1
00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:05,400
Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, everybody. It is our favorite month of the

2
00:00:05,440 --> 00:00:07,720
Speaker 1: show and the best month of the year in my opinion.

3
00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: And to kick it off, we are going back to

4
00:00:10,080 --> 00:00:13,840
Speaker 1: a previous October episode, The Beast of Gevadon, which came

5
00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:18,000
Speaker 1: out on October. So in the course of this episode,

6
00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:21,560
Speaker 1: we make a passing reference to a website about whether

7
00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:24,440
Speaker 1: England was at war with France. And if you get

8
00:00:24,480 --> 00:00:26,920
Speaker 1: to that point and you're like, what are they talking about?

9
00:00:27,400 --> 00:00:30,440
Speaker 1: Several years ago we basically joked about how England and

10
00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:32,720
Speaker 1: France were at war with each other so frequently that

11
00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:34,519
Speaker 1: there should just be one of those websites where you

12
00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:36,040
Speaker 1: could put in a year and it would tell you

13
00:00:36,159 --> 00:00:39,000
Speaker 1: yes or no, were they at war. After we made

14
00:00:39,040 --> 00:00:42,599
Speaker 1: that joke, two different listeners made one of these websites.

15
00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:44,839
Speaker 1: One of those websites is still active. We will put

16
00:00:44,880 --> 00:00:50,800
Speaker 1: a link in the show notes, so enjoy. Welcome to

17
00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:53,360
Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I

18
00:00:53,479 --> 00:01:02,800
Speaker 1: Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

19
00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:07,000
Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Polly Frying. So recently

20
00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:11,880
Speaker 1: I asked for Halloween episode suggestions because I had this

21
00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,600
Speaker 1: whole list of Halloween episode suggestions, and really none of

22
00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:19,520
Speaker 1: them were peaking my interest at all. That happens, Yeah,

23
00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:24,120
Speaker 1: it's I had sort of analysis paralysis about Halloween episodes. Um,

24
00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:29,319
Speaker 1: then Helene suggested the Beast of Jeffadon, and the second

25
00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:31,840
Speaker 1: that I made sure that there was a legitimate academic

26
00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:34,600
Speaker 1: source in English that I had access to, I stopped

27
00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:38,080
Speaker 1: looking for any other Halloween topic because this one is

28
00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:45,119
Speaker 1: frightening and grizzly and just deeply fascinating. So, uh, that's

29
00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:47,520
Speaker 1: your heads up if you if you need for a

30
00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:50,880
Speaker 1: warning about frightening, grizzly things, this is frightening and grizzly.

31
00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:55,640
Speaker 1: For hundreds of years, wolf attacks in Europe were really

32
00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:59,200
Speaker 1: not all that rare. Today, the sort of ecologists motto

33
00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:03,280
Speaker 1: is that healthy wolves don't attack humans, but this was

34
00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:08,240
Speaker 1: absolutely untrue in early modern Europe. There were thousands of

35
00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:12,720
Speaker 1: attacks by rabid wolves and thousands more attacks by apparently

36
00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:17,720
Speaker 1: healthy wolves. There had even been multiple incidents in this

37
00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,320
Speaker 1: period in which the same wolf or a group of

38
00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:25,120
Speaker 1: wolves killed multiple people over a period of weeks or months.

39
00:02:25,200 --> 00:02:29,120
Speaker 1: So wolves in general were considered to be a threat,

40
00:02:29,360 --> 00:02:33,880
Speaker 1: and uh, any kind of outdoor work, especially if it

41
00:02:33,919 --> 00:02:37,359
Speaker 1: was around animals like sheep or goats that might attract

42
00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:42,800
Speaker 1: wolves was considered to be inherently dangerous, but the attacks

43
00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:46,560
Speaker 1: that struck the Jevadan region in the seventeen sixties really

44
00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:51,640
Speaker 1: stand out in particular, almost exclusively. The victims were women

45
00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:56,200
Speaker 1: and children, mostly attacked while they were tending animals. Um.

46
00:02:56,240 --> 00:03:00,560
Speaker 1: The men were generally left alone and when they were

47
00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:04,440
Speaker 1: doing the exact same work. The beasts method of killing

48
00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:09,600
Speaker 1: was also horrific. In description after description, people talked about

49
00:03:09,639 --> 00:03:14,080
Speaker 1: it dropping onto a victim in broad daylight, ripping out

50
00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:19,239
Speaker 1: its throat, often decapitating the person entirely. So people were

51
00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:24,480
Speaker 1: scared of wolves, but they were terrified of this beast um,

52
00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:27,680
Speaker 1: which is why we're going to talk about it today.

