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Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts,
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Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 6: As the US.
Speaker 3: Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more
Speaker 3: divided than ever, But in a new copule season of
Speaker 3: my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that
Speaker 3: we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
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Speaker 8: I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Byrne. We are two cool moms.
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Speaker 10: Inside space? Is there a place where the matter ends
Speaker 10: and it's just empty space? And then path that space?
Speaker 10: Is there something else that's not space? Can space have
Speaker 10: an edge? Right? And so that to me is the
Speaker 10: is this concept of the universe all the matter in
Speaker 10: all the space, okay, things beyond that space? If there
Speaker 10: is anything there I would consider not part of our universe.
Speaker 11: Oh I see. We could like there could be through
Speaker 11: stuff and maybe at some point we run out of stuff,
Speaker 11: but there's still there could still be space.
Speaker 10: There could still be space.
Speaker 6: Hi.
Speaker 10: I'm Daniel and I'm Horehan, and we're here to explain
Speaker 10: the universe.
Speaker 11: Today. We're going to talk about the biggest question in the.
Speaker 10: Universe, the biggest question you could even possibly.
Speaker 11: Imagine how big is the universe?
Speaker 10: Like really, how big is it?
Speaker 9: Like?
Speaker 10: Does it go on forever? Is it just a little
Speaker 10: bit bigger than we can see? Does it wrap around
Speaker 10: on itself? Is it some other crazy thing. That's what
Speaker 10: we are going to try to tackle today. We went
Speaker 10: out in the street and we asked people what they
Speaker 10: thought about this. The biggest of questions.
Speaker 12: Oh man, it's pretty big, Like I'm pretty sure it's
Speaker 12: like because like we don't really know much about it,
Speaker 12: so I'm pretty I wanna say, like pretty big, like
Speaker 12: it's really unmeasurable.
Speaker 10: Tend to the something particles.
Speaker 11: I don't know.
Speaker 8: Do you want like a.
Speaker 10: Number or whatever you think is appropriate.
Speaker 11: I remember reading some of where that's like it's always growing,
Speaker 11: so it's like infinite.
Speaker 10: Right, So most people seem to feel like, wow, the
Speaker 10: universe is pretty big, right. Some people thought it was
Speaker 10: like infinite, and some people thought just just really big.
Speaker 11: Nobody thought it was small.
Speaker 10: Nobody's like I can see the end of it. It's
Speaker 10: just about it's only my town.
Speaker 11: It's only as far as I can see.
Speaker 10: That's right, And astrue, that's really interesting because I bet
Speaker 10: like if you ask prehistoric man how big is the universe?
Speaker 10: They would just like say, like, look around you, this
Speaker 10: is what there is, and they couldn't even really imagine.
Speaker 10: So let's break it down. There's all the stuff right
Speaker 10: as particles. There's a matter right, you know, this matter.
Speaker 11: And energy and all that stuff feel and touch and
Speaker 11: see mm hm.
Speaker 10: There's one other component which I think is a little
Speaker 10: less usual for people to think about, and that's the space.
Speaker 11: Space. Okay.
Speaker 10: I would think of the universe as all the stuff
Speaker 10: and all the space that it's in.
Speaker 11: Okaya, like the stuff we can actually move around in.
Speaker 10: Yes, the place we can move around in the space
Speaker 10: we have.
Speaker 11: At some point that space ends.
Speaker 10: Yeah, the space could end right now. Somebody out there listening,
Speaker 10: you smart, good looking listener, you might be thinking, what
Speaker 10: how good space possibly end? He's talking about space like
Speaker 10: it's a thing, like it's water and the fish could
Speaker 10: run into the end of it or something. But briefly,
Speaker 10: we should just remind people that space is not just emptiness.
Speaker 10: It's not just a backdrop. It's not just the nothing
Speaker 10: in which stuff happens. It's stuff. It has properties. It
Speaker 10: can bend and expand and ripple and do all sorts
Speaker 10: of weird, crazy stuff, and so we know that it's
Speaker 10: a thing. It's a dynamic physical thing that can do stuff,
Speaker 10: So we have to consider the possible that it ends.
Speaker 10: Like that's part of the question how big is the universe?
Speaker 10: Is how much space is there? And can it end?
