1 00:00:01,680 --> 00:00:06,920 Speaker 1: Coo Zone Media. 2 00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:13,320 Speaker 2: On August tenth, nineteen eighty nine, around nine thirty pm, 3 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:16,800 Speaker 2: a white sedan pulled up outside the United Nations Transition 4 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:23,840 Speaker 2: Assistance Groups administrative headquarters in Autyo, a town in northern Namibia. 5 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:26,880 Speaker 2: They had what appeared to be UN issued license plates 6 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:29,880 Speaker 2: and the United Nations emblem was painted on the side, 7 00:00:30,840 --> 00:00:34,440 Speaker 2: so perhaps it didn't look out of place there at first. 8 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:38,920 Speaker 2: Initial reports say witnesses saw three men dressed in green 9 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:43,640 Speaker 2: camouflage uniforms. The UN Transition Assistance Group had arrived in 10 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:48,280 Speaker 2: Namibia four months earlier, authorized by UN Resolution four thirty five. 11 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 2: The resolution had actually been adopted over a decade earlier, 12 00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:55,680 Speaker 2: but it took that entire decade to get all parties to. 13 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:56,320 Speaker 3: Come to the table. 14 00:00:57,600 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 2: The Transition Assistance Group was there to ensure the sea 15 00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:03,920 Speaker 2: fire was honored, that South African troops would withdraw from Namibia, 16 00:01:04,760 --> 00:01:06,959 Speaker 2: and that the upcoming election would be free and fair. 17 00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:11,720 Speaker 2: Those first four months had not been without incident, but 18 00:01:11,800 --> 00:01:14,880 Speaker 2: a ceasefire was re established Over the summer. The South 19 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:18,800 Speaker 2: African military was withdrawing s planned and UN officials were 20 00:01:18,800 --> 00:01:22,720 Speaker 2: making progress on disarming and disbanding the citizen militias. Paid 21 00:01:22,760 --> 00:01:26,920 Speaker 2: by the South African government. If things continued on this path, 22 00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:31,280 Speaker 2: it was looking good for the November elections. But not 23 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 2: everyone was on board with UN Resolution four thirty five. 24 00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:40,120 Speaker 2: One small group in particular, calling itself Axi Kontra four 25 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 2: three five Action against four thirty five, did just what 26 00:01:44,319 --> 00:01:45,119 Speaker 2: the name implies. 27 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:47,320 Speaker 3: They took action. 28 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:52,520 Speaker 2: When those men in green camos stepped out of their 29 00:01:52,560 --> 00:01:56,200 Speaker 2: car outside the UN offices in Autyo that night. They 30 00:01:56,240 --> 00:02:01,200 Speaker 2: opened fire with automatic weapons hand grenades caused extensive damage 31 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:05,920 Speaker 2: to the buildings, both the administrative offices and the sleeping quarters. 32 00:02:07,040 --> 00:02:09,760 Speaker 2: A security guard named Michael Hoseg was killed in the attack, 33 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:14,800 Speaker 2: but the men fled into the night without finishing the mission. 34 00:02:20,120 --> 00:02:23,399 Speaker 2: The entire cell was arrested fairly quickly, and authorities found 35 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 2: a massive arsenal of guns and explosives the group planned 36 00:02:26,280 --> 00:02:29,400 Speaker 2: to use in future attacks on United Nations targets with 37 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 2: the goal of stopping the upcoming elections. And those men 38 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 2: were in custody in November when the elections were held, 39 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:38,119 Speaker 2: but they didn't stay there. 40 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:40,160 Speaker 3: They escaped. 41 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 2: They'd failed to prevent Namibian independence, but now the fight 42 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:48,560 Speaker 2: was in South Africa and they would do everything in 43 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:54,959 Speaker 2: their power to prevent the end of apartheid. I'm Molly Kunger, 44 00:02:55,960 --> 00:03:15,600 Speaker 2: and this is where there were GUIDs. This is still 45 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:20,480 Speaker 2: the story of Monica Huggett Stone, the elderly South African 46 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:23,640 Speaker 2: woman who was living in Mandeville, Louisiana, when she organized 47 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:27,880 Speaker 2: a series of nationwide Nazi rallies in twenty twelve. But 48 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:31,280 Speaker 2: she isn't in this part of the story because I 49 00:03:31,320 --> 00:03:34,200 Speaker 2: can't tell you about the international network of mercenaries she 50 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 2: was organizing in nineteen ninety four without telling you a 51 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:41,280 Speaker 2: little bit more about some of those men, who they 52 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:43,640 Speaker 2: were and what they were up to in the years 53 00:03:43,720 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 2: leading up to that deadly shootout with the police on 54 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:50,120 Speaker 2: the eve of the South African elections. I know I 55 00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 2: don't have to make excuses for this meandering narrative. It's 56 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:55,640 Speaker 2: my story, and I'll tell it the only way I 57 00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:58,520 Speaker 2: know how. I never know where we're going when I 58 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 2: start putting my notes together, and I really can't help 59 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:05,600 Speaker 2: but chase down this seemingly infinite number of surprisingly deep 60 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:10,760 Speaker 2: rabbit holes. And I'm so fascinated by this international network. 61 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:14,760 Speaker 3: It's come up a bit in other stories. 62 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:18,760 Speaker 2: Dennis Mahon and Tom Metzger had close ties with Heritage 63 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:22,440 Speaker 2: Front in Canada. In the early nineties, Denis Mayhon flew 64 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:25,280 Speaker 2: to Germany to show German neo Nazis a good old 65 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:28,880 Speaker 2: fashioned American ku Klux Klan cross burning, and he gave 66 00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 2: fiery speeches stoking the flames of the anti immigrant riots 67 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:36,360 Speaker 2: that were exploding across Germany at the time. The week 68 00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 2: before Dennis started making that bomb that he went to 69 00:04:38,800 --> 00:04:42,320 Speaker 2: prison for, he'd been hanging out with an Ulster unionist 70 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,280 Speaker 2: who'd carried up bombings in Northern Ireland during the Troubles. 71 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:50,719 Speaker 2: British Holocaust denied David Irving traveled regularly to the United 72 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:55,120 Speaker 2: States to network with American white supremacists. Frank Sweeney joined 73 00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:57,599 Speaker 2: the American Nazi Party in New Jersey as a teenager 74 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 2: and later joined the Rhodesian Army as a mercenary. Members 75 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,960 Speaker 2: of American white supremacist groups like the Base, Adam Waffen, 76 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:07,920 Speaker 2: and the Rise Above movement and its spin off active clubs, 77 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:11,760 Speaker 2: have a particular fondness for traveling to Ukraine to fight 78 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:15,920 Speaker 2: with far right groups like the azof Battalion. Patriot Front. 79 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:18,799 Speaker 2: Flags have popped up at Neo Nazi marches and Poland 80 00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:21,440 Speaker 2: and its members have met with leaders of foreign fascist 81 00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:24,520 Speaker 2: groups like the Nordic Resistance Movement in Sweden and Cossa. 82 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:25,040 Speaker 3: Pound in Italy. 83 00:05:26,480 --> 00:05:28,279 Speaker 2: One of the young men arrested in connection with the 84 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:32,159 Speaker 2: Terogram Collective was taken into custody at the airport before 85 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,040 Speaker 2: he could board a flight to Ukraine to join the 86 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:40,160 Speaker 2: Russian Volunteer Corps. The fascists, racists, and anti Semites of 87 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:45,120 Speaker 2: the world are obsessed with borders, but they don't seem 88 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:49,320 Speaker 2: to mind crossing them. So that's what we're exploring here. 89 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:52,440 Speaker 2: And we'll find Monica again in the next chapter of 90 00:05:52,480 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 2: this story when she does a bit of border crossing 91 00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:57,960 Speaker 2: of her own, but that's not until nineteen ninety four, 92 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:05,840 Speaker 2: and right now it's nineteen eighty nine. In nineteen eighty nine, 93 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:10,120 Speaker 2: South Africa was still five years away from ending apartheid, 94 00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 2: five years away from holding their first election with universal suffrage, 95 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:17,640 Speaker 2: five years away from electing Nelson Mandela as their first 96 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:21,880 Speaker 2: post apartheid president. In nineteen eighty nine, Nelson Mandela was 97 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:25,359 Speaker 2: still in prison, where he'd been since nineteen sixty two. 98 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 2: But in nineteen eighty nine, one of South Africa's neighbors 99 00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:34,039 Speaker 2: was taking the leap into multi racial democracy. 100 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:36,000 Speaker 3: Well. 101 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:40,000 Speaker 2: Whether or not South Africa considered Namibia to be a 102 00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:44,600 Speaker 2: neighboring country or a country at all, depends on who 103 00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:48,400 Speaker 2: you ask. The present day nation of Namibia had been 104 00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:51,400 Speaker 2: a German colony from eighteen eighty four until nineteen fifteen. 