WEBVTT - Classic episode - How big is the Universe? 0:00:00.080 --> 0:00:03.159 If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It comes 0:00:03.160 --> 0:00:06.400 with the privacy and security you expect from Apple. Plus, 0:00:06.480 --> 0:00:09.119 you earn up to three percent daily cash back on 0:00:09.240 --> 0:00:12.440 every purchase, which can automatically earn interest when you open 0:00:12.480 --> 0:00:15.360 a high yield savings account through Apple Card. Apply for 0:00:15.480 --> 0:00:18.400 Apple Card in the wallet app subject to credit approval. 0:00:18.400 --> 0:00:21.600 Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. 0:00:21.720 --> 0:00:24.360 Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt 0:00:24.400 --> 0:00:27.240 Lake Sidney Branch, Member FDIC, terms and more at applecard 0:00:27.240 --> 0:00:27.880 dot com. 0:00:28.120 --> 0:00:30.600 Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 0:00:30.680 --> 0:00:34.360 Black Effect's original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 0:00:34.400 --> 0:00:37.120 deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit 0:00:37.159 --> 0:00:39.279 is for the page turners, for those who listen to 0:00:39.320 --> 0:00:42.239 audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a 0:00:42.240 --> 0:00:46.080 busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll 0:00:46.120 --> 0:00:49.600 explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black 0:00:49.600 --> 0:00:53.480 Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts, 0:00:53.600 --> 0:00:55.400 or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:00:55.440 --> 0:00:58.240 So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 0:00:58.480 --> 0:01:01.720 From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs, 0:01:01.920 --> 0:01:05.600 WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on 0:01:05.640 --> 0:01:09.360 today's most important health issues through in depth conversations with 0:01:09.480 --> 0:01:13.640 experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's 0:01:13.640 --> 0:01:15.880 health news will impact your life tomorrow. 0:01:16.319 --> 0:01:18.600 It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy, 0:01:18.640 --> 0:01:21.080 it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and 0:01:21.120 --> 0:01:23.440 we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in 0:01:23.480 --> 0:01:23.880 each other. 0:01:24.400 --> 0:01:27.840 Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or 0:01:27.880 --> 0:01:29.200 wherever you get your podcasts. 0:01:29.440 --> 0:01:32.600 I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 0:01:33.040 --> 0:01:33.880 As the US. 0:01:33.680 --> 0:01:37.440 Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more 0:01:37.480 --> 0:01:41.760 divided than ever, But in a new copule season of 0:01:41.800 --> 0:01:44.959 my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that 0:01:45.000 --> 0:01:47.760 we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 0:01:48.040 --> 0:01:50.880 We all know something is wrong in our culture and 0:01:50.960 --> 0:01:53.640 our politics, and that we need to do better and 0:01:53.680 --> 0:01:54.720 that we can be better. 0:01:54.960 --> 0:01:58.760 Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 0:01:58.800 --> 0:01:59.840 listen to podcasts. 0:02:00.680 --> 0:02:03.880 I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Byrne. We are two cool moms. 0:02:03.960 --> 0:02:06.320 We certainly are, and guess where we could find us now? 0:02:06.440 --> 0:02:09.280 Oh, I don't know the iHeart podcast network. 