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Speaker 1: Hey, listeners, Niminy here, host of historical records, get ready

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Speaker 1: to hear about a historical hero through hip hop although.

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Speaker 2: Parents and teachers.

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Speaker 1: You can download a free activity related to today's episode

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Speaker 1: by visiting story pirates dot com slash Historical Records and

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Speaker 1: now onto the show.

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Speaker 2: After a few words for the grown ups.

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Speaker 3: Tina, but can you hear me up there?

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Speaker 2: Excellent? Is the tent air tight? Tina?

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Speaker 1: I need you to be one hundred percent sure. Try

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Speaker 1: for one last big pull.

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Speaker 2: Hey, oh that looks good.

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Speaker 1: Great work, Tina, The tent is airtight on the secret booker.

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Speaker 1: Now are we sure that both our lovely historians are

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Speaker 1: out of the tent?

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Speaker 2: Out? That's right, Gabe is on vacation. Oh and where

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Speaker 2: is Lee? She's right behind me?

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Speaker 4: Hello, oh okay, we are all accounted for it now, Tina,

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Speaker 4: are we ready to fill the tent with poisonous gas

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Speaker 4: to kill the termites that are eating our recording studio?

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Speaker 2: Then let it rip, go, go, go.

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Speaker 3: A historical.

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Speaker 5: You are now listening to historical.

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Speaker 2: We're to make history. You got to have struggles to

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Speaker 2: make history.

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Speaker 1: You got to show poised, cannot be quiet loud as

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Speaker 1: a riot to make history.

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Speaker 6: You gotta make some noise.

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Speaker 1: Hello, listeners, Welcome back to historical records, where history.

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Speaker 2: Meets hip hop.

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Speaker 1: I'm niminy and I'm also very itchy.

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Speaker 2: That's because not.

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Speaker 1: Only do we have termites eating our recording studio, we

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Speaker 1: also have a rash of ruthless mosquitoes and our sleeping quarters.

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Speaker 1: So we're really hoping the sulfural fluoride takes care of

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Speaker 1: it all, right, Tina, you also have fleas. Oh well,

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Speaker 1: when it rains, it pours bugs.

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Speaker 2: Apparently, I agree. So many setbacks.

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Speaker 1: How is a woman supposed to make a historical record

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Speaker 1: around here?

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Speaker 2: But we can only deal with one thing.

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Speaker 1: At a time, and right now we have to get

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Speaker 1: into today's historical hero, Katie Kyrieko. Lee, let's get into it. Lee,

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Speaker 1: what'sn't she just standing right here? What in the world

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Speaker 1: she just walked into the tent, Lee, it's super unsafe

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Speaker 1: to waltz into an airtight ted currently filly with noxious gas.

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Speaker 1: And now she's coming back out. Well, at least she's

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Speaker 1: wearing a hazmat suit.

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Speaker 6: Lee, what are you doing?

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Speaker 2: I I can't hear you from in.

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Speaker 1: I have maat suit.

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Speaker 5: I said I left something inside I had to get

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Speaker 5: it and not to worry. I used to be a

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Speaker 5: fumigation professional and briefly had my own fumigation business.

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Speaker 2: You did well.

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Speaker 1: I guess that explains why you have a hazmat suit

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Speaker 1: that says Lee's got gas.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, that was the name of my business. Got less

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Speaker 5: funny every time I had to say it. That makes

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Speaker 5: sense anyway. That career is history, now get it. Speaking

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Speaker 5: of which, shall we dive into today's historical figure. She

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Speaker 5: helped make the fastest vaccine in history possible, Katie Kiko.

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Speaker 1: Yes, I am dying to get into all of that,

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Speaker 1: but real quick, what was so important that you had

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Speaker 1: to go back inside the secret underground bunker?

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Speaker 5: Oh? I forgot helmets for my new history simulator.

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Speaker 1: You have a new history simulator. What happened to the

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Speaker 1: gooey alien pod?

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Speaker 7: Well?

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Speaker 5: I heard your feedback, namely that it was gross and

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Speaker 5: unpleasant to be in, which further record, I disagree with Lee.

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Speaker 2: It dripped fair.

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Speaker 5: That part was disgusting.

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Speaker 1: So what's the new history simulator?

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Speaker 2: And please tell me it's non viscous.

