1 00:00:04,600 --> 00:00:08,320 Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Rick Schwartz and I'm Ebaney Money. Welcome to 2 00:00:08,360 --> 00:00:11,760 Speaker 1: Amazing Wildlife, where we explore unique stories of wildlife from 3 00:00:11,760 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 1: around the world and uncover fascinating animal facts. This podcast 4 00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:20,280 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio and San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 5 00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:24,800 Speaker 1: in international nonprofit conservation organization that oversees the San Diego 6 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:29,479 Speaker 1: Zoo and Safari Park. I am so excited for today's 7 00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:39,040 Speaker 1: conversation dedicated to the beautiful, mesmerizing, mighty tiger, Rick. People 8 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:43,839 Speaker 1: have been fascinated by tigers for thousands of years. That's right, Ebony. 9 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: Some cultures believe that tigers bring good luck and keep 10 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,760 Speaker 1: bad spirits away. Often you'll see statues and artwork of 11 00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:54,480 Speaker 1: tigers around homes or even in the workplace. Other cultures 12 00:00:54,520 --> 00:00:57,840 Speaker 1: believe that they are powerful, solitary creatures and refer to 13 00:00:57,840 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: them as the king of all animals, which I think 14 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:03,640 Speaker 1: lions might disagree. And one of my favorites, though, honestly, 15 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 1: about tigers is that when they roar, it means stormy 16 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:13,200 Speaker 1: weather with high winds is sure to come. So it 17 00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:16,959 Speaker 1: sounds like there's a lot of ideas about tigers circulating. 18 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:21,119 Speaker 1: A lot of folklore what's some misconceptions about tigers that 19 00:01:21,160 --> 00:01:25,120 Speaker 1: we might be able to clear up today. Yeah, one 20 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:27,880 Speaker 1: of the popular ones is about white tigers. The belief 21 00:01:27,959 --> 00:01:30,759 Speaker 1: is that a white tiger occurs when a tiger has 22 00:01:30,760 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: gained enlightenment, and that's why there aren't that many white 23 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:37,639 Speaker 1: tigers because enlightenment doesn't come easily. But the white color 24 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:41,320 Speaker 1: in tigers is due to a rare genetic discrepancy. So 25 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: when two tigers with uncommon recessive gene or genetic coating 26 00:01:45,440 --> 00:01:48,160 Speaker 1: that eliminates the red and yellow pigment, when they have 27 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:51,360 Speaker 1: cubs together, it's possible for one of those cubs, or 28 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:53,880 Speaker 1: maybe even more, to be born as a white tiger. 29 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:57,320 Speaker 1: Would that be the same thing as like an alvinyl tiger? 30 00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:00,200 Speaker 1: Is that what's helps refer two in the animal kingdom? More? 31 00:02:00,280 --> 00:02:03,320 Speaker 1: Is it different? It's a little bit different than albinoism. 32 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:08,280 Speaker 1: So these recessive genes prevent the pigment coloration of yellows 33 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: and reds, which give that tigers to that glowing orange 34 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:15,120 Speaker 1: color between those black stripes. Albinoism is the lack of 35 00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: all pigments, so that's when you see the red eyes. 36 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:20,000 Speaker 1: There's no stripes at all because there's no pigmentation at 37 00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:25,440 Speaker 1: all on the cat. And you mentioned that tigers are 38 00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: solitary creatures. They're often referred to as solitary creatures. But 39 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:34,600 Speaker 1: then you'll also see images of tigers together. So when 40 00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: do they commune versus when are they by themselves? Tigers 41 00:02:38,320 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: by nature are solitary creatures and most of the time 42 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:42,960 Speaker 1: you will see them out there in a wild by themselves. 43 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 1: Now there is an exception to this, of course, during 44 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:48,799 Speaker 1: the breeding season you might see male and female together 45 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:51,280 Speaker 1: for a couple of weeks, maybe even hunting together during 46 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:54,040 Speaker 1: that time. The other exception to this rule is a 47 00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: mom with cubs and then even further than the young 48 00:02:57,080 --> 00:02:58,600 Speaker 1: cubs that you might imagine as you know, sort of 49 00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:02,519 Speaker 1: that kitten size, when they are subadults in size almost 50 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:04,720 Speaker 1: the same size as mom. You would still see the 51 00:03:04,760 --> 00:03:07,520 Speaker 1: cubs probably hanging out with mom at that time. And 52 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:10,720 Speaker 1: then another version of that is when siblings do leave 53 00:03:10,800 --> 00:03:13,520 Speaker 1: mom's care, they may spend the next few weeks together 54 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 1: as well as they start to establish their own territories. 55 00:03:16,480 --> 00:03:20,600 Speaker 1: I love that idea of siblings sticking together and working together. 