105 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:56,200 Speaker 2: During World War One, when everyone was a little preoccupied elsewhere, 106 00:06:56,880 --> 00:07:01,720 Speaker 2: South Africa captured the colony known as Southwest Afria. In 107 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 2: nineteen sixty six, the United Nations General Assembly passed a 108 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,360 Speaker 2: resolution declaring that South Africa no longer had a right 109 00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:11,480 Speaker 2: to the territory, but South Africa continued illegally occupying the 110 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 2: area that the United Nations now recognized as Namibia. The 111 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 2: conflict lasted over two decades. The South African Border War 112 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:24,520 Speaker 2: wasn't just about South Africa's desire to extend apartheid into 113 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 2: this colonial territory. It was inextricably intertwined with other conflicts 114 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 2: in the region, things like the Angle and Civil War. 115 00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 2: It was a modern consequence of the nineteenth century Scramble 116 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:40,640 Speaker 2: for Africa. It was the unraveling of a century of colonialism. 117 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:45,280 Speaker 2: It was fueled by Cold War anxiety about communist guerrilla 118 00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:50,160 Speaker 2: forces and Soviet influence, and it was about white anxiety. 119 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:54,320 Speaker 2: If Black Africans were allowed to participate in government, if 120 00:07:54,360 --> 00:07:57,320 Speaker 2: they were, god forbid, allowed to rule their own nations, 121 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:02,920 Speaker 2: what would they do with that power. The whole world 122 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 2: got in on the action, both officially, with major powers 123 00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:10,760 Speaker 2: sending material support to their preferred parties, and none officially, 124 00:08:11,560 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 2: with independent mercenaries and shadowy state sponsored operations popping up 125 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:20,800 Speaker 2: all over Sub Saharan Africa. But by nineteen eighty nine 126 00:08:21,040 --> 00:08:24,680 Speaker 2: it was finally time. The border war was over and 127 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,560 Speaker 2: Namibia was going to have free and fair elections in November. 128 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 2: In April of that year, peacekeeping forces from the United 129 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:36,800 Speaker 2: Nations Transition Assistance Group arrived to oversee the process. Namibia 130 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:41,320 Speaker 2: was going to be an independent nation, one without apartheid, 131 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:44,720 Speaker 2: and this was a frightening prospect for those white South 132 00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:48,280 Speaker 2: Africans trying desperately to hold onto power in an increasingly 133 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:54,880 Speaker 2: unsustainable form of government. Now this next part might sound 134 00:08:54,920 --> 00:08:58,680 Speaker 2: like a conspiracy theory. I try to tread waters like 135 00:08:58,679 --> 00:09:02,160 Speaker 2: this with immense care. I nearly drove myself to madness 136 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:05,960 Speaker 2: trying to thread the needle of fact, fiction and question marks. 137 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:08,839 Speaker 2: When I talked about the Oklahoma city bombing a while back, 138 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:14,240 Speaker 2: and when I started poking around this particular history, I'll 139 00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 2: admit I didn't have a lot of context. 140 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:18,400 Speaker 3: I don't know the landscape here. 141 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 2: So sorting fact from speculation and sifting out the lies 142 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:28,360 Speaker 2: as a tricky prospect, And at first I completely dismissed 143 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:32,360 Speaker 2: the idea that these neo Nazi terrorists could have been 144 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:38,600 Speaker 2: acting on government orders. That's tinfoil hat territory, right. I 145 00:09:38,640 --> 00:09:41,480 Speaker 2: saw the idea heavily insinuated in some reporting from. 146 00:09:41,360 --> 00:09:42,080 Speaker 3: The time period. 147 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 2: An article published in nineteen ninety in an issue of 148 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:49,600 Speaker 2: Frei Vigblad, a South African newspaper with an anti apartheid stance, 149 00:09:50,520 --> 00:09:56,679 Speaker 2: opened with this fairly explosive allegation. They are fugitives accused 150 00:09:56,679 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 2: of murder. They come from South Africa, Britainbia and Zimbabwe. 151 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 2: They have one common characteristic. They left a trail of destruction, 152 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:09,160 Speaker 2: death and bloodshed in Southern Africa over the past decade, 153 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 2: but cannot be prosecuted. They are among the most wanted 154 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:15,360 Speaker 2: men in our neighboring states, but enjoy the protection of 155 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:19,120 Speaker 2: the South African government because they have worked or still 156 00:10:19,160 --> 00:10:22,400 Speaker 2: work for the security forces. 157 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:24,880 Speaker 3: But that's not prove right. 158 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:28,400 Speaker 2: Think about how often you see similar sentiments expressed when 159 00:10:28,440 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 2: it comes to American far right groups. Allegations that this 160 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:35,320 Speaker 2: group or that one, or whichever prominent white supremacist leader 161 00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:38,240 Speaker 2: hasn't been prosecuted because they're being protected by the state, 162 00:10:39,440 --> 00:10:43,440 Speaker 2: And that's always a possibility, sure, but that doesn't mean 163 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:47,840 Speaker 2: it's true. But some of those men would themselves later 164 00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:52,480 Speaker 2: claim that they couldn't be prosecuted for murders and bombings 165 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:57,520 Speaker 2: because they'd been acting on government orders. And again that's 166 00:10:57,559 --> 00:11:01,679 Speaker 2: not proof. I've seen that before too. Sometimes people will 167 00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:05,520 Speaker 2: say anything to avoid responsibility, and that doesn't necessarily mean 168 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:11,760 Speaker 2: it's true. I'd been chugging along, accumulating sources and taking 169 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:16,160 Speaker 2: my notes, translating old newspapers. I subscribed to several South 170 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:19,400 Speaker 2: African genealogical databases. I was really getting into the weeds here, 171 00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:23,720 Speaker 2: all under the assumption that there wasn't really a need 172 00:11:23,760 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 2: to explore that angle. It could be true, but it 173 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:30,720 Speaker 2: wasn't something I'd be able to substantiate, And it's the 174 00:11:30,760 --> 00:11:33,480 Speaker 2: kind of thing I'm not comfortable exploring without something to 175 00:11:33,520 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 2: hold on to. I don't want to abuse your trust 176 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:42,040 Speaker 2: by speculating wildly and getting reckless with the facts. But 177 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:46,240 Speaker 2: then I realized this is a very unusual set of circumstances. 178 00:11:47,679 --> 00:11:52,559 Speaker 2: Normally a government would never admit to state sponsored terrorism. 179 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:56,760 Speaker 2: They all do it, but nobody admits it. And if 180 00:11:56,760 --> 00:11:59,319 Speaker 2: you ever do prove it, it's nothing short of a miracle. 181 00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:04,520 Speaker 2: You need leaked documents and deathbed confessions. But the South 182 00:12:04,559 --> 00:12:08,319 Speaker 2: Africa of nineteen ninety five wasn't really the same South 183 00:12:08,320 --> 00:12:13,200 Speaker 2: Africa that had existed until nineteen ninety four. This government 184 00:12:13,880 --> 00:12:17,559 Speaker 2: wasn't admitting to its own crimes. The Truth and Reconciliation 185 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:22,240 Speaker 2: Commission was an unusually transparent look at the nation's past, 186 00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:26,360 Speaker 2: and they admitted it. There is an entire chapter of 187 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:31,280 Speaker 2: the Truth and Reconciliation Commission final report called secret State Funding, 188 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 2: and according to the report, Oxe Kontra four thirty five, 189 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:38,920 Speaker 2: the group behind the attack at the UN offices in 190 00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:42,040 Speaker 2: Autio in nineteen eighty nine is believed to have been 191 00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:48,240 Speaker 2: entirely creation of funded by the South African government. At 192 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:50,880 Speaker 2: least one of the men involved was later confirmed to 193 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:54,280 Speaker 2: have been an operative of the South African Civil Cooperation Bureau, 194 00:12:55,280 --> 00:13:00,400 Speaker 2: an odd name for what was essentially government sponsored death squads, 195 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:02,920 Speaker 2: and I tell you that now so you can draw 196 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:06,040 Speaker 2: your own conclusions later in the story when things get 197 00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:10,400 Speaker 2: a little murkier. So just keep that in the back 198 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:15,560 Speaker 2: of your mind for now. It wasn't long after the 199 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,319 Speaker 2: attack on Autyo that members of Axi Kontra four thirty 200 00:13:18,320 --> 00:13:22,960 Speaker 2: five started getting arrested. Although the group's name disappears from 201 00:13:22,960 --> 00:13:27,040 Speaker 2: the conversation pretty quickly, the men who carried out that 202 00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:30,640 Speaker 2: attack were members of other groups too. Specifically, they were 203 00:13:30,679 --> 00:13:34,040 Speaker 2: all members of the African or Resistance movement, the AWB 204 00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:38,440 Speaker 2: led by Eugene terre Blanche. The first to be arrested 205 00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:42,520 Speaker 2: were two South African citizens, Arthur Archer and Craig Barker, 206 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 2: and a German mercenary named Horst Cleans. South Africans Darrell 207 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:53,040 