:05:00,279 --> 00:05:03,880 Speaker 1: wouldn't fly because you haven't established that Old Greg is 82 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:06,440 Speaker 1: a cat or any other kind of mammal for that matter. 83 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:10,000 Speaker 1: He's Old Greg. So what does this have to do 84 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:12,839 Speaker 1: with computers. Well, Old Greg will have nothing to do 85 00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:14,800 Speaker 1: with computers, probably because he lives at the bottom of 86 00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:17,440 Speaker 1: a lake and his computer with short circuit immediately. But 87 00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:22,920 Speaker 1: boolean logic would underpin the concept of logic gates, which 88 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:26,320 Speaker 1: in turn would allow a computer to process information in 89 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:29,440 Speaker 1: a meaningful way. And this brings us to the concept 90 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:34,320 Speaker 1: of actual logic gates. PCMag dot com defines logic gates 91 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:39,680 Speaker 1: as quote a collection of transistors and resistors that implement 92 00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:44,080 Speaker 1: boolean logic operations in a digital circuit. Logic gates have 93 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:48,559 Speaker 1: one or two zero or one inputs, but only one 94 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: zero or one output, as in the following examples, which 95 00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:57,000 Speaker 1: they then list to continue the quote. Transistors make up gates, 96 00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: Gates makeup circuits, and circuits may up electronic systems. End quote. 97 00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:09,160 Speaker 1: So a typical logic gate usually accepts two inputs and 98 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:13,520 Speaker 1: produces a single output, and that output is based both 99 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:15,760 Speaker 1: upon the nature of the inputs and the nature of 100 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:18,680 Speaker 1: the gate itself. I say typically, because of course there 101 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 1: are exceptions, but for the purposes of simplicity, we're mainly 102 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:26,880 Speaker 1: focusing on the typical example of two inputs enter, one 103 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 1: output leaves. So yeah, I am going thunderdome with these rules. 104 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:35,000 Speaker 1: The output that a logic gate produces, like I said, 105 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:38,000 Speaker 1: depends both upon the value of the inputs and the 106 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:40,520 Speaker 1: type of logic gait that we're talking about. So you 107 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: can think of logic gates being kind of like a 108 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:48,120 Speaker 1: physical gate that leads into, say a courtyard, and this 109 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:51,760 Speaker 1: particular gate has a bouncer standing outside of it. The 110 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:54,920 Speaker 1: bouncer enforces the rules. So you come up to the gate, 111 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:58,240 Speaker 1: and if you meet certain criteria, the bouncer lets you through, 112 00:06:58,440 --> 00:07:00,920 Speaker 1: and if you do not meet the criteria, the bouncer 113 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:04,880 Speaker 1: turns you away. This analogy isn't perfect, because really the 114 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:08,320 Speaker 1: logic gates allow a value to pass through no matter 115 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:11,160 Speaker 1: what it's just what value is that going to be? 116 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 1: Will it be a zero or will it be a one. 117 00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:17,040 Speaker 1: So the bouncers in circuits are electronic components, and the 118 00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:19,840 Speaker 1: rules depend upon the type of gait. And we are 119 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: talking physical structures here in a circuit. We're actually talking 120 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: about transistors and resistors. So the way the gates work 121 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:33,640 Speaker 1: is dependent upon voltage. So each input can have one 122 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:37,840 Speaker 1: of two values. Either zero volts is applied to the input, 123 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:42,680 Speaker 1: which would then represent an input of zero, or five 124 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:46,840 Speaker 1: positive volts are inputed into that input and then that 125 00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: represents a one. The output produces a value of either 126 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:54,480 Speaker 1: zero volts, so a zero in logic, or five volts 127 00:07:54,560 --> 00:07:57,680 Speaker 1: again meaning a one in logic. Now, if we just 128 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:03,520 Speaker 1: talking two inputs, you can have four possible combinations, right, 129 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 1: So each input can have one of two states, either 130 00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: a zero or a one. And if we start to 131 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:15,560 Speaker 1: group these two inputs together, that gives us four potential combos. 132 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,040 Speaker 1: You could have both input A and input B B zero, 133 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 1: so that's one value. Or you could have both of 134 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:25,840 Speaker 1: them be one that's a second value. Or you could 135 00:08:25,840 --> 00:08:29,240 Speaker 1: have input A B zero, input B is one that's 136 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:32,480 Speaker 1: a third value. Or you could have input A B 137 00:08:32,760 --> 00:08:36,960 Speaker 1: one and input B is zero that's your fourth value. 