Speaker 7: Right?
Speaker 11: It's like we're fish and we're asking how big is
Speaker 11: the ocean?
Speaker 10: Yeah, yeah, okay, exactly how big is the I wonder
Speaker 10: do you think fish wonder about how big is the ocean?
Speaker 11: I think fish wonder about not getting eaten by other
Speaker 11: fish p occupation?
Speaker 10: Right, And fish might also wonder like are there other oceans?
Speaker 9: Right?
Speaker 10: That's the multiverse for fishes.
Speaker 11: But in our universe you're saying space might have a
Speaker 11: limit to it, like there might be an end to it. Yeah,
Speaker 11: but so is it like a wall or is it
Speaker 11: like a What does it mean for it to be
Speaker 11: at the edge of space?
Speaker 10: Well, there could be an edge to space, and to
Speaker 10: think about what that means. We have to think about
Speaker 10: what space is a little bit more like we have
Speaker 10: to think about whether space can curve or if space
Speaker 10: is flat? Right, And this kind of stuff is really
Speaker 10: hard to think about in three dimensions, like what does
Speaker 10: it mean for space xyz space right xyz being one, two,
Speaker 10: three dimensions, the curve really hard to think about because
Speaker 10: it's hard for us to think about that about space
Speaker 10: curving in some higher dimensions. So usually it's best if
Speaker 10: we think about it in two dimensions, so we can
Speaker 10: think about it as curving in that third dimension. So
Speaker 10: imagine that we are two dimensional scientists. We're like living
Speaker 10: on a sheet of paper where we can only move
Speaker 10: in two dimensions like X and y, and then we
Speaker 10: can ask those two dimensional scientists can ask is our
Speaker 10: space curved? Is our paper universe curved?
Speaker 11: Right?
Speaker 10: And that changes the answer, Like say you discover that
Speaker 10: it is curved and it has a positive curvature. Positive
Speaker 10: curvature would be like on the surface of a sphere
Speaker 10: or a planet. Right, if it has positive curvature, that
Speaker 10: has consequences for its shape, because if it's positively curved,
Speaker 10: it can't go on forever, right, Like the Earth. You're
Speaker 10: standing on the surface of the Earth and you know
Speaker 10: the Earth is curved, and that means that Earth can't
Speaker 10: be infinitely big, right.
Speaker 11: Right, right, So you're saying, at the edge of the universe,
Speaker 11: maybe the space space is curved, and.
Speaker 10: Well, maybe it's a possibility. You have to consider that
Speaker 10: maybe space is curved everywhere. If the universe had curved space,
Speaker 10: and it was positively curved, that would mean that it
Speaker 10: could be sort of looped on itself very naturally, the
Speaker 10: same way the surface of a planet is, and you
Speaker 10: could travel around it through space and not really get
Speaker 10: to the edge, right, Like where is the edge of
Speaker 10: the Earth? Well, the Earth, the surface of the Earth,
Speaker 10: the two dimensional surface doesn't have an edge.
Speaker 11: Like people in Earrctoric times, maybe they saw the Earth
Speaker 11: around them and it thought, oh man, this is pretty big.
Speaker 11: It probably goes on forever, but they didn't know that
Speaker 11: actually the land curved.
Speaker 10: That's right.
Speaker 11: And it turns out that we're actually kind of on
Speaker 11: this sphere and if you keep going in one direction,
Speaker 11: you kind of loop back around.
Speaker 10: That's right. Yeah. And it's not like you get to
Speaker 10: the edge and you get magically trans boarded back to
Speaker 10: where you started or something. There's no you know, shortcut
Speaker 10: or magic there on the surface of the Earth. You
Speaker 10: keep walking, you come back to where you.
Speaker 11: Start, just connected back onto itself exactly.
Speaker 10: That's the key.
Speaker 11: So that's a space like space that we're in could
Speaker 11: kind of like, if you keep going in one direction
Speaker 11: in a spaceship, you'll come back around to the same.
Speaker 10: Spot exactly, and the way you said it was perfect.
Speaker 10: It's the connection. So we like to talk about space
Speaker 10: by using this analogy of living in two dimensions and
Speaker 10: thinking about it being curved in a third dimension. Now,
Speaker 10: pop that up to three dimensions, right, because we know
Speaker 10: our space is at least three dimensions.