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Speaker 5: Tina should be pulling it around any second.

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Speaker 1: WHOA, The new History simulator is a motorcycle nine dude.

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Speaker 5: Thanks Tina Ley.

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Speaker 1: This probably goes without saying, but this rad motorcycle is

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Speaker 1: way better than that glowing, gooey sack we used to

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Speaker 1: get around in. Also, how did you get your hands

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Speaker 1: on such.

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Speaker 2: A killer hog?

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Speaker 5: Well, around the same time I ran a fumigation company,

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Speaker 5: I got really into restoring vintage motorcycles.

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Speaker 2: Hop on, jumping on.

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Speaker 5: Now, the history Katie Carco has made is pretty recent.

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Speaker 5: But first I thought we'd go back a touch before

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Speaker 5: Katie's life to understand Katie's contributions.

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Speaker 2: I want to.

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Speaker 5: Check out the first vaccines ever made.

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Speaker 2: I like it.

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Speaker 5: Oh, and heads up that vaccines are pretty complicated, so

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Speaker 5: I'm not sure how you'll make it into a catchy saw.

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Speaker 2: Sounds like I.

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Speaker 1: Might have to come up with an analogy.

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Speaker 5: Ooh, brilliant, nimone, something simple that can help explain something complicated.

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Speaker 2: Now hang on tight woah, oh oh wow.

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Speaker 1: This is a quaint countryside Sure.

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Speaker 5: Is England in seventeen sixty eight.

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Speaker 1: So this is about twenty years before America was even

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Speaker 1: recognized as.

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Speaker 5: A country, right exactly. Now follow me into this little

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Speaker 5: countryside home that's being used as a hospital. Fair warning,

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Speaker 5: if you thought the alien pod was gross.

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Speaker 2: Hold on to your.

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Speaker 1: Lunch ew ewly, what are those people doing with that

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Speaker 1: infected skin tissue?

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Speaker 5: They're introducing it to healthy people.

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Speaker 2: Excuse me, they're making people sick on purpose. Bingo.

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Speaker 5: Both here in England and back in America, everyone was

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Speaker 5: fighting a disease called smallpox.

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Speaker 1: And they're finding the smallpox by making people sick.

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Speaker 5: Indeed, they introduced just a little bit of the disease

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Speaker 5: so that people's bodies can get used to it.

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Speaker 1: Ah, I see what a wild idea get this?

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Speaker 5: In America, this practice was introduced to the colonies by

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Speaker 5: an enslaved man named Onesimus, who was originally from West Africa.

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Speaker 5: In Europe, a mother named Lady Mary Wortley Montague popularized

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Speaker 5: the practice by requesting it for her own children after

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Speaker 5: seeing it help protect young people in Turkey.

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Speaker 1: So lots of different people were working on this same idea.

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Speaker 5: Uh huh, precisely. Now follow me to the medical barn.

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Speaker 1: Did you just say medical barn?

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Speaker 5: Sure did? It'll all make sense in a second.

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Speaker 1: Lee, Who was that doctor over there?

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Speaker 5: That's John Fuster. He's trying to inoculate all of the

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Speaker 5: farmers and milkmaids. In the English countryside so they don't

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Speaker 5: get smallpox.

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Speaker 2: And who's the guy following him around?

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Speaker 5: That's Edward Jenner.

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Speaker 1: And what is Edward doing with the cows? Are the

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Speaker 1: cows sick?

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Speaker 5: Edward Jenner is the one who's eventually credited with creating

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Speaker 5: the first ever vaccine, And yeah, those cows are sick.

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Speaker 5: They have cowpoks. And it turns out if you get

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Speaker 5: cowpox before smallpox, it makes the smallpox way less deadly.

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Speaker 1: M who knew Edward Jenner? Oh right, I have to

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Speaker 1: say leeve you were right. Vaccines are complicated.

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Speaker 5: They really are.

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Speaker 2: But luckily I just thought of the perfect analogy. The

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Speaker 2: human body.

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Speaker 1: Is like a house, and when we get sick, that's

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Speaker 1: like getting termites. The termites are eating the house, so

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Speaker 1: you gotta use gas. That's the vaccines to get healthy. Again,

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Speaker 1: not bad. I knew I could use this horrible experience

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Speaker 1: to my advantage somehow, but I wouldn't say it's.