53
00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:33,480
Speaker 1: Happy Halloween. Uh So for some context, the Javidant region

54
00:03:33,560 --> 00:03:36,840
Speaker 1: in the south of France was remote and sparsely settled

55
00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:39,080
Speaker 1: at this time, so most of its people made their

56
00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:44,320
Speaker 1: livings as farmers and shepherds. The terrain was forested and mountainous,

57
00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:47,320
Speaker 1: There were lots of rocky outcroppings, and all of this

58
00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:51,400
Speaker 1: put it UH kind of made it UH an area

59
00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:55,680
Speaker 1: that was sort of perfect for or perfectly dangerous for

60
00:03:55,840 --> 00:04:00,320
Speaker 1: wolf attacks. The beasts. First recorded victor him in the

61
00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:05,200
Speaker 1: Javadon was a fourteen year old named Jean Boulet, who

62
00:04:05,320 --> 00:04:07,640
Speaker 1: was killed while watching over livestock at the end of

63
00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:11,440
Speaker 1: June seventeen sixty four, and then on August eighth, a

64
00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:14,720
Speaker 1: fifteen year old girl was killed, followed by a sixteen

65
00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:18,600
Speaker 1: year old boy. A couple of weeks later, in September,

66
00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:22,000
Speaker 1: things took a deadlier turn, with four attacks claiming the

67
00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:25,160
Speaker 1: lives of a thirty six year old woman and several

68
00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:29,479
Speaker 1: more youths. Because the wolf attacks were already so common,

69
00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:33,039
Speaker 1: and because some of these in particular happened more than

70
00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:36,960
Speaker 1: twenty miles apart from each other, it was only after

71
00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:42,680
Speaker 1: this particularly deadly period in September that people realized something

72
00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:47,240
Speaker 1: different was going on. During this time, France was divided

73
00:04:47,240 --> 00:04:52,839
Speaker 1: into administrative regions known as generality. By October, the generality

74
00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:57,239
Speaker 1: second in command, Etienne la France, started trying to organize

75
00:04:57,560 --> 00:05:01,159
Speaker 1: a constant series of patrols to protect people and find

76
00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:04,960
Speaker 1: this wolf. Working with a local landowner, he tried to

77
00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:07,800
Speaker 1: keep eight or ten people on watch at all times,

78
00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:12,000
Speaker 1: but he had a little bit of trouble recruiting people

79
00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:14,799
Speaker 1: were already pretty scared to stray far from their homes

80
00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,560
Speaker 1: and into their own fields. Uh So getting them to

81
00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:22,800
Speaker 1: go patrol other people's fields was not exactly the easiest cell.

82
00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:27,200
Speaker 1: Lafon wound up securing funds to actually pay people, and

83
00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:29,680
Speaker 1: he started talking to the higher ups in the generality

84
00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:34,720
Speaker 1: about the possibility of bringing in professional soldiers. Dragoon captains

85
00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:38,680
Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste Duamel was stationed nearby and was also active

86
00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:42,680
Speaker 1: in the hunt. He and his men started scouring areas

87
00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:46,160
Speaker 1: near where the attacks had happened, hoping to find the culprit.

88
00:05:46,839 --> 00:05:50,440
Speaker 1: It was around October that in people's minds, at least,

89
00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,880
Speaker 1: the culprit shifted from being an animal to being some

90
00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:58,200
Speaker 1: sort of monster. People's letters and even news reports went

91
00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:02,279
Speaker 1: from describing a bete faro a general, sort of generic

92
00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:06,240
Speaker 1: description of a ferocious beast, to talking about the bet

93
00:06:06,279 --> 00:06:11,200
Speaker 1: with a capital B or lament so the monster. People

94
00:06:11,240 --> 00:06:13,760
Speaker 1: in more urban and affluent parts of France didn't really

95
00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,679
Speaker 1: believe in werewolves anymore, but that idea was still pretty

96
00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:21,240
Speaker 1: entrenched in the more rural parts of the country. The

97
00:06:21,240 --> 00:06:24,680
Speaker 1: beast decapitated a twenty year old woman on October seven,

98
00:06:24,839 --> 00:06:27,320
Speaker 1: and it took a week for people to find her skull.

99
00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:32,520
Speaker 1: Between October seven and fifteen, six teenagers and a ten

100
00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:35,520
Speaker 1: year old boy were attacked, with most of them sustaining

101
00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:39,279
Speaker 1: huge injuries to their heads and faces. Only four of

102
00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:44,680
Speaker 1: these victims survived. Newspaper started describing the beast as being

103
00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:49,080
Speaker 1: deliberately bloodthirsty, apparently drinking the victim's blood from their next

104
00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:53,960
Speaker 1: before moving on to the flesh. Etienne la Fonte advised

105
00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:56,520
Speaker 1: the women and children tending the flox that they be

106
00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:59,800
Speaker 1: escorted at all times by armed men, and this some

107
00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:03,919
Speaker 1: fortunately opened the door to some victim blaming. The economy

108
00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:06,800
Speaker 1: in this part of France was still really feudial. Men

109
00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:09,240
Speaker 1: and women and children all had work to do, and

110
00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,960
Speaker 1: all of the work was necessary for their survival, so

111
00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:15,920
Speaker 1: men really did not have the option of dropping what

112
00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,960
Speaker 1: they were doing to escort women and uh. Women and

113
00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:22,880
Speaker 1: children didn't have the option to just stay out of

114
00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:25,440
Speaker 1: the fields until they had a man with them. They

115
00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:29,160
Speaker 1: also didn't have the option of just swapping jobs, since

