1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,640 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from how Stuff Works 2 00:00:04,680 --> 00:00:14,200 Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, 3 00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:18,800 Speaker 1: There's Charles w Chuck Bryant, There's Jerry. This is Stuff 4 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:23,040 Speaker 1: you Should Know, the Sick Edition, the annual sick Edition. 5 00:00:23,239 --> 00:00:26,360 Speaker 1: You aren't well, my friend. No. And it really stinks 6 00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:29,200 Speaker 1: to Chuck because, like I like to think that I 7 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:31,560 Speaker 1: take pretty good care of myself, so to be able 8 00:00:31,600 --> 00:00:34,479 Speaker 1: to be felled not once, but twice in just a 9 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:38,479 Speaker 1: few months by some stupid bug, it's irritating to me. 10 00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:41,000 Speaker 1: I know, you get mad every time he gets sick, though, 11 00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:44,960 Speaker 1: just so you know I do. I hadn't noticed that. Actually, 12 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 1: uh my wife is the same way. Well it's not fun, 13 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:51,720 Speaker 1: I know, but she gets like kind of yeah. You 14 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:54,040 Speaker 1: both get a little angry, like why did this happen 15 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:59,280 Speaker 1: to me? I get more pitiful, like, oh, somebody helped me. 16 00:00:59,360 --> 00:01:06,640 Speaker 1: Oh I've got going on too. So does that mean 17 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:09,840 Speaker 1: people have the next like eight episodes to look forward to? 18 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:13,480 Speaker 1: This or no? No, man, no way, this is it. 19 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:16,840 Speaker 1: This is it right here. I think actually yesterday might 20 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: have been the worst day. Oh well good, yeah, I 21 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:23,200 Speaker 1: mean today was a close second. But we'll find out. Yeah, 22 00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:25,440 Speaker 1: it is spad. I gotta be a pro man, I 23 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: gotta I gotta get well, the show must go on 24 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:37,360 Speaker 1: as so today, Chuck Charles, we're talking elastic. Yeah, did 25 00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: you know much about this? No? I thought this is 26 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:44,480 Speaker 1: actually super interesting and it also contained to uh, what 27 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: we like to call um dinner party factoids that people 28 00:01:49,440 --> 00:01:52,120 Speaker 1: can bust out. We need a jingle that says that 29 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,320 Speaker 1: so we can play it when when it comes up. Yeah, 30 00:01:55,360 --> 00:01:57,120 Speaker 1: I mean there's lots of cool stuff in here, and 31 00:01:57,200 --> 00:02:00,440 Speaker 1: please don't correct us on factoid because oh yeah, man, 32 00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:05,640 Speaker 1: that's so two thousand, nine eleven. Maybe, but yeah, two 33 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 1: really cool facts in here that I think people can 34 00:02:08,120 --> 00:02:11,000 Speaker 1: just keep in their hip pocket. Okay, are you good? 35 00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:13,440 Speaker 1: So until we get a jingle made, I'll bet NOL 36 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:15,440 Speaker 1: will make one for us. But until we do, maybe 37 00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:19,639 Speaker 1: you should you want to practice one? Um, jeez, what's 38 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:22,840 Speaker 1: a good dinner party jingle? It should It should be 39 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:26,359 Speaker 1: like wine glasses and plates and forks and things clinking right, 40 00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:32,080 Speaker 1: and then maybe like this Orwellian voice going dinner party 41 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: fact toward. Yeah. Here we are eight years in, still evolving. Yeah, 42 00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: it's a work in progress. Okay, So we're talking elastic Chuck. 43 00:02:43,639 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 1: I didn't know that much about it either. In this 44 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:49,800 Speaker 1: article written by one William Harris, yeah it is. It 45 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:52,639 Speaker 1: makes a pretty good point um that it's just one 46 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,200 Speaker 1: of those things, and specifically say, like a rubber band, 47 00:02:55,639 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: you just kind of think it's always been around, and 48 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:01,800 Speaker 1: you know you've always you just think, like you know, 49 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:05,800 Speaker 1: elastic waistbands have been around for eons. It's basically the 50 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:08,640 Speaker 1: second thing discovered after fire, is what I've always thought 51 00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:14,200 Speaker 1: until today, since Adam first popped Eve's bra strap, it's 52 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 1: been around. Yeah, you'd think that's actually not the case 53 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:20,359 Speaker 1: at all. It's a elastic itself. And elastic, we should say, 54 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:26,760 Speaker 1: is basically any rubber, natural or synthetic, uh thread woven 55 00:03:26,919 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: with another kind of fabric usually like say cotton or 56 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:35,360 Speaker 1: nylon or whatever that produces a stretchy fabric that's elastic. Right. Yeah, 57 00:03:35,480 --> 00:03:37,400 Speaker 1: Like I think a lot of people don't even realize 58 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: if they took their underwear waistband, don't do this because 59 00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 1: then you ruined it. But maybe if you have an 60 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:45,480 Speaker 1: old pair, if you just kind of cut it, you 61 00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:48,960 Speaker 1: would see these these little elastic threads. It's all it is, Yes, 62 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:52,680 Speaker 1: you little rubber bands or or you could go to 63 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:55,480 Speaker 1: like a thrift store or something by a pair and 64 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:58,720 Speaker 1: then cut those If you're buying a thrift store underwear, 65 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:01,960 Speaker 1: then I don't know, I wouldn't recommend that. Yeah, I 66 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 1: don't think they even sell it. Actually they do. We're 67 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:15,240 Speaker 1: really ye used underwear. Yes, wow, so skid free, that's probably. 68 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:17,480 Speaker 1: That's gotta be one of the more difficult tasks. It's 69 00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:24,160 Speaker 1: like getting those things just prepared for resale, you know, yeah, 70 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:26,840 Speaker 1: I don't want to be unprepared for resale duty to 71 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:31,200 Speaker 1: day anyway, when you do, if you cut it open, 72 00:04:31,240 --> 00:04:33,560 Speaker 1: if you look very closely, have you ever done this? 73 00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:36,200 Speaker 1: Have you ever seen like an elastic waistband come come 74 00:04:36,279 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: loose as you've got If you look really closely, you 75 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:42,279 Speaker 1: can be like going to like the little threads that 76 00:04:42,279 --> 00:04:45,120 Speaker 1: are sticking out, because some just hang limp and loose. 77 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:48,120 Speaker 1: That's cotton. Nobody cares about that. But the ones that 78 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: are just kind of still sticking out a little bit 79 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:53,800 Speaker 1: and you can throw them though. That's the that's the 80 00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:57,520 Speaker 1: rubber or um natural or synthetic rubber that that gives 81 00:04:57,560 --> 00:05:01,800 Speaker 1: that elastic it's stretchiness. And again it's a fairly recent invention, 82 00:05:02,080 --> 00:05:06,520 Speaker 1: especially if you're talking about, um, waste bands for underpants. Yeah, 83 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,200 Speaker 1: and especially if you're talking about elastic that really kind 84 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:13,920 Speaker 1: of worked. There were two sort of dives into making elastic, 85 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,279 Speaker 1: and one quite a long time ago and then one 86 00:05:17,360 --> 00:05:21,120 Speaker 1: more recently that obviously worked much better. And basically the 87 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,520 Speaker 1: reason it worked much more better more recently is better 88 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:28,560 Speaker 1: techniques to making rubber and then better techniques changing that 89 00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:31,520 Speaker 1: rubber into something that you could actually use, like in 90 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 1: a wasteband right exactly, but we've known about rubber for 91 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:39,200 Speaker 1: a very long time since well I should say those 92 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:40,680 Speaker 1: of us in the West have known about it for 93 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: a very long time. Those indigenous peoples of the Amazon 94 00:05:44,360 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: have known about it even longer. But I interrupted. You 95 00:05:46,920 --> 00:05:51,080 Speaker 1: were talking about waste bands. Oh okay, so yeah, so 96 00:05:51,440 --> 00:05:55,400 Speaker 1: with with underwear waste bands in particular, right, Yes, Um, 97 00:05:55,440 --> 00:06:00,360 Speaker 1: apparently humans have felt shame uh for thousands of years 98 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:05,080 Speaker 1: because the oldest pair of underwear, identifiable underwear are seven 99 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:09,000 Speaker 1: thousand years old and he bought him at Goodwill right 100 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: last week. So the these this underwear originally, well, even 101 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: before that, I should say, um, there was something called 102 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:19,279 Speaker 1: breech cloth and that was just basically strips of leather 103 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: that just kind of hung down and coverage junk maybe 104 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:24,359 Speaker 1: kept the gnats out that kind of thing, right, or 105 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:28,640 Speaker 1: kept them in. Yeah, that was your things probably catch 106 00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:35,239 Speaker 1: the um. And those are even older than the first underwear, 107 