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Speaker 5: The perfect analogy. There's a little more to the science

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Speaker 5: of vaccines, which we'll find out about when we learn

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Speaker 5: about Katie Carrico's work.

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Speaker 1: Totally, I just can't stop thinking about the termites. Let's

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Speaker 1: head to Katie's time period I'm sure I'll come.

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Speaker 2: Up with a better analogy.

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Speaker 5: Sounds good. Hang on, tight, Katie, here we come.

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Speaker 2: Wh Where are we?

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Speaker 6: Wait?

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Speaker 2: Wait, wait, don't tell me.

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Speaker 1: A cracked bell that doesn't ring, a building called Independence Hall,

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Speaker 1: and a man yelling about sid which is cheese steaks

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Speaker 1: for sale.

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Speaker 2: The best cheese steaks are on this side of the

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Speaker 2: Schoogl River. She's so hot it'll melt your face. Get

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Speaker 2: them all, they're dangerous.

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Speaker 1: Lee, We're in Philadelphia, you bet we are.

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Speaker 2: Do you know what year?

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Speaker 1: Judging by that walkman blasting Madonna? That kid playing the

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Speaker 1: first ever Nintendo system, and that's super cool guy rocking

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Speaker 1: a flat top haircut, I'm gonna guess we're in nineteen eighty.

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Speaker 5: Five, right on the money. At any minute now, something

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Speaker 5: else pretty rad will arrive in Philly, a Hungarian scientist.

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Speaker 2: Look, there's Katie Kyriko getting out of a cab. She's

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Speaker 2: with her husband and her two and a half year old.

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Speaker 2: That's Susan.

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Speaker 1: Oh, Susan is holding a huge stuffed bear.

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Speaker 5: He's so cute and so useful.

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Speaker 1: WHOA did Katy just take a load of cash out

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Speaker 1: of Susan's stuff bear?

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Speaker 5: Sure did? Because of super restrictive laws and hungry Katy

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Speaker 5: was not allowed to bring any money into the US,

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Speaker 5: so she hits them in her daughter's stuffed bear.

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Speaker 2: Now what is she taken out of the bear?

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Speaker 5: Research supplies?

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Speaker 2: That is one helpful bear, Lee.

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Speaker 1: Katie must be super excited to be in America where

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Speaker 1: she doesn't have to hide her money and supplies.

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Speaker 5: Actually not really. Unlike a lot of her scientist colleagues,

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Speaker 5: Katie didn't want to move to the US. She only

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Speaker 5: came because the lab that she worked for lost its funding,

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Speaker 5: and hungry, the US was her only option.

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Speaker 2: So where is Katy headed? Now?

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Speaker 5: First things, first, to a.

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Speaker 2: Bank, good call.

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Speaker 1: Gotta put that cash somewhere a little less sketchy.

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Speaker 5: And going into a bank was quite an experience for

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Speaker 5: Katie because she'd never used a bank before, never had

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Speaker 5: a credit card. Everything here in Philly is new to her.

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Speaker 5: That's why she looks like she has a stomach ache.

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Speaker 5: She was nervous.

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Speaker 1: Just imagine the stomach ache that stuffed bare head. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: where does Katie head after the bank to her new

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Speaker 1: research job at Temple University.

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Speaker 5: Right here in Philadelphia? Hey, let's head to the lab way.

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Speaker 5: So Katie got to work doing her research. But after

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Speaker 5: a few years things got a little dicey uh oh,

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Speaker 5: she got reported to immigration.

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Speaker 2: Did she have to leave the country.

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Speaker 5: No, she was able to stay. But her whole career

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Speaker 5: she had to fight every step of the way. In

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Speaker 5: nineteen ninety five she lost funding again. She kept having

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Speaker 5: to switch universities and eventually she landed at the University

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Speaker 5: of Pennsylvania.

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Speaker 2: Oh and this in.

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Speaker 5: Twenty thirteen, they threatened to demote her and said she

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Speaker 5: was a faculty material.

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Speaker 1: So she lost her funding again. Yep, why is she

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Speaker 1: always losing her funding?

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Speaker 5: Good question. Katie had a really radical idea about vaccines,

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Speaker 5: and not everyone believed that her idea would ever work.