138 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:42,000 Speaker 1: So four possible combinations zero, zero, zero, one, one zero 139 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:45,600 Speaker 1: or one one. Now, those are the basics when we 140 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:48,720 Speaker 1: come back. We're gonna talk about the different kinds of 141 00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:51,800 Speaker 1: logic gates, and we'll build from the most basic to 142 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:55,440 Speaker 1: the more complicated. But first let's take this quick break 143 00:08:55,679 --> 00:09:07,439 Speaker 1: to thank our sponsor. We're back, So now we're going 144 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:10,079 Speaker 1: to talk about logic gates, and the first one up 145 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:14,680 Speaker 1: is the and logic gate. The and logic gate will 146 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:19,280 Speaker 1: produce a one result as the output only if both 147 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: inputs are also one. So if input A is one, 148 00:09:23,679 --> 00:09:26,840 Speaker 1: an input B is one, then the output is also one. 149 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:31,480 Speaker 1: Any other combination, whether it's zero, zero, zero, one, or 150 00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 1: one zero, will have an output of zero. So an 151 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:39,000 Speaker 1: and gate will produce a one if both inputs are 152 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:42,800 Speaker 1: also one. Next up, we've got the or gate. This 153 00:09:42,840 --> 00:09:46,000 Speaker 1: one will produce a zero output if both inputs are 154 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:50,480 Speaker 1: also zero, so any other combination will create a one output. 155 00:09:50,520 --> 00:09:52,960 Speaker 1: It's kind of the opposite of the AND gate in 156 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 1: many ways. Then we have the exclusive or, which is 157 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:00,480 Speaker 1: agreed not to date other people. I'm sorry, that's the 158 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:06,679 Speaker 1: nighttime advil talking. The exclusive or x or produces a 159 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:09,840 Speaker 1: one only if one input is a one and the 160 00:10:09,880 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: other one is a zero. So if you have one, 161 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:15,920 Speaker 1: zero or zero, one is the inputs that produces a 162 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:19,600 Speaker 1: one output. The zero zero and one one inputs would 163 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:23,640 Speaker 1: produce a zero output. I know this starts getting confusing, 164 00:10:23,679 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 1: but this is just for the purposes of explaining the 165 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: different types of logic gates. Next up, we've got the 166 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:33,320 Speaker 1: logical inverter. So a logic inverter is someone who stands 167 00:10:33,360 --> 00:10:36,600 Speaker 1: mister spot on his head. No, actually no, it's a 168 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:40,600 Speaker 1: not git and this only has a single input. So 169 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:42,640 Speaker 1: it's one of those exceptions I was talking about a 170 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:45,640 Speaker 1: few moments ago. So an inverter does exactly what you 171 00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:48,920 Speaker 1: would expect. It produces an output that's the opposite of 172 00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:51,440 Speaker 1: the input. So if you have a one coming into 173 00:10:51,520 --> 00:10:55,559 Speaker 1: a not git, a zero is coming out, or vice versa. 174 00:10:56,400 --> 00:10:58,240 Speaker 1: Now we're going to get into a few gates that 175 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:01,040 Speaker 1: combine some of the more simple verse into something a 176 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:05,160 Speaker 1: little more sophisticated. So first up, we've got the nand gate, 177 00:11:05,400 --> 00:11:09,679 Speaker 1: the NA in D gate. This behaves as if it 178 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 1: is an and gate immediately followed by a not gate. 179 00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,079 Speaker 1: So the nand gate will create a zero output only 180 00:11:17,520 --> 00:11:21,440 Speaker 1: if both inputs are one, so one one creates a 181 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:25,800 Speaker 1: zero output. Any other combination would produce a one output. 182 00:11:26,559 --> 00:11:29,640 Speaker 1: Then we have the nore gate, which is an or 183 00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:33,160 Speaker 1: gate followed by an inverter. It will only produce a 184 00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 1: one if both inputs are zero, So zero zero creates 185 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:40,840 Speaker 1: a one output. Every other combination creates a zero output. 186 00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:45,280 Speaker 1: Now let's go crazy Broadway style. We got the exclusive 187 00:11:45,520 --> 00:11:49,280 Speaker 1: nore or x nore gate, which will produce an output 188 00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:53,280 Speaker 1: of one if both inputs are the same. So a 189 00:11:53,360 --> 00:11:56,959 Speaker 1: zero zero input will create a one output, but then 190 00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:00,760 Speaker 1: so will a one one input. Now a one zero 191 00:12:00,880 --> 00:12:03,400 Speaker 1: or a zero one input that would create a zero. 192 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:06,240 Speaker 1: So yes, I know that sounded like a lot of 193 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:09,079 Speaker 1: zeros and ones, but that's what we've got to work with. 194 00:12:09,679 --> 00:12:12,880 Speaker 1: And these logic gates are what make up digital circuits. 