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:37,960 Speaker 1: which would be considered a loin cloth, of course, which 108 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:40,440 Speaker 1: is basically that. And there are loincloths that are at 109 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:44,000 Speaker 1: least five thousand years or seven thousand years old, and um, 110 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:50,880 Speaker 1: they are basically in uh linen diaper that is folded 111 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:54,800 Speaker 1: in a certain way, worn by grown ups, including very famously, 112 00:06:54,880 --> 00:06:57,720 Speaker 1: most recently Gandhi used to wear a loincloth everywhere. It 113 00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:00,880 Speaker 1: was called the dati um. But it's a loincloth, no 114 00:07:00,920 --> 00:07:04,280 Speaker 1: matter what you call it, that's right. So those stuck 115 00:07:04,320 --> 00:07:07,120 Speaker 1: around for quite a while in the West, and it 116 00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:11,240 Speaker 1: wasn't until basically the Middle Ages that someone said we 117 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:14,679 Speaker 1: can do better than this, Yeah, and they brought around 118 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 1: these things that are that were much longer than a loincloth. Um, 119 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:21,760 Speaker 1: most of them kind of for my research, these braids 120 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:26,520 Speaker 1: be r A I E s went below the knee even. Yeah, 121 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:30,200 Speaker 1: they were like a cross between a loincloth and jams. Yeah, 122 00:07:30,280 --> 00:07:33,160 Speaker 1: sort of, Um, it says here that they were laced 123 00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:35,640 Speaker 1: to the waist and legs, but um, there may be 124 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:39,040 Speaker 1: lace under the waist, but they're also generally kind of 125 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:41,880 Speaker 1: rolled over many times at the waist, I think to 126 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:45,280 Speaker 1: probably tighten it up a bit. Yeah, and everyone said, great, 127 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:47,680 Speaker 1: this is work. Yeah for a while, I'm happy with this, 128 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:50,680 Speaker 1: and um, you know, then it went a different way 129 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:53,320 Speaker 1: and we should do an entire episode just on course 130 00:07:53,400 --> 00:07:55,800 Speaker 1: it's I know, there's a good article on the site 131 00:07:55,840 --> 00:08:00,400 Speaker 1: on it, but um, after Braise, the the called the 132 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:05,280 Speaker 1: union suit was invented? What dinner party fact? Okay, there 133 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: you go. I never knew. I thought it was called 134 00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 1: the union suit because it had something somewhere along the 135 00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,600 Speaker 1: line to do with unions, but no, in fact, the 136 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:17,480 Speaker 1: word union suit. Now we know them as long John's, 137 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:20,600 Speaker 1: even though long Johns are generally two piece. The one 138 00:08:20,600 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: piece union suit is called that because it is one piece. 139 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:27,200 Speaker 1: It is the union of a top and a bottom undergarment. Yep, 140 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: that's right. It's a one piece long John with a 141 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:32,839 Speaker 1: flap in the bottom. They usually button all the way 142 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: up front from the growing up to the neck. Do 143 00:08:34,960 --> 00:08:37,680 Speaker 1: you have any of these? I'm wearing a couple of pair, right, 144 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:40,400 Speaker 1: now obviously you just can't see him because they're under 145 00:08:40,440 --> 00:08:42,800 Speaker 1: my clothes. Do you really have some? No? I have 146 00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:45,800 Speaker 1: Long John's. I've got this one called the Silkies that 147 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:48,840 Speaker 1: work really well. Yeah. Um, but I don't have a 148 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:52,440 Speaker 1: union suit. No, do you know I don't anymore? My 149 00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:57,200 Speaker 1: brothers still Scott swears by the union suit. Um. I 150 00:08:57,200 --> 00:09:00,480 Speaker 1: think he has the classic red and then of course 151 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: they famously have like you said, the it's either called 152 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:07,600 Speaker 1: an access hatch. I've also seen them called a drop 153 00:09:07,640 --> 00:09:10,640 Speaker 1: seat or a fireman's flap. Yeah, I saw that too. 154 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:13,720 Speaker 1: Where you can see that, Yeah, where you can unbutton 155 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: your you know, because generally you're wearing this out in 156 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:20,079 Speaker 1: the cold, so you don't want to stripped down to 157 00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,199 Speaker 1: the naked if you want to go pp or poopoo, right, 158 00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:25,480 Speaker 1: so you just open the old access hatch and there 159 00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:27,679 Speaker 1: you have it. Yeah. Now that see that to me 160 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 1: makes sense, um in the nineteenth century when the union 161 00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,720 Speaker 1: suit was invented. Today, though, it's like, I guess Scott 162 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:38,080 Speaker 1: just likes to add a little panic too when he 163 00:09:38,080 --> 00:09:41,200 Speaker 1: has to tinkle, like having to get that flap open. 164 00:09:42,080 --> 00:09:46,559 Speaker 1: I think he's just a classicist, not classicist, a who's 165 00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: someone who's into the classic things. Classicist. Okay, that sounds 166 00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:55,160 Speaker 1: like he doesn't like poor people. That's a classist. Okay, 167 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:58,520 Speaker 1: that extra makes a big difference. Okay, he's a classicist 168 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:02,040 Speaker 1: then yeah, yeah, okay, so you should tell him this. 169 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:06,559 Speaker 1: Here's another little sub dinner party factoid. Union suits were 170 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,920 Speaker 1: originally invented for women from what I understand, all right, 171 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:13,000 Speaker 1: and they were invented in response to the corset craze 172 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:15,160 Speaker 1: because apparently courses were so out of hand. It was 173 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 1: basically like remember our footbinding episode. So but that's basically 174 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:22,960 Speaker 1: what women in Europe and the United States, in the 175 00:10:23,040 --> 00:10:26,960 Speaker 1: western countries were doing with corsets. They were engaging in 176 00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:31,400 Speaker 1: what was amounted to footbinding, but with their waists, they 177 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:36,080 Speaker 1: were they were literally deforming themselves, uh, using corsets. And 178 00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: and there was a Reformation movement against the corset and 179 00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:43,760 Speaker 1: against that look and what it's fall and ultimately was 180 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:46,600 Speaker 1: the union suit, which were so great that men were like, 181 00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:50,360 Speaker 1: these are ours, now, yeah, we should do one. Of course, 182 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:53,400 Speaker 1: it's I assume that they did this because men were like, 183 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 1: no more of an hour glass. Yeah and yeah, and 184 00:10:57,720 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: I think that's where the Reformation came out of like, 185 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,400 Speaker 1: shut up, man, do you have any like? We're disfigured 186 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,719 Speaker 1: now thanks to you idiots. Uh well, I hate to 187 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 1: pack another dinner party fact right next to the other one, 188 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:14,280 Speaker 1: but that's kind of where we are. So my second 189 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:16,560 Speaker 1: factoid that you should bring up next time you're among 190 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:19,080 Speaker 1: friends or next time you see an injured friend perhaps 191 00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:22,719 Speaker 1: is if they're using an AS bandage, ask them what 192 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:25,840 Speaker 1: it stands for and they'll say, uh, what do you mean? 193 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:29,960 Speaker 1: But it, in fact is an an acronym. Correct, yes 194 00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:33,920 Speaker 1: it is, And what does it stand for? All cotton, elastic, ace, 195 00:11:34,559 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 1: all shot an elastic bandage. I never knew that until 196 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 1: today and it's been around since en apparently that the 197 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:46,320 Speaker 1: three M company introduced it. Amazing um. And so so okay, 198 00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:50,760 Speaker 1: you've got an ACE bandage, which is essentially, uh, an 199 00:11:50,760 --> 00:11:57,040 Speaker 1: elastic waste band used to to keep Shack's elbow in place? 200 00:11:57,160 --> 00:12:01,959 Speaker 1: Right Seaquille O'Neil? Yeah, all right, um, what you do 201 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:05,880 Speaker 1: you think? This is? What's what's crazy is uh? This 202 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:09,520 Speaker 1: is eighteen that that three M introduced the ACE, and 203 00:12:09,559 --> 00:12:13,040 Speaker 1: it took until the forties before somebody thought, why don't 204 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:18,800 Speaker 1: we just like attach like underpants a lowincloth to that 205 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,080 Speaker 1: and as we pull it up, snap it in place 206 00:12:21,120 --> 00:12:25,640 Speaker 1: and be like, oh baby, modal. I guess because I 207 00:12:25,640 --> 00:12:27,080 Speaker 1: mean the only thing I can think of is because 208 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:30,440 Speaker 1: they were tying them and they disfigured. Well, that works 209 00:12:30,440 --> 00:12:34,520 Speaker 1: pretty well for now, Yeah, I guess, you know. I mean, 210 00:12:34,559 --> 00:12:37,400 Speaker 1: that's what That's what William Harris says. He says it 211 00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:41,800 Speaker 1: was basically a sort of fashion inertia. That's everything was fine, 212 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:44,200 Speaker 1: Like you could use buttons or ties or something like 213 00:12:44,240 --> 00:12:47,200 Speaker 1: that and keep it in play, so who cares. But 214 00:12:47,240 --> 00:12:49,400 Speaker 1: it's just so much easier to pull up your underpants, 215 00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:53,840 Speaker 1: snap them in place, and go, oh baby, that's right. 