0:02:09.280 --> 0:02:12.280 That's right. We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super 0:02:12.280 --> 0:02:13.600 excited about it. I am too. 0:02:13.880 --> 0:02:17.120 I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast, 0:02:17.160 --> 0:02:20.840 but now it's even more funner and cooler and hardier. 0:02:20.880 --> 0:02:24.600 That's right, it's more eyeheartier. I knew it. Check your 0:02:24.600 --> 0:02:25.880 heart rate. We're here at iHeart. 0:02:25.960 --> 0:02:27.400 Yeah, you could find us wherever you listen to your 0:02:27.400 --> 0:02:29.400 podcasts or on the iHeartRadio app. 0:02:37.120 --> 0:02:40.640 Inside space? Is there a place where the matter ends 0:02:40.680 --> 0:02:44.600 and it's just empty space? And then path that space? 0:02:45.000 --> 0:02:47.960 Is there something else that's not space? Can space have 0:02:48.040 --> 0:02:50.720 an edge? Right? And so that to me is the 0:02:51.120 --> 0:02:53.880 is this concept of the universe all the matter in 0:02:54.000 --> 0:02:56.600 all the space, okay, things beyond that space? If there 0:02:56.639 --> 0:02:59.200 is anything there I would consider not part of our universe. 0:02:59.280 --> 0:03:01.440 Oh I see. We could like there could be through 0:03:01.480 --> 0:03:03.880 stuff and maybe at some point we run out of stuff, 0:03:04.320 --> 0:03:06.440 but there's still there could still be space. 0:03:06.400 --> 0:03:07.440 There could still be space. 0:03:21.240 --> 0:03:21.440 Hi. 0:03:21.680 --> 0:03:25.440 I'm Daniel and I'm Horehan, and we're here to explain 0:03:25.639 --> 0:03:26.480 the universe. 0:03:26.840 --> 0:03:29.560 Today. We're going to talk about the biggest question in the. 0:03:29.560 --> 0:03:32.959 Universe, the biggest question you could even possibly. 0:03:32.440 --> 0:03:37.680 Imagine how big is the universe? 0:03:38.480 --> 0:03:40.040 Like really, how big is it? 0:03:40.080 --> 0:03:40.160 Like? 0:03:40.240 --> 0:03:42.880 Does it go on forever? Is it just a little 0:03:42.880 --> 0:03:44.880 bit bigger than we can see? Does it wrap around 0:03:45.080 --> 0:03:48.160 on itself? Is it some other crazy thing. That's what 0:03:48.200 --> 0:03:50.560 we are going to try to tackle today. We went 0:03:50.560 --> 0:03:52.080 out in the street and we asked people what they 0:03:52.120 --> 0:03:57.440 thought about this. The biggest of questions. 0:03:55.680 --> 0:03:59.200 Oh man, it's pretty big, Like I'm pretty sure it's 0:03:59.200 --> 0:04:02.520 like because like we don't really know much about it, 0:04:02.840 --> 0:04:05.160 so I'm pretty I wanna say, like pretty big, like 0:04:05.240 --> 0:04:06.760 it's really unmeasurable. 0:04:07.240 --> 0:04:09.000 Tend to the something particles. 0:04:09.080 --> 0:04:09.440 I don't know. 0:04:09.960 --> 0:04:10.640 Do you want like a. 0:04:10.640 --> 0:04:12.880 Number or whatever you think is appropriate. 0:04:14.280 --> 0:04:16.320 I remember reading some of where that's like it's always growing, 0:04:16.440 --> 0:04:17.320 so it's like infinite. 0:04:17.400 --> 0:04:20.599 Right, So most people seem to feel like, wow, the 0:04:20.760 --> 0:04:23.719 universe is pretty big, right. Some people thought it was 0:04:23.800 --> 0:04:27.239 like infinite, and some people thought just just really big. 0:04:27.360 --> 0:04:28.400 Nobody thought it was small. 0:04:30.000 --> 0:04:32.159 Nobody's like I can see the end of it. It's 0:04:32.200 --> 0:04:33.600 just about it's only my town. 0:04:33.680 --> 0:04:35.440 It's only as far as I can see. 0:04:35.560 --> 0:04:37.920 That's right, And astrue, that's really interesting because I bet 0:04:37.960 --> 0:04:40.920 like if you ask prehistoric man how big is the universe? 0:04:40.960 --> 0:04:43.000 They would just like say, like, look around you, this 0:04:43.160 --> 0:04:45.920 is what there is, and they couldn't even really imagine. 