Speaker 2: Stopped Fourth and Leonard Vnendahl were arrested soon after. By 208 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:55,600 Speaker 2: October of nineteen eighty nine, two months after the attack 209 00:13:55,640 --> 00:14:00,280 Speaker 2: in Autyo, five men had been arrested. Charges against Craig 210 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:02,680 Speaker 2: Barker were dropped early on, and the charges against Arthur 211 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:06,600 Speaker 2: Archer were dropped after he agreed to cooperate, And so 212 00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:11,200 Speaker 2: in December of nineteen eighty nine, it's just three Nandal, 213 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:15,160 Speaker 2: Cleanse and stopped fourth were officially charged with murder in 214 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 2: a Namibian court. The courthouse was a three hour drive 215 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 2: from the prison where the men were being held. After 216 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,560 Speaker 2: the hearing, Leonard Venendal asked to use the bathroom before 217 00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:27,800 Speaker 2: they were loaded back into the transport van to return 218 00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:31,160 Speaker 2: to their cells. And this is one of those moments 219 00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:33,880 Speaker 2: where it's useful to bear in mind that the Truth 220 00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:38,080 Speaker 2: and Reconciliation Commission names Leonard Venandal as a known operative 221 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:42,760 Speaker 2: of the Civil Cooperation Bureau, those government sponsored death squads, 222 00:14:43,720 --> 00:14:46,880 Speaker 2: and he's named as an operative of the CCB specifically 223 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:51,440 Speaker 2: in connection with these events in Namibia. So with that 224 00:14:51,520 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 2: in mind, Leonard Vnandal goes to the bathroom at the 225 00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 2: courthouse and he somehow knows to take the top off 226 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:02,720 Speaker 2: the tank of a particular tur toilet. Someone had left 227 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:07,120 Speaker 2: him a gift in there, a pistol, and he takes 228 00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:08,640 Speaker 2: the gun out of the toilet and he tucks it 229 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:10,480 Speaker 2: away and he allows himself to be placed back in 230 00:15:10,520 --> 00:15:14,680 Speaker 2: the van. About three quarters the way through the drive 231 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:17,440 Speaker 2: back to the jail, somewhere in the middle of nowhere, 232 00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:21,200 Speaker 2: the men insisted that they just couldn't hold it any longer. 233 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:24,720 Speaker 2: They needed to stop to go to the bathroom, and 234 00:15:24,760 --> 00:15:28,880 Speaker 2: the two Namibian police officers agreed. They pulled over and 235 00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:30,760 Speaker 2: they led their three prisoners out to pee on the 236 00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 2: side of the road, and then suddenly another vehicle appeared. 237 00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 2: It stopped and two men got out, and Vinadel produced 238 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:42,320 Speaker 2: the pistol from his hiding place, and the two officers 239 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:45,160 Speaker 2: were overpowered by the three prisoners and their two accomplices. 240 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:49,440 Speaker 2: Constable Ricardo van Wick was shot in the stomach and 241 00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:53,600 Speaker 2: later died. The surviving officer was forced at gunpoint into 242 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 2: the back of the van, which the prisoners drove half 243 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:58,920 Speaker 2: an hour off the main road before abandoning it. And 244 00:15:58,920 --> 00:16:01,560 Speaker 2: then they disappeared in the vehicle driven by their accomplices, 245 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:21,080 Speaker 2: And they really did disappear. Darrel stopped fourth, Leonard Fienandal 246 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:24,360 Speaker 2: and Horse Glens had murdered a UN security guard and 247 00:16:24,440 --> 00:16:27,960 Speaker 2: an Amibian police officer. They were supposed to have gone 248 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:32,840 Speaker 2: on trial in Namibia, but they vanished for a little 249 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 2: while anyway. Just a few short months later, both Leonard 250 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:40,120 Speaker 2: Feenandal and Daryl stopped Forth came out of hiding. They 251 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:43,880 Speaker 2: were home in South Africa and South Africa had no 252 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:47,920 Speaker 2: extradition treaty with the newly independent nation of Namibia. There 253 00:16:47,960 --> 00:16:50,760 Speaker 2: were warrants for their arrest there, but there was nothing 254 00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:54,800 Speaker 2: anyone could really do. Benadal said in a public statement 255 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:57,840 Speaker 2: a few months after his escape, I have now returned 256 00:16:57,880 --> 00:16:59,960 Speaker 2: to my family and I'm going to devote myself full 257 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:04,480 Speaker 2: time to the cause as the revolution is here. A 258 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:06,960 Speaker 2: photo of Nadal taken around that time shows him wearing 259 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:11,760 Speaker 2: his AWB uniform and holding his newborn son. He'd named 260 00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:15,639 Speaker 2: the boy Daryl, presumably to honor Darrel's top fourth, the 261 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 2: man he'd just committed two murders with. 262 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:19,640 Speaker 4: And there's an. 263 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:22,159 Speaker 2: Odd thing I keep seeing these guys do as I'm 264 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:26,320 Speaker 2: researching this story. They have this strange fondness for giving 265 00:17:26,359 --> 00:17:28,840 Speaker 2: interviews when they're supposed to be in hiding on the 266 00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:32,880 Speaker 2: run from the law. When it was announced in September 267 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:35,399 Speaker 2: of nineteen eighty nine, a month after the attack and 268 00:17:35,480 --> 00:17:38,760 Speaker 2: aut Yo, that Leonard of Nadal had been arrested, a 269 00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:43,679 Speaker 2: reporter in South Africa came forward with a pretty wild story. 270 00:17:43,880 --> 00:17:46,000 Speaker 2: While Venadel had been on the run, he'd taken the 271 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:48,560 Speaker 2: time to sit down for a two hour interview with 272 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:52,920 Speaker 2: a reporter and In that interview, he spoke openly about 273 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:57,080 Speaker 2: his membership in the AWB. That fact alone wasn't really 274 00:17:57,119 --> 00:18:00,840 Speaker 2: a secret. He was Eugene Tablanche's personal bodyguard, and he 275 00:18:00,880 --> 00:18:02,879 Speaker 2: was the leader of the Johannesburg branch of the group. 276 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:07,520 Speaker 2: But he also claimed there had been a split within Aquala, 277 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,840 Speaker 2: the militant arm of a WB, with some members openly 278 00:18:11,880 --> 00:18:15,400 Speaker 2: declaring their willingness and intent to die for the cause, 279 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:19,240 Speaker 2: forming a sort of Kamakazi unit that planned to carry 280 00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:20,920 Speaker 2: out high profile assassinations. 281 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:23,480 Speaker 3: He also showed the. 282 00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:28,760 Speaker 2: Reporter a small circular placard of sorts with a picture 283 00:18:28,760 --> 00:18:34,719 Speaker 2: of a wolf. The reporter, yuhung Kus, just looked at 284 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:38,159 Speaker 2: it with disbelief, and he said, there's no such thing 285 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:42,360 Speaker 2: as the White Wolves, and Vinard all smiled at him 286 00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:49,320 Speaker 2: and replied, believe me, they exist. 287 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:50,920 Speaker 3: The White Wolves. 288 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:56,600 Speaker 2: Probably didn't exist, not really, not then anyway, not in 289 00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:58,520 Speaker 2: any way that really means anything. 290 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:01,760 Speaker 3: Yes, they kind of did, in the. 291 00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:04,280 Speaker 2: Sense that if someone were to carry out a series 292 00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:06,600 Speaker 2: of bombings and then call the newspaper to say that 293 00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,959 Speaker 2: the White Wolves did it, he sort of retroactively created 294 00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:15,679 Speaker 2: the idea of a group that could be imagined to exist, 295 00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:19,640 Speaker 2: because NANDL would later be connected to an attempt to 296 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:24,000 Speaker 2: do just that. But by most accounts, the White Wolves 297 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:31,080 Speaker 2: wasn't a terrorist organization that actually existed. But in September 298 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:34,000 Speaker 2: of nineteen eighty nine, as he's sitting there with this 299 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:39,200 Speaker 2: reporter from the Sunday Times, everyone in South Africa had 300 00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:42,520 Speaker 2: heard of the White Wolf, at least in the singular. 301 00:19:44,840 --> 00:19:47,960 Speaker 2: Earlier that year, a former policeman who called himself the 302 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:52,159 Speaker 2: White Wolf had been sentenced to death. He was a 303 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 2: former policeman because he'd been dismissed a year earlier after 304 00:19:56,119 --> 00:19:58,439 Speaker 2: opposing for a photo holding the severed head of a 305 00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:02,639 Speaker 2: black man who had died a gruesome car accident. He 306 00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:06,480 Speaker 2: tried to submit the photo for publication in a police magazine, 307 00:20:06,760 --> 00:20:10,439 Speaker 2: but they declined to publish it. He'd joined a to 308 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 2: w B at just sixteen with his father's support and encouragement. 