116
00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:32,360
Speaker 1: all of these jobs involved being outdoors for the most part,

117
00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:36,320
Speaker 1: and people didn't just sit around cowering. Though it's important

118
00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:39,760
Speaker 1: to note the hunting parties and patrols that had been established,

119
00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:42,520
Speaker 1: cleared brush, and they gave chase whenever they saw an

120
00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:45,640
Speaker 1: animal that they thought might be the culprit. They killed

121
00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:48,000
Speaker 1: more than one wolf in all of this, but the

122
00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:52,440
Speaker 1: attacks went on. By the end of October, pretty much

123
00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:55,840
Speaker 1: everybody in the Javanant region agreed that they were not

124
00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:59,960
Speaker 1: dealing with a normal wolf. Eye witness accounts really varied

125
00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,040
Speaker 1: dramatically and what the beast looked like. Some of them

126
00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:07,440
Speaker 1: described it as having talents, several described it as having

127
00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:10,480
Speaker 1: this dark stripe that ran down its back um. The

128
00:08:10,560 --> 00:08:12,960
Speaker 1: one unifying part of all the descriptions was that it

129
00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:17,640
Speaker 1: was much bigger than a normal wolf. People theorized that

130
00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:20,840
Speaker 1: it could be a range of animal suspects, including a

131
00:08:20,840 --> 00:08:25,320
Speaker 1: wolf of course, uh hyena was also mentioned, some kind

132
00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:29,360
Speaker 1: of wolf, dog, hyena, hybrid, even a monkey was brought

133
00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:31,920
Speaker 1: up as a possibility. And this last seems to have

134
00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:35,240
Speaker 1: started by a report in a newspaper called Curier, which

135
00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:38,240
Speaker 1: quoted an American woman who said her country was full

136
00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:41,080
Speaker 1: of fearsome monkeys that did exactly this kind of thing,

137
00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:47,880
Speaker 1: which makes me go, really, I'm like quade, really, American lady.

138
00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:52,560
Speaker 1: So the explanation for how a hyena or a monkey

139
00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:54,760
Speaker 1: could have gotten into the south of France was that

140
00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:58,240
Speaker 1: they had stowed away aboard a ship or maybe escaped

141
00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:02,600
Speaker 1: from a menagerie. Um. This theory was actually a source

142
00:09:02,640 --> 00:09:04,920
Speaker 1: of hope to people who thought that if this was

143
00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:08,120
Speaker 1: some kind of tropical animal, that it would just die

144
00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:12,360
Speaker 1: when the winter came. It was probably also somewhat soothing

145
00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,600
Speaker 1: to consider that it could be something escaped from a

146
00:09:14,640 --> 00:09:19,160
Speaker 1: menagerie rather than an actual, uh sort of unnatural monster,

147
00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:23,600
Speaker 1: that that would be more of an unknown slightly less

148
00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:28,120
Speaker 1: brightening yeah. Uh. So late in October, a small group

149
00:09:28,160 --> 00:09:30,800
Speaker 1: of hunters on the search for the beast flushed a

150
00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:33,760
Speaker 1: large wolf from its den and they shot it repeatedly.

151
00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:37,440
Speaker 1: And this large wolf was slowed by the bullets, but

152
00:09:37,559 --> 00:09:39,400
Speaker 1: it could still move more quickly than the men that

153
00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:41,559
Speaker 1: were chasing it, and so it got away and they

154
00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:45,040
Speaker 1: never found the body uh and came to the conclusion

155
00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:49,600
Speaker 1: that it had somehow survived their gunfire. This contributed to

156
00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:53,480
Speaker 1: the idea that there was something supernatural at work. It

157
00:09:53,559 --> 00:09:56,640
Speaker 1: really shouldn't be surprising that as these attacks went on,

158
00:09:56,840 --> 00:10:01,600
Speaker 1: since they were just spectacularly gory and horrified, ring newspapers

159
00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:05,840
Speaker 1: became increasingly sensational in their coverage of it. Here's an

160
00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:09,640
Speaker 1: account of an event in November. Quote on the twenty three,

161
00:10:09,679 --> 00:10:12,920
Speaker 1: at five o'clock in the evening, this cruel beast throttled

162
00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:15,880
Speaker 1: a woman in a village, and after having eaten the

163
00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,600
Speaker 1: neck all the way down to the shoulders and having

164
00:10:18,640 --> 00:10:22,040
Speaker 1: sucked the blood from the body, it carried away. The

165
00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:28,079
Speaker 1: head hunters, Uh, in sort of a grizzly move, began

166
00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,240
Speaker 1: using the remains of the beast's victims as bait. They

167
00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:34,400
Speaker 1: were hoping to draw the creature out again. Uh. Not

168
00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:37,959
Speaker 1: only did it not work, it also upset people understandably,

169
00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:42,640
Speaker 1: and as the fall turned to winter, the weather started

170
00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:47,160
Speaker 1: to seriously get in the way of effectively hunting. Before

171
00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:49,800
Speaker 1: we talk about the next major shift in all of this, Holly,

172
00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:51,640
Speaker 1: would you like to take a moment for a brief

173
00:10:51,640 --> 00:11:04,679
Speaker 1: word from a sponsor and would Indeed, in December, the

174
00:11:04,760 --> 00:11:08,800
Speaker 1: dragoons led by Jehan Baptist Damel found what they thought

175
00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:11,400
Speaker 1: was the beast while they were hunting through the forest.