0:04:49.600 --> 0:04:51.680 So let's break it down. There's all the stuff right 0:04:51.920 --> 0:04:55.880 as particles. There's a matter right, you know, this matter. 0:04:55.680 --> 0:04:58.480 And energy and all that stuff feel and touch and 0:04:58.520 --> 0:04:59.719 see mm hm. 0:05:00.120 --> 0:05:01.960 There's one other component which I think is a little 0:05:02.080 --> 0:05:04.880 less usual for people to think about, and that's the space. 0:05:05.400 --> 0:05:06.200 Space. Okay. 0:05:06.320 --> 0:05:08.840 I would think of the universe as all the stuff 0:05:09.240 --> 0:05:11.039 and all the space that it's in. 0:05:11.480 --> 0:05:15.120 Okaya, like the stuff we can actually move around in. 0:05:15.880 --> 0:05:18.920 Yes, the place we can move around in the space 0:05:19.000 --> 0:05:19.400 we have. 0:05:19.600 --> 0:05:22.839 At some point that space ends. 0:05:23.279 --> 0:05:27.359 Yeah, the space could end right now. Somebody out there listening, 0:05:27.640 --> 0:05:30.839 you smart, good looking listener, you might be thinking, what 0:05:31.320 --> 0:05:33.960 how good space possibly end? He's talking about space like 0:05:34.000 --> 0:05:36.479 it's a thing, like it's water and the fish could 0:05:36.520 --> 0:05:38.960 run into the end of it or something. But briefly, 0:05:38.960 --> 0:05:42.280 we should just remind people that space is not just emptiness. 0:05:42.279 --> 0:05:44.799 It's not just a backdrop. It's not just the nothing 0:05:45.240 --> 0:05:49.159 in which stuff happens. It's stuff. It has properties. It 0:05:49.200 --> 0:05:51.680 can bend and expand and ripple and do all sorts 0:05:51.720 --> 0:05:55.360 of weird, crazy stuff, and so we know that it's 0:05:55.360 --> 0:05:58.480 a thing. It's a dynamic physical thing that can do stuff, 0:05:58.760 --> 0:06:01.039 So we have to consider the possible that it ends. 0:06:01.080 --> 0:06:03.360 Like that's part of the question how big is the universe? 0:06:03.480 --> 0:06:06.360 Is how much space is there? And can it end? 0:06:06.560 --> 0:06:06.760 Right? 0:06:06.800 --> 0:06:10.159 It's like we're fish and we're asking how big is 0:06:10.200 --> 0:06:11.039 the ocean? 0:06:12.200 --> 0:06:16.120 Yeah, yeah, okay, exactly how big is the I wonder 0:06:16.200 --> 0:06:18.240 do you think fish wonder about how big is the ocean? 0:06:19.279 --> 0:06:23.040 I think fish wonder about not getting eaten by other 0:06:23.080 --> 0:06:25.440 fish p occupation? 0:06:26.520 --> 0:06:30.200 Right, And fish might also wonder like are there other oceans? 0:06:30.279 --> 0:06:30.479 Right? 0:06:30.520 --> 0:06:32.480 That's the multiverse for fishes. 0:06:34.040 --> 0:06:36.919 But in our universe you're saying space might have a 0:06:37.000 --> 0:06:42.119 limit to it, like there might be an end to it. Yeah, 0:06:42.200 --> 0:06:44.240 but so is it like a wall or is it 0:06:44.320 --> 0:06:46.919 like a What does it mean for it to be 0:06:46.960 --> 0:06:47.880 at the edge of space? 0:06:48.360 --> 0:06:50.919 Well, there could be an edge to space, and to 0:06:50.960 --> 0:06:52.840 think about what that means. We have to think about 0:06:52.839 --> 0:06:54.839 what space is a little bit more like we have 0:06:54.880 --> 0:06:58.960 to think about whether space can curve or if space 0:06:59.200 --> 0:07:02.640 is flat? Right, And this kind of stuff is really 0:07:02.680 --> 0:07:04.880 hard to think about in three dimensions, like what does 0:07:04.920 --> 0:07:09.400 it mean for space xyz space right xyz being one, two, 0:07:09.480 --> 0:07:13.000 three dimensions, the curve really hard to think about because 0:07:13.480 --> 0:07:15.560 it's hard for us to think about that about space 0:07:15.640 --> 0:07:19.000 curving in some