1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:17,160 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It is time 4 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:22,200 Speaker 1: for part two of our July installment of Unearthed. Once again, 5 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:25,440 Speaker 1: we're talking about things that have been literally or figuratively 6 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:30,920 Speaker 1: unearthed in the second quarter of one. I'll just tell 7 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:33,960 Speaker 1: everybody I wrote in my notes because it's been that 8 00:00:34,080 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 1: kind of a eighteen months. In this second installment of 9 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:43,960 Speaker 1: the episode, we have got exhumations and repatriations, some mysteries 10 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:47,880 Speaker 1: that have been solved, and other stuff. And as has 11 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:50,080 Speaker 1: become a tradition, we will kick it off with some 12 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: things that were not easy to categorize, which I've all 13 00:00:53,080 --> 00:00:57,600 Speaker 1: pulled together as potpourri. And for folks who usually uh 14 00:00:57,960 --> 00:01:03,080 Speaker 1: skip listener mail, today's listener mail is another Unearthed specific 15 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:06,080 Speaker 1: listener mail. So, as Tracy said, we're kicking off with 16 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:10,600 Speaker 1: some things that don't really fit neatly into categories this time. First, 17 00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:13,720 Speaker 1: a four thousand, four hundred year old wooden staff shaped 18 00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 1: like a life sized snake has been found buried in Pete, 19 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:22,199 Speaker 1: about seventy five miles northwest of Helsinki, Finland. This piece 20 00:01:22,240 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 1: resembles a grass snake or a European adder. It's about 21 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:29,160 Speaker 1: twenty one or roughly half a meter long, and it's 22 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:32,160 Speaker 1: made from a single piece of wood, and researchers have 23 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: suggested that it is a staff that was used in 24 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:38,959 Speaker 1: shamanic rituals. I had a conversation with a friend yesterday 25 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: in which I learned that in a lot of uh, 26 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:45,479 Speaker 1: sort of northern European areas, there are a very very 27 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 1: few snake species um, and so there's really only a 28 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:54,160 Speaker 1: third option in terms of snakes in Finland, so that 29 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:57,240 Speaker 1: maybe being a European adder or a grass snake isn't 30 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:02,520 Speaker 1: actually narrowing it down all that much. Uh. In seventeen 31 00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: eighty nine, to move on, botanist William James Beal stored 32 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: thousands of seeds that he gathered in the vicinity of 33 00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:14,080 Speaker 1: East Lansing, Michigan, and he buried them in bottles to 34 00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:16,799 Speaker 1: see if they would still be viable years or even 35 00:02:16,840 --> 00:02:20,400 Speaker 1: a century later. This has become known as the Beal 36 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: seed viability Experiment. His plan was that every five years, 37 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:28,519 Speaker 1: somebody would dig up a bottle and plant the seeds 38 00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:30,280 Speaker 1: that were inside of it to see if they grew. 39 00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:33,239 Speaker 1: But over the years the people who have been managing 40 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: this incredibly long running experiment have stretched out that interval, 41 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:41,160 Speaker 1: first to ten years and then for twenty years, making 42 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:43,840 Speaker 1: an experiment that was originally planned to go for a 43 00:02:43,919 --> 00:02:47,920 Speaker 1: hundred years ready to go for much longer. So the 44 00:02:47,919 --> 00:02:51,960 Speaker 1: most recent scheduled digging up was planned for, but of 45 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,760 Speaker 1: course that had to be postponed due to the pandemic, 46 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:57,400 Speaker 1: and that actually may have happened once before, when the 47 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:01,280 Speaker 1: nineteen nineteen attempt was postponed, possibly because of the nineteen 48 00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:06,280 Speaker 1: eighteen flu pandemic. In April, Dr David Lowry, Associate professor 49 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:09,840 Speaker 1: of Botany and Michigan State University, dug up one of 50 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: the bottles under cover of night to protect the remaining 51 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 1: bottles from sunlight. This is also done with a lot 52 00:03:15,880 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: of secrecy to protect them in this whole project, and 53 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:22,280 Speaker 1: some of these seeds started sprouting in May, so yes, 54 00:03:22,320 --> 00:03:26,639 Speaker 1: some of them are still viable as of mid June thirteen. 