176
00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:15,240
Speaker 1: Doom L himself was prepared to fire on it he

177
00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:17,960
Speaker 1: had it in his sights, but the other men, not

178
00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:20,640
Speaker 1: realizing what was going on, came up behind him and

179
00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:24,480
Speaker 1: startled it. They unfortunately lost sight of the beast as

180
00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,680
Speaker 1: the sun went down. Doom L was deeply distressed by this,

181
00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:31,440
Speaker 1: not merely because he had missed their corey at the

182
00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:35,200
Speaker 1: likely expense of more lives being lost, but he also

183
00:11:35,280 --> 00:11:38,880
Speaker 1: had a little bit of an ego element in the

184
00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:41,400
Speaker 1: in the mix. He didn't want to lose the glory

185
00:11:41,440 --> 00:11:44,120
Speaker 1: of being the one that took the beast down. Yeah,

186
00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:47,240
Speaker 1: he was a soldier and had you know, gotten a

187
00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:50,000
Speaker 1: claim on the field of battle before, and now that

188
00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:53,000
Speaker 1: he was not in a battle, he was very frustrated

189
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:57,800
Speaker 1: by the failure to get more acclaim and fortunately this

190
00:11:57,840 --> 00:12:00,320
Speaker 1: was just the first of many of Doomel's fail years

191
00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:03,959
Speaker 1: to capture his quarry. As people started to question whether

192
00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:07,760
Speaker 1: he knew what he was doing, he started distributing drawings

193
00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:10,880
Speaker 1: and telling people really vivid accounts of this monster to

194
00:12:10,960 --> 00:12:13,640
Speaker 1: try to convince everyone that it wasn't his fault. He

195
00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:17,480
Speaker 1: was sort of building this mythology that the creature was

196
00:12:17,559 --> 00:12:21,040
Speaker 1: too powerful and too obviously supernatural to be caught quickly,

197
00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:25,000
Speaker 1: and a seventeen sixty four drew to a close. A

198
00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,640
Speaker 1: bishop from the church put out an official circular that

199
00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:31,360
Speaker 1: said that the beast was a scourge sent by God.

200
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,360
Speaker 1: So it just built that mythology up a little bit more.

201
00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,960
Speaker 1: In January of seventeen sixty five, D M. L started

202
00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:41,760
Speaker 1: sending out his dragoons dressed as women to try to

203
00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:44,640
Speaker 1: escort women and children about their duties in the fields.

204
00:12:45,080 --> 00:12:47,920
Speaker 1: He was hoping that the wolf would mistake them for

205
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:52,040
Speaker 1: a woman in attack, since it mostly attacked women and children. Uh,

206
00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:55,560
Speaker 1: this didn't work. I like that the beast could clock

207
00:12:55,640 --> 00:13:01,520
Speaker 1: their drag um. On January twelfth, a twelve year old

208
00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:05,240
Speaker 1: boy known as porta Fe reportedly chased down the wolf

209
00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:08,000
Speaker 1: and attacked it with a bayonet after it had attacked

210
00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:11,800
Speaker 1: and dragged off a small child. Uh. Porta Fe became

211
00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:14,960
Speaker 1: famous for this act of extreme bravery or foolishness, depending

212
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:17,960
Speaker 1: on your point of view, Although there were accounts of

213
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,520
Speaker 1: it that were heavily embellished, and the different accounts of

214
00:13:21,559 --> 00:13:24,320
Speaker 1: what actually happened very quite a bit from one to another.

215
00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:30,760
Speaker 1: Porta Fay, however, became a rallying cry. Duomel, becoming kind

216
00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,080
Speaker 1: of desperate to uh to catch the thing and to

217
00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:38,240
Speaker 1: maintain his his reputation, organized a massive hunt to take

218
00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,800
Speaker 1: place on February seventh, seventeen sixty five. This was not

219
00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:45,079
Speaker 1: the first coordinated hunt that was going to take place

220
00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:48,199
Speaker 1: for multiple parts of this area in France at the

221
00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:51,880
Speaker 1: same time, but it was definitely the biggest. About twenty

222
00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:57,280
Speaker 1: thousand people gathered in about one hundred different parishes, and

223
00:13:57,360 --> 00:14:00,080
Speaker 1: in spite of their being heavy fog that day and

224
00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:03,000
Speaker 1: about six inches of snow on the ground, search parties

225
00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:06,160
Speaker 1: spread out from their respective communities at the same time

226
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:10,280
Speaker 1: to try to find the beast. One party thought they did,

227
00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:13,120
Speaker 1: and as they pursued the animal that they believed to

228
00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:15,320
Speaker 1: be the beast, it tried to escape down a river.

