1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: in history today. Heads up that you also might hear 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,039 Speaker 1: two different hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. With that said, 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: on with the show. Welcome to this day in History 5 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 1: Class from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: desk of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,759 Speaker 1: show where we explore the past one day at a 8 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:28,200 Speaker 1: time with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:28,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and 10 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:35,519 Speaker 1: it's August on this day. In seventy nine, the final 11 00:00:35,880 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 1: articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and 12 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:43,239 Speaker 1: the Citizen were adopted by France's National Assembly. One of 13 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:47,080 Speaker 1: the many inspirations for this document was the Magna Carta 14 00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:49,840 Speaker 1: or the Great Charter that was issued by King John 15 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 1: of England and twelve fifteen, and it's set down the 16 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:55,680 Speaker 1: idea that every person was subject to the law, and 17 00:00:55,760 --> 00:00:58,880 Speaker 1: those persons who were subject to the law included the king. 18 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: It also set down a number of rights and protections 19 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:05,959 Speaker 1: that people were entitled to. Another inspiration was the American 20 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:10,119 Speaker 1: Declaration of Independence from seventeen seventy six. That document set 21 00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:14,200 Speaker 1: down the idea that all men had certain inalienable rights, 22 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 1: and it set down what some of those rights were, 23 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:21,440 Speaker 1: and also detailed various reasons that the American colonies felt 24 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:25,520 Speaker 1: compelled to declare their independence from the British crown. King 25 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:28,880 Speaker 1: John issued the Magna Carta when he was facing a 26 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:33,000 Speaker 1: possible rebellion by the British elite, and the Declaration of 27 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:36,039 Speaker 1: Independence was written in the face of ongoing insults and 28 00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:39,120 Speaker 1: injustices by the British monarchy, at least in the view 29 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:42,200 Speaker 1: of the framers of that document. The Declaration of the 30 00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:45,600 Speaker 1: Rights of Man and the Citizen was a critical document 31 00:01:45,640 --> 00:01:49,520 Speaker 1: in the French Revolution, which was an uprising against the 32 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:53,040 Speaker 1: French monarchy and the system of feudalism that was dominating 33 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:56,360 Speaker 1: French life. So all of these documents had these things 34 00:01:56,400 --> 00:01:59,120 Speaker 1: in common. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and 35 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:03,040 Speaker 1: the Citizen was adopted a few weeks after French revolutionaries 36 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:06,680 Speaker 1: stormed the Bastel, and before that point France had been 37 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:10,160 Speaker 1: divided into three estates. The first was the clergy, the 38 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:12,959 Speaker 1: second was the nobility, and the third was the commoners. 39 00:02:13,320 --> 00:02:16,400 Speaker 1: The commoners were the overwhelming majority in terms of people, 40 00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:20,240 Speaker 1: like percent of the population, but they didn't have nearly 41 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:23,440 Speaker 1: the amount of political power as the First and Second 42 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:26,720 Speaker 1: Estates did. The common people were also facing a lot 43 00:02:26,760 --> 00:02:30,160 Speaker 1: of hardships, including extreme food shortages, and this was in 44 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 1: the face of huge excesses among the monarchy and the nobility. 45 00:02:34,919 --> 00:02:38,239 Speaker 1: All of this contributed to the French Revolution. So members 46 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:41,359 Speaker 1: of the Third Estate established the National Assembly, which was 47 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:45,520 Speaker 1: more formally named the National Constituent Assembly. They wanted to 48 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:50,080 Speaker 1: reform the French Constitution. It was this body that adopted 49 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:52,200 Speaker 1: the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. 50 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 1: The principal author of that declaration was the Markete Lafayette, 51 00:02:56,800 --> 00:03:00,359 Speaker 1: who collaborated with Thomas Jefferson. Some of the con steps 52 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:04,000 Speaker 1: in this declaration. The first article is that men are 53 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions 54 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,919 Speaker 1: may be based only on considerations of the common good. 55 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:16,800 Speaker 1: These natural rights were listed as being liberty and property 56 00:03:16,880 --> 00:03:21,880 Speaker 1: and safety. Resistance to oppression was another. Liberty was defined 57 00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:25,079 Speaker 1: as being able to do anything that doesn't harm others. 