55 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 1: Of the seeds that germinated, they all appear to be 56 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:36,040 Speaker 1: verbascum blataria a k A. Moth mullin. But this phase 57 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:38,240 Speaker 1: of the experiment is not over yet. There are also 58 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:41,960 Speaker 1: plans underway to plant more seeds to continue this into 59 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: the future, so it's one of those things that is 60 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: all still ongoing. I love this project. A ceramic jar 61 00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:53,000 Speaker 1: gouge with an iron nail that was found under the 62 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:57,280 Speaker 1: floor of Agora's classical commercial building in Athens, Greece is 63 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: being described as a curse jar. This jar is more 64 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:03,760 Speaker 1: than two thousand years old and it contains the head 65 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:07,320 Speaker 1: and lower limbs of a young chicken. It is also 66 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:10,720 Speaker 1: inscribed with the names of fifty five people, along with 67 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:14,440 Speaker 1: what appears to be the Greek words for we bind. 68 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:17,800 Speaker 1: Researchers speculated that this might have been linked to some 69 00:04:17,880 --> 00:04:21,239 Speaker 1: kind of in fighting or a dispute related to the building, 70 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:25,039 Speaker 1: or possibly an impending lawsuit, or it might have had 71 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: something to do with the political and social upheaval that 72 00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:31,039 Speaker 1: was going on around the time it was probably made 73 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:34,320 Speaker 1: because that was right around the time of Alexander the 74 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:38,279 Speaker 1: greats death in three b c E. This jar was 75 00:04:38,360 --> 00:04:41,320 Speaker 1: discovered in two thousand six, but it was just this 76 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:44,000 Speaker 1: year that it was translated and the research on it 77 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:48,480 Speaker 1: was published. An other news. Thieves broke into Arandel Castle 78 00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: and they stole various historical items in a heist that 79 00:04:53,200 --> 00:04:55,600 Speaker 1: has been estimated to have a worth of about a 80 00:04:55,640 --> 00:05:00,640 Speaker 1: million pounds. This includes a set of gold Rosa beads 81 00:05:00,680 --> 00:05:03,520 Speaker 1: that Mary, Queen of Scott's carried to her execution in 82 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:06,680 Speaker 1: fifteen eighties seven. Some of the other items that were 83 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:12,360 Speaker 1: stolen included coronation mugs, ceremonial items and some silver spoons. 84 00:05:12,400 --> 00:05:15,400 Speaker 1: This theft happened on May twenty one, and on June 85 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 1: twod authorities released photos of the ladders that were used 86 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:22,000 Speaker 1: for the people who stole these things to force their 87 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:25,560 Speaker 1: way into the dining room area of the castle. Their 88 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 1: hope was that if the thieves also stole these ladders, 89 00:05:29,279 --> 00:05:33,320 Speaker 1: the ladders owners might recognize them in contact authorities and 90 00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:35,880 Speaker 1: that that could potentially lead to a break in the case. 91 00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:40,600 Speaker 1: The castle's insurers also offered a reward. On June three, 92 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:46,039 Speaker 1: and in other Castle news, archaeologists working at Nottingham Castle 93 00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:49,920 Speaker 1: have found the bones of three Gwennan monkeys, which may 94 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:55,200 Speaker 1: have been exotic pets belonging to Jane Kirby. Jane Kirby 95 00:05:55,320 --> 00:05:58,400 Speaker 1: lived at the castle from the early seventeen nineties to 96 00:05:58,440 --> 00:06:00,920 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty five, and at that point the castle had 97 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 1: been converted into apartments. The team has also found the 98 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:08,719 Speaker 1: bones of European crane and other exotic animals there, suggesting 99 00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: that Kirby and maybe some of the other residents essentially 100 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:16,440 