229
00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,240
Speaker 1: Villagers in the town of Malzieu were supposed to be

230
00:14:19,280 --> 00:14:22,080
Speaker 1: patrolling the river banks, but one of that town's most

231
00:14:22,120 --> 00:14:25,200
Speaker 1: prominent citizens had said he would stay home if the

232
00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:28,720
Speaker 1: weather was bad, and enough people followed his example that

233
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:33,200
Speaker 1: the beast easily slipped through this hole in the defenses. However,

234
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:37,320
Speaker 1: and perhaps in an effort to save face, a hunting

235
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,840
Speaker 1: party from Malsa claimed that it had seen and shot

236
00:14:41,080 --> 00:14:45,160
Speaker 1: the beast, so Duomel abandoned his original plan, which was

237
00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:47,800
Speaker 1: to have a second massive hunt on the eleventh. If

238
00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:51,120
Speaker 1: the one on the seventh failed. Instead, he arranged a

239
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:54,920
Speaker 1: smaller hunt to focus just on the area around Malgia,

240
00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:58,800
Speaker 1: to take place on the tenth. As they were hunting,

241
00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:03,000
Speaker 1: a teenage girl was killed while feeding her livestock. Duom

242
00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:05,800
Speaker 1: L regrouped and prepared to keep hunting near where that

243
00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:09,080
Speaker 1: attack had occurred on the eleventh, using the girl's body

244
00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:12,920
Speaker 1: as bait. They did not succeed on the eleventh, and

245
00:15:12,960 --> 00:15:16,160
Speaker 1: they tried again on the twelfth, this time fighting biting

246
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:20,800
Speaker 1: windy weather, and in spite of their multi day attempt

247
00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:24,320
Speaker 1: and with so many hunters on the on the team,

248
00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:28,920
Speaker 1: they found nothing. On his return from this hunt, d

249
00:15:29,040 --> 00:15:32,200
Speaker 1: am L again tried to explain his failure and retain

250
00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:37,040
Speaker 1: his position with a supernatural explanation. According to him, the

251
00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:40,640
Speaker 1: beast was a witch or the devil. After all, twenty

252
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,040
Speaker 1: thousand men, which he in his telling rounded up to

253
00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:46,880
Speaker 1: thirty thou had failed to get it, so it had

254
00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:50,600
Speaker 1: to be magical or supernatural. Okay, he was really getting

255
00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:54,800
Speaker 1: desperate to hold onto his position. What he did not

256
00:15:55,080 --> 00:15:59,240
Speaker 1: know was that his replacement, says basically wolf Hunter in Chief,

257
00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:01,880
Speaker 1: had already been chosen and were on their way to

258
00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:07,800
Speaker 1: the Jevadon. Jean Charles Marc Antoine de Vonzelle Donnevale of

259
00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:11,720
Speaker 1: Normandy took Jean Baptiste Dummels place in the fight against

260
00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:15,200
Speaker 1: the Beast of Jebudon. They arrived in February with Jean

261
00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:19,880
Speaker 1: Charles son Jean Francois accompanying his father. The DNA Val

262
00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:23,600
Speaker 1: did not get along with the wolf hunters and the Jevadant.

263
00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:27,800
Speaker 1: They made demands for help and for accommodations that rankled people.

264
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:32,960
Speaker 1: They were simultaneously overconfident and underprepared. Some of the other

265
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:35,680
Speaker 1: wolf hunters, who had been searching the Jevadon for months,

266
00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:38,680
Speaker 1: decided that they were frauds. You know how, in bad,

267
00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:41,960
Speaker 1: badly written crime dramas you have the scene where the

268
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,200
Speaker 1: local police have been trying really hard to catch the

269
00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:47,640
Speaker 1: killer and then some really slick FBI guys come in

270
00:16:47,720 --> 00:16:52,320
Speaker 1: and stop all over their investigation. It was like that, Yeah,

271
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:57,080
Speaker 1: they were all swagger and did not really have the skills. Meanwhile,

272
00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:02,000
Speaker 1: in March, the London Chronicle published an obviously satirical article,

273
00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:06,000
Speaker 1: possibly written by Horace Walpole, about the beasts, saying that

274
00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:08,520
Speaker 1: it had eaten the entire French army and was found

275
00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:11,359
Speaker 1: to have mortars cannons and at least one hundred small

276
00:17:11,520 --> 00:17:15,680
Speaker 1: arms in its belly when it was slain. This really

277
00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:19,439
Speaker 1: annoyed the people of France in the monarchy because a

278
00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:22,080
Speaker 1: lot of people had been killed in the je Boudon already,

279
00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:23,840
Speaker 1: so to kind of make fun of the whole thing

280
00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:26,840
Speaker 1: was kind of a slap in the face. We should

281
00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:29,679
Speaker 1: put these ears into the was England at war with

282
00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:34,760
Speaker 1: France websites? Yeah, I don't think that they were, but

283
00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:40,000
Speaker 1: they were socially they were having some issues. Um. Even

284
00:17:40,160 --> 00:17:43,320
Speaker 1: in light of the fact that France was facing facing

285
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,840
Speaker 1: international criticism for its failure to take care of this