309 00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:18,240 Speaker 2: He'd been sentenced to die for something he did. In 310 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:22,880 Speaker 2: November of nineteen eighty eight, one afternoon, a twenty three 311 00:20:22,920 --> 00:20:26,200 Speaker 2: year old named Baron Stredam put on his custom belt 312 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:31,479 Speaker 2: buckle engraved with the words White Wolf and Afrikaans. He 313 00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,880 Speaker 2: barked his car near a busy City Square in downtown Pretoria, 314 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:39,919 Speaker 2: and he got out and he started walking, and then 315 00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:43,560 Speaker 2: he started shooting. On the day of the massacre, he 316 00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:49,879 Speaker 2: just walked for several blocks, just shooting black people at random. 317 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 2: He murdered eight people and wounded sixteen others, and every 318 00:20:55,680 --> 00:21:01,320 Speaker 2: survivor says the same thing. He smiled the entire time. 319 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:06,639 Speaker 2: Bradley Stein was just seventeen years old that day and 320 00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,200 Speaker 2: he was on his way home from rugby practice when 321 00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:13,840 Speaker 2: he saw Stridem. He didn't understand at first what he 322 00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:14,919 Speaker 2: was looking at. 323 00:21:15,480 --> 00:21:16,360 Speaker 3: This man with a. 324 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:19,080 Speaker 2: Gun must be a police officer, He must be trying 325 00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:22,560 Speaker 2: to catch a bad guy. But then he saw Stridem 326 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:25,880 Speaker 2: walk up to an old woman carrying groceries, and without 327 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:29,960 Speaker 2: saying a word, Stridem shot her in the head. At 328 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:33,120 Speaker 2: that moment, a black teenager called out to Stein, beckoning 329 00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:36,119 Speaker 2: him over to the bench he was hiding behind, and 330 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:39,320 Speaker 2: the two teens hid behind the bench together, but Stridem 331 00:21:39,359 --> 00:21:45,520 Speaker 2: found them. He shot the black boy. As Steyne, who's white, 332 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:48,520 Speaker 2: cradled this bleeding stranger in his lap. He looked up 333 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,040 Speaker 2: at Stridem and asked him why. 334 00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:56,240 Speaker 4: Then I turned up to him and I said, who 335 00:21:56,280 --> 00:22:00,000 Speaker 4: kom duniad why are you doing this? And he said, 336 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,560 Speaker 4: I said, I don'd it for it two cooms for 337 00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:06,399 Speaker 4: wet Sit Africa corners, which means I'm doing this for 338 00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:08,480 Speaker 4: the future of white South Africans. 339 00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:16,160 Speaker 2: Stritum never fired at a white person. The shooting only 340 00:22:16,160 --> 00:22:19,760 Speaker 2: stopped with a black taxi driver, a man named Simon Mucondeley, 341 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:24,000 Speaker 2: tapped Stritum on the shoulder while he was reloading. He 342 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:26,399 Speaker 2: must have caught the killer off guard because as Stridum 343 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:29,080 Speaker 2: turned round, Mucondeley was able to grab the gun out 344 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:33,360 Speaker 2: of his hands. As I was reading about Stridem's murders, 345 00:22:34,359 --> 00:22:38,840 Speaker 2: it felt so familiar to me. I've read accounts of 346 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:43,200 Speaker 2: a lot of mass shootings. I've seen videos I wish 347 00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:49,000 Speaker 2: I could forget. I've wasted countless hours reading manifestos, and 348 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:53,240 Speaker 2: there are plenty of similarities between white supremacist mass shootings. 349 00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:55,560 Speaker 2: There are a lot of common denominators when it comes 350 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 2: to a young white man who carries out a racist 351 00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:05,800 Speaker 2: mass shooting. But this felt so terribly, eerily familiar to me. 352 00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:12,400 Speaker 2: It was inescapable. It felt just like the Charleston church shooting. 353 00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:17,320 Speaker 2: It felt like Dylan Roof and back in twenty fifteen, 354 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 2: several South African journalists covering that story that American shooting 355 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:27,359 Speaker 2: referred to Dylan Rufe as America's white Wolf. So I 356 00:23:27,359 --> 00:23:31,600 Speaker 2: guess I'm not alone in that feeling. We talked briefly 357 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:34,719 Speaker 2: last week about the apartheid era South African flag patch 358 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:37,920 Speaker 2: in photos of roof taken shortly before he murdered nine 359 00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:42,000 Speaker 2: people at the Emmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in twenty fifteen. 360 00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:47,720 Speaker 2: So we know he had a fondness for apartheid, but 361 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:49,840 Speaker 2: I wonder if he was familiar with the white Wolf. 362 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,720 Speaker 2: So in Venadela is sitting there with this reporter showing 363 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:57,639 Speaker 2: him this little picture of a wolf. 364 00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 3: This is what he's talking about. 365 00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:02,919 Speaker 2: He's telling the reporter that he's a member of this 366 00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:06,919 Speaker 2: extremely militant, violent arm of the AWB, that they're planning 367 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:10,399 Speaker 2: to get a race war going before Christmas, and he 368 00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:13,280 Speaker 2: really wants the paper to run a story that will 369 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:17,520 Speaker 2: convince people that there are hundreds more Barren Stritums out 370 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 2: there lying in wait. And the reason the reporter didn't 371 00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:26,240 Speaker 2: believe him is because it had been discussed extensively during 372 00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:29,480 Speaker 2: Stritem's trial just a few months earlier. There was no 373 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:34,359 Speaker 2: reason to believe any actual group called the White Wolves existed. 374 00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:38,320 Speaker 2: He was a member of AWB, that was fairly certain, 375 00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:42,160 Speaker 2: But when it came to the White Wolves, it appeared 376 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:46,480 Speaker 2: to just be a pack of one. Finandel was maybe 377 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:50,120 Speaker 2: just planting seeds of propaganda. He was trying to capitalize 378 00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:54,560 Speaker 2: on this intense fear and trauma surrounding Stritem's murders by 379 00:24:54,560 --> 00:25:00,560 Speaker 2: convincing people it could happen again at any time. But 380 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,520 Speaker 2: Leonard Fienentdal had been telling the truth about at least 381 00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,520 Speaker 2: one thing when he spoke to that reporter. Before his arrest, 382 00:25:07,920 --> 00:25:11,359 Speaker 2: there had been some splintering within the Africaner Resistance movement. 383 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:15,479 Speaker 2: Members of a w B had started forming increasingly violent 384 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:20,520 Speaker 2: breakaway groups, groups like the Orde Vandi Dude, which translates 385 00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 2: to the Order of Death and the Order Borfolk the 386 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:28,880 Speaker 2: Order of the Boer People. And that name might sound familiar. 387 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:33,880 Speaker 2: A violent fascist group calling itself the Order, We've heard 388 00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:38,360 Speaker 2: that one before. Its founder would later say that he'd 389 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,600 Speaker 2: never actually heard of Robert J. Matthews, the American neo 390 00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:43,760 Speaker 2: Nazi who founded a group called The Order in nineteen 391 00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:47,920 Speaker 2: eighty three. It seems both men arrived at the name independently, 392 00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,640 Speaker 2: but for the exact same reason. It was the name 393 00:25:51,640 --> 00:25:55,040 Speaker 2: of the fictional white supremacist organization in William Luther Pierce's 394 00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:59,600 Speaker 2: novel The Turner Diaries. And you might remember the name 395 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:02,119 Speaker 2: of the man who founded the South African version of 396 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:05,879 Speaker 2: the Order. Remember last week we were talking about the 397 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:10,560 Speaker 2: trial of Massimo Bolo and Fabiomiello, the Italian fascist convicted 398 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:14,119 Speaker 2: of the vit Commando bombings in nineteen eighty. As the 399 00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:15,680 Speaker 2: two men were led into the court room on the 400 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:18,920 Speaker 2: first day of their trial, one man in the gallery 401 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:23,640 Speaker 2: stood up and applauded for the bombers. And that man 402 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,720 Speaker 2: was pretorious city councilor Pete Rudolph. And so by this 403 00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:30,240 Speaker 2: point in our timeline, Rudolph is a high ranking member 404 00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:35,720 Speaker 2: of the africaner resistance movement, the AWB, and Pete Rudolph 405 00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,760 Speaker 2: maintains to this day that he founded the Order in 406 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:44,399 Speaker 2: nineteen eighty nine with the knowledge and blessing of AWB's leader, 407 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:49,280 Speaker 2: Eugene are Blanche, specifically so that AWB members could engage 408 00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 2: in more violent resistance without risking AWB itself being sanctioned 409 00:26:55,160 --> 00:27:00,359 Speaker 2: or banned. And if that's true, it's actually quite similar 410 00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:02,400 Speaker 2: in that respect to the group of the same name 411 00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,639 Speaker 2: in the United States. When Robert Matthews founded the Order, 412 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,560 Speaker 2: he did so with the knowledge and blessing of William 413 00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:12,639 Speaker 2: Luther Pierce, announcing the formation of the group in a 414 