Speaker 11: Pop it up and popping an asprain because now I'm
Speaker 11: getting ahead.
Speaker 10: Did we work on getting ad built to support this
Speaker 10: podcast because we're sending them a lot of customers.
Speaker 11: My god, that could be a great sponsor.
Speaker 10: That's right, So pop that up into your three dimensional space, right,
Speaker 10: and then you can ask, well, what does it mean
Speaker 10: for three dimensional space to be curved? Well, it's not
Speaker 10: that we imagine that it's curved in some other fourth dimension.
Speaker 10: It's not that it's hanging in four dimensional space and
Speaker 10: has a curvature in it. It's how the space is connected.
Speaker 10: We call it intrinsic curvature because it reflects how one
Speaker 10: part of space is connected to another part of space.
Speaker 10: So without hanging in four dimensions, you can be connected
Speaker 10: in a way that space is curved and you loop
Speaker 10: back on yourself without ever really noticing.
Speaker 11: So when we talk about the size of the universe,
Speaker 11: we mean that it has maybe some kind of edge,
Speaker 11: but maybe that edge is not like how we think
Speaker 11: of an edge as like a stub or a wall.
Speaker 11: Maybe it's just kind of looped around, and so the
Speaker 11: size of it is kind of like this blob of space.
Speaker 10: Right, yeah, exactly. And the possible answers for the size
Speaker 10: of the universe depend on how it's curved. Right. If
Speaker 10: it's positively curved, then it can only really be like
Speaker 10: a big sphere, which means it's finite if it would
Speaker 10: have been negative. If it's not right, if it's flat.
Speaker 10: If space is like it doesn't curve intrinsically, then it
Speaker 10: could potentially go on forever. If space is negatively curved,
Speaker 10: that's like the shape of a saddle, it's a negative curvature,
Speaker 10: then it could have all sorts of really weird shapes.
Speaker 10: But it could still be infinite.
Speaker 11: Okay, so the options are infinite or not infinite.
Speaker 10: That pretty much categorized the options for everything. How big
Speaker 10: is your househoord, Hey, is it infinite or non infinite?
Speaker 10: I want to see that option actually on Zillo from.
Speaker 11: The Yeah, I would love to have infinite square feet house.
Speaker 10: Would I needed to look forever for your kid's shoes? Right?
Speaker 10: Where'd you put them? I put them in room number
Speaker 10: somewhere between here in infinity.
Speaker 11: Yeah. So let's talk about the possibilities of what could
Speaker 11: be beyond the observable universe. I mean, we talked a
Speaker 11: little bit about before about maybe it's infinite, maybe it's
Speaker 11: not infinite. Do we really have no idea whether the
Speaker 11: actual universe is just a little bit bigger than the
Speaker 11: observable universe, much bigger than the observerable universe, or it
Speaker 11: could be infinite. We really have sort of no indication
Speaker 11: of which possibility it is.
Speaker 10: We have a few clues, they're kind of indirect, and
Speaker 10: I want to talk about that some more. But first
Speaker 10: let's take a quick break.
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Speaker 14: I'm buzs Knight and I'm the host of the Taking
Speaker 14: a Walk podcast music History on Foot John Oates.
Speaker 15: Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
Speaker 15: know that i was part of something that will endure.
Speaker 14: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
Speaker 14: musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
Speaker 16: Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone
Speaker 16: that was great coming out of the.
Speaker 10: Whiskey was David Crosby.
Speaker 16: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
Speaker 16: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
Speaker 16: is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 14: The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with
Speaker 14: musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of The Heartbreakers.
Speaker 6: It's correct. I rarely work things out. I like to
Speaker 6: go off the cup and try to grab things out
Speaker 6: of the air while you're playing the song and try
Speaker 6: to catch a little magic.
Speaker 14: Listen to the Taken a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 14: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solad, wisdom, and refuge between
Speaker 2: the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
Speaker 2: classics and contemporary world while uncovering the stories of the
Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Litt is here to amplify
Speaker 2: the voices of black writers and to bring their words
Speaker 2: to life. Listen to Black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 3: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new
Speaker 3: hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science
Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and
Speaker 7: that we can do better with the.