216 00:12:54,280 --> 00:12:58,800 Speaker 1: But regardless of um, what you're talking about here, these fabrics, 217 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: including elastic, are made with a loom. And if you've 218 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:08,439 Speaker 1: ever seen a loom at work, uh, or a at work, yeah, 219 00:13:08,520 --> 00:13:10,840 Speaker 1: it's amazing to watch into like, what the hell is 220 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:13,920 Speaker 1: this loom doing here? Well, not at your job, but 221 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 1: you know, I know what you mean. Sure, have you 222 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:20,480 Speaker 1: ever seen a loom doing its thing? It's pretty impressive. Um, 223 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:24,199 Speaker 1: And what I mean it's really not that complicated either. Basically, 224 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:28,560 Speaker 1: all it's doing is allowing these lengthwise threads to be 225 00:13:28,640 --> 00:13:33,560 Speaker 1: interlaced with with with wise threads the warp in the weft. Yeah, 226 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:35,680 Speaker 1: which is not a bad band name, by the way. No, 227 00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:39,920 Speaker 1: it's not especially like like um proto folk. Yeah, well, 228 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 1: that's exactly what it would be. That would be at 229 00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:47,080 Speaker 1: least three guys wearing vests in that band. Uh that 230 00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:51,400 Speaker 1: may have been woven with a loom, yeah right, you know, 231 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:56,320 Speaker 1: and maybe uh pocket watches with the chains totally, but 232 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:58,760 Speaker 1: that's all loom does. It goes you know, it allows 233 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:02,880 Speaker 1: this interlacing place, and that's what's happening with elastic. It 234 00:14:02,960 --> 00:14:06,520 Speaker 1: just takes the place of the yarn, and it's it's uh, 235 00:14:06,760 --> 00:14:08,360 Speaker 1: well part of the yarn, half of the yarn, or 236 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:10,720 Speaker 1: a portion of the yarn. Well, yeah, because in the 237 00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:14,120 Speaker 1: in the case of a waist band, you're obviously introducing 238 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,680 Speaker 1: other fabrics as well, like cotton probably or something else. Yeah, 239 00:14:17,679 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 1: And that's the case with any elastic. Elastic is again 240 00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:24,480 Speaker 1: it's it's a it's a type of fiber woven together 241 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:31,000 Speaker 1: with some sort of rubber and to create this new stretchy, 242 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:36,440 Speaker 1: resilient fabric that's elastic. You want to take a nose 243 00:14:36,480 --> 00:15:10,360 Speaker 1: blow break? Thank you, char All right, we're back. You're good. Yeah, 244 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:13,320 Speaker 1: I should say also, like I keep hammering home what 245 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:17,000 Speaker 1: the definition of elastic is. Then we're talking about elastic waistbands, 246 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,640 Speaker 1: and that's what you think of typically. But again, any 247 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:24,280 Speaker 1: fabric with fiber of one type and rubber woven together 248 00:15:24,640 --> 00:15:27,440 Speaker 1: is elastic, and that has tons and tons of uses. 249 00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:33,520 Speaker 1: Like bungee cords are elastic, right, um uh, you know 250 00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:38,280 Speaker 1: everything else that's like that is like elastic. Well, you know, 251 00:15:38,360 --> 00:15:41,680 Speaker 1: in your socks a lot of times they will be 252 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:44,040 Speaker 1: I mean there's elastic, and you know we'll get to 253 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:47,520 Speaker 1: spandex later. Um, but that that stuff is in many, many, 254 00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:50,680 Speaker 1: many garments that you wear today. You may realize that 255 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:53,560 Speaker 1: you have the stuff in your clothing, right, everything from 256 00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:57,920 Speaker 1: the the neck of your shirt perhaps two um, maybe 257 00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:02,000 Speaker 1: the tongue of your shoes. Sometimes. Yeah, fancy shoes will 258 00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:04,760 Speaker 1: have elastic in them. Those jeans that you wear to 259 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:09,800 Speaker 1: Thanksgiving dinner, they have an elastic waste. Oh I know 260 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,720 Speaker 1: what jeans you're talking about. I don't wear those. They're 261 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:15,840 Speaker 1: pleaded jeans, which is just weird looking. I just wear 262 00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 1: button flies. Oh yeah, so you just go pop yep, 263 00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:23,200 Speaker 1: pop a couple out. You're all set that's right. You 264 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:27,600 Speaker 1: can stuff a lot of extra bits in there. All right, 265 00:16:27,640 --> 00:16:29,800 Speaker 1: So let's um, should we get in the way back 266 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: machine a bit and go back to uh the than 267 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:43,000 Speaker 1: uh I guess the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries. Huh, all right, 268 00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:46,720 Speaker 1: we're pirates. Oh man, I'm glad you brought that up. 269 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:49,520 Speaker 1: I read this really interesting article. I found it on 270 00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:52,280 Speaker 1: I think on long form, but it's from the National 271 00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:57,080 Speaker 1: Endowment for the Humanities like magazine website, and this guy 272 00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: wrote an article about how just thoroughly we misunderstand pirates 273 00:17:04,119 --> 00:17:08,560 Speaker 1: and how our conception of pirates took place basically in 274 00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:12,120 Speaker 1: one decade between seventeen I think twenty six and thirty six, 275 00:17:13,320 --> 00:17:16,920 Speaker 1: and everything we think of as pirates is crammed into 276 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:20,360 Speaker 1: that ten years. Everything before and after it's totally different 277 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:22,680 Speaker 1: from our conception of pirates, and that they were actually 278 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:26,240 Speaker 1: very frequently they were just sailors who would go attack 279 00:17:26,320 --> 00:17:28,480 Speaker 1: like a vessel in the Indian Ocean for one big 280 00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,680 Speaker 1: haul and then flee to the colonies and buy a 281 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:33,840 Speaker 1: bunch of pigs and set up a farm and live 282 00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:36,840 Speaker 1: as like upstanding citizens from that point on. And some 283 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:39,840 Speaker 1: of them were like lieutenant governors. Um. It was a 284 00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: really interesting article that I recommend tremendously. Obviously, did we 285 00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 1: not cover that in our Pirates episode eighteen years ago? No, 286 00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:51,399 Speaker 1: we wouldn't have known that this is a brand new article. 287 00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:55,840 Speaker 1: I'm sure we just totally fell for everything. And apparently 288 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:59,720 Speaker 1: that's it's not we like, that's not our fault that 289 00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:03,640 Speaker 1: the guy's article and idea is is pretty new, which 290 00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 1: is one of these things that historically everyone kind of 291 00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:10,399 Speaker 1: bought in on. Interesting to me that way, you got it? 292 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:12,760 Speaker 1: All right, So we're talking pirates here, and not just 293 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:16,359 Speaker 1: pirates but sailors explorers basically anyone who got on a 294 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:20,000 Speaker 1: ship in the seventeen and eighteen hundreds, early eighteen hundreds 295 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:25,280 Speaker 1: and went exploring. Yeah, and uh they you know what 296 00:18:25,320 --> 00:18:27,160 Speaker 1: they did was they would go off and find things 297 00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:29,400 Speaker 1: that they didn't have in their home country. Say, oh 298 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,000 Speaker 1: my god, what is this? Let me bring it back 299 00:18:32,840 --> 00:18:36,240 Speaker 1: Cinnamon member Cinnamon episode. Yeah, absolutely, that's a great example. 300 00:18:36,960 --> 00:18:39,440 Speaker 1: But one of the things they found in Central and 301 00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:45,240 Speaker 1: South America was what the French called uh cowchook and 302 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:48,560 Speaker 1: uh it's an Indian term meaning weeping wood. And it's 303 00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:51,840 Speaker 1: basically what they're talking about are now, is it an 304 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:57,200 Speaker 1: actual rubber tree, ye behavior brazilansus the rubber tree which 305 00:18:57,359 --> 00:19:03,800 Speaker 1: literally oozes milky latex. Yeah naturally. Yeah, and the the 306 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:08,640 Speaker 1: earliest sailors that encountered, um, the indigenous natives of the Amazon. 307 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:11,520 Speaker 1: We're like, what's that stuff you're like putting out on 308 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:14,680 Speaker 1: your outerwear and it's keeping the rain out? Or what's 309 00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:20,040 Speaker 1: that weird flexible bottle you're you're using? And they explained 310 00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:22,600 Speaker 1: it to him, and those guys said, awesome, you know 311 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:26,480 Speaker 1: who love this, my fellow Europeans. So they took it 312 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:28,439 Speaker 1: back with them and then they said, and what are 313 00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:30,680 Speaker 1: those awesome drugs that you give us in liquid for 314 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:33,440 Speaker 1: him every night after dinner. They said, oh yeah, husky Yeah, 315 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:35,720 Speaker 1: and they went, we'll take some of that hump too. Yeah. 316 00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:37,800 Speaker 1: Can we get it to go back of that stuff? 