higher dimensions. So usually it's best if 0:07:19.040 --> 0:07:21.280 we think about it in two dimensions, so we can 0:07:21.280 --> 0:07:23.960 think about it as curving in that third dimension. So 0:07:24.400 --> 0:07:27.360 imagine that we are two dimensional scientists. We're like living 0:07:27.400 --> 0:07:29.080 on a sheet of paper where we can only move 0:07:29.120 --> 0:07:31.640 in two dimensions like X and y, and then we 0:07:31.680 --> 0:07:34.400 can ask those two dimensional scientists can ask is our 0:07:34.480 --> 0:07:37.560 space curved? Is our paper universe curved? 0:07:37.680 --> 0:07:38.280 Right? 0:07:38.280 --> 0:07:41.160 And that changes the answer, Like say you discover that 0:07:41.200 --> 0:07:44.679 it is curved and it has a positive curvature. Positive 0:07:44.720 --> 0:07:47.000 curvature would be like on the surface of a sphere 0:07:47.120 --> 0:07:50.680 or a planet. Right, if it has positive curvature, that 0:07:50.720 --> 0:07:53.880 has consequences for its shape, because if it's positively curved, 0:07:54.000 --> 0:07:57.360 it can't go on forever, right, Like the Earth. You're 0:07:57.400 --> 0:07:59.920 standing on the surface of the Earth and you know 0:08:00.160 --> 0:08:02.280 the Earth is curved, and that means that Earth can't 0:08:02.280 --> 0:08:03.800 be infinitely big, right. 0:08:04.200 --> 0:08:06.760 Right, right, So you're saying, at the edge of the universe, 0:08:06.800 --> 0:08:09.520 maybe the space space is curved, and. 0:08:09.680 --> 0:08:12.400 Well, maybe it's a possibility. You have to consider that 0:08:12.400 --> 0:08:16.640 maybe space is curved everywhere. If the universe had curved space, 0:08:16.680 --> 0:08:19.600 and it was positively curved, that would mean that it 0:08:19.640 --> 0:08:23.360 could be sort of looped on itself very naturally, the 0:08:23.440 --> 0:08:26.040 same way the surface of a planet is, and you 0:08:26.040 --> 0:08:28.880 could travel around it through space and not really get 0:08:28.920 --> 0:08:31.200 to the edge, right, Like where is the edge of 0:08:31.240 --> 0:08:33.760 the Earth? Well, the Earth, the surface of the Earth, 0:08:33.800 --> 0:08:36.760 the two dimensional surface doesn't have an edge. 0:08:37.120 --> 0:08:40.320 Like people in Earrctoric times, maybe they saw the Earth 0:08:40.360 --> 0:08:42.640 around them and it thought, oh man, this is pretty big. 0:08:42.679 --> 0:08:45.120 It probably goes on forever, but they didn't know that 0:08:45.400 --> 0:08:47.160 actually the land curved. 0:08:48.160 --> 0:08:48.680 That's right. 0:08:48.760 --> 0:08:51.120 And it turns out that we're actually kind of on 0:08:51.200 --> 0:08:54.160 this sphere and if you keep going in one direction, 0:08:54.320 --> 0:08:55.360 you kind of loop back around. 0:08:56.240 --> 0:08:58.320 That's right. Yeah. And it's not like you get to 0:08:58.360 --> 0:09:00.679 the edge and you get magically trans boarded back to 0:09:00.720 --> 0:09:04.239 where you started or something. There's no you know, shortcut 0:09:04.360 --> 0:09:06.360 or magic there on the surface of the Earth. You 0:09:06.559 --> 0:09:07.959 keep walking, you come back to where you. 0:09:07.920 --> 0:09:10.920 Start, just connected back onto itself exactly. 0:09:10.960 --> 0:09:11.600 That's the key. 0:09:11.760 --> 0:09:15.800 So that's a space like space that we're in could 0:09:15.920 --> 0:09:17.800 kind of like, if you keep going in one direction 0:09:17.920 --> 0:09:20.280 in a spaceship, you'll come back around to the same. 0:09:20.080 --> 0:09:23.079 Spot exactly, and the way you said it was perfect. 