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Speaker 5: You see, every vaccine that has ever been created has

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Speaker 5: been made one way. They put a weekend or inactivated

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Speaker 5: germ into our bodies. They used part of the virus

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Speaker 5: to infect us, a little bit like.

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Speaker 2: The cowpox we saw earlier.

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Speaker 5: Exactly, if you give someone cowpox, or let's say just

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Speaker 5: a little bit of smallpox, their body starts to build immunity,

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Speaker 5: so if they ever get full blown smallpox, their immune

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Speaker 5: system is prepared and can fight the virus.

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Speaker 2: But Katie had a different idea.

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Speaker 5: Katie wanted to develop a different type of vaccine entirely,

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Speaker 5: a vaccine called an mRNA vaccine.

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Speaker 1: And how are mRNA vaccines different from traditional ones?

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Speaker 5: Okay, so mRNA vaccines actually teach your body cells how

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Speaker 5: to make a protein and then that protein triggers an

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Speaker 5: immune response if someone gets infected with the disease. Wow,

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Speaker 5: the messenger rna. mRNA basically teaches the body how to

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Speaker 5: make its own medicine. Pretty mind blowing.

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Speaker 2: Huh and complicated.

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Speaker 1: I am seeing now why Matt's Hermite analogy.

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Speaker 5: Fell a little short.

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Speaker 1: But lee back to Katie. Did she eventually find someone

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Speaker 1: who believed in her?

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Speaker 2: She did.

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Speaker 5: Along the way she connected with a man named Drew Weissman,

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Speaker 5: and they worked side by side through the ups and

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Speaker 5: downs for decades.

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Speaker 1: And did they ever actually create a vaccine?

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Speaker 5: Their work was the foundation that helped create the first

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Speaker 5: ever vaccine for COVID nineteen.

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Speaker 2: That was Katie Carrico.

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Speaker 5: When COVID happened, everything shut down and we needed a

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Speaker 5: vaccine fast.

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Speaker 1: I remember, life became all about staying home wearing masks

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Speaker 1: and decided if you were gonna get professional zoom or

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Speaker 1: just stick with the regular version.

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Speaker 5: Now, Normally vaccines take five to ten years to develop,

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Speaker 5: but because Katie had already been working on mRNA for decades,

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Speaker 5: she was able to develop a covid vaccine in only

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Speaker 5: a couple of years.

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Speaker 2: So cool.

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Speaker 1: So the covid vaccines were the first ever mRNA vaccines.

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Speaker 5: They were.

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Speaker 1: Indeed, Katie must feel pretty validated.

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Speaker 8: Huh.

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Speaker 5: Funny story when she got the phone call that she

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Speaker 5: had won the Nobel Prize.

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Speaker 9: Katie Carrico for your contributions to the field of therapeutic

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Speaker 9: vaccinations through modifying a chemical building block of mRNA.

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Speaker 2: Do you win a Nobel Prize?

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Speaker 1: Lookly, Katie is completely shocked.

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Speaker 5: That's because she actually didn't believe them.

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Speaker 2: She thought it was a joke.

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Speaker 9: No, ma'am, I am completely one hundred percent serious that

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Speaker 9: you just want the Nobel Prize, and I am as

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Speaker 9: insistent as a.

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Speaker 1: Vaccine that you accept the award. Lee, Please tell me

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Speaker 1: she accepted the award.

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Speaker 6: She did.

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Speaker 1: It occurs to me that this is all such recent history.

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Speaker 2: Is Katie still working?

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Speaker 3: Yeah?

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Speaker 7: She is.

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Speaker 5: In twenty twenty three, she returned to Hungary and is

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Speaker 5: now teaching at a university there, and her daughter, Susan

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Speaker 5: is all grown up. In fact, she is a two

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Speaker 5: time Olympic gold medalist in rowing.

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Speaker 2: Incredible look plea.

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Speaker 1: Thank you for all this information. I think I have

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Speaker 1: plenty for the song we're making about Katie.

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Speaker 5: But don't you still need an analogy to explain how

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Speaker 5: vaccines work out?

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Speaker 1: I got a one, you did, Yeah, it involves a

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Speaker 1: bunch of sheep and a wolf. Trust me as perfect,

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Speaker 1: no doubt.

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Speaker 5: Let's head home.