286
00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:51,639
Speaker 1: wolf problem, and King Louis himself was eager to have

287
00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:55,840
Speaker 1: this beast killed, The dentevals did not do much in

288
00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:57,960
Speaker 1: March or April. They just did not seem to be

289
00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:00,840
Speaker 1: in a big hurry. They blamed low cool people for

290
00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:04,520
Speaker 1: all manner of ills and for their failure to get

291
00:18:04,560 --> 00:18:08,919
Speaker 1: the beast. Meanwhile, there were fourteen deaths over those two months,

292
00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:14,399
Speaker 1: one death in particular of note. On March thirteenth, the

293
00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:17,560
Speaker 1: beast attacked a group of children in the garden outside

294
00:18:17,560 --> 00:18:21,280
Speaker 1: their home, and their mother, Jeanne Varley, was with them

295
00:18:21,359 --> 00:18:24,919
Speaker 1: and reported to be pregnant. She turned to see the

296
00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,080
Speaker 1: beast attack her six year old, and in a struggle

297
00:18:28,119 --> 00:18:30,720
Speaker 1: that went on for several minutes, Varley climbed onto the

298
00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:33,320
Speaker 1: beasts back in an effort to wrestle her child from

299
00:18:33,359 --> 00:18:37,320
Speaker 1: its jaws. When she fell off, it jumped over a hedge,

300
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:40,840
Speaker 1: and she gave chase. One of her older children was

301
00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:43,120
Speaker 1: inside the house and he heard the commotion and came

302
00:18:43,119 --> 00:18:46,480
Speaker 1: out with a lance and the family sheep dog, and

303
00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:49,639
Speaker 1: he chased the animal and they basically fought it until

304
00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:53,520
Speaker 1: it tired out, abandoned its quarry, and ran away. The

305
00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:57,199
Speaker 1: six year old, unfortunately didn't survive, although the rest of

306
00:18:57,240 --> 00:19:01,720
Speaker 1: the family did, and Varley's story spread as one of

307
00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:05,240
Speaker 1: heroic tragedy. So she became kind of an emblem of

308
00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,640
Speaker 1: the need to get this over with. Yeah, I'm sure

309
00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:11,439
Speaker 1: that was a little bit of an ego blow to

310
00:19:11,520 --> 00:19:13,800
Speaker 1: all of these hunters that a pregnant woman and her

311
00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:17,440
Speaker 1: children had kind of had better luck at least kind

312
00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:19,760
Speaker 1: of running this animal down than they had with their

313
00:19:19,840 --> 00:19:24,680
Speaker 1: firepower and hunting knowledge. Uh. In early May, the Denival

314
00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:27,840
Speaker 1: started trying to combat the wolves by poisoning the bodies

315
00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:31,439
Speaker 1: of their victims and leaving them out as bait. This

316
00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:36,320
Speaker 1: did not work and once again upset people. Then in

317
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:38,399
Speaker 1: mid May, there was a two week period with no

318
00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:42,159
Speaker 1: wolf attacks. The Denevals took credit for it, and they

319
00:19:42,160 --> 00:19:44,920
Speaker 1: said they must have actually killed a wolf that they'd

320
00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:47,439
Speaker 1: shot and had then gotten away earlier in the month.

321
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,680
Speaker 1: Then when another attack happened on May nineteen, they started

322
00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:54,760
Speaker 1: trying to seek the protection of the king. At first,

323
00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:57,560
Speaker 1: I they were afraid that their actions were going to

324
00:19:57,600 --> 00:19:59,800
Speaker 1: catch up with them and that they themselves might come

325
00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:03,760
Speaker 1: to harm. They were finally forced to leave town and

326
00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:07,359
Speaker 1: their reputations were in shreds. And before we turn to

327
00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:11,440
Speaker 1: a little happier part of this story, let's take another

328
00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,679
Speaker 1: brief moment for a word from a sponsor that sounds grand.

329
00:20:23,359 --> 00:20:26,440
Speaker 1: So the Denevals who have been run out of town

330
00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:29,879
Speaker 1: were soon replaced by Francois Antoine, who was the king's

331
00:20:29,920 --> 00:20:33,840
Speaker 1: gun bearer. He organized hunts with dogs and men, using

332
00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:36,520
Speaker 1: dogs in particular to try to cover the regions more

333
00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:40,960
Speaker 1: difficult to rain, and unlike the Dnevals, he was extremely polite.

334
00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,280
Speaker 1: He gained the trust and the affection of the locals.

335
00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:45,000
Speaker 1: He did not walk in with a bunch of attitude

336
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,520
Speaker 1: and swagger. He really tried to work with them, and

337
00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:50,240
Speaker 1: he worked through the summer of seventeen sixty five as

338
00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:56,399
Speaker 1: the deaths continued to find the beast. On September, Antoine

339
00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:59,240
Speaker 1: caught sight of a wolf so big that at first

340
00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:03,399
Speaker 1: he thought it was a donkey. From about fifty paces away.