Speaker 1: created a small menagerie there. There are also written documents 101 00:06:16,440 --> 00:06:20,279 Speaker 1: suggesting that Kirby kept a quote large ape as a pet. 102 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:24,159 Speaker 1: These discoveries were made during a three year restoration of 103 00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:28,000 Speaker 1: the castle, which is just reopen to the public. So, uh, 104 00:06:28,520 --> 00:06:31,560 Speaker 1: like you're probably thinking, we think Jane Kirby sounds like 105 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:34,880 Speaker 1: a great subject for a podcast episode, but the problem 106 00:06:34,920 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: is that it really does not seem like there's enough 107 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:41,720 Speaker 1: publicly available information at this point to do it. Yeah, 108 00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:44,360 Speaker 1: it's one of those things where I think probably if 109 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:48,279 Speaker 1: we if we personally went to archives and started digging 110 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:51,240 Speaker 1: stuff out, that would be possible. But that's not the 111 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:54,520 Speaker 1: level of research that our show can do. And the 112 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:57,039 Speaker 1: information I could find about her was basically like a 113 00:06:57,120 --> 00:07:03,560 Speaker 1: paragraph at the Dotingham Castle whip site. Moving on. Stone 114 00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:07,480 Speaker 1: walls dating back to the Edo period have been unearthed 115 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, Japan. These are roughly 116 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:14,240 Speaker 1: four hundred year old walls that were found at the 117 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:18,040 Speaker 1: site of restoration work happening at a museum at the palace, 118 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:21,840 Speaker 1: and it's believed that this wall has not been altered 119 00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:24,840 Speaker 1: or repaired since it was originally built, and that makes 120 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: it a unique opportunity to study building techniques from that time. 121 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:33,080 Speaker 1: It's believed that this wall originally formed part of a moat. 122 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:38,160 Speaker 1: Egypt's new National Museum of Egyptian Civilization has been partially 123 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: open for a few years now, but it finally opened 124 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:44,560 Speaker 1: in full in April of this year. Many of the 125 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: items in its collection were previously held in other Egyptian museums, 126 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,920 Speaker 1: including the mummies of eighteen kings and four queens that 127 00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 1: have been housed at the Egyptian Museum. On April three, 128 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:59,960 Speaker 1: these mummies were moved via the Pharaoh's Golden Parade, traveling 129 00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:03,200 Speaker 1: about five kilometers that's three point one miles to get there. 130 00:08:03,840 --> 00:08:07,640 Speaker 1: The procession was arranged in chronological order, with the oldest 131 00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: of the mummies first, and some of the most famous 132 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:15,240 Speaker 1: mummies in the procession included that of Ramsey's The Seconds, 133 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:18,760 Speaker 1: and the one who's believed to be previous podcast subject 134 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:22,400 Speaker 1: hot cheps It. If you missed this when it happened, 135 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:26,240 Speaker 1: it was beautiful. There was a lot of spectacle involved, 136 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:29,559 Speaker 1: with all of the mummies transported in specially designed shock 137 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:32,839 Speaker 1: absorbing vehicles that look almost like if you try to 138 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:35,640 Speaker 1: make a tank look like a boat, a nod to 139 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 1: the way many of the mummies had previously been transported 140 00:08:38,600 --> 00:08:42,160 Speaker 1: by boat. The roads they traveled on were also freshly 141 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:46,120 Speaker 1: paved to minimize any possible jostling, and once all of 142 00:08:46,120 --> 00:08:48,800 Speaker 1: the mummies were settled in the new Royal Hall of Mummies, 143 00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:52,400 Speaker 1: they were open for public view on April eighteen. So 144 00:08:52,440 --> 00:08:55,560 Speaker 1: at this point in the pandemic, Egypt had lifted a 145 00:08:55,559 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 1: lot of the restrictions on outdoor gatherings, but the event 146 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: was still staged to play really well on screen, including 147 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:05,760 Speaker 1: things like putting up barriers to keep the cameras from 148 00:09:05,840 --> 00:09:09,640 Speaker 1: catching poorer parts of the city. So we've tacked on 149 00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:13,719 Speaker 1: previous installments of An Earth about how the tourism industry 150 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:15,839 Speaker 1: is a big part of Egypt's economy and that has 151 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: been just devastated during the pandemic. So this broadcast, which 152 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:22,800 Speaker 1: was aired live on YouTube, was meant to try to 153 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:24,720 Speaker 1: help bridge that gap, along with a lot of other 154 00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:29,440 Speaker 1: like public openings of mummies and public reveals of things 155 00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:32,040 Speaker 1: that have been found at archaeology digs and things like 156 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:34,360 Speaker 1: that that have been happening over the course of the pandemic. 157 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:37,280 Speaker 1: So in our last bit of potpourri before we take 158 00:09:37,320 --> 00:09:41,000 Speaker 1: a break, the paper A Short Scam of Maori Journeys 159 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: to Antarctica, published in the Journal of the Royal Society 160 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,320 Speaker 1: of New Zealand in June, has walked through the history 161 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:51,040 Speaker 1: of Maori voyages to the waters around Antarctica and the 162 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:55,920 Speaker 1: continent of Antarctica itself. These voyages began around the seventh 163 00:09:55,960 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: century with a Polynesian voyager named Hui Ti Reniura. Maori 164 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: oral traditions described this person as the first human to 165 00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: travel to the Antarctic. Because paper also traces the involvement 166 00:10:07,960 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 1: of Maori in European led expeditions to Antarctica that started 167 00:10:12,840 --> 00:10:16,360 Speaker 1: more than a thousand years after that, and if you 168 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:20,240 Speaker 1: read accounts of these expeditions that are written by Europeans, 169 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:24,480 Speaker 1: they often just leave out the Maori contributions to the expeditions. 170 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:30,359 Speaker 1: So this work involved analyzing literature that detailed Antarctic voyages 171 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,160 Speaker 1: as well as the oral traditions that were maintained in 172 00:10:33,320 --> 00:10:37,840 Speaker 1: Maori communities. Some reporting on this has framed early Polynesian 173 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,800 Speaker 1: voyages to Antarctic waters as totally new information. But this 174 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:45,880 Speaker 1: is really an established part of Maori oral tradition that 175 00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:49,560 Speaker 1: it just became more widely known with this paper and 176 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,280 Speaker 1: the media coverage that has surrounded this paper. And now 177 00:10:52,320 --> 00:11:02,560 Speaker 1: we're going to take a quick sponsor break. Next up, 178 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:08,480 Speaker 1: we have some repatriations. First, authorities in Italy have recovered 179 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:13,320 Speaker 1: more than eight hundred artifacts worth an estimated eleven million 180 00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:19,120 Speaker 1: euros from one Belgian collector who was running illicit digs 181 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:23,560 Speaker 1: in the Apulia region of southern Italy. The investigation into 182 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:27,719 Speaker 1: this started in when somebody listed part of a funerary 183 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:31,600 Speaker 1: steely for sale, describing it as having come from a 184 00:11:31,679 --> 00:11:36,600 Speaker 1: quote wealthy collector. This steely was missing a portion that 185 00:11:36,679 --> 00:11:38,720 Speaker 1: was decorated with a part of a shield and a 186 00:11:38,760 --> 00:11:42,480 Speaker 1: warrior on horseback, and those missing pieces were on a 187 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:45,520 Speaker 1: steely fragment in the collection of a southern Italian museum. 188 00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:49,120 Speaker 1: Just like investigators saw, oh, we we have the missing 189 00:11:49,160 --> 00:11:51,400 Speaker 1: piece of this in a museum, maybe the rest of 190 00:11:51,440 --> 00:11:54,800 Speaker 1: this should really be in a museum. The recovered items 191 00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,760 Speaker 1: have been described as an archaeological treasure. Most date from 192 00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:01,360 Speaker 1: the sixth through the third entries b C and they 193 00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:05,840 Speaker 1: include steely and for a, black glazed ceramics and terra 194 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:11,920 Speaker 1: cotta figurines, And in another repatriation to religiously significant stone 195 00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:16,640 Speaker 1: lentels depicting the Hindu deities of Indra and Yama were 196 00:12:16,679 --> 00:12:21,160 Speaker 1: returned to Thailand from the United States on May. These 197 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:24,560 Speaker 1: are believed to have been stolen from archaeological sites in 198 00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:28,800 Speaker 1: Thailand during the Vietnam War, and they were on display 199 00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:32,240 Speaker 1: at the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco for decades. 