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Speaker 3: What?

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Speaker 1: Oh no, the Secret Bunker is still tempted. How am

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Speaker 1: I gonna make today's song without a recording studio?

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Speaker 5: What a bummer. I guess you'll have to finish tomorrow.

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Speaker 2: But I have the listeners listening right now.

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Speaker 5: Oh sorry, Nimoni.

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Speaker 1: You know what, maybe termites intenting wasn't the perfect analogy

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Speaker 1: for vaccines, but Katie's story is the perfect inspiration for

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Speaker 1: this day that I'm having. If Katie can overcome all

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Speaker 1: those obstacles, I can still produce this song. Tina on

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Speaker 1: the records, Tina, we still have our camping tent and

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Speaker 1: all that.

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Speaker 2: Foam stored in the garage.

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Speaker 1: Yes, great, We've got to build a pop up sound boost.

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Speaker 2: Listeners, full tape. I just need a second. We're gonna

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Speaker 2: improvise a little yeah.

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Speaker 1: Tina looking good, A little tape, a little glue, Okay,

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Speaker 1: a lot of tape and a lot of glue, Tina,

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Speaker 1: That's what I'm talking about.

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Speaker 2: Boom, And just like that, we have a steat.

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Speaker 6: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: They are pop up recording studio musicians. It's time to

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Speaker 1: make Katie Carrico's life into some music, and of course,

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Speaker 1: explain vaccines with a perfect analogy.

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Speaker 3: Hello world, I'm Katie Carrico. I help develop the in

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Speaker 3: vitro transcribe messenger RNA for protein therapies, directly leading to

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Speaker 3: the ninety nine percent effective Pfizer BioNTech coronavirus vaccine. But

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Speaker 3: in order to understand what the heck I just said,

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Speaker 3: let me break down some science for you.

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Speaker 1: Starting with how vaccines work.

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Speaker 3: Think of your body as a field full of sheep

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Speaker 3: aka white lets sells oppression so clean, and think of

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Speaker 3: a disease like a wolf's so mean.

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Speaker 5: The wolf wants to eat all that.

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Speaker 3: She'd bet the scene he come mon men in his

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Speaker 3: sheet's clothes and from his head to his noos.

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Speaker 6: Gotta coat of protein.

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Speaker 3: If the sheep gets you, then they get deep teen

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Speaker 3: the vaccines like the first time the wolf gets seen

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Speaker 3: little mini wolf who has been we can give a

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Speaker 3: hint of the wolf. So the sheep gets this thing,

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Speaker 3: an alarm that can bring if.

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Speaker 6: The wolf back again.

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Speaker 3: So the sheep know not to let the big wolf tend.

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Speaker 3: So when the whole world entangled in COVID nineteen ourselves

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Speaker 3: need vaccines, then they need them with speed, but it

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Speaker 3: takes many years.

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Speaker 6: Just to test.

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Speaker 3: Send for Tita and let the keen scientist has a

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Speaker 3: plan to succeed. That's me Katie cobra Goo, a hero

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Speaker 3: trying to change the world.

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Speaker 6: But she ain't got a WeGo.

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Speaker 3: She feels her contributions are ultimately equal to many scientists

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Speaker 3: in her field.

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Speaker 6: Here we go, ok.

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Speaker 2: My research my neck wasn't mmr rene.

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Speaker 6: That's messenger rival Nuclay ads it. Okay.

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Speaker 3: The easiest way you can think about that is as

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Speaker 3: a teen three D printer.

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Speaker 2: The fact it's like match it.

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Speaker 3: If it gets fed up protein, it will match it,

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Speaker 3: making replications at the drop of a hat and sending

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Speaker 3: them wherever they are needed in the body. Then the

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Speaker 3: process gets repeated and repeated, and my thumb the covergo

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Speaker 3: moment of Eureka was when I was in the lab

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Speaker 3: with my burners and my beakers. I thought, what if

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Speaker 3: we take that printer and we tweak it, we teach

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Speaker 3: it only to make the proteins that we feed it.

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Speaker 3: Why then we could create growth ages of ensigns, empty

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Speaker 3: bodies made at a rate that was ten times faster

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Speaker 3: than before. I knew that this would change it at all.