195 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:16,360 Speaker 1: You can combine them in all sorts of different configurations, 196 00:12:16,760 --> 00:12:19,360 Speaker 1: with the only real limit being that we are talking 197 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:22,800 Speaker 1: about physical structures producing these outputs, right, we are talking 198 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:27,600 Speaker 1: about actual transistors and resistors. So eventually you do start 199 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,440 Speaker 1: to run out of physical space. So they do take 200 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:33,199 Speaker 1: up space, very little space because these are very very 201 00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:35,960 Speaker 1: very tiny components, but they do take up space. You 202 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 1: also run into issues like how much heat you're producing 203 00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:42,520 Speaker 1: when you're providing power to the circuit, so that can 204 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:46,439 Speaker 1: also be a limiting factor, but otherwise you can get 205 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:50,720 Speaker 1: into lots of complex orientations and configurations. Now, the cool 206 00:12:50,760 --> 00:12:53,600 Speaker 1: thing about this is you could actually write out the 207 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:57,200 Speaker 1: string of logic gates that your circuits follow. Though you 208 00:12:57,400 --> 00:13:00,680 Speaker 1: would need an awful lot of paper to do anything 209 00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:04,080 Speaker 1: like a modern circuit, you could do it, however. The 210 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:07,679 Speaker 1: point is that logic gates represent specific rules, and these 211 00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 1: rules determine the output produced based upon the input received. 212 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:16,120 Speaker 1: And that's the very basic foundation of digital computers. Though 213 00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:18,959 Speaker 1: obviously it gets a lot more complicated from there, but 214 00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:20,960 Speaker 1: that's something I'll just have to tackle on a day 215 00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:24,240 Speaker 1: when I'm not on ADVILPM, which is not a sponsor, 216 00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,079 Speaker 1: I should add, it's just the reason this episode turned 217 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:32,600 Speaker 1: out the way it did, so my apologies on that one. Anyway, 218 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 1: that's the basics of logic gates. You can get a 219 00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:39,280 Speaker 1: lot more detailed, as I said, and I know it 220 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:42,360 Speaker 1: gets really confusing hearing all those ones and zeros. I 221 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:45,760 Speaker 1: recommend looking up truth tables for different logic gates so 222 00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 1: that you can get a better understanding. It helps me, 223 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,680 Speaker 1: at least when I'm able to see visualizations of this 224 00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:55,079 Speaker 1: in various charts, and that lets me get a better 225 00:13:55,240 --> 00:13:58,280 Speaker 1: understanding of what output you're going to get based upon 226 00:13:58,320 --> 00:14:01,400 Speaker 1: the input going in. So yeah, this is like the 227 00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:05,760 Speaker 1: core foundation of processing. So you combine that with the 228 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:10,400 Speaker 1: element of binary information where your values can either be 229 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:13,319 Speaker 1: a zero or one. Then you start grouping bits together 230 00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:18,280 Speaker 1: to make more meaningful representations of info. Couple that with 231 00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:21,560 Speaker 1: the process of logic gates, and you start to see 232 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:26,640 Speaker 1: how computers actually start physically handle this information in the 233 00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:31,600 Speaker 1: form of voltages. It's really incredible, like when you start 234 00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,920 Speaker 1: to break it down, because we deal with such an 235 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:39,240 Speaker 1: abstraction of what computers are doing when we're running any program, right, 236 00:14:39,280 --> 00:14:42,080 Speaker 1: We're just focusing on whatever the program does. We're not 237 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: necessarily thinking what is going on at the circuit level 238 00:14:46,640 --> 00:14:50,280 Speaker 1: to make this happen. Well, logic gates are really the 239 00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:54,880 Speaker 1: basis for that. So I hope this was interesting. I'm 240 00:14:54,920 --> 00:14:59,800 Speaker 1: sure it was at least cringe worthy and maybe in 241 00:14:59,840 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: a retaining as well due to my aduled state thanks 242 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:08,240 Speaker 1: to the nighttime medication I accidentally took. And it's still 243 00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:10,680 Speaker 1: doing a number on me, y'all. I've had two full 244 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:15,080 Speaker 1: cups of coffee to push through this, So blame my 245 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:21,200 Speaker 1: foolish on grabbing the first headache medicine that I wasn't 246 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:23,720 Speaker 1: within reach for me to deal with my headache. That's 247 00:15:23,760 --> 00:15:26,200 Speaker 1: the reason. All right, We've got a couple more new 248 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:30,400 Speaker 1: episodes this week before we get into rerun territory. I've 249 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,480 Speaker 1: got a new episode for tomorrow and for Wednesday, so 250 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: hope you enjoy those. They will also be on the 251 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,320 Speaker 1: shorter side, which was necessary for me to be able 252 00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 1: to get everything done before I headed off on vacation. 253 00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:46,040 Speaker 1: And I hope you are all well. I hope I'm 254 00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:49,040 Speaker 1: well right now. I should be kind of leaning back 255 00:15:49,080 --> 00:15:53,480 Speaker 1: in a hammock in the Blue Ridge Mountains somewhere hopefully 256 00:15:53,560 --> 00:15:57,040 Speaker 1: at this point, unless the weather's terrible, which is probably 257 00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 1: will be, and that case, I'll just be inside watching 258 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:02,840 Speaker 1: the rain. Either way sounds good to me. And I 259 00:16:02,880 --> 00:16:12,280 Speaker 1: will talk to you again really soon. Tech Stuff is 260 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:16,840 Speaker 1: an iHeartRadio production. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the 261 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:20,520 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 262 00:16:20,560 --> 00:16:21,280 Speaker 1: favorite shows.