58 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: This declaration also specified that citizens were equal in the 59 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: eyes of the law. They had equal rights to participate 60 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:36,080 Speaker 1: in legislation, so there would no longer be this situation 61 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: where the common people had way less of a political voice, 62 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:43,640 Speaker 1: even though they were almost the entire population of the country. 63 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:47,400 Speaker 1: People were also protected from being arrested without cause. They 64 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:49,960 Speaker 1: had the rights to free speech and freedom of religion, 65 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:54,000 Speaker 1: so all part of the declaration. A lot of these 66 00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:58,480 Speaker 1: ideas in this document connected to the revolutionary motto of liberty, 67 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:02,440 Speaker 1: equality and fraternity obviously would be said in French, but 68 00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:06,320 Speaker 1: my French is not great, and to the Enlightenment ideas 69 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:11,520 Speaker 1: of universal inalienable rights. This document served as a preamble 70 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:15,240 Speaker 1: to the French Constitution of seventeen ninety one, and similar 71 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:18,719 Speaker 1: documents also served as preambles to the Constitution of seventeen 72 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:23,240 Speaker 1: ninety three and of seventeen ninety five. Although these concepts 73 00:04:23,279 --> 00:04:27,960 Speaker 1: in this declaration are really about establishing and protecting freedoms, 74 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: the French Revolution that it was part of became a 75 00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:36,080 Speaker 1: very violent conflict. King Louis the sixteenth was overthrown, his 76 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:41,159 Speaker 1: wife Marie Antoinette was beheaded. He was as well. Thousands 77 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:44,560 Speaker 1: of suspected enemies of the revolution were also guillotined during 78 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:46,919 Speaker 1: the reign of Terror, which went on for ten months. 79 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:50,800 Speaker 1: Maximilian de Robespierre, who gave the orders and a lot 80 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:54,240 Speaker 1: of the reign of Terror was himself executed in seventeen 81 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:58,159 Speaker 1: ninety four, so it was a deeply turbulent and violent time. 82 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 1: Thanks to Christopher Hasciotis for his research work on this 83 00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 1: episode in Tatari Harrison for her audio skills and all 84 00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:07,320 Speaker 1: these episodes. You can learn more about the French Revolution 85 00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,720 Speaker 1: in the February eight episode of Stuff You Miss in 86 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:14,039 Speaker 1: History Class called the Women's March on Versailles, and in 87 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,760 Speaker 1: the November nine, two thousand and eight episode called how 88 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,960 Speaker 1: the French Revolution Worked. You can subscribe to This Day 89 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:24,320 Speaker 1: in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever 90 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:27,839 Speaker 1: else you get your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for a 91 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:40,560 Speaker 1: battle that divided a city. Hello, Hello, everyone, Welcome to 92 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:43,400 Speaker 1: this Day in History Class, where we bring you a 93 00:05:43,480 --> 00:05:57,640 Speaker 1: new tidbit from history every day. The day was August st. 94 00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 1: Teresa of Calcutta, commonly no as Mother Teresa, was born 95 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:07,560 Speaker 1: in what is now Skapia, Northern Macedonia. Born Anya's Ganja 96 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: Boyaju mother, Teresa was part of a middle class Albanian family. 97 00:06:12,480 --> 00:06:15,320 Speaker 1: Her brother believed that their mother's service to poor people 98 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:19,480 Speaker 1: in the community helped influence Mother Teresa to become a nun. 99 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:24,120 Speaker 1: When she was eighteen years old, she joined the Sisters 100 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:27,720 Speaker 1: of Laredo, a community of Irish nuns who had a 101 00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:32,920 Speaker 1: mission in Calcutta, India, in nineteen thirty one, after spending 102 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:37,280 Speaker 1: time in Ireland, then joining the Laredo Convent in Darjeeling, India, 103 00:06:37,640 --> 00:06:41,280 Speaker 1: she took her first vows and took the name Teresa, 104 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:44,039 Speaker 1: in honor of the French sat terrace of le Zoo. 105 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:47,800 Speaker 1: She would also take her final vows at the Laredo 106 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:52,960 Speaker 1: Convent in Darjeeling. In nineteen thirty seven, Teresa was assigned 107 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:56,039 Speaker 1: to teach at St Mary's High School for Girls in Calcutta. 