0:09:23.120 --> 0:09:26.920 It's the connection. So we like to talk about space 0:09:27.160 --> 0:09:29.760 by using this analogy of living in two dimensions and 0:09:29.800 --> 0:09:32.760 thinking about it being curved in a third dimension. Now, 0:09:32.840 --> 0:09:34.880 pop that up to three dimensions, right, because we know 0:09:34.920 --> 0:09:36.880 our space is at least three dimensions. 0:09:36.920 --> 0:09:39.280 Pop it up and popping an asprain because now I'm 0:09:39.320 --> 0:09:39.880 getting ahead. 0:09:42.800 --> 0:09:44.559 Did we work on getting ad built to support this 0:09:44.640 --> 0:09:47.200 podcast because we're sending them a lot of customers. 0:09:47.280 --> 0:09:49.760 My god, that could be a great sponsor. 0:09:50.559 --> 0:09:55.400 That's right, So pop that up into your three dimensional space, right, 0:09:55.640 --> 0:09:57.240 and then you can ask, well, what does it mean 0:09:57.280 --> 0:10:00.800 for three dimensional space to be curved? Well, it's not 0:10:01.320 --> 0:10:04.880 that we imagine that it's curved in some other fourth dimension. 0:10:04.960 --> 0:10:07.560 It's not that it's hanging in four dimensional space and 0:10:07.600 --> 0:10:10.880 has a curvature in it. It's how the space is connected. 0:10:11.000 --> 0:10:14.680 We call it intrinsic curvature because it reflects how one 0:10:14.720 --> 0:10:17.160 part of space is connected to another part of space. 0:10:17.679 --> 0:10:20.400 So without hanging in four dimensions, you can be connected 0:10:20.440 --> 0:10:22.680 in a way that space is curved and you loop 0:10:22.720 --> 0:10:24.920 back on yourself without ever really noticing. 0:10:25.160 --> 0:10:27.400 So when we talk about the size of the universe, 0:10:27.559 --> 0:10:29.920 we mean that it has maybe some kind of edge, 0:10:29.960 --> 0:10:32.360 but maybe that edge is not like how we think 0:10:32.400 --> 0:10:34.520 of an edge as like a stub or a wall. 0:10:34.800 --> 0:10:36.960 Maybe it's just kind of looped around, and so the 0:10:37.000 --> 0:10:40.000 size of it is kind of like this blob of space. 0:10:40.760 --> 0:10:45.280 Right, yeah, exactly. And the possible answers for the size 0:10:45.320 --> 0:10:48.120 of the universe depend on how it's curved. Right. If 0:10:48.120 --> 0:10:51.760 it's positively curved, then it can only really be like 0:10:51.800 --> 0:10:55.080 a big sphere, which means it's finite if it would 0:10:55.080 --> 0:10:59.120 have been negative. If it's not right, if it's flat. 0:10:59.200 --> 0:11:03.040 If space is like it doesn't curve intrinsically, then it 0:11:03.040 --> 0:11:06.640 could potentially go on forever. If space is negatively curved, 0:11:06.880 --> 0:11:09.920 that's like the shape of a saddle, it's a negative curvature, 0:11:10.280 --> 0:11:12.280 then it could have all sorts of really weird shapes. 0:11:12.320 --> 0:11:13.600 But it could still be infinite. 0:11:13.920 --> 0:11:17.359 Okay, so the options are infinite or not infinite. 0:11:19.240 --> 0:11:22.200 That pretty much categorized the options for everything. How big 0:11:22.280 --> 0:11:24.439 is your househoord, Hey, is it infinite or non infinite? 0:11:24.520 --> 0:11:26.720 I want to see that option actually on Zillo from. 0:11:26.600 --> 0:11:30.880 The Yeah, I would love to have infinite square feet house. 0:11:31.559 --> 0:11:37.400 Would I needed to look forever for your kid's shoes? Right? 0:11:37.440 --> 0:11:39.439 Where'd you put them? I put them in room number 0:11:39.559 --> 0:11:41.000 somewhere between here in infinity. 