Speaker 3: Help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
Speaker 10: It's really tragic.
Speaker 5: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even though we disagree with,
Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 17: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
Speaker 17: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
Speaker 17: and still be in relationship.
Speaker 10: With each other.
Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Lab Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 3: Apple podcasts or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 18: Hey, I'm Bruce Bosi on my podcast Table for two.
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Speaker 18: Table for Two is a bit different from other interview shows.
Speaker 18: We sit down at a great restaurant for a meal,
Speaker 18: maybe a glass of rose, and the stories start flowing.
Speaker 10: Our second season.
Speaker 18: Is airing right now, so you can catch up on
Speaker 18: our conversations that are intimate, surprising, and often hilarious. Listen
Speaker 18: to Table for two with First Bosi on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 18: Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast.
Speaker 10: One clue comes from the curvature of space. We talked
Speaker 10: earlier about how the curvature of space affects how the
Speaker 10: size of the universe could be. And if a space
Speaker 10: is curved positively or negative or flat, that limits the options, right,
Speaker 10: So that's something we can measure. We can measure it here.
Speaker 10: We can look around us and measure how curved is
Speaker 10: space in our universe? And that might be a bit
Speaker 10: of a puzzler, right, like, how does that mean? How
Speaker 10: could space be curved? How could you possibly measure it?
Speaker 10: And to think about that, it's best to go back
Speaker 10: to the two dimensional example. You're living on the surface
Speaker 10: of a planet. For example. If you were a two
Speaker 10: dimensional scientist living on the surface of a planet or
Speaker 10: some surface, and you wanted to know is this surface curved?
Speaker 10: What you could do is make a triangle, because triangles
Speaker 10: are very sensitive to curvature. For example, you draw a
Speaker 10: triangle on a sheet of paper, you add up the angles,
Speaker 10: then you get one hundred and eighty degrees every triangle,
Speaker 10: every flat surface, no matter what beautiful.
Speaker 11: Results basic geometry.
Speaker 10: That's right. Yeah, Now imagine that triangle sitting on the
Speaker 10: surface of a tennis ball. You can draw a triangle
Speaker 10: on the surface of a tennis ball that has three
Speaker 10: right angles on it, because triangles behave differently on a
Speaker 10: curved surface.
Speaker 11: Yeah, imagine that it could be ninety degrees, meaning that
Speaker 11: it adds up to two hundred and seventy degrees.
Speaker 10: Yeah, exactly. So let's take a break, so everyone can
Speaker 10: go get a tennis ball and as sharpie and try
Speaker 10: this at home, and we'll be right back when you
Speaker 10: have your tennis ball. All right, assuming you're holding a
Speaker 10: tennis ball and you've annoyed your partner or your spouse
Speaker 10: or your time by drawing triangles on it, you can
Speaker 10: see the triangles behave differently on a.
Speaker 11: Curveda It looks kind of bloated.
Speaker 10: Yeah, yeah, it looks distorted. And so if you just
Speaker 10: make a triangle and add up the angles, you can
Speaker 10: see whether or not the space you're in is curved
Speaker 10: or flat.
Speaker 11: Is that kind of a great way to think about
Speaker 11: the curvature space. It's kind of like a distortion of space.
Speaker 10: Yes, yes, it's a distortion and how the pieces of
Speaker 10: space are connected to each other, which changes how you
Speaker 10: move through space changes like how you can get from
Speaker 10: one spot in space to another spot in space.
Speaker 11: Yeah, like I think I'm going straight, but I'm actually
Speaker 11: kind of being distorted in one way or the other.
Speaker 10: Yeah, it changes what straight means.
Speaker 11: Okay, So then the curvature might give some clues as
Speaker 11: to whether, like we wrap around in ourselves or whether
Speaker 11: we don't. I mean, that's all it can tell us, right,
Speaker 11: it's whether we're in a sphere or we're not in
Speaker 11: a sphere.