341
00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:05,720
Speaker 1: He shot it with a long barreled musket that he

342
00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:08,200
Speaker 1: loaded with a lead ball, along with lots of other

343
00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:11,840
Speaker 1: smaller pieces of shot. The animal was hit, but it

344
00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:14,600
Speaker 1: wasn't killed. It got to its feet and went after Antoine,

345
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,520
Speaker 1: who had to retreat. Rather than trying to reload his weapon.

346
00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:22,679
Speaker 1: Monsieur Riehard, who was an officer of the hunt, delivered

347
00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:26,919
Speaker 1: the actual killing shot. They took the wolf's body to

348
00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:29,560
Speaker 1: a nearby chateau, and then they brought in people who

349
00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:33,720
Speaker 1: had either witnessed or survived attacks to identify it. They

350
00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:36,679
Speaker 1: all agreed that this was the wolf that attacked them,

351
00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:40,000
Speaker 1: and even so Antoine urged people not to drop their guard.

352
00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:43,919
Speaker 1: Yet pretty much everyone in the Jevadan who looked at

353
00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:48,320
Speaker 1: it agreed that the thing was enormous, and as Antoine

354
00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:52,000
Speaker 1: and others told the story over and over at depositions,

355
00:21:52,040 --> 00:21:54,720
Speaker 1: and when talking to the newspapers, this description just got

356
00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:59,240
Speaker 1: bigger and bigger. Antoine said about hunting for any offspring

357
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:01,720
Speaker 1: the beast may have had, and ordering an artisan to

358
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:04,640
Speaker 1: construct a frame for its skin so that it could

359
00:22:04,640 --> 00:22:07,760
Speaker 1: be preserved and sent to the king. It wound up

360
00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:10,879
Speaker 1: being embalmed instead, and by the time that happened, it

361
00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:15,679
Speaker 1: had already started to decompose. The beast body arrived at

362
00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:18,560
Speaker 1: Versailles on the first of October, but the court of

363
00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:21,560
Speaker 1: Versailles was not nearly as impressed with it as the

364
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:25,120
Speaker 1: people of the Javadan had been. They had really suffered

365
00:22:25,160 --> 00:22:29,560
Speaker 1: from some inflated expectations by people increasingly talking about how

366
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:33,080
Speaker 1: more and more monstrous this thing was. Also because of

367
00:22:33,119 --> 00:22:37,000
Speaker 1: what we just discussed with the embalming it smelled. Antoine

368
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:40,040
Speaker 1: finished his task of seeking and destroying wolves from around

369
00:22:40,080 --> 00:22:43,200
Speaker 1: the area where the beast had been killed on October seventeenth,

370
00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:45,840
Speaker 1: and for more than two months there were no more

371
00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:49,880
Speaker 1: wolf attacks. This is actually a you know, it's stretched

372
00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:52,560
Speaker 1: into like. That was two months from when he finished killing,

373
00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:55,239
Speaker 1: But it wound up that there weren't any deaths from

374
00:22:55,280 --> 00:22:58,600
Speaker 1: when he shot that wolf until December seventh, seventeen sixty

375
00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:02,560
Speaker 1: five day, two boys survived a wolf attack while they

376
00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,640
Speaker 1: were guarding cattle, and then an eleven year old girl

377
00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:09,679
Speaker 1: was killed on December twenty one. Unlike the first time around,

378
00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:12,040
Speaker 1: when it had taken so many deaths before people saw

379
00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:17,600
Speaker 1: it as a pattern, everyone immediately panicked. However, there was

380
00:23:17,640 --> 00:23:22,320
Speaker 1: also this uh kind of issue of saturation. Everyone also,

381
00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:26,560
Speaker 1: while they were quicker to recognize this danger, they were

382
00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:29,840
Speaker 1: also kind of tired of talking about this beast. Uh.

383
00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:33,120
Speaker 1: So there are far fewer newspaper reports and other records

384
00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,960
Speaker 1: detailing what happened between Francois Antoine killing a wolf on

385
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:43,000
Speaker 1: septem s and Jean Shastel killing another one in August

386
00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:47,200
Speaker 1: of seventeen sixty seven. Yeah, so almost two years later.

387
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:51,479
Speaker 1: The wolf that Shastel killed was big, although not nearly

388
00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:54,040
Speaker 1: as big as the one that Antoine had killed almost

389
00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:58,880
Speaker 1: two years before. However, Schastell followed what Antoine's had done.

390
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:02,439
Speaker 1: Like owed his example, he rounded people up to I

391
00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:04,480
Speaker 1: d this wolf and say that it was the wolf

392
00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:07,160
Speaker 1: that had attacked them, and then he sent its body

393
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:10,080
Speaker 1: to Versailles. However, by the time it arrived in Versailles,

394
00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:13,600
Speaker 1: it was extremely rotten. The king was extremely insulting to

395
00:24:13,840 --> 00:24:16,280
Speaker 1: Chastel and his son for having just brought this rotten

396
00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:19,679
Speaker 1: wolf carcass into his presence, and the king ordered them

397
00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:25,440
Speaker 1: all away. Folklorist and researchers started documenting the Jevudin wolf

398
00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:29,080
Speaker 1: loor almost immediately. H In the eighteen eighties, a man

399
00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:32,440
Speaker 1: named Pierre Pouchet wrote an enormous history of the wolf.