56 00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:28,359 Speaker 1: So tigers have various stripes and patterns and sizes and habitats. 57 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:33,200 Speaker 1: How many different tiger species are there? Well, there are 58 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 1: currently six subspecies of tigers, so they're all tigers, but 59 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:40,920 Speaker 1: they're different subspecies found in different areas. Unfortunately, three subspecies 60 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:43,400 Speaker 1: have already gone extinct, So at one time there were 61 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:46,040 Speaker 1: nine subspecies that we knew of the ones that have 62 00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:49,080 Speaker 1: gone extinct or the Javan, the Balinese, and the Caspian. 63 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: At the San Diego Zoo and the Safari Park we 64 00:03:51,560 --> 00:03:55,400 Speaker 1: work with the endangered Sumatran and Malayan tiger species. Other 65 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 1: living subspecies of tigers include the Bengal a moor which 66 00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:01,720 Speaker 1: used to be known as the Siberian in South China 67 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:05,880 Speaker 1: and Indo Chinese. So speaking of the Siberian tiger now 68 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 1: the Amore tiger, it's a huge species. How do you 69 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 1: account for the differences in sizes between the subspecies. That's 70 00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:16,320 Speaker 1: a great question, and it really plays into a lot 71 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:18,200 Speaker 1: of other species we see out in the world that 72 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:21,800 Speaker 1: may fill similar niches or niches and depending on how 73 00:04:21,839 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: you want to say it, but also then might be 74 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:28,240 Speaker 1: different in size or how they move their environment. And 75 00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: we're talking several hundred pounds between the different subspecies and 76 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:34,320 Speaker 1: some of them, but what we really are seeing is 77 00:04:34,480 --> 00:04:38,560 Speaker 1: the smaller, more sleek size tigers tend to be in thicker, 78 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:42,320 Speaker 1: dense jungle where something like the more tiger they live 79 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:45,520 Speaker 1: more in the open, the forest is not as dense 80 00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: and thick. They might even be found in some tundra 81 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: areas as well, So their size is going to be 82 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:53,280 Speaker 1: they can be bigger, they don't have to fit through 83 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:55,279 Speaker 1: these small parts of the jungle. And then of course 84 00:04:55,320 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: two prey items. If the prey item is going to 85 00:04:57,839 --> 00:05:00,440 Speaker 1: be larger than those that are large as far as 86 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:02,440 Speaker 1: predators will survive as well. So there are a couple 87 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:04,480 Speaker 1: of different things that come into play as far as 88 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:07,680 Speaker 1: how these particular subspecies of tigers have grown into their 89 00:05:07,720 --> 00:05:11,800 Speaker 1: size or maybe not, like the Milanians in Sumatran being 90 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:16,719 Speaker 1: a bit smaller. In speaking of the various habitats tigers 91 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:21,280 Speaker 1: are found living wild and parts of Southeast Asia, what's 92 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:25,159 Speaker 1: their status overall? Yeah, we look at the International Union 93 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 1: for Conservation of Nature often called IUCN lists all subspecies 94 00:05:29,839 --> 00:05:33,480 Speaker 1: of tigers as endangered, and it's hard to believe across 95 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:37,159 Speaker 1: all six subspecies the total tiger count only four thousand 96 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:39,640 Speaker 1: left in their wild. It's kind of sad now. They 97 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:43,240 Speaker 1: are threatened of course by habitat destruction. Poaching. Human tiger 98 00:05:43,279 --> 00:05:46,599 Speaker 1: conflict is a big problem too, and when there's habitat destruction, 99 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:49,279 Speaker 1: it means less space for both tigers and their prey. 100 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: Less prey means fewer areas for tigers to live. Oh, 101 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:57,760 Speaker 1: that's unfortunate. And something else that threatens tigers chances for 102 00:05:57,839 --> 00:06:01,440 Speaker 1: survival happens right at at birth. Can we talk about 103 00:06:01,520 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 1: how tigers are born with their their eyes close and 104 00:06:04,760 --> 00:06:09,240 Speaker 1: how does that ultimately impact their chances for survival in 105 00:06:09,279 --> 00:06:12,360 Speaker 1: the wild. Yes, Unfortunately, the wild can be a pretty 106 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:15,440 Speaker 1: harsh place. And believe it or not, this is kind 107 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:20,600 Speaker 1: of a fun fact. All cats are born blind, so lions, tigers, 108 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:23,440 Speaker 1: and birds, all of them. They're born blind and their 109 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:26,760 Speaker 1: eyes won't open, usually for six to twelve days, depending 110 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:30,039 Speaker 1: upon this species, and this is a very vulnerable time 111 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:33,119 Speaker 1: for them. Mom usually