Speaker 10: Well, there's one other option, which is that we're on
Speaker 10: a sort of a saddle. Space is negatively curved. Imagine
Speaker 10: you have a sheet of pain paper that's formed sort
Speaker 10: of like a bowl, right, the opposite of a sphere,
Speaker 10: and you're in the middle of that bowl. You can
Speaker 10: draw a triangle in that and it will have angles
Speaker 10: of less than one hundred and eighty degrees. You measure
Speaker 10: the distortion. Yeah, yeah, not quite a bowl, because that's
Speaker 10: just the inside of a sphere, but something that has
Speaker 10: a sort of saddle shape. And so you draw triangle,
Speaker 10: you make a measurement, and that tells you. And so
Speaker 10: we've done that. We've made those triangles and we've measured
Speaker 10: them to very high precision in three dimensional space.
Speaker 11: Like physicists have done this in the sheet of the universe.
Speaker 10: Yes, exactly. We've done it in two different ways, at
Speaker 10: least that I can think of off the top of
Speaker 10: my head. One is that we looked at giant cosmic
Speaker 10: triangles in space. You know, we've looked at the cosmic
Speaker 10: microwave background radiation, this leftover photons from the birth of
Speaker 10: the universe, and drawn these triangles and measured the angles
Speaker 10: and they come out to one hundred and eighty degrees.
Speaker 10: It seems like space is flat. Pace is flat. We're
Speaker 10: nearly flat. Yeah, and that's a puzzle. It's really interesting
Speaker 10: that a lot of people wonder, like, why is space flat?
Speaker 10: We've measured to be flat to within you know, zero
Speaker 10: point one percent, and for a long time that was
Speaker 10: a mystery.
Speaker 11: But some people do think that space could be curved,
Speaker 11: like what would why would Why would that be weird?
Speaker 10: Yeah, And well that leads perfectly into the second way
Speaker 10: we've measured the curvature of space, which is you might
Speaker 10: ask what causes space to curve? Right, why would you
Speaker 10: expect space to be curved or flat or negatively curved?
Speaker 10: And the answer is that the thing that curved space
Speaker 10: is matter. Right, You put stuff matter and energy into
Speaker 10: space and it curves it. That's what general relativity tells
Speaker 10: us that that gravity is in fact the curvature of space.
Speaker 10: So we know that space gets curved. Like you put
Speaker 10: the Sun in the center of the Solar System, it
Speaker 10: curves space so that the Earth very naturally moves in
Speaker 10: a circle around it. Right, that's an impact of the
Speaker 10: curvature of space. Nobody's turning the Earth. Nobody's like driving
Speaker 10: the Earth around the Sun, right, but constantly turning. It's
Speaker 10: moving in what it considers to be a straight line,
Speaker 10: but the space is curved, so it's just moving constantly
Speaker 10: in an orbit.
Speaker 11: Gravity is not like a force pulling the Earth towards
Speaker 11: the Sun. But gravity is more like its distorting the
Speaker 11: space around the Sun so that the Earth just kind
Speaker 11: of naturally goes around it.
Speaker 10: That's right, That's a great way to think about it.
Speaker 10: And so matter distorts space and causes curvature of space.
Speaker 10: And so you can ask is there enough matter and
Speaker 10: energy in the universe to curve space or to make
Speaker 10: it negatively curved or positively curved? Right? And if space
Speaker 10: is totally empty, if there's no matter in it at all,
Speaker 10: then it's negatively curved. You have to add energy and
Speaker 10: matter to make space zero have zero curvature, and so
Speaker 10: we've measured this. We've measured to total energy.
Speaker 11: It naturally wants to be negatively curved, but if you
Speaker 11: add stuff to it, then it gets straighter.
Speaker 10: That's right. With no energy density in it at all,
Speaker 10: would have negative curvature, And so you add stuff to it.
Speaker 10: In fact, if you add I think it's six hydrogen
Speaker 10: atoms worth of energy per square meter, then space has
Speaker 10: zero curvature. It's between five and six. And so we've
Speaker 10: measured the amount of stuff that's in the universe and
Speaker 10: it all adds up to be just about the right
Speaker 10: number to make space be not curved, which is seems
Speaker 10: like a weird coincidence, right, It seems like an important clue, like,
Speaker 10: why does all the stuff in the universe happen to
Speaker 10: add up to the number that's just right to make
Speaker 10: space not be curved?