317 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:41,000 Speaker 1: Uh so yeah, they um, they were already used in 318 00:19:41,040 --> 00:19:44,159 Speaker 1: the stuff because they found out when um, when it 319 00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:46,679 Speaker 1: was dried out. Basically you could use it for a 320 00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:50,359 Speaker 1: lot of things, like you said, bottles, shoes. It's just 321 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:54,040 Speaker 1: like this, you know, flexible rubbery material. Yeah right, so 322 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:57,119 Speaker 1: everything's hunky dory. This is a brand new thing. Europe 323 00:19:57,119 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: starting to go crazy for it. But what they figured 324 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:05,399 Speaker 1: out pretty quickly was that you you couldn't do a 325 00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:07,920 Speaker 1: lot with it, right, As we'll find out later. Um, 326 00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:12,520 Speaker 1: rubber has a an unusual natural chemistry, and it just 327 00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:16,359 Speaker 1: so happens that in the normal range of temperatures outside 328 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:19,720 Speaker 1: of the tropics, UM, it can tend to fall apart 329 00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: pretty easily. Uh. It has a narrow range of temperatures 330 00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:26,480 Speaker 1: that that allow its usefulness. Right, So once you take 331 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:30,440 Speaker 1: it up to above the equator to say, like um, 332 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:34,840 Speaker 1: Europe or the United States or whatever. Uh, And they did. Um. 333 00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:36,880 Speaker 1: They thought it was great. They thought it was terrific. 334 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:40,080 Speaker 1: People went crazy for it. Joseph Priestley actually came up 335 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:42,600 Speaker 1: with a dinner party factoy that I'm sure you'd love 336 00:20:42,640 --> 00:20:46,200 Speaker 1: to share. Uh, which one, Oh you didn't. This wasn't 337 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:49,600 Speaker 1: one of them, now, I blew mine on the two. 338 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: Joseph Priestley, who was very famous chemist, Jason Priestley's triple 339 00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,720 Speaker 1: great uncle. We made that same joke in the nst episode. 340 00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:03,199 Speaker 1: I'll bet we did, because yeah, that's where he popped up. 341 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:07,520 Speaker 1: That's right, Thanks for that. Oh and the nitrous oxide one. Yeah, 342 00:21:07,640 --> 00:21:09,520 Speaker 1: so he got his hands on some of this because 343 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:12,240 Speaker 1: everybody's like he's the only chemist alive, right now, give 344 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:14,199 Speaker 1: it to him and he's like, you know what, this 345 00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:17,440 Speaker 1: is amazing. I'm writing a pencil and then I'm rubbing 346 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:22,960 Speaker 1: this this latextkachuk um and it's it's rubbing out the 347 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:26,800 Speaker 1: pencil marks. And that gave rise to the term rubber. 348 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:32,399 Speaker 1: Oh that's how the name yeah came around. Yea, from rubbing, 349 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:37,320 Speaker 1: from rubbing out pencil marks, erasing ubber. Because remember the 350 00:21:37,359 --> 00:21:40,159 Speaker 1: British love to change everything with an error on the end, 351 00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:45,119 Speaker 1: like soccer is actually shortened association, uh football, like a 352 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:51,840 Speaker 1: soccer became soccer. There you go, rubber. That's pretty interesting. 353 00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:53,400 Speaker 1: I don't know how I screwed it past that one. 354 00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:56,720 Speaker 1: I love that one. So it became a big deal, 355 00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:59,960 Speaker 1: and everyone, um you know that had a little money 356 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:01,840 Speaker 1: to invest thought, hey, we can make a lot of 357 00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:05,880 Speaker 1: dough with this stuff. We can transform that into something useful, 358 00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:09,200 Speaker 1: like let's say in a garment. Um. But like you said, 359 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:11,359 Speaker 1: they had this problem that it was a very narrow 360 00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:13,640 Speaker 1: range of temperatures where they could find it useful. So 361 00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:18,000 Speaker 1: a couple of dudes uh started working on it. We've 362 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:21,800 Speaker 1: talked about Mr Charles Goodyear before we talked about him 363 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:25,040 Speaker 1: and I don't know, but I mean, definitely the good 364 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:29,639 Speaker 1: Year Blimps episode. But um, it seems like, do we 365 00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:32,560 Speaker 1: not do one in vulcanization. I don't remember. I was 366 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:35,120 Speaker 1: looking up rubber or something because some of the stuff 367 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:37,440 Speaker 1: in the extra source that I said. She was kind 368 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:41,680 Speaker 1: of like talked about this before. Yeah, we haven't done 369 00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:45,440 Speaker 1: this entire episode, have we? No? Definitely not. Okay, If so, 370 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:48,000 Speaker 1: then I really am just totally out of my mind. 371 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:51,560 Speaker 1: So good Year was one. He was working in the US, 372 00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:54,800 Speaker 1: and then another guy named Thomas Hancock, an English inventor, 373 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:59,240 Speaker 1: partnered with a dude named Charles McIntosh and they started 374 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:04,960 Speaker 1: making raincoats basically, yeah, the Macintosh, the classic Macintosh. Yeah. 375 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: And so Charles Thomas Hancock was already pretty well situated too, 376 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:14,560 Speaker 1: he was already working on it, right, But Charles Goodyear 377 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:17,879 Speaker 1: um had that breakthrough first. And it was actually a 378 00:23:18,040 --> 00:23:20,840 Speaker 1: really big deal that he had this breakthrough because in 379 00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 1: the early eighteen thirties, Charles Goodyear basically became obsessed with 380 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:27,760 Speaker 1: cracking the rubber coat. He just knew it could be 381 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:33,040 Speaker 1: used to be made into something useful, right, And he 382 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,159 Speaker 1: became so personally committed to it. He all of his 383 00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: investors went away. He went into Debtor's prison so regularly 384 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:43,399 Speaker 1: he referred to it as his hotel. Um. Six of 385 00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:46,360 Speaker 1: his twelve children didn't make it to adulthood. They were 386 00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:50,080 Speaker 1: just that poor. They they had to sell their dinner wear. 387 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,040 Speaker 1: So he made plates for him out of rubber. Um. 388 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:55,280 Speaker 1: It was really really rough. So the idea that he 389 00:23:55,359 --> 00:24:00,800 Speaker 1: had this breakthrough um was just enormously rewarding for him. Right. Unfortunately, 390 00:24:01,520 --> 00:24:05,040 Speaker 1: as he was shopping this stuff around, this vulcanization process 391 00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:07,679 Speaker 1: or the vulcanized rubber, some of it fell into the 392 00:24:07,760 --> 00:24:12,040 Speaker 1: hands of Tamas Hancock and he reverse engineered it. Yeah, 393 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:15,080 Speaker 1: and what he basically discovered was if you slow cooked 394 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 1: latex with sulfur, it could it could basically transform rubber 395 00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:24,560 Speaker 1: into a very durable material that uh, it was hardy 396 00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:27,440 Speaker 1: under all kinds of temperature ranges. It would always snap back. 397 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:31,520 Speaker 1: Um well, not always and forever, which we'll get too 398 00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:35,000 Speaker 1: later too. As you know, that waistband will sometimes leave 399 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:39,480 Speaker 1: you disappointed eventually, that's why you end up buying new underwear. 400 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:42,600 Speaker 1: Um well, one of a couple of reasons you buy 401 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:47,920 Speaker 1: new one awear, take it to the thrift store. Yeah exactly, 402 00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:51,680 Speaker 1: but yeah, he that is what vulcanization is. And um, 403 00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:55,600 Speaker 1: Handcock and McIntosh what they were doing. Uh, they didn't 404 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,720 Speaker 1: crack that code first, but they they developed called something 405 00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:03,240 Speaker 1: called the masticator. Basically, they had been been making elastic 406 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:06,679 Speaker 1: threads by slicing it from rubber bottles and raw rubber, 407 00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:08,920 Speaker 1: but there was just so much waste. They developed this 408 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:13,239 Speaker 1: machine called a masticator and it would basically chew up 409 00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:16,879 Speaker 1: this rubber and make it into meld it together and 410 00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:19,440 Speaker 1: make it into a big single sheet of material, which 411 00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:22,439 Speaker 1: was really helpful. But they still had that temperature problem 412 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,480 Speaker 1: until good Year hit it right and and again they 413 00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 1: were verse engineered. Goodyear's process went and file the patent 414 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: on vulcanization and they rip him off like fully, yes, fully, 415 00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:35,879 Speaker 1: and um apparently it was one of those ones like 416 00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:38,159 Speaker 1: the phone where good Year when to go file a 417 00:25:38,160 --> 00:25:40,840 Speaker 1: patent and found out that someone else had that Handcock 418 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:43,719 Speaker 1: had just a few weeks earlier, so he took him 419 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:47,680 Speaker 1: to court. Um in order to settle Hancock offered good 420 00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:51,800 Speaker 1: Year of the patent to drop the lawsuit, and good 421 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,479 Speaker 1: Year said no, and he lost the case and he 422 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:59,560 Speaker 1: died broken but he was able to, Um, he was 423 00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,600 Speaker 1: able to generate enough royalties so that his kids were 424 00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:06,879 Speaker 1: able to uh to live the good like thanks to him. Um, 425 00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:09,520 Speaker 1: but he uh yeah, he got ripped off for sure. 426 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:12,480 Speaker 1: And and one other thing about the about Charles good Year, 427 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:16,080 Speaker 1: the Goodyear Rubber or Tyre and Rubber company, he he 428 00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: had nothing to do with it. They named it after 429 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:20,440 Speaker 1: him in honor of him. Oh wow, Yeah, I thought 430 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:22,680 Speaker 1: that was pretty cool. Uh. You don't watch the TV 431 00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:26,080 Speaker 1: show Shark Tank, do you? I do not. I think 432 00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:28,720 Speaker 1: I've asked you that before. I you know, the whole concept, 433 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:31,240 Speaker 1: right as these people pitch their businesses to them. Yeah, 434 00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:36,720 Speaker 1: well surrounded by sharks swimming now, they pitched them to 435 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:38,880 Speaker 1: the sharks, and they either investor they don't. Everyone kind 436 00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:42,879 Speaker 1: of knows the show, but you I guess, um, but uh, 437 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:45,320 Speaker 1: I'm always at home just yelling at these people when 438 00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:48,800 Speaker 1: you know, they'll offer up like of their company and 439 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:52,159 Speaker 1: then they'll get offered an investment from a shark for 440 00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:55,520 Speaker 1: you know, and say, but they want like and some 441 00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:57,720 Speaker 1: of these people like turn around and walk away, which, 442 00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:00,280 Speaker 1: on one hand, I kind of respect that they don't 443 00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:03,360 Speaker 1: want to give away that much of their company. But like, 444 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:07,600 Speaker 1: I'm always just thinking, wouldn't you rather own of a 445 00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:12,919 Speaker 1: twenty million dollar company than of a three million dollar company? 446 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:15,280 Speaker 1: Like sometimes I think pride gets in the way with 447 00:27:15,320 --> 00:27:19,280 Speaker 1: these people. Sure, and they don't think about just how 448 00:27:19,320 --> 00:27:22,320 Speaker 1: big these people can make their company. Yeah. I don't 449 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:26,320 Speaker 1: know who's that company though? That that UM turned down 450 00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:31,160 Speaker 1: a billion dollars from either Google or Facebook and just 451 00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:35,320 Speaker 1: kept at it and now it's my Space. No I can't. 452 00:27:35,359 --> 00:27:37,639 Speaker 1: It's one of like the big social media brains that 453 00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:41,160 Speaker 1: you know of UM that that now was just worth 454 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:44,520 Speaker 1: gobs more money? Really? Yeah? Yeah, I mean you know, 455 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 1: there's no recipe, Like sometimes it is better to hold 456 00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:50,920 Speaker 1: onto more of your own company because if it gets big, 457 00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:52,800 Speaker 1: then you own that much more of it. But it's right, 458 00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: I'm always kind of like, man, take the money now. 459 00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:59,639 Speaker 1: And is Steve Miller suggested? Is you just Steve Miller's 460 00:27:59,640 --> 00:28:03,280 Speaker 1: a science pologist? Is he really? Yeah? Boy? He went 461 00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:04,880 Speaker 1: off on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame this year. 462 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:08,479 Speaker 1: Why did they not um vote phenomenating? No? No, no, 463 00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:12,560 Speaker 1: he got inducted in like basically trash them on his 464 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,119 Speaker 1: way in and out the door. Oh, you'll just have 465 00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:17,640 Speaker 1: to read it's kind of too long to get into. 466 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:20,440 Speaker 1: But they were none too happy. I think he came 467 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:23,520 Speaker 1: across as just a really crabby old guy. Oh he 468 00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:26,199 Speaker 1: didn't have like a point or anything. No, he had points. 469 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:30,000 Speaker 1: But um, yeah, you'll you'll just have to check it out, 470 00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:33,080 Speaker 1: I will. We're already getting sidetracked here. Oh we've been 471 00:28:33,119 --> 00:28:37,800 Speaker 1: side checked baby so um. When regardless of who came 472 00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:40,080 Speaker 1: up with it, even though it was Charles Goodyear, once 473 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,960 Speaker 1: vulcanization was introduced to the world, all of a sudden, 474 00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:45,960 Speaker 1: all of these dreams of what you could do with 475 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:50,720 Speaker 1: a flexible, durable material that can withstand tremendous pressure and 476 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:55,400 Speaker 1: force and heat, um and cold too, which was a 477 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:58,440 Speaker 1: big one. Uh, all of a sudden, the whole world 478 00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:02,640 Speaker 1: just opened up. And what was interesting, Chuck, was because 479 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:07,640 Speaker 1: it also dovetailed with the Industrial Revolution. Brazil, which was 480 00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:10,960 Speaker 1: the the rubber tree capital at the time, went from 481 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:14,720 Speaker 1: just being like this kind of old world quality to 482 00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:17,760 Speaker 1: basically being one of the most important countries on the 483 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:21,800 Speaker 1: planet and like virtually within a year or so. Yeah, 484 00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,240 Speaker 1: And that was true, uh geez for a long time 485 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,920 Speaker 1: until about the mid too late, about eighteen seventy six, 486 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:33,360 Speaker 1: when these British businessmen said, I'm gonna sneak these rubber 487 00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 1: tree seeds out, uh taken back to England and uh, 488 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:39,400 Speaker 1: we're gonna see if these things grow in Southeast Asia, 489 00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:41,560 Speaker 1: where we have a lot of British colonies. And it 490 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:44,560 Speaker 1: turns out it did, and just about thirty five years 491 00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:48,680 Speaker 1: later the center of the global rubber market shifted to Malaysia, 492 00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:52,720 Speaker 1: Singapore and Sri Lanka. As British are thieves in this one, 493 00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:55,520 Speaker 1: so they kind of like totally ripped that off. Yeah, 494 00:29:55,920 --> 00:29:59,680 Speaker 1: and Southeast Asia was the dominating rubber capital of the world. 495 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: It was way better for the Brits and the Americans 496 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,960 Speaker 1: because we're friends with the Brits. Um. Because that meant 497 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,680 Speaker 1: that these were these were British colonies, um, which meant 498 00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:14,480 Speaker 1: that the access to this rubber was basically unfettered. There 499 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:16,280 Speaker 1: were no trade deals. You didn't have to wine and 500 00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:18,760 Speaker 1: dine a prince or a king or anything like that. 501 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,680 Speaker 1: You could just be like, we need more rubber please, um, 502 00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:26,880 Speaker 1: which is I think how they would order it probably. So, 503 00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:29,479 Speaker 1: so everything's going hunky dorry, at least as far as 504 00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:32,360 Speaker 1: the British and Americans are concerned. The rubber supplies being 505 00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:38,200 Speaker 1: fulfilled thanks to Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and um. It 506 00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:43,120 Speaker 1: came it no too soon a time too, because the 507 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:47,800 Speaker 1: automobile was introduced around this time, the mass produced automobile, 508 00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:51,400 Speaker 1: we should say, and those needed for good tires made 509 00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:55,240 Speaker 1: of rubber. Yeah. And then World War Two really really 510 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,200 Speaker 1: increase the need for rubber. Um. I think here it 511 00:30:58,280 --> 00:31:01,800 Speaker 1: says that in total, the Pentagon said that they needed 512 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:05,280 Speaker 1: thirty two pounds of rubber for every single ground troop 513 00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:10,120 Speaker 1: in one way or another. That's amazing. Yeah, and that's 514 00:31:10,120 --> 00:31:12,320 Speaker 1: why it was such a big deal that the Japanese 515 00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:17,640 Speaker 1: invaded the Pacific, because that the Pacific theater featured those 516 00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:20,400 Speaker 1: countries that were the rubber producing capital of the world 517 00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:25,239 Speaker 1: that have been under British control. And um, now all 518 00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:27,360 Speaker 1: of a sudden a rubber supply was either cut off 519 00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:33,320 Speaker 1: or in danger. So the United States, led by FDR, said, hey, uh, 520 00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:36,160 Speaker 1: four biggest rubber companies, we're gonna get together and we 521 00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:38,720 Speaker 1: need to come up with a synthetic rubber too, suite. 