108 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:58,960 Speaker 1: Though the school was close to a poor area, the 109 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:04,719 Speaker 1: students were mainly wealthy. But by nineteen Mother Teresa received 110 00:07:04,839 --> 00:07:08,120 Speaker 1: what she considered a second calling. She wanted to work 111 00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:11,840 Speaker 1: with the poor. The Vatican gave her permission to leave 112 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:15,000 Speaker 1: the Sisters of Laredo and start work under the guidance 113 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: of the Archbishop of Calcutta. After she was granted permission 114 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: to live as an independent nun, she began wearing a 115 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:25,760 Speaker 1: white sorry with a blue boarder and a cross pinned 116 00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:30,240 Speaker 1: on her left shoulder. As her habit. She began training 117 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:35,040 Speaker 1: with the American Medical Missionary Sisters in Putna, India. By 118 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:39,120 Speaker 1: the end of nineteen she was back in Calcutta, teaching 119 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 1: impoverished children literacy and hygiene. In nineteen fifty her group, 120 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,200 Speaker 1: the Missionaries of Charity, was granted official status as a 121 00:07:48,280 --> 00:07:53,160 Speaker 1: religious community within the Archdiocese of Calcutta. Members took vows 122 00:07:53,200 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: of poverty, chastity, obedience, and giving free service to the 123 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 1: most impoverished people. Teresa was soon granted Indian citizenship in 124 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:08,560 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty two. The Missionaries of Charity began caring for 125 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:12,640 Speaker 1: dying people and opened the Collie Got Home for the dying. 126 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:17,640 Speaker 1: In the mid nineteen fifties. Mother Teresa also began working 127 00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: with people with leprosy and established a rehabilitation center for them. 128 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:26,920 Speaker 1: The Missionaries of Charity also went on to run several 129 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:30,920 Speaker 1: elementary schools in Calcutta and opened a home for orphans 130 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:36,040 Speaker 1: and abandoned children. In nineteen sixty, Pope Paul the Six 131 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:39,160 Speaker 1: gave the Missionaries of Charity the rank of a Society 132 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:42,600 Speaker 1: of Pontifical Rite, so it was under direct control of 133 00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:48,000 Speaker 1: the papacy. The congregation was also granted permission to expand 134 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:52,120 Speaker 1: beyond India. By the late nineteen seventies, there were more 135 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:55,320 Speaker 1: than two hundred centers in more than twenty five countries 136 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:59,800 Speaker 1: around the world. In nineteen sixty nine, the Missionaries of 137 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:04,320 Speaker 1: Charity became affiliated with the International Association of Co Workers, 138 00:09:04,840 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 1: a group that also aimed to serve the poorest people. 139 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:13,320 Speaker 1: As the Missionaries of Charity expanded globally into places where 140 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:18,160 Speaker 1: population growth was extensive, the sisters maintained their negative views 141 00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:23,320 Speaker 1: of abortion and contraception. They started up new operations for 142 00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:29,360 Speaker 1: the elderly, people with aids and disabled people. Mother Teresa's 143 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:33,679 Speaker 1: work and character was recognized widely, and she received the 144 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:39,000 Speaker 1: Nobel Peace Prize in nineteen seventy nine. Eventually, Mother Teresa 145 00:09:39,080 --> 00:09:43,240 Speaker 1: began struggling with health issues and was hospitalized a couple 146 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:46,880 Speaker 1: of times. At that point, Sister Normala was named as 147 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:51,160 Speaker 1: the leader of the Missionaries of Charity. Mother Teresa died 148 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:55,160 Speaker 1: of a heart attack in September of n She was 149 00:09:55,200 --> 00:10:00,200 Speaker 1: canonized as a saint in ten but her legacy not 150 00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:04,000 Speaker 1: without controversy. There were claims that she and her followers 151 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,960 Speaker 1: baptized the dying without their knowledge. Many people testified that 152 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:12,240 Speaker 1: the medical care the missionaries of charity administered was negligible 153 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 1: and many personnel were not medically trained, and the conditions 154 00:10:16,160 --> 00:10:20,600 Speaker 1: were unhygienic. Mother Teresa, on the other hand, went to 155 00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:26,040 Speaker 1: expensive facilities when she needed medical treatment. People also claimed 156 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:29,360 Speaker 1: that Mother Teresa's work was more about proselytizing in poor 157 00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:34,400 Speaker 1: communities than relieving suffering. There were also concerns over the 158 00:10:34,440 --> 00:10:37,560 Speaker 1: way she managed the money she received and her views 159 00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:42,960 Speaker 1: on abortion, contraception, and divorce. I'm Eaves Jeff Ko and 160 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,120 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 161 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. And if you're so inclined, you can 162 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:56,599 Speaker 1: follow us at t D I h C Podcasts on Instagram, Facebook, 163 00:10:56,679 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 1: and Twitter. We'll see you tomorrow. Yeah. For more podcasts 164 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 165 00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:16,959 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.