200 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:37,000 Speaker 1: Returning the lentel's involved lengthy investigation by the Department of 201 00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:40,920 Speaker 1: Homeland Security and a four year legal process. They were 202 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:43,920 Speaker 1: unveiled in Bangkok on May thirty one, and at that 203 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,760 Speaker 1: point Thai authorities were still deciding where their final home 204 00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:51,200 Speaker 1: would be, with smaller museums near the border, with Cambodia 205 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:55,640 Speaker 1: being one possibility. And moving on to a repatriation that 206 00:12:55,720 --> 00:13:00,319 Speaker 1: has involved human remains, researchers at Mercer University make in 207 00:13:00,440 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: Georgia have returned a sensa or a shrunken heads to Ecuador. 208 00:13:05,679 --> 00:13:09,200 Speaker 1: A former member of the faculty who's now deceased, had 209 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:12,760 Speaker 1: traded some of his personal items for this senso while 210 00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:17,120 Speaker 1: serving in the U s. Military in Ecuador, this head 211 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:20,880 Speaker 1: had been on display at Mercer and had also been 212 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:25,080 Speaker 1: used in the John Houston film. Wise Blood researchers at 213 00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 1: the university spent years trying to authenticate it and to 214 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: figure out exactly where it had come from so that 215 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: it could be returned. Ecuador's National Cultural Heritage Institute provided 216 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:38,800 Speaker 1: the university with a list of thirty three criteria to 217 00:13:38,920 --> 00:13:42,760 Speaker 1: validate the sensas authenticity, and they were able to confirm 218 00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:47,520 Speaker 1: thirty of those. So the university actually repatriated that sensa 219 00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 1: to the Ecuadorian consulate in Atlanta back in not totally 220 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:55,040 Speaker 1: clear whether it has made it all the way back 221 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:58,280 Speaker 1: to Ecuador yet, And this wound up in this installment 222 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: of Unearthed because this spring the team published an open 223 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:08,280 Speaker 1: access paper titled the Authentication and Repatriation of a Ceremonial 224 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:11,640 Speaker 1: Sansa to its country of origin. They published that in 225 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:16,439 Speaker 1: the journal Heritage Science, detailing this whole process. Now we 226 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:20,720 Speaker 1: have got several exhumations to discuss. Archaeological work ahead of 227 00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:23,680 Speaker 1: an airport expansion on the Dutch Caribbean island of sent 228 00:14:23,760 --> 00:14:28,200 Speaker 1: Eustasius has uncovered a burial site. Since the area used 229 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:30,600 Speaker 1: to be a plantation, it is likely that the bodies 230 00:14:30,640 --> 00:14:33,760 Speaker 1: buried there were enslaved Africans, many of whom had been 231 00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:37,040 Speaker 1: born in Africa. As of the end of May, forty 232 00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:39,920 Speaker 1: eight skeletons had been discovered at the site, but it 233 00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:42,920 Speaker 1: was believed to contain many more, possibly making it the 234 00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:47,960 Speaker 1: largest such burial site discovered in the Caribbean. Initial analysis 235 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:51,040 Speaker 1: suggested that the people buried there were as we said, 236 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:54,800 Speaker 1: of African descent, but a lot more research into this 237 00:14:54,920 --> 00:14:58,040 Speaker 1: is needed and planned to get a fuller sense of it. 238 00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:01,800 Speaker 1: Like they already have multiple different people of different specialties 239 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:06,800 Speaker 1: ready to work on studying and and learning more about 240 00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: these people. Yeah, this is one of those things that's 241 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:12,480 Speaker 1: so early in the process, it's kind of all all 242 00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:16,000 Speaker 1: up in the air. In another piece of news, the 243 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:19,400 Speaker 1: remains of the unidentified person known as the Summerton Man 244 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,480 Speaker 1: have been exhumed in Australia. He was found dead on 245 00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:26,960 Speaker 1: December one, and his cause of death could not be determined. 