522 00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:41,520 Speaker 1: Let's get on it. We're all gonna split the patent evenly, 523 00:31:42,040 --> 00:31:45,000 Speaker 1: and let's get to work. And in eighteen months they 524 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:49,080 Speaker 1: had come up with a synthetic rubber amazing yep. Uh. 525 00:31:49,120 --> 00:31:51,000 Speaker 1: And we'll get to synthetics a bit more in a minute. 526 00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:53,760 Speaker 1: But jumping back to the mid eighteen hundreds, the story 527 00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:57,080 Speaker 1: of the rubber band is pretty interesting. These two chaps, 528 00:31:57,400 --> 00:32:02,120 Speaker 1: Stephen Perry and Thomas barn of Us daft great name 529 00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:07,960 Speaker 1: uh T b D actually uh invented the rubber band, 530 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:09,720 Speaker 1: the modern what we know is the rubber band because 531 00:32:09,720 --> 00:32:12,640 Speaker 1: they started slicing these Uh. They had a rubber tube 532 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:16,000 Speaker 1: and started slicing these narrow rings from a vulcanized rubber tube. 533 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:17,320 Speaker 1: And they were like, here you go. It's called a 534 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:21,120 Speaker 1: rubber band. You can put it around your asparagus. Yeah, 535 00:32:21,320 --> 00:32:25,480 Speaker 1: and everyone was super psyched except people who hate asparagus. 536 00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:29,080 Speaker 1: That was a good one man. Uh. And today they 537 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:31,520 Speaker 1: still kind of do it in the same way. Um, 538 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:35,280 Speaker 1: rubber band wise, they create this, They make this latex 539 00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:38,240 Speaker 1: together um with all these chemicals. It depends on, you know, 540 00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:40,800 Speaker 1: what kind of rubber band you're making. And they get 541 00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:44,719 Speaker 1: this raw rubber compound uh into a long hollow tube, 542 00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:48,040 Speaker 1: slip it over a round pipe called the mandrill, expose 543 00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:50,760 Speaker 1: that to high heat and pressure to vulcanize it, it 544 00:32:50,840 --> 00:32:54,960 Speaker 1: cures it, and then they slice that up into rubber bands. Yep, 545 00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:59,800 Speaker 1: pretty neat. It is pretty neat. You want to take 546 00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:05,320 Speaker 1: a We can then talk some more about how it's made. Yeah, 547 00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:35,400 Speaker 1: right after this. All right, so we've been talking about 548 00:33:35,640 --> 00:33:40,200 Speaker 1: rubber um and its most natural form, and uh, how 549 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:44,000 Speaker 1: they transformed that into usable rubber is pretty remarkable. But 550 00:33:45,360 --> 00:33:47,520 Speaker 1: immediately after World War Two, like we were talking about, 551 00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:51,480 Speaker 1: this creation of synthetic rubber was probably the second biggest 552 00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:55,440 Speaker 1: invention of all time. Well maybe not of all time. 553 00:33:56,120 --> 00:33:58,080 Speaker 1: It's up there though, Yeah, but when it comes to 554 00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:02,600 Speaker 1: stretchy things for sure. Yeah. And apparently the the World 555 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:06,200 Speaker 1: War two research and development produced not just one, but 556 00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:12,080 Speaker 1: three different types of um easily manufactured synthetic rubbers. YEA. 557 00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,560 Speaker 1: One was a beauty dyne rubber. Another was a styrene 558 00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:18,280 Speaker 1: beauty dyne rubber, and that was the one that the 559 00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:21,560 Speaker 1: government went with for World War two. Uh, and it 560 00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:24,400 Speaker 1: was actually ripped off from a German from the Germans, 561 00:34:24,680 --> 00:34:27,960 Speaker 1: which they had come up with something similar previously. And 562 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:32,080 Speaker 1: then there's an ethylene propylene monomer and all three of 563 00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:36,160 Speaker 1: those make up most of today's synthetic rubbers. Yeah, and 564 00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:39,040 Speaker 1: they found that this stuff worked really, really well, just 565 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: as good as natural rubber had all that flex resistance. Um, 566 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:48,040 Speaker 1: it didn't deteriorate. Uh, eventually it would. Again I keep 567 00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:49,919 Speaker 1: teasing like we're gonna get to that, which we will. 568 00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:53,840 Speaker 1: But they found it was really well suited to replace 569 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:58,319 Speaker 1: rubber well in most applications, like an industrial application like 570 00:34:58,360 --> 00:35:00,560 Speaker 1: a tire or a fan bell or some thing like that. 571 00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:06,280 Speaker 1: But it didn't have that resilience that that natural rubber has. 572 00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:08,239 Speaker 1: So there was an issue still, there was a kink 573 00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 1: that needed to be worked out. Well, yeah, as far 574 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:13,960 Speaker 1: as using adding textiles for sure, exactly, And they actually 575 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,600 Speaker 1: overcame it in nineteen fifty nine by day, I mean 576 00:35:16,680 --> 00:35:20,439 Speaker 1: DuPont Corporation, who employed two chemists that got to work 577 00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:26,080 Speaker 1: trying to crack this code, the final code of synthetic rubber, 578 00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:30,239 Speaker 1: how to make it flexible and resilient, right, that's right. 579 00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:34,440 Speaker 1: And they they started by using um a polymer, a 580 00:35:34,560 --> 00:35:39,880 Speaker 1: polyurethane right, so, um, Well, we'll talk about polymers in 581 00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:43,120 Speaker 1: a little bit, but basically they took a polymer, a 582 00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:47,600 Speaker 1: eurothane based polymer, and watered it down and forced it 583 00:35:47,680 --> 00:35:50,279 Speaker 1: through a plate with tiny little holes in it. And 584 00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:53,280 Speaker 1: what came on the outside where these tiny little threads, 585 00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:58,080 Speaker 1: and those tiny little threads were a magical creation known 586 00:35:58,160 --> 00:36:02,520 Speaker 1: as Spandex, the trade name of which originally is micro. Yeah, 587 00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:05,160 Speaker 1: it's amazing. And Spandex, they found had a lot of 588 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:09,200 Speaker 1: great applications. Namely, it could accept dies, so it wasn't 589 00:36:09,239 --> 00:36:12,640 Speaker 1: just the sort of dull white color. You could make 590 00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:15,279 Speaker 1: it any color you wanted to. Uh, and you could 591 00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:17,080 Speaker 1: wash it. It It didn't absorb a lot of moisture, and 592 00:36:17,080 --> 00:36:19,840 Speaker 1: it remained really stable when it was washed and dried, 593 00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:24,000 Speaker 1: you know, kind of normal moderate temperatures. So hey, you 594 00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: can make this, weave it into clothing, throw it in 595 00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:30,520 Speaker 1: the washer, diet whatever color you want, and you're good 596 00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:34,279 Speaker 1: to go. And and most importantly, took it would snap back. 597 00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:39,000 Speaker 1: It would retain its original shape after being stretched. So yes, 598 00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:44,640 Speaker 1: spandex changed everything. I didn't realize it was from the fifties. Um. 599 00:36:44,880 --> 00:36:47,279 Speaker 1: And William Harris makes a pretty good point. He he 600 00:36:47,360 --> 00:36:51,000 Speaker 1: says that Spandex might be considered the modern elastic. Like 601 00:36:51,080 --> 00:36:54,719 Speaker 1: it is, it's basically the base of of anything stretchy 602 00:36:54,760 --> 00:36:56,960 Speaker 1: that you used today. Yeah, and it's said here, we 603 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:58,680 Speaker 1: said it's in all kinds of stuff. They said, it's 604 00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:03,040 Speaker 1: in about of all clothing bought by Americans. So even 605 00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:05,560 Speaker 1: if you don't think Spandex is in something, it may 606 00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:08,560 Speaker 1: have a little Spandex in there. It's in of all 607 00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:13,480 Speaker 1: clothing bought by Americans, of all spandex pants bought by Americans. 608 00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:18,399 Speaker 1: Think about that staff for a little while. Yeah, that's amazing. Yeah, 609 00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:21,880 Speaker 1: including Jagging's. He points out he calls them pajama jeans, 610 00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:25,520 Speaker 1: but I've always called him Jagging's. Oh is that the 611 00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:29,960 Speaker 1: same thing? I believe? So yeah, interesting, we can hope. 612 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,360 Speaker 1: So Emily, when we put him on her daughter, she 613 00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,360 Speaker 1: calls him jazzy pants. Oh yeah, that's a good one too. 614 00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:38,600 Speaker 1: But that's just I think usually due to the pattern 615 00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:43,600 Speaker 1: more than the snap back got you. Yeah, so we 616 00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:46,759 Speaker 1: can sit here and procrastinate for several more minutes if 617 00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:49,640 Speaker 1: you want, but ultimately we're gonna end up on the 618 00:37:49,719 --> 00:37:55,240 Speaker 1: chemistry part. You realize, Yes, And because I uh don't 619 00:37:55,600 --> 00:38:02,319 Speaker 1: understand chemistry at all, take it away. I'll get you 620 00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:04,719 Speaker 1: for this, chuck. I'll throw in some words here and there. 