Speaker 11: Would that Let's take a break, we'll be back in
Speaker 11: just a short minute.
Speaker 14: I'm Buzzsnight and I'm the host of the Taking a
Speaker 14: Walk podcast music History on Foot.
Speaker 15: John Ohates great songs endured, and I'm very proud and
Speaker 15: happy to know that I was part of something that
Speaker 15: will endure.
Speaker 14: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
Speaker 14: musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
Speaker 16: Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone
Speaker 16: that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby.
Speaker 16: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
Speaker 16: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
Speaker 16: is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 14: The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with
Speaker 14: musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers.
Speaker 6: It is correct. I rarely worked things out. I like
Speaker 6: to go off the cup and try to grab things
Speaker 6: out of the air while you're playing the song and
Speaker 6: try to catch a little magic.
Speaker 14: Listen to the Taking a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 14: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me and a vibrant
Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
Speaker 2: Black lit is for the page turners, for those who
Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands, For
Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge. Between
Speaker 2: the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
Speaker 2: classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
Speaker 2: the voices of black writers and to bring their words
Speaker 2: to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 2: Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcasts.
Speaker 3: The US elections approach, you can feel like we're angrier
Speaker 3: and more divided than ever, but in a new coop
Speaker 3: pole season of my podcast I'll Share with the Science
Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and
Speaker 7: that we can do better with the.
Speaker 3: Help of Stanford psychologist Jamil Zaki.
Speaker 5: It's really tragic if cynicism were appeal it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with,
Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 17: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
Speaker 17: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
Speaker 17: and still be in relationship with each other.
Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Lab, listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 3: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 18: Hey, I'm Bruce Bosi on my podcast Table for two.
Speaker 18: We have unforgettable lunch after unforgettable lunch.
Speaker 19: With the best guest you could possibly ask for, people
Speaker 19: like Matt Boemer.
Speaker 10: Thank you for that intro. I'm gonna slip you, slip
Speaker 10: you a couple of twenties under the table, hold on,
Speaker 10: Emma Roberts.
Speaker 20: When it came into my email inbox, I was like, Okay,
Speaker 20: I know I'm gonna love this so much that I
Speaker 20: don't even want to read it because if I can't
Speaker 20: be in it, I'm gonna be bums.
Speaker 18: And Colin Jost, you know your wife was the first
Speaker 18: guest that's Table for two.
Speaker 11: And it's come full circle as long as they do
Speaker 11: better than.
Speaker 18: Her on Table for two is a bit different from
Speaker 18: other interview shows. We sit down at a great restaurant
Speaker 18: for a meal, maybe a glass of rose, and the
Speaker 18: story start flowing. Our second season is airing right now,
Speaker 18: so you can catch up on our conversations that are intimate, surprising,
Speaker 18: and often hilarious. Listen to Table for two with Bruce
Speaker 18: Bozzi and the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcast or wherevery you
Speaker 18: get your podcasts.
Speaker 21: I'm Carrie Champion and this is season four of Naked Sports,
Speaker 21: where we live at the intersection of sports and culture.
Speaker 21: Up first, I explore the making of a rivalry, Caitlin
Speaker 21: Clark versus Angel Wreath.
Speaker 8: I know I'll go down in history.
Speaker 12: People an't talking about women's basketballs just because of one
Speaker 12: single game.
Speaker 1: Every great player needs a foil.
Speaker 12: And hear them wise.
Speaker 8: I just come your toplay basketballer, Ray kendled that and
Speaker 8: that's what I focused are.
Speaker 21: From college to the pros, Clark and Reeves have changed
Speaker 21: the way we consume women's sports.
Speaker 8: Angel Reese is a joy to watch. She is unapologetically black.
Speaker 8: I love her.
Speaker 21: What exactly ignited this fire? Why has it been so
Speaker 21: good for the game, and can the fanfare surrounding these
Speaker 21: two supernovas be sustained. This game is only going to
Speaker 21: get better because the talent is getting better. This new
Speaker 21: season will cover all things sports and culture. Listen to
Speaker 21: Naked Sports on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio, app,
Speaker 21: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 4: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 10: Space seems to be flat. At least space in our
Speaker 10: part of the universe seems to be flat. Could be
Speaker 10: that in other parts of the universe it's nerved, right,
Speaker 10: But in our part of the universes seems to be flat.