400
00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:36,680
Speaker 1: And there are all kinds of theories about exactly what

401
00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,800
Speaker 1: this animal was, and whether it was acting on its

402
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:44,480
Speaker 1: own or whether it had been trained to somehow attack people.

403
00:24:45,119 --> 00:24:47,280
Speaker 1: This last theory actually got a shot in the arm

404
00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:50,680
Speaker 1: when people realized that Jean Chastel had played a prank

405
00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:53,959
Speaker 1: on a wolf hunting party two years before. They had

406
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:56,760
Speaker 1: basically said, hey, is this ground up here safe to

407
00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:58,879
Speaker 1: walk on? And he was like, yeah, it's awesome, and

408
00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:01,920
Speaker 1: it was actually a bo And so the wolf hunters

409
00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:06,440
Speaker 1: sunk into it up to their chests while he laughed

410
00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:10,280
Speaker 1: along the sidelines. Uh. There are people who were extremely

411
00:25:10,320 --> 00:25:13,520
Speaker 1: suspicious of him now and kind of wonder if he

412
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:16,880
Speaker 1: had trained animals to attack other people, and that that

413
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:22,159
Speaker 1: gap between killing one wolf and uh and another attack

414
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:24,720
Speaker 1: happening was because he was having to retrain another animal

415
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:28,720
Speaker 1: that gets some kind of conspiracy theory ideas not totally sure.

416
00:25:29,680 --> 00:25:32,000
Speaker 1: We should call Ben and Madden and see what they think.

417
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:37,840
Speaker 1: We will probably never know for sure if this beast

418
00:25:37,960 --> 00:25:41,320
Speaker 1: was actually a wolf, or multiple wolves, or perhaps even

419
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:45,800
Speaker 1: something else that hasn't been identified. More recently, the beast

420
00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:48,359
Speaker 1: makes an appearance in the movie Brotherhood of the Wolf.

421
00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:51,120
Speaker 1: I love that movie so much. I can't even describe.

422
00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:54,520
Speaker 1: That goes into the category of cinema that I like

423
00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:57,679
Speaker 1: to call out fromage because it's a little cheesy, but

424
00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:01,119
Speaker 1: it's also really fantastic fun and it has been sink Cassel,

425
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:04,280
Speaker 1: which is the important part for me. Uh and the

426
00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,480
Speaker 1: Jevadan region is now part of the Department of Logier

427
00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:10,800
Speaker 1: that happened after the French Revolution, so that was not

428
00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:14,960
Speaker 1: in play when this was going on, right, So that

429
00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:20,440
Speaker 1: is the Beast of Jevadon creepy and yeah, the book

430
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:24,359
Speaker 1: that was the primary source on this. Normally, when I

431
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:29,280
Speaker 1: researched episodes, they're like fifteen or twenties sources at least um.

432
00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:32,280
Speaker 1: This one was mostly sourced from a book by J

433
00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:36,000
Speaker 1: Smith called Monsters of the Jevadon, which was published by

434
00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:39,200
Speaker 1: Harvard University Press in two thousand and eleven. That's pretty

435
00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:44,240
Speaker 1: much the source in English on this story, so it

436
00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:46,919
Speaker 1: has a lot more dedale about various things that went

437
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:49,040
Speaker 1: on if you were interested in it. I had to

438
00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:52,359
Speaker 1: get it from inter Library loan Um, which is I

439
00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:55,399
Speaker 1: had to time it just right. So if this story

440
00:26:55,440 --> 00:26:59,400
Speaker 1: interests you, I highly recommend that book. It gets into

441
00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:03,240
Speaker 1: sort of the beginning of it talks a lot about

442
00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:08,080
Speaker 1: how the the search for what was this animal kind

443
00:27:08,119 --> 00:27:12,760
Speaker 1: of distracts from the greater story of like why people

444
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:17,000
Speaker 1: in France were so obsessed with this thing when it

445
00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:25,159
Speaker 1: was going on. So it's a good read. Thank you

446
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:27,680
Speaker 1: so much for joining us on this Saturday. If you

447
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:30,439
Speaker 1: have heard an email address or a Facebook you are

448
00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:33,240
Speaker 1: l or something similar over the course of today's episode.

449
00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:35,520
Speaker 1: Since it is from the archive that might be out

450
00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:38,879
Speaker 1: of date now, you can email us at history podcast

451
00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:41,080
Speaker 1: at how stuff Works dot com, and you can find

452
00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:44,239
Speaker 1: us all over social media at missed in History, and

453
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,080
Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcast,

454
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:50,760
Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, and wherever else you listen

455
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:57,159
Speaker 1: to podcasts. Stuff You Missed in History Class is a

456
00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:00,119
Speaker 1: production of I Heart radios, how stuff works from our

457
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:03,000
Speaker 1: podcasts for my heart Radio, visit my heart Radio app,

458
00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:06,160
Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

459
00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:09,280
Speaker 1: H