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Speaker 3: I tried to tell the world, but nobody listen. You

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Speaker 3: don't call them meet kay Ica, recop and veto trying

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Speaker 3: to say the courus, but got fatted like Mosito, surviving

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Speaker 3: adult with fucking perseverance by the kilo, even in the

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Speaker 3: years when she had zero.

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Speaker 6: Wherever we go?

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Speaker 3: Okay, thirty years later, I had spent the intervening time

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Speaker 3: trying to get grants, get published, get some meetings lined

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Speaker 3: up with power players to make moneys and connections matter.

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Speaker 3: All I got instead was the motions and rejection letters.

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Speaker 5: Sadly they thought my.

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Speaker 2: Research was too far away, but I stayed.

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Speaker 3: The course continued downe with RNA, ended up at pen

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Speaker 3: met a scientists a nice man name of true Weissman.

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Speaker 2: We drew up a nice plan.

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Speaker 3: Finally, through the work, we paid dues and made moves,

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Speaker 3: had a break free for your tech. But we stayed

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Speaker 3: through Kate Ruth slow, but always knew one day soon

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Speaker 3: Team K Drew.

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Speaker 5: Would be ready to come and save you.

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Speaker 2: Twenty twenty.

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Speaker 3: Now the COVID bhoopas some of the two scientists got

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Speaker 3: the three printers Cu that's his vac scene in history.

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Speaker 3: Made dinners with my scientists for years that had always

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Speaker 3: been business like me. Hey, Dica Rico meet, Oh my,

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Speaker 3: I'm keeper sticking to her science, Zipic. After this, we

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Speaker 3: hope she'll be no longer in got Grito.

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Speaker 5: Now she'll have a name that we know.

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Speaker 7: So we go.

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Speaker 2: We'll be right back after a few words for the

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Speaker 2: grown ups. Oh wow, what a song.

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Speaker 1: I have to say that mobile recording studio sounds just

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Speaker 1: a state of the art. Is our permanent set up. Tina,

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Speaker 1: you're good at what you do.

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Speaker 2: Coal y'are welcome, Tina. You're right, Tina. The fumigation is done.

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Speaker 2: Let's pull the tent. Oh brilliant.

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Speaker 1: Let's head inside for the interview. First, I'll just punch

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Speaker 1: in the door code.

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Speaker 10: Well, gone back, n Minnie. I am drilled to report

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Speaker 10: that we are Hermite tree.

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Speaker 2: That's great news. Robot voice.

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Speaker 10: I had a virus called termite, and I needed a

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Speaker 10: vaccine called fumigation. That's an analogy.

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Speaker 1: That's the analogy I used, but actually disembodied, robot voice.

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Speaker 2: I came up with a better analogy.

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Speaker 10: Well aren't you special?

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Speaker 2: No man to be rude, robot voice.

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Speaker 10: I was being sincere.

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Speaker 1: Well, this day really turned around, and what extraordinary luck

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Speaker 1: to be alive when we have these miraculous vaccines home listeners,

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Speaker 1: I mean, when you really stop and think about it,

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Speaker 1: how wild is it that we can make medicine that

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Speaker 1: helps teach our bodies how to fight diseases?

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Speaker 2: Incredible?

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Speaker 1: I think about it a lot, robot voice, I forgot

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Speaker 1: you were here.

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Speaker 10: I am always here silently judging, calculating, and things are perfect.

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Speaker 10: And thinking about vaccines.

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Speaker 2: Okay, robot, that's enough.

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Speaker 1: Thinking about your existence too much gets a little weird. Also,

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Speaker 1: I got a head off to the zoom room for

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Speaker 1: the interview.

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Speaker 2: Oh man, oh man, I can't wait for today's interview.

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Speaker 1: Our first guest you may have seen him on CNN

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Speaker 1: reporting the news, doctor Gupta.

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Speaker 2: Can you introduce yourself.

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Speaker 7: My name is Sandre I'm a doctor. I've been reporting

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Speaker 7: on the COVID pandemic since the very beginning. I've been

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Speaker 7: a reporter for twenty years.

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Speaker 2: And to interview Sandrey say, hello, Iliana.

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Speaker 8: Hi, I'm Eliana. I'm eleven, and I have three pets,

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Speaker 8: a mouse, a dog, and a leopard gecko.