0:11:41.240 --> 0:11:44.320 Yeah. So let's talk about the possibilities of what could 0:11:44.320 --> 0:11:47.079 be beyond the observable universe. I mean, we talked a 0:11:47.120 --> 0:11:49.880 little bit about before about maybe it's infinite, maybe it's 0:11:49.920 --> 0:11:53.560 not infinite. Do we really have no idea whether the 0:11:53.720 --> 0:11:57.800 actual universe is just a little bit bigger than the 0:11:57.840 --> 0:12:01.880 observable universe, much bigger than the observerable universe, or it 0:12:01.920 --> 0:12:05.520 could be infinite. We really have sort of no indication 0:12:05.679 --> 0:12:07.880 of which possibility it is. 0:12:08.600 --> 0:12:11.440 We have a few clues, they're kind of indirect, and 0:12:11.559 --> 0:12:13.400 I want to talk about that some more. But first 0:12:13.520 --> 0:12:14.640 let's take a quick break. 0:12:18.679 --> 0:12:21.760 AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. 0:12:22.000 --> 0:12:25.200 It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are 0:12:25.200 --> 0:12:29.439 being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI 0:12:29.559 --> 0:12:32.400 needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how 0:12:32.400 --> 0:12:35.559 do you compete without cost spiraling out of control? 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Take a free 0:13:07.800 --> 0:13:11.720 test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. 0:13:12.000 --> 0:13:17.280 That's Oracle dot com slash strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic. 0:13:18.240 --> 0:13:20.199 I'm buzs Knight and I'm the host of the Taking 0:13:20.240 --> 0:13:23.480 a Walk podcast music History on Foot John Oates. 0:13:23.520 --> 0:13:27.600 Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to 0:13:27.720 --> 0:13:30.520 know that i was part of something that will endure. 0:13:30.640 --> 0:13:34.560 The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with 0:13:34.720 --> 0:13:38.000 musicians and the inside stories behind their music. 0:13:38.120 --> 0:13:41.040 Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone 0:13:41.080 --> 0:13:42.520 that was great coming out of the. 0:13:42.480 --> 0:13:43.840 Whiskey was David Crosby. 0:13:44.440 --> 0:13:47.800 David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of 0:13:47.840 --> 0:13:52.680 around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who 0:13:52.720 --> 0:13:53.920 is Cass Elliott's sister. 0:13:54.040 --> 0:13:58.000 The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with 0:13:58.160 --> 0:14:03.520 musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of The Heartbreakers. 0:14:02.880 --> 0:14:05.440 It's correct. I rarely work things out. I like to 0:14:05.480 --> 0:14:07.600 go off the cup and try to grab things out 0:14:07.600 --> 0:14:09.720 of the air while you're playing the song and try 0:14:09.760 --> 0:14:10.680 to catch a little magic. 0:14:10.760 --> 0:14:13.920 Listen to the Taken a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app, 0:14:13.960 --> 0:14:17.239 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:14:18.440 --> 0:14:21.400 Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 0:14:21.440 --> 0:14:25.880 Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 0:14:25.960 --> 0:14:29.800 deep into the rich world of black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas, 0:14:29.800 --> 0:14:32.960 and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant 0:14:32.960 --> 0:14:38.800 community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories. 