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:16,440 Speaker 2: speech at the annual meeting of Pierce's National Alliance. And 415 00:27:16,560 --> 00:27:21,680 Speaker 2: National Alliance benefited ideologically and financially from the Order's crimes, 416 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:25,439 Speaker 2: but they had the plausible deniability of having no formal 417 00:27:25,480 --> 00:27:30,160 Speaker 2: affiliation with the group. Just like Pierce, a National Alliance, 418 00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,520 Speaker 2: Terre Blanche and the AWB could sit back and enjoy 419 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:38,399 Speaker 2: the political benefit of their orders act of terror without 420 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:42,960 Speaker 2: the risk of appearing to have authorized them. The Order 421 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:47,840 Speaker 2: Boro Folk was definitely founded and led by Pete Rudolph, 422 00:27:49,119 --> 00:27:52,160 Speaker 2: but press clippings over the years occasionally name other men 423 00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:56,399 Speaker 2: as the group's leader. At one point, Nick Stridem, the 424 00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,560 Speaker 2: father of mass murderer Baron Stritem, is quoted as the 425 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:02,879 Speaker 2: head of the US Order. In nineteen ninety four, a 426 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 2: South African TV news program aired an interview with a 427 00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,520 Speaker 2: man claiming to be the leader of the Order. I 428 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:12,880 Speaker 2: was perhaps as surprised as Pete Rudolph was to see 429 00:28:12,920 --> 00:28:17,439 Speaker 2: Leonard Vnandhal staring back at me from the screen. Rudolph 430 00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:21,240 Speaker 2: would later tell the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that Venandal 431 00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:24,399 Speaker 2: had appointed himself as chief of Staff of the Order 432 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,720 Speaker 2: without his permission, and that such a position didn't even exist, 433 00:28:28,880 --> 00:28:33,440 Speaker 2: And he called Venandal quote a man fond of publicity 434 00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 2: with strong national socialist inclinations. And he scoffed at the 435 00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 2: very idea that he would have let Vnondal lead anything, 436 00:28:43,640 --> 00:28:47,280 Speaker 2: disparagingly referring to Venondal's habit of appearing in public in 437 00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:52,560 Speaker 2: a khaki uniform, saying, I despise a khaki uniform. Let 438 00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:56,000 Speaker 2: me tell you, because khaki is the color of the British. 439 00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,440 Speaker 3: But I guess the fashion. 440 00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:02,520 Speaker 2: Police unit of the Nazi terror squad is really neither 441 00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:05,840 Speaker 2: here nor there. No one denies Venandal was a member 442 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:09,760 Speaker 2: of the Order. In fact, when Venandal, Cleans and stopped 443 00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:13,040 Speaker 2: Forth had escaped from custody in Namibia, it had been 444 00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:14,880 Speaker 2: the Order who picked them up on the side of 445 00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:19,600 Speaker 2: the road there next to the still bleeding policemen. The 446 00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:23,960 Speaker 2: man driving their getaway car was Rudolph's chief deputy, Hank Bradenhan. 447 00:29:26,160 --> 00:29:29,080 Speaker 2: Rudolph claims the Order was formerly established in October of 448 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:32,480 Speaker 2: nineteen eighty nine, but they didn't announce their presence to 449 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:36,000 Speaker 2: the world until February of nineteen ninety, when a small 450 00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:40,600 Speaker 2: group of quote suspicious looking white men vandalized the British 451 00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,680 Speaker 2: embassy in Pretoria. Witnesses saw them walk up to the 452 00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:49,640 Speaker 2: embassy gates and spray paint in Afrikaans. The struggle begins 453 00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:57,000 Speaker 2: and they signed the statement Order. Borofolk police looked at 454 00:29:57,040 --> 00:29:59,680 Speaker 2: the graffiti and said they'd never heard of the group. 455 00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:04,200 Speaker 2: One member spoke anonymously with the press and said they 456 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:22,600 Speaker 2: were allied with the White Wolves. In April of nineteen ninety, 457 00:30:23,360 --> 00:30:27,240 Speaker 2: the Order Boro Folk took its first big step. Pete 458 00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:29,800 Speaker 2: Rudolph organized and led a raid on a South African 459 00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:33,360 Speaker 2: Air Force base, carried out in collaboration with three young 460 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 2: A Tobb sympathizers within the Air Force. Order members, including 461 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:40,600 Speaker 2: Leonard Wienendahl, stole a busload of guns and ammunition from 462 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:45,040 Speaker 2: the South African Defense Force. Rudolph called the Pretoria News 463 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:46,920 Speaker 2: while on the run to take credit for the heist, 464 00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:51,200 Speaker 2: saying it was time for war. Quote, I have now 465 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:54,040 Speaker 2: crossed the rubicon. The Boer now have a chance to 466 00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:57,040 Speaker 2: arm themselves. We are now going for the a n 467 00:30:57,160 --> 00:31:02,160 Speaker 2: c's throat. And keep those guns in the back of 468 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:06,440 Speaker 2: your mind too. I'll remind you, but one of those 469 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:12,520 Speaker 2: guns shows back up. In June, Rudolph recorded a half 470 00:31:12,520 --> 00:31:16,760 Speaker 2: hour long video declaring war against the government, and he 471 00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 2: mailed copies to several news outlets as well as other 472 00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:23,680 Speaker 2: right wing groups. I could only find a short clip 473 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:26,640 Speaker 2: of it. I don't know why it looked so hard 474 00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:28,920 Speaker 2: for the full video. It wouldn't have done me any good. 475 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:32,840 Speaker 2: It's all in Afrikaans, but still frames from the video 476 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:36,280 Speaker 2: show Rudolph sitting at a desk flanked by masked men 477 00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:40,720 Speaker 2: carrying rifles they'd stolen from the military. And the message 478 00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:45,360 Speaker 2: was part press release, part warning, part call to action. 479 00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:49,040 Speaker 2: He's speaking to a variety of audiences here and for 480 00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:52,920 Speaker 2: his fellow African or nationalists. His message was pretty simple. 481 00:31:54,280 --> 00:31:57,479 Speaker 2: It's not time to talk anymore and it is quote 482 00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,520 Speaker 2: better to die in glory than to live in disgrace. 483 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:08,000 Speaker 2: Within days of this video's release, the bombs started going off. 484 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:13,280 Speaker 2: In late June and early July nineteen ninety bombs went 485 00:32:13,360 --> 00:32:18,080 Speaker 2: off every night. A bomb went off at a bus 486 00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:22,560 Speaker 2: terminal in Johannesburg. Injuring nearly thirty people. Bombs went off 487 00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:25,400 Speaker 2: at both the home and business belonging to Clive Gilbert, 488 00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:28,440 Speaker 2: a Johannesburg City councilor who was both Jewish and a 489 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:32,240 Speaker 2: member of the Democratic Party. That same week, a synagogue 490 00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:35,040 Speaker 2: in Johannesburg was bombed and defaced with swastikas and pro 491 00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:39,480 Speaker 2: apartheid slogans. The office of the National Union of Mine Workers, 492 00:32:39,720 --> 00:32:43,120 Speaker 2: a radical black labour organization, was destroyed by a bomb 493 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:46,680 Speaker 2: that went off overnight. A bomb blew out the windows 494 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:50,480 Speaker 2: of the offices of the anti apartheid weekly newspaper Frei Vigblad, 495 00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:54,520 Speaker 2: and the homes and offices of several members of the 496 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:59,320 Speaker 2: ruling National Party were targeted as well, accompanied by warnings 497 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:02,440 Speaker 2: that President day Clerk must stop all efforts to adopt 498 00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:08,280 Speaker 2: moderate reforms. And then the phone calls came. Two phone 499 00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:12,360 Speaker 2: calls to the offices of a pro government newspaper. The 500 00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:17,440 Speaker 2: first caller spoke English, not Afrikaans. A day later a 501 00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:20,200 Speaker 2: second call came in to the same paper, and this 502 00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:22,920 Speaker 2: caller spoke Afrikaans, but he used the code word the 503 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:25,920 Speaker 2: reporter had given the previous caller to ensure he was 504 00:33:25,920 --> 00:33:30,560 Speaker 2: speaking with the same group. Both callers told the newspaper 505 00:33:30,640 --> 00:33:34,960 Speaker 2: that the White Wolves were responsible for the bombings and 506 00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:39,240 Speaker 2: that the bombings would continue if their demands weren't meant. 507 00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:43,960 Speaker 2: Their primary demand was pretty straightforward. They wanted President to 508 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:48,040 Speaker 2: Clerk to call an election. His moves towards reform and 509 00:33:48,120 --> 00:33:52,080 Speaker 2: concessions and negotiations with the ANC, and his recent release 510 00:33:52,160 --> 00:33:56,600 Speaker 2: of Nelson Mandela. These things were unacceptable, and they wanted 511 00:33:56,640 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 2: the opportunity to elect a better white president. But the 512 00:34:00,640 --> 00:34:06,000 Speaker 2: group had two other strangely specific requests. They wanted the 513 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:11,719 Speaker 2: White Wolf himself, Baron Stridum, released from prison, and they 514 00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:14,080 Speaker 2: wanted the police to call off the man hunt for 515 00:34:14,200 --> 00:34:17,239 Speaker 2: Pete Rudolph, who was at this time still on the 516 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:20,759 Speaker 2: run after claiming responsibility for stealing all those guns from 517 00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:25,680 Speaker 2: the military and then sending the government a videotaped declaration 518 00:34:25,719 --> 00:34:32,720 Speaker 2: of war. But like I said, the White Wolves almost 519 00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:37,600 Speaker 2: certainly didn't exist, not in nineteen ninety, not as an 520 00:34:37,640 --> 00:34:42,800 Speaker 2: actual organized group, whatever that means for a group that 521 00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:47,040 Speaker 2: didn't exist, though they were very busy in nineteen ninety. 