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Speaker 1: Ileana, when you were learning about doctor Kirico, what struck

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Speaker 1: you the most?

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Speaker 8: I think just the simple fact that she was a

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Speaker 8: girl and hungry with a father that worked at a

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Speaker 8: butcher shop, and from there she has stemmed into this

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Speaker 8: scientist who really did the base work for mRNA and

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Speaker 8: is one of the main reasons we have this vaccine today.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, and she didn't give up. There are a lot

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Speaker 7: of people along the way who told her this wasn't

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Speaker 7: going to work, and I just think there's something to

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Speaker 7: be said for believing in your idea, of believing in yourself,

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Speaker 7: and she's one of those people.

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Speaker 8: And also just the fact that she thought gender didn't

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Speaker 8: have anything to do with it. She was like, oh, no,

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Speaker 8: it's not my gender. I just this is just how

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Speaker 8: it works. You get projected a lot. But also I

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Speaker 8: think if she was a white male that came up

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Speaker 8: to people and said, I found this thing. You can

456
00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,200
Speaker 8: program mRNA, we can make a vaccine out of it.

457
00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:13,880
Speaker 8: Eventually there would be people lining up at our door.

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Speaker 8: It wouldn't be as long as a process if she

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Speaker 8: was a male.

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Speaker 7: I think you're probably right. And the thing about science

461
00:24:20,640 --> 00:24:25,080
Speaker 7: as well, is that rejecting an idea or not getting

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00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:29,240
Speaker 7: a paper published, people sometimes describe that as failure, but

463
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,159
Speaker 7: failure is necessary almost within science. You're not going to

464
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:34,280
Speaker 7: have the best idea right out of the gate. You

465
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:36,240
Speaker 7: have an idea, but then you've got to tweak it

466
00:24:36,359 --> 00:24:39,119
Speaker 7: and going through the process of applying for grants and

467
00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:41,960
Speaker 7: talking to other scientists around the world allow people to

468
00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:44,159
Speaker 7: keep helping you make it better, and you eventually have

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00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:44,919
Speaker 7: a better product.

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Speaker 1: So doctor Gupta, let's say someone not me, of course,

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00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:53,680
Speaker 1: it's still a little confused about this whole mRNA business.

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00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,760
Speaker 1: Can you explain what mRNA is and how mRNA vaccines work.

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Speaker 7: Basically, mRNA is a molecule that tells a cell to

474
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Speaker 7: do something, and in this case, you're getting a shot

475
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:09,240
Speaker 7: in your arm of this mRNA vaccine. It's not the virus.

476
00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:13,119
Speaker 7: It's basically the instructions for a portion of the virus,

477
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:17,000
Speaker 7: which is that spike protein. Then that protein sits on

478
00:25:17,119 --> 00:25:20,320
Speaker 7: the surface of the cells and the body says, WHOA,

479
00:25:20,720 --> 00:25:23,919
Speaker 7: what is this unusual protein here? And as a result

480
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,760
Speaker 7: of sort of detecting this unusual protein, the body starts

481
00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:31,320
Speaker 7: to react activate the immune system. That's essentially turning your

482
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,119
Speaker 7: body into a vaccine making machine. In the past, you

483
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:38,240
Speaker 7: give portions of the virus or pathogen for the body

484
00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:41,800
Speaker 7: to recognize it and react. Here you're giving the genetic instructions, saying,

485
00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:45,480
Speaker 7: make this weird looking thing and then allow yourself to

486
00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:46,959
Speaker 7: react to this weird looking thing.

487
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Speaker 1: Eleana, was there anything else you wanted to ask Doctor

488
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:52,159
Speaker 1: Gupta before we wrap up?

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00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:54,840
Speaker 8: So what do you think is the most important lesson

490
00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:57,560
Speaker 8: you've learned from the pandemic? I know mine is definitely

491
00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:01,720
Speaker 8: don't take school for granted, because I was like about

492
00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:05,320
Speaker 8: school and then I lost it and it was just like, no,

493
00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:07,560
Speaker 8: I love school.

494
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:11,359
Speaker 7: One thing that I've always felt about myself was that

495
00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:14,879
Speaker 7: I'm not a really social person, and I kind of

496
00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:18,520
Speaker 7: thought of social things as just purely kind of recreational.