will not even leave their side 112 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:36,159 Speaker 1: at this time, and there's times too where if something 113 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: does scare her off from the cubs, they are left 114 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:41,680 Speaker 1: to be very vulnerable in that state. So there's a 115 00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:44,240 Speaker 1: lot of risk that first six months to a year 116 00:06:44,279 --> 00:06:47,200 Speaker 1: for any newborn baby animal in the wild. It can 117 00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 1: be a challenging place, very vulnerable. So, Rick, you mentioned 118 00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:55,160 Speaker 1: the the human tiger conflict. Can you tell us more 119 00:06:55,200 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: about that's what's happening. Yeah, Unfortunately, there are many channel 120 00:07:00,279 --> 00:07:02,599 Speaker 1: between humans and tigers, and this happens with other species 121 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:05,880 Speaker 1: as well. As human populations grow, and like any other 122 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: animal on the planet, we require resources. We require land 123 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: for that resource, and so we start to encroach further 124 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:16,000 Speaker 1: into habitats that have not had humans before, and those habitats, 125 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,000 Speaker 1: of course, in this case where tigers live, suddenly we 126 00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:22,080 Speaker 1: see humans coming into closer contact with tiger territory and 127 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:25,640 Speaker 1: tiger populations, and so this causes a conflict of course, 128 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:29,160 Speaker 1: because of the challenges a large predator like a tiger 129 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: might have on a small community. And coming up, we'll 130 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:34,880 Speaker 1: talk about some of the efforts to address some of 131 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:39,080 Speaker 1: those challenges for conservation in the wild. Thanks so much, Rick, 132 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:44,520 Speaker 1: All right, now it's time for the San Diego Zoo 133 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: Safari Park Minute, an opportunity for you to learn what's 134 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: new at the zoo. The Jane Goodall Institute, one of 135 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:57,760 Speaker 1: the top international conservation organizations, has named President and Chief 136 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: executive Officer of the San Diego Zoo. While Life Alliance 137 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:03,920 Speaker 1: Paul A. Bearable as Chairman of the Board of Directors. 138 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:07,480 Speaker 1: Bearabault has until this change served in the capacity of 139 00:08:07,560 --> 00:08:11,520 Speaker 1: Vice Chairman of the board. The organization is known internationally 140 00:08:11,560 --> 00:08:15,640 Speaker 1: for primate conservation, establishing and maintaining the longest running study 141 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:21,680 Speaker 1: of wild chimpanzees. Fun fact, did you know that Jane 142 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:25,720 Speaker 1: Goodall was the first person to document that chimpanzees make tools, 143 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 1: eat and hunt for meat, and have similar social behaviors 144 00:08:29,960 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: as humans. She truly transformed the way we think of 145 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:48,400 Speaker 1: great apes. We'll be right back. They're powerful, elusive and disappearing. 146 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:52,719 Speaker 1: Today we're talking about tigers. Joining the conversation is San 147 00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:57,240 Speaker 1: Diego Zoo Wild Life Alliance CEO Paul Barabault. Hi, Paul, Hello, 148 00:08:57,880 --> 00:09:01,040 Speaker 1: how's the Alliance working with partners Indonesia to save this 149 00:09:01,160 --> 00:09:05,240 Speaker 1: endangered species? Well, there are approximately six hundreds to much 150 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:09,040 Speaker 1: in tigers remaining and they're spread across twenty three forest landscapes. 151 00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:12,400 Speaker 1: In the past, tiger conservation work and sumatras focus on 152 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:15,560 Speaker 1: tigers and protected areas, but more than half of the 153 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: tigers killed every year are actually killed outside of these areas. 154 00:09:19,040 --> 00:09:21,960 Speaker 1: So we've partnered with sentas Indonesia for a first of 155 00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:26,439 Speaker 1: its kind long term research and conservation project. We're studying 156 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:30,320 Speaker 1: tiger ecology, which means we're studying the relationship between tigers 157 00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: and their environment. Now, monitoring tigers in nature and is 158 00:09:36,360 --> 00:09:40,880 Speaker 1: a big task. What's the approach? Well, as you mentioned earlier, 159 00:09:40,920 --> 00:09:44,280 Speaker 1: tigers are elusive. Their coats help them camouflage against the 160 00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:46,960 Speaker 1: forest backdrop, which makes it easier for them to roam 161 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:50,160 Speaker 1: for hundreds of miles. But their paul prints and scat 162 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:52,840 Speaker 1: are clues that tell us where they may be, and 163 00:09:52,920 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 1: we use cameras to provide even more detailed information on 164 00:09:55,640 --> 00:09:59,800 Speaker 1: their location and behaviors. So to clarify, Paul, we're talking 165 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:06,240 Speaker 1: about scientists analyzing the