522 00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:50,640 Speaker 2: In February, shortly after Nelson Mandela was released from prison, 523 00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:55,400 Speaker 2: letters threatening to assassinate him were received by newspapers, and 524 00:34:55,560 --> 00:35:00,799 Speaker 2: those letters were signed the White Wolves. In May, when 525 00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:04,680 Speaker 2: President Declark announced another round of apartheid reforms, including the 526 00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:09,080 Speaker 2: repeal of the law that segregated libraries, the White Wolves 527 00:35:09,080 --> 00:35:11,760 Speaker 2: put out a press release warning the president to watch 528 00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:16,960 Speaker 2: his back. In May of nineteen ninety three black activists 529 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:19,279 Speaker 2: with the African National Congress were run off the road 530 00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:23,680 Speaker 2: by two white men. Prince Makina and Simon Koba were murdered, 531 00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:28,120 Speaker 2: but Xavier Liquote survived to testify. 532 00:35:28,239 --> 00:35:29,320 Speaker 3: He says before one. 533 00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:32,200 Speaker 2: Of the white men started shooting at them, he'd ask 534 00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:34,040 Speaker 2: if they'd heard of the White Wolves. 535 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 3: Lequote said he replied that he. 536 00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:40,799 Speaker 2: Had, and just before opening fire, the man looked down 537 00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:43,040 Speaker 2: at them and said, I'm going to show you just 538 00:35:43,080 --> 00:35:48,640 Speaker 2: who the White Wolves are. And now in July, the 539 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:52,160 Speaker 2: White Wolves are claiming responsibility for most, though not all, 540 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:54,160 Speaker 2: of the bombs that had been going off every night 541 00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,799 Speaker 2: for a week. It's possible that some of the other 542 00:35:57,880 --> 00:36:02,239 Speaker 2: incidents involving people claiming to be the White Wolves were 543 00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:04,720 Speaker 2: just people doing what Leonard Biinendal had done with that reporter. 544 00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:08,520 Speaker 2: They were pretending they were acting on their own or 545 00:36:08,560 --> 00:36:12,040 Speaker 2: in connection with some other group. But they liked the 546 00:36:12,080 --> 00:36:15,000 Speaker 2: way it sounded to say they were the White Wolves. 547 00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:18,880 Speaker 2: They understood the kind of fear it would inspire and 548 00:36:18,920 --> 00:36:22,280 Speaker 2: the kind of plausible deniability it would give their actual 549 00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:27,359 Speaker 2: group affiliation for whatever they'd done. And more importantly, they 550 00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:32,200 Speaker 2: wanted to honor the White Wolf Baron Stretum. I see 551 00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:34,920 Speaker 2: a lot of parallels here between the way Stritum's murders 552 00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:39,799 Speaker 2: so quickly achieved this almost religious significance and the way 553 00:36:39,880 --> 00:36:45,000 Speaker 2: modern terogram culture canonized as mass shooters. I didn't realize 554 00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:49,120 Speaker 2: they'd been doing that for so many decades. I don't 555 00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:51,840 Speaker 2: know that it was ever conclusively proven who was actually 556 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:54,880 Speaker 2: behind every instance of someone claiming to be the White Wolves, 557 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:58,759 Speaker 2: but in at least one of those cases, we knew 558 00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:03,280 Speaker 2: exactly who it was. The men who murdered Prince Makina 559 00:37:03,280 --> 00:37:06,759 Speaker 2: and Simon Coba in May of nineteen ninety was Peter Grinevald, 560 00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:12,640 Speaker 2: son of General Teiney Grunevald, South Africa's head of military intelligence. 561 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,680 Speaker 2: Peter Grunivald fled the country after the murders, and he 562 00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:20,480 Speaker 2: spent years hiding in Portugal. When he was finally brought 563 00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:23,000 Speaker 2: to justice. He testified that at the time of the murders, 564 00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,000 Speaker 2: he had been an employee of the Civil Cooperation Bureau, 565 00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:33,640 Speaker 2: just like Leonard Wienenthal. I'm not sure with conclusion to 566 00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:36,759 Speaker 2: draw here, but the only two people I can say 567 00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:41,320 Speaker 2: with conclusive proof were telling people that the White Wolves 568 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:45,960 Speaker 2: were real. Both turned out to be members of state 569 00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:50,760 Speaker 2: sponsored death squads. But when it comes to those bombings 570 00:37:51,239 --> 00:37:55,920 Speaker 2: in July, the police knew it wasn't the White Wolves 571 00:37:56,320 --> 00:38:00,239 Speaker 2: because they knew it was members of the AWB, know 572 00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,360 Speaker 2: more specifically that it was members of the closely aligned 573 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,680 Speaker 2: splinter group, the Ordered Bora Folk. There are a lot 574 00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:09,759 Speaker 2: of reasons why we know that to be true, but 575 00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,400 Speaker 2: just in case, here's Pete Rudolph himself saying it in 576 00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:16,399 Speaker 2: an interview last year. 577 00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:28,680 Speaker 1: We blew up National Party offices, we attacked some of 578 00:38:28,719 --> 00:38:33,879 Speaker 1: the trade unions, and it was becoming an open war. 579 00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:38,520 Speaker 1: And this was under the flag of the Order bouer Vault. 580 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:42,760 Speaker 5: Under the Order Bafowk, which was started on the tenth 581 00:38:42,760 --> 00:38:47,920 Speaker 5: of October eighteen eighty nine in Connivance and with the 582 00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:50,040 Speaker 5: assistance of the AWB. 583 00:38:54,440 --> 00:38:57,000 Speaker 2: All three of the men who bombed those UN offices 584 00:38:57,040 --> 00:39:00,759 Speaker 2: in Namibia in nineteen eighty nine, had appeared in South 585 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:05,320 Speaker 2: Africa by mid nineteen ninety, and all three were actively 586 00:39:05,360 --> 00:39:09,400 Speaker 2: involved in the Order's bombing campaign that summer, and when 587 00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:12,360 Speaker 2: the police started making arrests in July of nineteen ninety, 588 00:39:13,080 --> 00:39:17,200 Speaker 2: Horse Cleans, Darryl Stopped Fourth and Leonard Fienendal were three 589 00:39:17,239 --> 00:39:20,400 Speaker 2: of the ten men detained in connection with the bombings. 590 00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:25,520 Speaker 2: All ten of those men had ties to AWB. Several 591 00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:27,719 Speaker 2: would later testify that they'd also been members of the 592 00:39:27,840 --> 00:39:30,920 Speaker 2: Order of Death, a group that required members to commit 593 00:39:30,960 --> 00:39:36,520 Speaker 2: a random, unprovoked murder as an act of initiation. Now 594 00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:41,239 Speaker 2: I'm gonna be honest with you, I don't know what 595 00:39:41,480 --> 00:39:45,319 Speaker 2: happened next. I tried so hard to sort this out. 596 00:39:45,680 --> 00:39:49,440 Speaker 2: I love a day by day timeline, but I think 597 00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:53,000 Speaker 2: there are a lot of factors complicating things here. I mean, 598 00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:55,279 Speaker 2: first of all, it was thirty five years ago. Not 599 00:39:55,360 --> 00:39:58,279 Speaker 2: every piece of news has been archived and digitized, and 600 00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,600 Speaker 2: there's probably reporting out there that I just can't access. 601 00:40:02,719 --> 00:40:04,480 Speaker 2: And there are still the issues I talked about last 602 00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:06,920 Speaker 2: week when it comes to locating source material in a 603 00:40:06,920 --> 00:40:11,120 Speaker 2: foreign language with naming conventions and cultural context that I 604 00:40:11,239 --> 00:40:17,000 Speaker 2: just don't have. I've noticed a surprisingly casual attitude towards 605 00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:21,440 Speaker 2: spelling and nicknames. I mean, it was incredibly common across 606 00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:24,600 Speaker 2: all of my sources for this story for someone's name 607 00:40:24,680 --> 00:40:27,960 Speaker 2: to be spelled a handful of different ways, pretty interchangeably, 608 00:40:28,640 --> 00:40:31,880 Speaker 2: sometimes even within the same article. And it seems like 609 00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:35,319 Speaker 2: it might be normal in Afrikaans to refer to a 610 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:39,520 Speaker 2: particular individual using their full name, or just their first 611 00:40:39,520 --> 00:40:42,799 Speaker 2: and middle initial with their last name, or some kind 612 00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:49,040 Speaker 2: of nickname, even in very formal writing, again totally interchangeably. 613 00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:52,000 Speaker 2: It took me a week to realize that KOs is 614 00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:55,480 Speaker 2: a nickname for Jacobis and one guy might be written 615 00:40:55,480 --> 00:40:57,520 Speaker 2: about both ways from sentence to sentence. 616 00:40:58,520 --> 00:40:58,960 Speaker 3: I don't know. 617 00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:01,960 Speaker 2: Maybe this is cultural, I have no idea, but it 618 00:41:02,120 --> 00:41:07,800 Speaker 2: really complicates the process of looking for information. I've also 619 00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:12,400 Speaker 2: noticed dates are often wrong, I mean a lot, like 620 00:41:12,600 --> 00:41:17,920 Speaker 2: markedly provably wrong, just not consistent from source to source, 621 00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:23,399 Speaker 2: sometimes just offering information that isn't possible. I mentioned last 622 00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:24,960 Speaker 2: week that some of the dates in the Truth and 623 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:29,759 Speaker 2: Reconciliation Report are definitely not correct. Things like the year 624 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:32,920 Speaker 2: the BIT commando trials took place are pretty easy to 625 00:41:32,960 --> 00:41:37,840 Speaker 2: corroborate with newspaper archives, and it happens over and over again. 