621 00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:07,759 Speaker 1: So I don't really know chemistry either, but I know 622 00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:10,879 Speaker 1: both of us crammed on this, So forgive us all 623 00:38:10,960 --> 00:38:13,359 Speaker 1: you chemists out there. If we get something wrong, let 624 00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:17,200 Speaker 1: us know. But from what we understand, it's magic. Yeah, 625 00:38:17,360 --> 00:38:21,720 Speaker 1: there you go the end. So, rubber, whether it's natural 626 00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:26,200 Speaker 1: or synthetic, is a polymer, right, And it's a specific 627 00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:30,200 Speaker 1: kind of polymer called an elastomer. It's an elastic polymer 628 00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:34,319 Speaker 1: as stretchiness and resilience, it's flexible, right, And any kind 629 00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:37,400 Speaker 1: of poll polymer is uh. Basically, if you look at 630 00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:40,000 Speaker 1: the molecular structure of it, it's made up of these 631 00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:44,000 Speaker 1: long repeating chains of the same unit over and over again. 632 00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:46,440 Speaker 1: The units are called monitors, and depending on what the 633 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:51,560 Speaker 1: monitor is UM that leads to different kinds of polymers. 634 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:56,600 Speaker 1: And with elastomers in particular, if you look at some polymers, 635 00:38:56,920 --> 00:39:00,160 Speaker 1: the structure is bulky and big and compact and and 636 00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:04,319 Speaker 1: it's rigid and heavy and not flexible at all. Still, 637 00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:06,880 Speaker 1: other kind of polymers, say like a plastic or a resin, 638 00:39:07,320 --> 00:39:11,320 Speaker 1: are crystalline and structure and they fit so well together. 639 00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:15,359 Speaker 1: They're also rigid and not very flexible either. Then you 640 00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:18,360 Speaker 1: have elastomers, which are a kind of polymer, and because 641 00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:23,920 Speaker 1: of their molecular structure, um, they are super flexible, super 642 00:39:23,920 --> 00:39:27,480 Speaker 1: stretchy and they snap back into place. Yeah, and normally 643 00:39:27,640 --> 00:39:30,240 Speaker 1: they're uh, I mean they liken it to this article 644 00:39:30,320 --> 00:39:34,160 Speaker 1: like a coiled like a big massive snakes. But they 645 00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:36,760 Speaker 1: have this really neat quality, these elastomers. When you apply 646 00:39:36,840 --> 00:39:39,840 Speaker 1: force to it, the molecules actually straightened out in the 647 00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:42,600 Speaker 1: direction that you're pulling it, and that's sort of the 648 00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:44,400 Speaker 1: snap back you're talking about. But as soon as you 649 00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:47,160 Speaker 1: release it, it goes back to that coiled up arrangement. 650 00:39:47,560 --> 00:39:50,160 Speaker 1: Right when you pull it, when you apply force, they 651 00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:53,080 Speaker 1: line up basically like those snakes, head to tail in 652 00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:56,200 Speaker 1: one single long line. That's a scary snake. Yeah, And 653 00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:58,640 Speaker 1: then when you release it, it goes back into its 654 00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:01,880 Speaker 1: original form of that that coiled mass right. Perfect. Okay. 655 00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:04,760 Speaker 1: One of the reasons why any kind of rubber, natural 656 00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:09,160 Speaker 1: or synthetic is flexible. A flexible polymer is because it's 657 00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:14,200 Speaker 1: um glass transition temperature is actually pretty low. Yeah, this 658 00:40:14,239 --> 00:40:16,879 Speaker 1: is where I kind of just got foggy. So this 659 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:20,480 Speaker 1: is it's as simple as this, chuck. A glass transition temperature. 660 00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:22,719 Speaker 1: It's not a melting point. A melting point is where 661 00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:26,560 Speaker 1: the substance actually basically just turns into a liquid state. 662 00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:31,480 Speaker 1: A disordered liquid state. The glass transition temperature doesn't affect 663 00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:37,480 Speaker 1: the um, the the molecular makeup of the substance. Instead, 664 00:40:37,880 --> 00:40:43,200 Speaker 1: it basically applies this property flexibility or rigidity. It's it's 665 00:40:43,239 --> 00:40:46,360 Speaker 1: as simple as that, right, And so anything that has 666 00:40:46,400 --> 00:40:50,960 Speaker 1: a low UM glass transition temperature relative to what we 667 00:40:51,040 --> 00:40:54,960 Speaker 1: have is normal temperatures outside in in the world or 668 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:57,360 Speaker 1: in our homes or whatever, is going to be flexible 669 00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:02,360 Speaker 1: and floppy. Anything with a high glass transition transition temperature 670 00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:06,160 Speaker 1: UM is going to be rigid and and um hard 671 00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:11,040 Speaker 1: and not flexible. So it's just suffice to say anything rubber, 672 00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:14,560 Speaker 1: whether it's satural or synthetic, has a low glass transition temperature, 673 00:41:14,680 --> 00:41:18,000 Speaker 1: so it's flexible under normal temperatures. But even if you 674 00:41:18,520 --> 00:41:22,800 Speaker 1: if you took a UM a piece of rubber, natural rubber, 675 00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:26,960 Speaker 1: and you applied, uh, you applied the temperature of negative 676 00:41:27,040 --> 00:41:29,839 Speaker 1: seventy degrees celsius or negative ninety four degrees fair hight, 677 00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:34,560 Speaker 1: it would crystallize. It's below the glass transition temperature, so 678 00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:37,360 Speaker 1: it would just basically turn rigid and crystallize and ultimately 679 00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:40,160 Speaker 1: would break apart. And that was part of the problem 680 00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:44,400 Speaker 1: with those early pre vulcanized rubbers, they would fall apart. 681 00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:48,520 Speaker 1: Because the glass transition temperature is not like an exact 682 00:41:48,680 --> 00:41:53,000 Speaker 1: moment where the where the thing converts from flexible to rigid. 683 00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:58,000 Speaker 1: It's it's the median of a large thermal window where 684 00:41:58,239 --> 00:42:02,920 Speaker 1: it starts to get get crystalline and rigid, and then 685 00:42:02,960 --> 00:42:05,719 Speaker 1: it's completely crystalline and rigid on the other end. So 686 00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:07,520 Speaker 1: of course you would think, you know, if you get 687 00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:11,200 Speaker 1: down to say twenty degrees like it would in Boston 688 00:42:11,239 --> 00:42:13,640 Speaker 1: or New York in the nineteenth century, and you're walking 689 00:42:13,640 --> 00:42:16,200 Speaker 1: around with rubber soled shoes, they're going to crystallize and 690 00:42:16,280 --> 00:42:19,160 Speaker 1: break off. That's what's going on. It all has to 691 00:42:19,160 --> 00:42:22,600 Speaker 1: do with the glass transition temperature. Okay, So during valkanization, 692 00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:26,640 Speaker 1: they heat that up with sulfur, and that makes those 693 00:42:26,680 --> 00:42:29,640 Speaker 1: polymer chains linked together with sulfur atoms. I guess that's 694 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:33,400 Speaker 1: like almost like a glue. Yeah, Like it's like a 695 00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:36,200 Speaker 1: molecular glue from what I understand. Yeah, okay, that makes 696 00:42:36,239 --> 00:42:38,360 Speaker 1: a lot of sense. Yea. So so even when you 697 00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:42,839 Speaker 1: apply intense heat um or extreme cold, it will um 698 00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,480 Speaker 1: maintain its molecular shape. Yeah. But here's the thing I've 699 00:42:46,480 --> 00:42:49,760 Speaker 1: been talking about why your elastic band doesn't last forever 700 00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:52,200 Speaker 1: and why your socks will eventually be around your ankles. 701 00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:56,239 Speaker 1: Um this elastic eventually will lose that snap back due 702 00:42:56,280 --> 00:43:04,400 Speaker 1: to oxid oxidization, oxidization oxidation, I like oxidization uh natural rubber. 703 00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:07,759 Speaker 1: This oxygen and in particular ozone is going to start 704 00:43:07,760 --> 00:43:11,960 Speaker 1: breaking those bonds within just days. So it happens pretty quickly, 705 00:43:12,280 --> 00:43:14,839 Speaker 1: and that's why we heat and treat rubber like we do. 706 00:43:15,320 --> 00:43:20,240 Speaker 1: But even still over time, uh that ozone and combine 707 00:43:20,280 --> 00:43:24,160 Speaker 1: that with light uh uv radiation, it's another culprit. That's 708 00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:26,719 Speaker 1: what's gonna cause that to eventually break down over time. 709 00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:30,200 Speaker 1: That would make sense because with vulcanization, what you're doing 710 00:43:30,320 --> 00:43:36,720 Speaker 1: is adding sulfur to the polymer, right yeah, And if 711 00:43:36,760 --> 00:43:39,959 Speaker 1: it would it would make sense then that either um 712 00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,080 Speaker 1: uv radiation or something else could break those bonds between 713 00:43:43,080 --> 00:43:46,719 Speaker 1: the sulfur and the other the other ingredients and then 714 00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,280 Speaker 1: they would be replaced by oxygen, so oxidation would take place, 715 00:43:50,360 --> 00:43:53,040 Speaker 1: right yeah. So it's pretty much ozone UV radiation and 716 00:43:53,040 --> 00:43:56,040 Speaker 1: then cold actually does make a difference. It's not gonna 717 00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:58,520 Speaker 1: hold up quite as well in cold weather. Like if 718 00:43:58,520 --> 00:44:01,200 Speaker 1: you take if you take a pair of underwear out 719 00:44:01,320 --> 00:44:06,200 Speaker 1: and like, you know, negative twenty degrees in Minnesota and 720 00:44:06,239 --> 00:44:09,440 Speaker 1: you start really stretching it out a lot, it's gonna, uh, 721 00:44:09,480 --> 00:44:13,960 Speaker 1: it's gonna lose its elasticity really fast. Anybody from Minnesota 722 00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:16,080 Speaker 1: can tell you that. Yeah, I mean, who know, they 723 00:44:16,120 --> 00:44:20,279 Speaker 1: may have to buy more underwear than like Hawaii. I 724 00:44:20,280 --> 00:44:22,560 Speaker 1: have no idea they all wear Union suits up there. 725 00:44:22,640 --> 00:44:26,320 Speaker 1: Now that's true. So, um, do you want to finish 726 00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:30,560 Speaker 1: with Pat Benatar? Oh? Man, let's bring her out? Okay, 727 00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:34,920 Speaker 1: come on, Bat, It's gonna do an acoustic set that Man, 728 00:44:34,960 --> 00:44:38,120 Speaker 1: how great would that be? So? Um, we did a 729 00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:41,040 Speaker 1: little digging and we were trying to figure out who 730 00:44:41,960 --> 00:44:48,040 Speaker 1: basically started the eighties spandex rocker trend, the rocker spandex trend. 