hair, pawprints, and scat or poop 166 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:11,839 Speaker 1: of tigers. What can you determine from analyzing a tiger's poop, Well, 167 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:13,600 Speaker 1: you know you can. Actually it's determine a lot. And 168 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:15,600 Speaker 1: I have to say in my career, I never imagine 169 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:18,000 Speaker 1: I'd be talking about poop on a podcast. But you know, 170 00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 1: with their hair and their paw prints and scat, what 171 00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 1: we learn it provides scientists with a ton of information, 172 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:26,760 Speaker 1: including the identity of the tiger, its reproductive status as 173 00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:29,040 Speaker 1: well as what it's eating. So, with all of this 174 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:32,800 Speaker 1: data being collected, what have we learned so far? What 175 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:37,559 Speaker 1: are the biggest challenges tigers are facing well, without a doubt, 176 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: Habitat fragmentation and the loss of native prey populations from 177 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:44,360 Speaker 1: overhunting are some of the biggest challenges, and that leads 178 00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:47,080 Speaker 1: to tigers wandering out of the forest and closer to 179 00:10:47,120 --> 00:10:49,760 Speaker 1: farms and villages in search of food. The loss of 180 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:52,599 Speaker 1: livestock are the fear of a tiger attack often and 181 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:56,320 Speaker 1: sadly unfortunately results in the tiger's death most of the time. 182 00:10:56,920 --> 00:11:00,280 Speaker 1: So what can be done? What's being done to help? Well? 183 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:02,719 Speaker 1: At the core, we have to reduce the loss of 184 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: tigers due to human wildlife conflict and Indonesian wildlife officials 185 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: are bringing tigers who threaten people and livestock to rescue centers. 186 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:14,280 Speaker 1: We're working with a local conservation agency to rerelease several 187 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:17,760 Speaker 1: these tigers fitted with GPS collars to study and learn 188 00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:21,319 Speaker 1: about their movements and how they live across their habitats 189 00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:25,000 Speaker 1: and Paul working with local organizations is a big part 190 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:29,120 Speaker 1: of the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliances conservation strategy. What's 191 00:11:29,120 --> 00:11:31,679 Speaker 1: the measure of success for this work. Well, it's a 192 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:33,760 Speaker 1: great question, and I really thank you for asking it, 193 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:37,000 Speaker 1: because at the cornerstone of everything we do, we always 194 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,440 Speaker 1: have to be thinking about what success looks like, what 195 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:41,439 Speaker 1: are we trying to achieve, and how do we best 196 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:44,480 Speaker 1: support our partners. While our partners in Sumatra aim to 197 00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:48,200 Speaker 1: protect and save tigers by reducing human wildlife conflict and 198 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 1: formulating best practices in tiger management across these landscapes, we 199 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:54,920 Speaker 1: also hope to greatly reduce the number of tigers that 200 00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:58,200 Speaker 1: spend their lives in rescue centers and actively work with 201 00:11:58,320 --> 00:12:01,520 Speaker 1: villages to reduce a negative many people have of tigers. 202 00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:05,040 Speaker 1: We want to show that people and tigers can coexist 203 00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:10,440 Speaker 1: and successfully share the same landscapes. That's an amazing great work, Paul, 204 00:12:10,559 --> 00:12:13,360 Speaker 1: Thanks for sharing how the latest in science and technology 205 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:18,440 Speaker 1: are being used to protect tigers. Thank you. Thanks for 206 00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,080 Speaker 1: listening to today's show. We hope you learned a lot 207 00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 1: and are inspired to do your part. Be sure to 208 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:26,280 Speaker 1: subscribe and tune into next week's episode, in which will 209 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:29,360 Speaker 1: bring you the story of one of North America's smallest mammals. 210 00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 1: I'm Eppni Money and I'm Rich Schwartz, Thanks for listening. 211 00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:39,160 Speaker 1: For more information about the San Diego Zoo in San 212 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:43,400 Speaker 1: Diego Zoo Safari Park, go to SDZWA dot org. Amazing 213 00:12:43,440 --> 00:12:47,200 Speaker 1: Wildlife is a production of iHeartRadio. Our producer is Nikia 214 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:51,880 Speaker 1: Swinton and our executive producer is Marci the Peanut. Our 215 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:55,240 Speaker 1: sound designer and editor is Cody Scully, with assistance from 216 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,600 Speaker 1: Matt Stillo. For more shows from my heart Radio, check 217 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:02,439 Speaker 1: out the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcast, or wherever you listen 218 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:03,600 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.