626 00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:41,080 Speaker 2: The bombing of the Frei Week Blot office is widely 627 00:41:41,120 --> 00:41:45,359 Speaker 2: reported in later sources to have occurred in nineteen ninety one. 628 00:41:45,480 --> 00:41:46,280 Speaker 3: The paper's own. 629 00:41:46,239 --> 00:41:49,439 Speaker 2: Editor, Max Duprees even puts the date as nineteen ninety 630 00:41:49,480 --> 00:41:50,640 Speaker 2: one in his memoirs, but. 631 00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:55,640 Speaker 3: That's not true. He spoke to a reporter. 632 00:41:55,320 --> 00:41:58,080 Speaker 2: From The London Times about the bombing the day after 633 00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:03,760 Speaker 2: it happened in July of nineteen ninety and Dubray's writes 634 00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,719 Speaker 2: in his book that Leonard Vnendhal had confessed to having 635 00:42:06,760 --> 00:42:10,920 Speaker 2: planted that bomb, which again could not have happened in 636 00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:13,719 Speaker 2: nineteen ninety one because Leonard Venondal was in prison in 637 00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:18,000 Speaker 2: nineteen ninety one, and the confession in question is actually 638 00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:22,080 Speaker 2: very well documented because Venondal would later testify before the 639 00:42:22,120 --> 00:42:25,480 Speaker 2: Truth and Reconciliation Commission that he'd only confess to that 640 00:42:25,520 --> 00:42:31,320 Speaker 2: bombing because police interrogators had electrocuted his testicles in July 641 00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:36,400 Speaker 2: of nineteen ninety. So sorting out a day by day timeline, 642 00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:42,200 Speaker 2: which is again my preferred strategy, really just wasn't possible here. 643 00:42:42,239 --> 00:42:45,400 Speaker 2: There is no consistently reliable source when it comes to 644 00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:51,440 Speaker 2: when a particular event actually happened. And I'm not kidding 645 00:42:51,520 --> 00:42:54,800 Speaker 2: about that, the bit about Vnondal claiming to have been tortured. 646 00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:58,800 Speaker 2: He applied to testify before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 647 00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:03,479 Speaker 2: not as a purportuse, but as a victim. He offered 648 00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:06,280 Speaker 2: testimony about abuse he'd suffered after his arrest in July 649 00:43:06,360 --> 00:43:13,320 Speaker 2: of nineteen ninety. 650 00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:17,359 Speaker 6: I then experienced being shocked. Then the current would come 651 00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:22,720 Speaker 6: through my legs, through my armpun through my gentiles. Sometimes 652 00:43:22,760 --> 00:43:25,919 Speaker 6: they would come all three together. While this was going, 653 00:43:25,960 --> 00:43:27,920 Speaker 6: he shout at me, why don't I call my God 654 00:43:29,040 --> 00:43:30,399 Speaker 6: to release me from the chain. 655 00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:36,560 Speaker 2: That clip comes from one of the weekly hour long 656 00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,120 Speaker 2: broadcasts that aired every Sunday from nineteen ninety six through 657 00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,960 Speaker 2: nineteen ninety eight. Every week South Africans could tune in 658 00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:48,640 Speaker 2: for the Truth and Reconciliation Special Report, a compilation of 659 00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:53,400 Speaker 2: clips from the hearings that was presented by Max Dupries, 660 00:43:54,160 --> 00:43:57,080 Speaker 2: the newspaper editor whose office Mean and All admitted to bombing, 661 00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:01,440 Speaker 2: and Dupriez ends that segment of the show with his 662 00:44:01,440 --> 00:44:05,600 Speaker 2: own commentary, I'm. 663 00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:09,360 Speaker 7: Looking forward to mister Finnandah's amnesty, education hearing, and perhaps 664 00:44:09,520 --> 00:44:12,600 Speaker 7: are Departments of Justice and Foreign Affairs of the public 665 00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:15,200 Speaker 7: and explanation why he has not been sent back to 666 00:44:15,280 --> 00:44:16,360 Speaker 7: themobia to stand trial. 667 00:44:19,920 --> 00:44:23,760 Speaker 2: But back to the question of the missing facts, perhaps 668 00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:27,080 Speaker 2: the biggest factor here is that some of this information 669 00:44:27,320 --> 00:44:31,719 Speaker 2: just isn't there to find. And I don't mean it's 670 00:44:31,760 --> 00:44:35,680 Speaker 2: missing from the archives. I mean it doesn't exist. These 671 00:44:35,719 --> 00:44:40,000 Speaker 2: final years of the apartheid regime were chaotic. Someone might 672 00:44:40,040 --> 00:44:43,440 Speaker 2: get arrested for terrorism and then there just isn't ever 673 00:44:43,520 --> 00:44:46,560 Speaker 2: any follow up. I may be searching for answers that 674 00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:50,399 Speaker 2: aren't there, because sometimes Copps would round up a bunch 675 00:44:50,440 --> 00:44:52,800 Speaker 2: of guys and put a story in the newspaper, and 676 00:44:52,840 --> 00:44:57,000 Speaker 2: then I don't know, they just aren't in jail anymore 677 00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:00,799 Speaker 2: and there's never any more to the story. Sometimes people 678 00:45:00,960 --> 00:45:04,439 Speaker 2: escaped two members of the Order Boro Folk definitely did. 679 00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:10,359 Speaker 2: And sometimes people were quietly released because they secretly worked 680 00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:15,319 Speaker 2: for the government. And during this time period especially, the 681 00:45:15,360 --> 00:45:19,759 Speaker 2: government had a strategy of politically targeted amnesty. As part 682 00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:25,040 Speaker 2: of this effort to cool tensions and advanced negotiations, there 683 00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:29,080 Speaker 2: were these occasional releases of political prisoners. They just pick 684 00:45:29,120 --> 00:45:31,319 Speaker 2: a few guys on both sides of the conflict and 685 00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:36,319 Speaker 2: let them go. And unlike the later, more organized and 686 00:45:36,719 --> 00:45:40,680 Speaker 2: thoughtful process of granting amnesty through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 687 00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:44,839 Speaker 2: this at least to me, I could be wrong here, 688 00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:48,840 Speaker 2: but this looked a little haphazard. It doesn't look like 689 00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:53,360 Speaker 2: these early nineties amnesty releases really involved any sort of 690 00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:57,920 Speaker 2: long process of thoroughly accounting for what actually happened and 691 00:45:58,040 --> 00:46:01,400 Speaker 2: documenting the specifics and getting statements on the record, getting 692 00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:02,480 Speaker 2: people to admit. 693 00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:03,279 Speaker 3: What they'd done. 694 00:46:03,680 --> 00:46:08,640 Speaker 2: They just sort of let people go. And one of 695 00:46:08,640 --> 00:46:12,040 Speaker 2: the more egregious instances of this was the release of 696 00:46:12,080 --> 00:46:16,560 Speaker 2: Baron Stritum in nineteen ninety two. The men who laughed 697 00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:21,560 Speaker 2: as he shot pedestrians at random, had served just four years, 698 00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:25,440 Speaker 2: and the release of political prisoners was a part of 699 00:46:25,480 --> 00:46:29,080 Speaker 2: the ongoing negotiations between the National Party administration and the 700 00:46:29,120 --> 00:46:32,400 Speaker 2: African National Congress. Both sides were getting some of their 701 00:46:32,440 --> 00:46:34,640 Speaker 2: people out of prison, and the A and C seemed 702 00:46:34,960 --> 00:46:38,919 Speaker 2: generally supportive of the strategy, but not when it came 703 00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:44,160 Speaker 2: to Baron Stritum. Cyril Ramaposa, the current President of South Africa, 704 00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:46,960 Speaker 2: was the A and C General secretary back in nineteen 705 00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:50,280 Speaker 2: ninety two, and he issued their statement condemning the decision. 706 00:46:51,520 --> 00:46:53,959 Speaker 2: Our prisoners will not go out and commit these acts again, 707 00:46:54,239 --> 00:46:57,080 Speaker 2: he said, But there's no guarantee that the prisoners who 708 00:46:57,080 --> 00:46:59,560 Speaker 2: hate black people will not come out and shoot more 709 00:46:59,560 --> 00:47:04,920 Speaker 2: black people. Baron Stredam didn't carry out another mass shooting 710 00:47:04,920 --> 00:47:08,200 Speaker 2: after his release, not that I'm aware of, but he 711 00:47:08,239 --> 00:47:12,960 Speaker 2: did continue to support and encourage far right violence. Shortly 712 00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:16,560 Speaker 2: after his release, Australian journalist Alan Hogan interviewed Stritam about 713 00:47:16,560 --> 00:47:22,239 Speaker 2: the murders on camera, not in a studio or his 714 00:47:22,360 --> 00:47:26,120 Speaker 2: living room. No, the interview took place as the pair 715 00:47:26,239 --> 00:47:29,680 Speaker 2: walked together along the path that Stridam had taken that day, 716 00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:35,120 Speaker 2: and he's pointing out the locations, each spot where he 717 00:47:35,160 --> 00:47:41,200 Speaker 2: took a human life, and he's laughing, and he enthusiastically 718 00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:44,360 Speaker 2: agrees that, Yeah, if you gave me a gun right now, 719 00:47:45,160 --> 00:47:49,320 Speaker 2: I'd do it again, right Glynnland? 720 00:47:49,640 --> 00:47:51,879 Speaker 3: Then I say shut another one. 721 00:47:51,960 --> 00:47:54,400 Speaker 7: Yeah, that's three, so that's. 722 00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:54,799 Speaker 6: Free so far. 723 00:47:56,600 --> 00:47:59,160 Speaker 7: You see these couple of bucks sitting here now, if. 724 00:47:59,040 --> 00:48:06,479 Speaker 1: Yeah, would you like to shake them another time? 725 00:48:06,600 --> 00:48:15,840 Speaker 2: Series All that to say, the early nineties were a 726 00:48:15,840 --> 00:48:20,440 Speaker 2: little chaotic, so I'm comfortable saying I just don't know 727 00:48:21,120 --> 00:48:23,279 Speaker 2: why it looks like no one was ever charged for 728 00:48:23,320 --> 00:48:27,520 Speaker 2: those bombings in July of nineteen ninety. I can tell 729 00:48:27,560 --> 00:48:30,759 Speaker 2: you for certain that ten members of the Order were 730 00:48:30,840 --> 00:48:34,040 Speaker 2: arrested in the summer of nineteen ninety after that series 731 00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:38,040 Speaker 2: of bombings. One was released after he agreed to cooperate 732 00:48:38,880 --> 00:48:43,959 Speaker 2: to escape and Leonard Wienendal, Darryl stopped Forth and Horse 733 00:48:44,040 --> 00:48:48,000 Speaker 2: Cleans were in jail, originally held in connection with the 734 00:48:48,040 --> 00:48:50,920 Speaker 2: bombings for violations of Section twenty nine of the Internal 735 00:48:50,920 --> 00:48:55,440 Speaker 2: Security Act, and they seemed to stay in jail for 736 00:48:55,520 --> 00:48:59,000 Speaker 2: quite a while. No charges were ever actually filed against 737 00:48:59,040 --> 00:49:02,600 Speaker 2: them for those bombs in South Africa, but while they 738 00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:07,000 Speaker 2: were in custody, the newly independent nation of Namibia filed 739 00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:09,680 Speaker 2: a petition to have them extradited to face trial for 740 00:49:09,719 --> 00:49:10,240 Speaker 2: those murders. 