731 00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:51,239 Speaker 1: She was the first thing that came to my mind. Yeah, 732 00:44:51,239 --> 00:44:54,200 Speaker 1: I just didn't know exactly how I I would have 733 00:44:54,239 --> 00:44:56,840 Speaker 1: guessed it went back beyond Pat Benatar. And then I 734 00:44:56,840 --> 00:44:59,040 Speaker 1: found out that Pat Benatar has been a musician for 735 00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:03,200 Speaker 1: much longer than I realized. But um, apparently the whole 736 00:45:03,239 --> 00:45:08,239 Speaker 1: thing happened on Halloween of nine seven, and by this 737 00:45:08,280 --> 00:45:11,080 Speaker 1: time Pat Benatar was already like a pretty regular fixture 738 00:45:11,120 --> 00:45:14,000 Speaker 1: on the New York City club circuit, and so she 739 00:45:14,120 --> 00:45:18,080 Speaker 1: dressed up as a character from Catwomen of the Moon. 740 00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:21,560 Speaker 1: Have you seen that movie? I haven't either, but apparently 741 00:45:21,880 --> 00:45:24,439 Speaker 1: cat Women on the Moon is a cult classic sci 742 00:45:24,480 --> 00:45:27,280 Speaker 1: fi movie, and I guess they wear a lot of spandex. 743 00:45:27,280 --> 00:45:30,759 Speaker 1: So she dressed up in some spandex get up and 744 00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:33,200 Speaker 1: decided to play a show that night at Catch a 745 00:45:33,320 --> 00:45:37,280 Speaker 1: Rising Star, which is basically her house club in there. No, 746 00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:40,279 Speaker 1: I haven't either. Is it still around? I don't know, 747 00:45:40,680 --> 00:45:42,319 Speaker 1: is it? I think I know of it from like 748 00:45:42,360 --> 00:45:45,600 Speaker 1: Comedy Central in the nineties. Yeah, I think that was 749 00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:48,279 Speaker 1: the name of a show, but I think it was 750 00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:52,160 Speaker 1: from that club. Yeah, I think so. I could be wrong, 751 00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:54,640 Speaker 1: but anyway, she she was used to playing shows there, 752 00:45:54,640 --> 00:45:57,120 Speaker 1: but she played the show in this get up, the 753 00:45:57,160 --> 00:45:59,200 Speaker 1: spandex get up, and noticed that the crowd was like 754 00:45:59,480 --> 00:46:02,919 Speaker 1: into it lot more than usual, and then they said, wow, 755 00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:06,680 Speaker 1: we wow, what's she wearing? Pretty much, it was about 756 00:46:06,680 --> 00:46:09,360 Speaker 1: as simple as that. She um. She was like, Okay, 757 00:46:09,440 --> 00:46:11,040 Speaker 1: let's let me try this. I want to do a 758 00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:14,960 Speaker 1: little experiment, and um, I'm gonna do this again, but 759 00:46:15,040 --> 00:46:17,960 Speaker 1: not on Halloween. I'm gonna dress up again and do 760 00:46:18,120 --> 00:46:21,080 Speaker 1: the same show, and she didn't. Got another response like 761 00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:23,520 Speaker 1: way better than usual response, and she's like, that's it. 762 00:46:23,560 --> 00:46:27,000 Speaker 1: I'm doing spandex from now on. And that was that. 763 00:46:28,520 --> 00:46:33,040 Speaker 1: Seven Pat Benatar starts the eighties bandex Rocker trend. I 764 00:46:33,040 --> 00:46:37,000 Speaker 1: would count that as the fourth dinner party factoid. Yeah, 765 00:46:37,160 --> 00:46:38,920 Speaker 1: I would say so too. And if you want a 766 00:46:38,960 --> 00:46:42,880 Speaker 1: fifth Catachizing Star is a chain of comedy clubs and 767 00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:48,600 Speaker 1: was also a TV series in Canada. To now you 768 00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:52,920 Speaker 1: got anything else? Uh no, let's say for elastic everybody. 769 00:46:53,400 --> 00:46:55,080 Speaker 1: If you want to know more about it, type that 770 00:46:55,160 --> 00:46:59,000 Speaker 1: word into the search bar how stuff works dot com 771 00:46:59,040 --> 00:47:01,680 Speaker 1: and who knows, amazing things will come up. That's right. 772 00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:03,920 Speaker 1: And since I said search far as time for a 773 00:47:03,960 --> 00:47:09,400 Speaker 1: listener mate, Ah yeah, I'm gonna call this um short, 774 00:47:09,440 --> 00:47:13,000 Speaker 1: but it's kind of funny. Hey guys, quick and trivial 775 00:47:13,040 --> 00:47:17,400 Speaker 1: email from a fan in Pittsburgh. I too appreciated. Uh 776 00:47:17,480 --> 00:47:21,880 Speaker 1: in your U is the episode on Body Snatching, live 777 00:47:22,160 --> 00:47:25,680 Speaker 1: episode on Grave Robbing. I to appreciate it. How cool. 778 00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:31,759 Speaker 1: Charlie Chaplin's Body Robbers partner's name was Gancho Genev And 779 00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:34,640 Speaker 1: I tell you we did that shoke a few times, 780 00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:36,680 Speaker 1: and you and I never ceased to not crack up 781 00:47:36,760 --> 00:47:41,240 Speaker 1: at the words gantcho Ganev. It's still happening being Jewish. 782 00:47:41,239 --> 00:47:45,239 Speaker 1: I thought a little Hebrew Yiddish languages were involved, and 783 00:47:45,360 --> 00:47:50,680 Speaker 1: Genev in fact does mean thief. Oh really and uh. 784 00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:52,760 Speaker 1: Then he stretches it a bit. Then he says, Gancho 785 00:47:53,320 --> 00:47:56,120 Speaker 1: for that matter, seems to be Spanish for hook like 786 00:47:56,480 --> 00:48:00,440 Speaker 1: dance moves. And he said, Charlie Chaplin was a d answer. 787 00:48:00,760 --> 00:48:02,839 Speaker 1: He said, so, maybe that's a stretch on the second part, 788 00:48:02,840 --> 00:48:05,160 Speaker 1: but it seems as though Gancho Genev was born just 789 00:48:05,239 --> 00:48:09,040 Speaker 1: the old Charlie Chaplin's body. I'll give you props on 790 00:48:09,160 --> 00:48:14,200 Speaker 1: the u Genev part at least, and that is from B. D. Wahlberg, 791 00:48:14,320 --> 00:48:17,680 Speaker 1: and he said, ps, you might remember me from Pittsburgh 792 00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:20,920 Speaker 1: at your live show. I asked a question in the 793 00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:23,560 Speaker 1: Q and A about how you find new ways to 794 00:48:23,640 --> 00:48:26,960 Speaker 1: rip on the post office. And I still remember I 795 00:48:26,960 --> 00:48:30,480 Speaker 1: gave my Trader Joe's bag to somebody in the audience 796 00:48:31,080 --> 00:48:34,160 Speaker 1: and that was b D. He still still have Chuck's 797 00:48:34,160 --> 00:48:37,480 Speaker 1: Trader Joe's bag hanging in my kitchen. Nice man, Well, 798 00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:40,239 Speaker 1: thanks a lot, b d we appreciate it. That was 799 00:48:41,160 --> 00:48:43,160 Speaker 1: it would have been even more ironic had he been 800 00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:46,319 Speaker 1: referencing the DV Cooper episode. Oh did you hear about 801 00:48:46,320 --> 00:48:48,920 Speaker 1: the new info? I did, and it actually makes a 802 00:48:48,920 --> 00:48:51,400 Speaker 1: lot of sense to me. Yeah, So for anyone that 803 00:48:51,440 --> 00:48:56,600 Speaker 1: hasn't seen they found some actual new science that uh 804 00:48:56,800 --> 00:48:59,400 Speaker 1: seems to indicate. They found these four elements in the 805 00:48:59,480 --> 00:49:03,440 Speaker 1: tie that B D D B Cooper war. And apparently 806 00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:07,200 Speaker 1: these elements are very specific to work being done by 807 00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:11,080 Speaker 1: the Boeing company yea, So it gives a lot of 808 00:49:11,080 --> 00:49:14,239 Speaker 1: credence to the theory that he was a Boeing employee 809 00:49:14,680 --> 00:49:17,840 Speaker 1: and and even more specifically because it was on his tie, 810 00:49:17,880 --> 00:49:20,520 Speaker 1: if he were like working the actual machines that were 811 00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:23,000 Speaker 1: manufacturing was this thing he would he would have been 812 00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:25,759 Speaker 1: wearing like coveralls or something, not a tie. So it 813 00:49:25,760 --> 00:49:27,919 Speaker 1: indicates that he if he worked for Bowing, he would 814 00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:30,600 Speaker 1: have been like an engineer or a manager who would 815 00:49:30,640 --> 00:49:32,359 Speaker 1: have been wearing a tie on the floor while he 816 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:34,799 Speaker 1: was out there. Like, I think this is like the 817 00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:38,279 Speaker 1: biggest lead they've ever had. I think so too, pretty amazing. Yeah, 818 00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:43,520 Speaker 1: you know who's excited about it? Secret boy? Uh, if 819 00:49:43,520 --> 00:49:45,320 Speaker 1: you want to know we're talking about. We did a 820 00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:48,560 Speaker 1: DV Cooper episode and this popped in right, it's a 821 00:49:48,640 --> 00:49:52,080 Speaker 1: live episode that we hope will be uh available to 822 00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:57,080 Speaker 1: you soon. What else? Oh? And actually, wow, boy, this 823 00:49:57,160 --> 00:50:00,640 Speaker 1: is exciting. We just got literally an email reply from 824 00:50:00,680 --> 00:50:03,720 Speaker 1: b D because I said we were gonna be reading 825 00:50:03,760 --> 00:50:08,000 Speaker 1: this and I think this bears mentioning. What a daymaker. Guys, 826 00:50:08,080 --> 00:50:10,640 Speaker 1: if you use a pronoun for me, I go by 827 00:50:10,719 --> 00:50:13,759 Speaker 1: they and them rather than he or she. I know 828 00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:17,120 Speaker 1: you're talking about because I am non by non binary listener. 829 00:50:17,320 --> 00:50:20,200 Speaker 1: What up? What up? B D? Thank you. It's good 830 00:50:20,239 --> 00:50:22,840 Speaker 1: to hear from you, and I'd love to surprise my 831 00:50:22,880 --> 00:50:26,279 Speaker 1: BFF Carlyle with a great big audio high five. Well 832 00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:28,600 Speaker 1: I think that just happened. Wow, all right, this is 833 00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:33,040 Speaker 1: like real time correction slash back and forth with BED. 834 00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:35,960 Speaker 1: Let's just see what happened email obamba, real quick. We'll 835 00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:39,600 Speaker 1: sit here, let's see what happens next. We're just gonna 836 00:50:39,640 --> 00:50:42,640 Speaker 1: take this for for We're gonna take this ride, all right. Well, 837 00:50:42,640 --> 00:50:44,799 Speaker 1: thank you, b D. Yeah, thanks a lot. Be good 838 00:50:44,800 --> 00:50:46,440 Speaker 1: to hear from you. All right, Well, if you want 839 00:50:46,480 --> 00:50:48,239 Speaker 1: to get in touch with us, you can tweet to 840 00:50:48,360 --> 00:50:52,719 Speaker 1: us I'm at Josh Underscore, UM Underscore Clark UH. You 841 00:50:52,760 --> 00:50:55,200 Speaker 1: can also hit me up at the official s y 842 00:50:55,239 --> 00:50:58,160 Speaker 1: s K podcast handle. You can hang out with Chuck 843 00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:01,360 Speaker 1: on Facebook at Charles W. Chuck and at stuff you 844 00:51:01,400 --> 00:51:03,760 Speaker 1: Should Know U. You can send us both an email 845 00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:06,520 Speaker 1: to stuff Podcast at how stuff Works dot com and 846 00:51:06,560 --> 00:51:08,479 Speaker 1: has always joined us out our home on the web, 847 00:51:08,760 --> 00:51:15,759 Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know dot com. For more on this 848 00:51:15,960 --> 00:51:18,439 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics, is it how stuff Works 849 00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:28,960 Speaker 1: dot com