497
00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,159
Speaker 7: And I think when I was not able to be social,

498
00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,480
Speaker 7: I really missed it. Humans are inherently very social creatures,

499
00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:28,800
Speaker 7: and I kind of really felt like I needed the

500
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:32,080
Speaker 7: human connection more than ever. I will never miss the

501
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:34,600
Speaker 7: opportunity to spend quality time with friends again.

502
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:36,920
Speaker 2: I definitely can relate to that.

503
00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:39,639
Speaker 1: Thank you both for such an awesome conversation.

504
00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:43,000
Speaker 7: Allian, You're delightful to talk to. I appreciate the time,

505
00:26:43,080 --> 00:26:45,480
Speaker 7: appreciate the questions, and thank you so much.

506
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,440
Speaker 8: Thank you, Bye bye.

507
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:50,520
Speaker 2: Listeners.

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00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,560
Speaker 1: Thanks for tuning in and learning about vaccines and the

509
00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:58,680
Speaker 1: awesome career of the great Katie Carrico. A big thanks

510
00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:04,359
Speaker 1: to today's guests doctor Sanje Gupta and Iliana Remember parents

511
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,720
Speaker 1: and teachers. You can download a free activity related to

512
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:12,280
Speaker 1: today's episode by visiting story pirates dot com Slash Historical

513
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,480
Speaker 1: Records and also thanks to Lee for letting me borrow

514
00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:17,760
Speaker 1: her motorcycle history simulator to run.

515
00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:19,239
Speaker 2: Some errands I got up.

516
00:27:19,240 --> 00:27:21,120
Speaker 1: Bring a few things up before I make the next

517
00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:26,159
Speaker 1: historical record. Until then, remember to make history, you gotta

518
00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:27,200
Speaker 1: make some noise.

519
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:40,240
Speaker 9: Bue Historical Records is produced in partnership with story Pirate Studios,

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00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:45,600
Speaker 9: Questloves two on five Entertainment, John Glickman and iHeart Podcasts

521
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:51,320
Speaker 9: Executive produced by Emir Questlove Thompson, John Glickman, le Overtree

522
00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:56,320
Speaker 9: and Benjamin Saltga Executive produced for iHeart Podcasts by Noel Brown.

523
00:27:56,720 --> 00:28:00,760
Speaker 9: Producers for Story Pirate Studios are Isabella Riccio, Sam Bear,

524
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,520
Speaker 9: Eric Gerson, Andrew Miller, Lee Overtree, Peter McNerney and niminy Ware.

525
00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,480
Speaker 9: Producers for two one five are Sean g Brittany Benjamin

526
00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:13,359
Speaker 9: and Sarah Zolman. Hosted by niminy Ware. Our head writer

527
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:17,760
Speaker 9: is Duke Doyle. Our historians are Gabe Pacheco and Lee Polus.

528
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:22,120
Speaker 9: Music supervision for two one five by Stroe Elliott. Scoring

529
00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:25,560
Speaker 9: and music supervision for Story Pired Studios by Eric Gerson.

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00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:28,560
Speaker 9: Sound designed and mixing by Sam Bear at the Relic

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00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:32,000
Speaker 9: Room in New York City. Song mastering by Josh Hahn.

532
00:28:32,480 --> 00:28:35,400
Speaker 9: Theme song by Dan Foster and Eric Gerson and produced

533
00:28:35,440 --> 00:28:40,520
Speaker 9: by Eric Gerson. Production coordination by Isabel Aricio. Production management

534
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:43,800
Speaker 9: by Maggie Lee. The line producer for Story Pired Studios

535
00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:47,000
Speaker 9: is Glennis Prault. Key r for Story Pired Studios is

536
00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:51,560
Speaker 9: provided by Naomi Shaw. Episode artwork by Camilla Franklin. This

537
00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:55,480
Speaker 9: episode was written by Duke Doyle. The song Katie Carrico

538
00:28:55,680 --> 00:28:58,720
Speaker 9: was written by Dan Foster and produced by Eric Erson.

539
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:04,120
Speaker 9: Special guest doctor Sanjay Kupta and kid interviewer Ileana This

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00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:09,360
Speaker 9: episode features performances by Hannah Corrigan, Peter McNerney, Emily Olcott,

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Speaker 9: Lee Overtree, and Lee Polas