Speaker 11: And we think that sort of a that it maybe
Speaker 11: extends out to as far as we can see.
Speaker 10: Yeah, it seems to follow the same rules. Okay, and
Speaker 10: so you're absolutely right. That rules out, you know, the
Speaker 10: potato universe that we're living on the surface of this
Speaker 10: huge cosmic potato or bubble universe whatever. It rules out
Speaker 10: the saddle universe where the universe's negative curvature. Seems like
Speaker 10: space is flat, which is.
Speaker 11: Flat, and it would go in one direction forever. I'll
Speaker 11: just keep going.
Speaker 10: Not necessarily, right, we know space is flat. That doesn't
Speaker 10: necessarily mean that it's infinite. It's a natural idea, right
Speaker 10: If space is flat, then it doesn't curve on itself,
Speaker 10: and so it seems like you could be able to
Speaker 10: go on.
Speaker 11: Forever earlier that you can't just have a wall.
Speaker 10: Can't just have a wall. But but since we don't
Speaker 10: know what space is, we don't really know how it works,
Speaker 10: we don't really know how it's connected. It's still possible
Speaker 10: that it could be flat but connected in a weird way.
Speaker 10: So where one edge is connected to the other edge,
Speaker 10: like you go flat, you're moving through flat space, but
Speaker 10: it just loops on back on itself, like it's connected
Speaker 10: in that way, like an asteroids game. You know, you
Speaker 10: go at the edge of the screen, but you appear
Speaker 10: on the.
Speaker 11: Other side, like you teleport to the other side.
Speaker 10: Yeah, yeah, and not necessarily teleport, Like that could just
Speaker 10: be the way space is connected.
Speaker 11: So that's weird. That's that wouldn't feel you mean, like
Speaker 11: an asteroid games or like pac Man where you walk
Speaker 11: off one side of the screen and suddenly you appear
Speaker 11: on the other side. Like that is possibility. Physicists are like, hey,
Speaker 11: that could be true.
Speaker 10: That certainly could be true, Yes, absolutely, But the other
Speaker 10: possibility is also true, which is maybe it just goes
Speaker 10: on forever. Right, it could be that the that space
Speaker 10: goes on forever, and that's also kind of weird because
Speaker 10: that's infinite space.
Speaker 11: Infinite space.
Speaker 10: Yeah yeah, and it could be that space is flat,
Speaker 10: but it just ends because we can't see past the
Speaker 10: observable universe, and so we have intuition and ideas and
Speaker 10: speculation and we think, oh, this would be more natural,
Speaker 10: or that would be more natural, or I wish the
Speaker 10: universe looked that way, but at this point that's all
Speaker 10: we can do. Yeah. So it's a fascinating concept, infinity, because,
Speaker 10: as you say, if things go on forever and then
Speaker 10: you get infinite number of tries at everything, then that
Speaker 10: means that, given quantum randomness, you really do get every
Speaker 10: possibility out there. So it means it's somewhere out there,
Speaker 10: there's a universe where we're recording a podcast and I'm
Speaker 10: named Jorge and you're named Daniel, and right, you know,
Speaker 10: another universe where every possible thing you can imagine happens.
Speaker 10: That's really true, I mean, it's actually happening. If there
Speaker 10: is an infinite universe with infinite space, it means it
Speaker 10: could be really far away and we could never get there,
Speaker 10: and prove it. But if that is reality, then it's
Speaker 10: really happening right now, which is crazy to think about it.
Speaker 11: Right right, we just will never see it.
Speaker 10: We'll never see it, yeah, or if we wait long enough,
Speaker 10: maybe we would. But it's also so it's on one hand,
Speaker 10: like really crazy to imagine infinite universe with infinite stuff
Speaker 10: in it. On the other hand, it's sort of natural, right,
Speaker 10: Like what's the simplest explanation is it's simpler to imagine
Speaker 10: an edge, right, like a limited amount of stuff. I
Speaker 10: find those ideas to be sort of weird, and they
Speaker 10: sort of call back to, you know, geocentrism, the idea
Speaker 10: that we're the center, we're an important place in the universe.