0:14:38.960 --> 0:14:41.640 Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who 0:14:41.720 --> 0:14:44.880 listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For 0:14:44.960 --> 0:14:49.720 those who find themselves seeking solad, wisdom, and refuge between 0:14:49.760 --> 0:14:53.760 the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll 0:14:53.800 --> 0:14:58.320 explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect 0:14:58.360 --> 0:15:02.440 classics and contemporary world while uncovering the stories of the 0:15:02.520 --> 0:15:06.120 brilliant writers behind them. Black Litt is here to amplify 0:15:06.160 --> 0:15:09.640 the voices of black writers and to bring their words 0:15:09.760 --> 0:15:13.000 to life. Listen to Black Lit on the iHeartRadio app, 0:15:13.040 --> 0:15:15.920 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:15:18.920 --> 0:15:22.080 I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 0:15:22.600 --> 0:15:26.080 Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're 0:15:26.120 --> 0:15:30.240 angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new 0:15:30.360 --> 0:15:33.280 hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science 0:15:33.440 --> 0:15:37.200 really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 0:15:37.480 --> 0:15:40.360 We all know something is wrong in our culture and 0:15:40.440 --> 0:15:43.120 our politics, and that we need to do better, and 0:15:43.120 --> 0:15:44.760 that we can do better with the. 0:15:44.720 --> 0:15:46.960 Help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki. 0:15:47.040 --> 0:15:47.880 It's really tragic. 0:15:48.000 --> 0:15:50.880 If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison. 0:15:51.120 --> 0:15:54.000 We'll see that our fellow humans, even though we disagree with, 0:15:54.280 --> 0:15:55.760 are more generous than we assume. 0:15:56.120 --> 0:15:59.400 My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot 0:15:59.440 --> 0:16:03.200 of us are actually looking for a way to disagree 0:16:03.320 --> 0:16:05.080 and still be in relationship. 0:16:04.600 --> 0:16:05.120 With each other. 0:16:05.760 --> 0:16:09.720 All that on the Happiness Lab Listen on the iHeartRadio app, 0:16:09.960 --> 0:16:15.600 Apple podcasts or wherever you listen to podcasts. 0:16:19.320 --> 0:16:22.280 Hey, I'm Bruce Bosi on my podcast Table for two. 0:16:22.480 --> 0:16:25.720 We have unforgettable lunch after unforgettable lunch. 0:16:25.640 --> 0:16:29.400 With the best guest you could possibly ask for, people 0:16:29.520 --> 0:16:30.720 like Matt Boehmer. 0:16:30.960 --> 0:16:33.640 Thank you for that introduction. I'm gonna slip here, slip 0:16:33.680 --> 0:16:35.400 you a couple of twenties under the table, hold on, 0:16:35.640 --> 0:16:36.400 Emma Roberts. 0:16:36.480 --> 0:16:38.560 When it came into my email in box, I was like, Okay, 0:16:38.560 --> 0:16:40.160 I know I'm gonna love this so much that I 0:16:40.160 --> 0:16:41.760 don't even want to read it because if I can't 0:16:41.800 --> 0:16:42.800 be it, I'm gonna be bums. 0:16:43.720 --> 0:16:47.720 Colin Jost, you know your wife was the first guest. 0:16:47.920 --> 0:16:50.080 It's Table for two, and it's come full circle as 0:16:50.080 --> 0:16:51.080 long as they do better than her. 0:16:52.440 --> 0:16:55.360 Table for Two is a bit different from other interview shows. 0:16:55.640 --> 0:16:58.040 We sit down at a great restaurant for a meal, 0:16:58.440 --> 0:17:01.600 maybe a glass of rose, and the stories start flowing. 0:17:02.040 --> 0:17:03.320 Our second season. 0:17:03.040 --> 0:17:05.480 Is airing right now, so you can catch up on 0:17:05.520 --> 0:17:11.680 our conversations that are intimate, surprising, and often hilarious. Listen 0:17:11.720 --> 0:17:14.919 to Table for two with First Bosi on the iHeartRadio app, 0:17:15.119 --> 0:17:20.000 Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast. 0:17:25.720 --> 0:17:29.320 One clue comes from the curvature of space. We talked 0:17:29.359 --> 0:17:32.520 earlier about how the curvature of space affects how the 0:17:32.560 --> 0:17:34.399 size of the universe could be. And if a space 0:17:34.480 --> 0:17:38.920 is curved positively or negative or flat, that limits the options, right, 