741 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:11,239 Speaker 3: In nineteen eighty nine. 742 00:49:12,719 --> 00:49:16,879 Speaker 2: The Truth and Reconciliation Report notes in passing that they 743 00:49:16,880 --> 00:49:19,840 Speaker 2: were never interviewed by Namibian authorities during this time period. 744 00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:25,360 Speaker 2: It doesn't say why, if they asked and weren't given permission, 745 00:49:25,520 --> 00:49:28,960 Speaker 2: or if they just never asked. And I do have 746 00:49:29,080 --> 00:49:32,319 Speaker 2: articles that were published in nineteen ninety and nineteen ninety one. 747 00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:36,440 Speaker 2: That seemed to indicate they remained in continuous custody throughout 748 00:49:36,480 --> 00:49:41,040 Speaker 2: this time. But after those first few months, the articles 749 00:49:41,040 --> 00:49:43,440 Speaker 2: stopped mentioning why they'd been arrested in the first place, 750 00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:45,600 Speaker 2: and they only refer to the fact that they're still 751 00:49:45,640 --> 00:49:50,239 Speaker 2: being held pending a determination about extradition. By July of 752 00:49:50,280 --> 00:49:53,000 Speaker 2: nineteen ninety one, a year after they were arrested, both 753 00:49:53,080 --> 00:49:57,120 Speaker 2: Vinendhal and Clem's were reportedly dangerously ill from an ongoing 754 00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:01,000 Speaker 2: hunger strike, along with other incarcerated members they Order moor Folk. 755 00:50:02,239 --> 00:50:03,680 Speaker 3: They were political prisoners. 756 00:50:03,719 --> 00:50:06,920 Speaker 2: They said they'd only carried out the orders of the state. 757 00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:10,400 Speaker 2: They can't be prosecuted for that, and they said they 758 00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:13,200 Speaker 2: would continue their hunger strike until their demands were met. 759 00:50:15,160 --> 00:50:18,239 Speaker 2: News stories show finnandl was on a hunger strike as 760 00:50:18,280 --> 00:50:21,719 Speaker 2: early as January of ninety one and as late as 761 00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:25,560 Speaker 2: August of ninety two, So that can't have been continuous. 762 00:50:24,920 --> 00:50:29,560 Speaker 3: Because he's still alive. But for about two years. 763 00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:31,960 Speaker 2: I can place him in jail and he's going on 764 00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:37,400 Speaker 2: intermittent hunger strikes to protest this continued detention. In April 765 00:50:37,440 --> 00:50:40,160 Speaker 2: of nineteen ninety two, a South African judge did rule 766 00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:44,319 Speaker 2: that the Autio three could be extradited to Namibia. Stop 767 00:50:44,360 --> 00:50:47,720 Speaker 2: Fourth and Venandal tried to appeal that ruling, but horse 768 00:50:47,719 --> 00:50:52,040 Speaker 2: Glens wasn't really participating. He just kind of disappeared, and 769 00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:54,080 Speaker 2: when they were all released on bond in December of 770 00:50:54,160 --> 00:50:58,480 Speaker 2: nineteen ninety two to await this final ruling, he disappeared entirely. 771 00:51:00,280 --> 00:51:03,239 Speaker 2: It would take another four years, but in nineteen ninety 772 00:51:03,280 --> 00:51:06,439 Speaker 2: six the Minister of Justice finally signed the extradition order. 773 00:51:08,080 --> 00:51:11,520 Speaker 2: Horst Glen's was otherwise engaged by then. He was serving 774 00:51:11,560 --> 00:51:14,799 Speaker 2: time for the plot will cover next week. But Darrell 775 00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:17,640 Speaker 2: Stopped Fourth and Leonard Venendal were ordered to surrender themselves 776 00:51:17,640 --> 00:51:23,480 Speaker 2: for extradition to Namibia, but they didn't. I can't figure 777 00:51:23,480 --> 00:51:27,840 Speaker 2: out where Darryl Stopped Fourth ended up. I tried, but 778 00:51:27,880 --> 00:51:32,680 Speaker 2: I know exactly where Leonard Venandal is because just as 779 00:51:32,719 --> 00:51:34,880 Speaker 2: he was due to present himself to the authorities to 780 00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:39,640 Speaker 2: be extradited, he stole the car, crossed the border, and 781 00:51:39,719 --> 00:51:44,160 Speaker 2: flew to the United Kingdom. Some reporting says he initially 782 00:51:44,280 --> 00:51:48,280 Speaker 2: entered the United Kingdom using a false passport, probably because 783 00:51:48,280 --> 00:51:50,640 Speaker 2: he was on inner Poll's most wanted list, and that 784 00:51:50,719 --> 00:51:53,600 Speaker 2: he didn't try to claim asylum until after he was caught. 785 00:51:54,520 --> 00:51:55,360 Speaker 3: But it's unclear. 786 00:51:56,840 --> 00:51:59,799 Speaker 2: The man that Eugene Terreblanche used to affectionately refer to 787 00:51:59,800 --> 00:52:04,280 Speaker 2: as as my little fanatic settled down with his family 788 00:52:04,360 --> 00:52:07,920 Speaker 2: in Wisbeck, a town about one hundred miles north of London. 789 00:52:08,880 --> 00:52:11,160 Speaker 2: He's the chair of the Wisbeck Rugby Club and his 790 00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:15,120 Speaker 2: wife Tracy is the treasurer. The payday loan company he 791 00:52:15,160 --> 00:52:17,480 Speaker 2: started after moving to England went into liquidation a few 792 00:52:17,560 --> 00:52:20,799 Speaker 2: years ago. I'm not really familiar with how anything works 793 00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:23,040 Speaker 2: in the UK, and I really don't know how you 794 00:52:23,040 --> 00:52:27,360 Speaker 2: could bankrupt a business that's pure extortionate profit, but that 795 00:52:27,480 --> 00:52:31,319 Speaker 2: is what the paperwork appears to show. There's been a 796 00:52:31,320 --> 00:52:34,400 Speaker 2: handful of articles over the years asking why Leonard Wienandal 797 00:52:34,560 --> 00:52:37,560 Speaker 2: was allowed to enter and remain in the United Kingdom. 798 00:52:38,719 --> 00:52:40,600 Speaker 2: In two thousand and three, a reporter tracked him down 799 00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:43,839 Speaker 2: in his home in Wisbeck, and Searchlight magazine would later 800 00:52:43,880 --> 00:52:47,880 Speaker 2: report that Venandal allegedly attacked the reporter, grabbing him and 801 00:52:47,920 --> 00:52:50,320 Speaker 2: slamming him up against a wall, shouting, you're going to 802 00:52:50,360 --> 00:52:55,319 Speaker 2: find yourself in a very negative position. Subsequent attempts to 803 00:52:55,480 --> 00:53:01,080 Speaker 2: write articles about Vnondal don't contain quotes from him. He 804 00:53:01,160 --> 00:53:05,200 Speaker 2: and his wife are South African citizens born in South Africa. 805 00:53:05,680 --> 00:53:09,720 Speaker 2: There's no evidence he actually applied for political asylum. Corporate 806 00:53:09,760 --> 00:53:12,200 Speaker 2: filings for his bankrupt paid a loan company list his 807 00:53:12,320 --> 00:53:17,640 Speaker 2: nationality as South African, which, again, knowing nothing about British business, 808 00:53:17,840 --> 00:53:22,600 Speaker 2: I assume means he did not seek British citizenship. So 809 00:53:22,640 --> 00:53:26,480 Speaker 2: the UK is just willingly harboring a man who still 810 00:53:26,520 --> 00:53:31,960 Speaker 2: wanted for two murders in Namibia. International extradition law can 811 00:53:32,040 --> 00:53:35,320 Speaker 2: be a bit tricky, but ultimately, even if they couldn't 812 00:53:35,480 --> 00:53:39,680 Speaker 2: or don't want to extradite him to Namibia, why is. 813 00:53:39,600 --> 00:53:40,479 Speaker 3: He still in the UK. 814 00:53:41,360 --> 00:53:45,200 Speaker 2: They could deport him back to South Africa and presumably 815 00:53:45,239 --> 00:53:48,239 Speaker 2: the South African government would finish what they started in 816 00:53:48,320 --> 00:53:54,080 Speaker 2: nineteen ninety and send him to Namibia. In February of 817 00:53:54,080 --> 00:53:57,719 Speaker 2: this year, as Donald Trump started parroting white nationalist talking 818 00:53:57,800 --> 00:54:01,360 Speaker 2: points about South Africa, min Anddal made a flurry of 819 00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:05,920 Speaker 2: online posts praising the American President, writing in one post 820 00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:09,600 Speaker 2: last month, thank you President Donald J. Trump, not only 821 00:54:09,640 --> 00:54:12,279 Speaker 2: for hearing the plight of my people, the boor africaners, 822 00:54:12,320 --> 00:54:14,440 Speaker 2: but for boldly stepping up to stand with them in 823 00:54:14,480 --> 00:54:16,440 Speaker 2: their hour of need and face of adversity. 824 00:54:17,960 --> 00:54:18,880 Speaker 3: When Jimmy Carter. 825 00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:22,359 Speaker 2: Died in December, Bvenandal posted, he just died, so we're 826 00:54:22,360 --> 00:54:25,960 Speaker 2: supposed to pretend he's a saint. But Carter was instrumental 827 00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:32,200 Speaker 2: in killing the free, prosperous state of Rhodesia. Like I said, 828 00:54:33,040 --> 00:54:35,360 Speaker 2: I can't tell you whatever became of Darrell stop Fourth, 829 00:54:36,440 --> 00:54:38,200 Speaker 2: but we'll pick back up next week. 830 00:54:38,760 --> 00:54:39,800 Speaker 3: With Horst Cleans. 831 00:54:40,960 --> 00:54:43,200 Speaker 2: He was released from the South African jail in nineteen 832 00:54:43,280 --> 00:54:45,759 Speaker 2: ninety two, pending a decision on whether or not he 833 00:54:45,760 --> 00:54:50,200 Speaker 2: could be extradited to Namibia. Unlike Stop Fourth in Fienandal, 834 00:54:50,280 --> 00:54:52,840 Speaker 2: he doesn't seem to have participated in the legal battle 835 00:54:52,880 --> 00:54:57,960 Speaker 2: to appeal that decision. He went underground, and he doesn't 836 00:54:57,960 --> 00:55:03,160 Speaker 2: resurface again until nineteen ninety five, or when he's arrested again, 837 00:55:04,440 --> 00:55:07,000 Speaker 2: this time after a shootout with the South African police 838 00:55:07,719 --> 00:55:12,120 Speaker 2: that left one of his young German mercenaries dead. And 839 00:55:12,120 --> 00:55:14,120 Speaker 2: that's where we'll find the woman who set me down 840 00:55:14,160 --> 00:55:18,920 Speaker 2: this long, strange path. It was Monica Huggett, who was 841 00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:31,680 Speaker 2: graciously playing host for those foreign mercenaries. Weird Little Guys 842 00:55:31,760 --> 00:55:35,040 Speaker 2: is a production of cool Zone Media and iHeartRadio. It's research, written, 843 00:55:35,040 --> 00:55:38,319 Speaker 2: and recorded by me Holly Kunker. Our executive producers are 844 00:55:38,360 --> 00:55:41,000 Speaker 2: Sophie Lichterman and Robert Evans. The show is edited by 845 00:55:41,040 --> 00:55:44,200 Speaker 2: the wildly talented Bory Gigan. The theme music was composed 846 00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:47,200 Speaker 2: by Brad dickerd. You can email me at Weirdly Guys 847 00:55:47,200 --> 00:55:49,799 Speaker 2: podcast at gmail dot com. I will definitely read it, 848 00:55:49,840 --> 00:55:53,280 Speaker 2: but I probably won't answer it. You can exchange conspiracy 849 00:55:53,280 --> 00:55:54,719 Speaker 2: theories about the show. We have the listeners on the 850 00:55:54,719 --> 00:55:58,120 Speaker 2: Weirdly Guy's subreddit, and this week you can apply to 851 00:55:58,160 --> 00:56:00,719 Speaker 2: a post on the subreddit with any questions you'd like 852 00:56:00,760 --> 00:56:02,480 Speaker 2: to have answered on an upcoming. 853 00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:03,120 Speaker 3: Q and A episode. 854 00:56:03,880 --> 00:56:06,640 Speaker 2: And as always, don't post anything that's going to make 855 00:56:06,680 --> 00:56:07,880 Speaker 2: you one of my weird Little guys.