Speaker 10: It's much more natural for me to think the universe
Speaker 10: just goes on forever and we're just at one dot
Speaker 10: in a random spot in it. Wow. Otherwise they have
Speaker 10: to explain, like why the universe began here, Like imagine
Speaker 10: the scenario the infinite space but finite stuff scenario. Then
Speaker 10: you have to ask, why did the Big Bang happen
Speaker 10: here and not fifty billion light years to the left
Speaker 10: or to the right.
Speaker 11: In that infinite space? Why is that clump matter here?
Speaker 11: Where we are.
Speaker 10: Yeah, So my personal preference, based on no science at all,
Speaker 10: is the infinite space, infinite stuff universe because it sort
Speaker 10: of puts to rest some of those questions who raises others?
Speaker 11: Right? It doesn't raise weird questions or inconsistencies.
Speaker 10: Yeah, it just asks you to imagine a creation of
Speaker 10: an infinite stuff in a moment. I mean, that's not
Speaker 10: too much that Yeah. Currently, I don't know of anybody
Speaker 10: who has such clever ideas for ways to determine whether
Speaker 10: the universe is infinite or finite by just looking at
Speaker 10: stuff around us. So the only way we could do
Speaker 10: it is direct by looking at the universe, which of
Speaker 10: course we can't. So currently it feels impossible, but you know,
Speaker 10: we always have to leave a little bit of an
Speaker 10: open door there for some future physicists more clever than
Speaker 10: us comes up with a clever way to probe whether
Speaker 10: the universe is finite or infinite just by looking at
Speaker 10: clues around us.
Speaker 11: You might say that there's plenty of room to grow.
Speaker 7: There.
Speaker 10: Certainly is there? Certainly is cool.
Speaker 11: Well, I hope you guys enjoyed that discussion. Yeah, and
Speaker 11: maybe when you look out at night into the stars,
Speaker 11: do you think about the idea that maybe the universe
Speaker 11: is infinite or maybe we're seeing all that there is.
Speaker 10: And regardless, it's a beautiful, gorgeous universe out there. And
Speaker 10: if you're into views, the best view out there is
Speaker 10: the night sky in the top of a mountain where
Speaker 10: you can see billions of light years across amazing vistas. So,
Speaker 10: however big the universe is, go out and enjoy it.
Speaker 10: Do you have a question you wish we would cover,
Speaker 10: Send it to us. We'd love to hear from you.
Speaker 10: You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at
Speaker 10: Daniel and Jorge one Word, or email us to feedback
Speaker 10: at Danielandjorge dot com. When you pop a piece of
Speaker 10: cheese in mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact.
Speaker 10: But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why
Speaker 10: they're working hard every day to find new ways to
Speaker 10: reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions.
Speaker 10: How is us dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use
Speaker 10: anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable
Speaker 10: energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit
Speaker 10: usdairy dot COM's last sustainability to learn more.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jacklie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effects original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to
Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
Speaker 2: busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts,
Speaker 2: or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santon, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 3: As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're
Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever. But in a new
Speaker 3: hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the Science
Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better and
Speaker 7: that we can be better.
Speaker 4: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
Speaker 4: listen to podcasts from tips for healthy living to the
Speaker 4: latest medical breakthroughs. WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up
Speaker 4: to date on today's most important health issues. Through in
Speaker 4: depth conversations with experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD
Speaker 4: reveals how today's health news will impact your life tomorrow.
Speaker 5: It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy.
Speaker 5: It's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and
Speaker 5: we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in
Speaker 5: each other.
Speaker 4: Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or
Speaker 4: wherever you can your podcasts.
Speaker 8: I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Byrne. We are two cool moms.
Speaker 8: We certainly are. And guess where we could find us now?
Speaker 9: Oh, I don't know the iHeart podcast network.
Speaker 8: That's right. We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super
Speaker 8: excited about it. I am too.
Speaker 9: I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast,
Speaker 9: but now it's even more funner and cooler and heardier.
Speaker 8: That's right, it's more iheartier. I knew it. Check your
Speaker 8: heart rate. We're here at iHeart.
Speaker 9: Yeah, you could find us wherever you listen to your podcasts,
Speaker 9: or on the iHeartRadio app.