0:17:39.240 --> 0:17:41.400 So that's something we can measure. We can measure it here. 0:17:42.280 --> 0:17:45.199 We can look around us and measure how curved is 0:17:45.400 --> 0:17:49.159 space in our universe? And that might be a bit 0:17:49.200 --> 0:17:51.159 of a puzzler, right, like, how does that mean? How 0:17:51.160 --> 0:17:53.359 could space be curved? How could you possibly measure it? 0:17:54.960 --> 0:17:56.560 And to think about that, it's best to go back 0:17:56.600 --> 0:17:59.119 to the two dimensional example. You're living on the surface 0:17:59.119 --> 0:18:01.440 of a planet. For example. If you were a two 0:18:01.440 --> 0:18:03.920 dimensional scientist living on the surface of a planet or 0:18:04.720 --> 0:18:07.640 some surface, and you wanted to know is this surface curved? 0:18:08.000 --> 0:18:11.199 What you could do is make a triangle, because triangles 0:18:11.240 --> 0:18:14.399 are very sensitive to curvature. For example, you draw a 0:18:14.440 --> 0:18:16.840 triangle on a sheet of paper, you add up the angles, 0:18:17.160 --> 0:18:19.680 then you get one hundred and eighty degrees every triangle, 0:18:19.880 --> 0:18:23.200 every flat surface, no matter what beautiful. 0:18:22.760 --> 0:18:25.760 Results basic geometry. 0:18:25.560 --> 0:18:29.040 That's right. Yeah, Now imagine that triangle sitting on the 0:18:29.080 --> 0:18:32.440 surface of a tennis ball. You can draw a triangle 0:18:32.440 --> 0:18:34.520 on the surface of a tennis ball that has three 0:18:34.880 --> 0:18:38.919 right angles on it, because triangles behave differently on a 0:18:38.960 --> 0:18:39.760 curved surface. 0:18:40.040 --> 0:18:43.119 Yeah, imagine that it could be ninety degrees, meaning that 0:18:43.119 --> 0:18:45.240 it adds up to two hundred and seventy degrees. 0:18:45.720 --> 0:18:48.520 Yeah, exactly. So let's take a break, so everyone can 0:18:48.520 --> 0:18:50.879 go get a tennis ball and as sharpie and try 0:18:50.960 --> 0:18:52.919 this at home, and we'll be right back when you 0:18:52.960 --> 0:18:56.240 have your tennis ball. All right, assuming you're holding a 0:18:56.280 --> 0:18:59.520 tennis ball and you've annoyed your partner or your spouse 0:18:59.600 --> 0:19:02.160 or your time by drawing triangles on it, you can 0:19:02.200 --> 0:19:04.240 see the triangles behave differently on a. 0:19:04.200 --> 0:19:06.120 Curveda It looks kind of bloated. 0:19:07.040 --> 0:19:09.439 Yeah, yeah, it looks distorted. And so if you just 0:19:09.520 --> 0:19:11.680 make a triangle and add up the angles, you can 0:19:11.720 --> 0:19:14.120 see whether or not the space you're in is curved 0:19:14.240 --> 0:19:14.719 or flat. 0:19:15.119 --> 0:19:16.800 Is that kind of a great way to think about 0:19:16.960 --> 0:19:20.000 the curvature space. It's kind of like a distortion of space. 0:19:20.680 --> 0:19:23.320 Yes, yes, it's a distortion and how the pieces of 0:19:23.320 --> 0:19:26.520 space are connected to each other, which changes how you 0:19:26.600 --> 0:19:29.800 move through space changes like how you can get from 0:19:29.800 --> 0:19:31.840 one spot in space to another spot in space. 0:19:32.320 --> 0:19:34.800 Yeah, like I think I'm going straight, but I'm actually 0:19:34.840 --> 0:19:36.640 kind of being distorted in one way or the other. 0:19:37.359 --> 0:19:39.479 Yeah, it changes what straight means. 0:19:39.840 --> 0:19:42.920 Okay, So then the curvature might give some clues as 0:19:42.920 --> 0:19:46.160 to whether, like we wrap around in ourselves or whether 0:19:47.600 --> 0:19:49.840 we don't. I mean, that's all it can tell us, right, 0:19:49.920 --> 0:19:52.320 it's whether we're in a sphere or we're not in 0:19:52.320 --> 0:19:52.840 a sphere. 0:19:53.160 --> 0:19:54.960