246 00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:30,360 Speaker 1: When he was found, he was neatly dressed and well groomed, 247 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,800 Speaker 1: holding a partially smoked cigarette and carrying no kind of 248 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:37,640 Speaker 1: identification that could confirm his identity. Yeah, I think this 249 00:15:37,680 --> 00:15:40,560 Speaker 1: has been on the shortlist for an episode by what 250 00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,720 Speaker 1: or the other of us for a long time. Yes, 251 00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:45,560 Speaker 1: and I know stuff you should know. I think did 252 00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,920 Speaker 1: an episode on it as well. I think so. Yeah. 253 00:15:48,960 --> 00:15:52,239 Speaker 1: So train tickets that were found in this man's pockets 254 00:15:52,480 --> 00:15:56,080 Speaker 1: raised more questions than they answered, as did a scrap 255 00:15:56,120 --> 00:15:58,880 Speaker 1: of paper reading tomm should which is the which are 256 00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:01,240 Speaker 1: the last words of the pillar? The rubiat that was 257 00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: found in his fob pocket. The words had been torn 258 00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 1: out of a book that a different, unnamed man found 259 00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:14,040 Speaker 1: in his car on November and then written in that 260 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:17,120 Speaker 1: book that were a phone number and a strange code, 261 00:16:17,280 --> 00:16:21,560 Speaker 1: neither of which helped investigators crack this case. This is 262 00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,680 Speaker 1: a long running unsolved mystery, and scientists hope to use 263 00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:29,480 Speaker 1: DNA testing to determine the man's identity, something that had 264 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:33,720 Speaker 1: not happened yet when we recorded this. The body of 265 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 1: murder victim Joe Anne Fox was exhumed in Tarahote, Indiana 266 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:41,800 Speaker 1: in late June. Fox had been a mother of three, 267 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: and she was murdered on June nineteen sixty seven. The 268 00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:49,920 Speaker 1: case went cold, though, and was reopened in ten when 269 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:54,080 Speaker 1: her name came up during investigations into a different cold case, 270 00:16:54,640 --> 00:16:57,320 Speaker 1: that was the murder of Pamela Milem who was killed 271 00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:00,840 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy two. Her killer was actually identified in 272 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:05,600 Speaker 1: so this exclamation was done to try to gather additional 273 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:09,080 Speaker 1: evidence after a person of interest was identified in this case, 274 00:17:09,160 --> 00:17:12,560 Speaker 1: and the results of that work have not been publicized 275 00:17:12,680 --> 00:17:16,440 Speaker 1: as of when we recorded this. Officials in England are 276 00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: exhuming as many as three thousand bodies from a Buckinghamshire 277 00:17:20,119 --> 00:17:23,400 Speaker 1: churchyard ahead of the construction of the high speed rail 278 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:28,119 Speaker 1: line known as HS two. Other mass disinterments involving the 279 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:30,600 Speaker 1: HS two line have included the moving of at least 280 00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:34,760 Speaker 1: sixty thousand bodies from a former burial site at Houston Station. 281 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:39,520 Speaker 1: In this current removal is going on at Old St 282 00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:44,000 Speaker 1: Mary's Churchyard and it's just one aspect of archaeological work 283 00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:48,240 Speaker 1: being done before the construction of the rail line. Other 284 00:17:48,359 --> 00:17:51,960 Speaker 1: archaeological finds ahead ahead of the HS two have come 285 00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:56,240 Speaker 1: up on previous editions of unearthed and an archaeological project 286 00:17:56,280 --> 00:17:59,240 Speaker 1: along the line that will run from London to Birmingham 287 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:03,920 Speaker 1: is being described as the largest archaeological dig ever done 288 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:08,160 Speaker 1: in the UK and our last exhimation. This time around, 289 00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:11,840 Speaker 1: the remains of Confederate general and Ku Klux Klan leader 290 00:18:11,960 --> 00:18:15,600 Speaker 1: Nathan Bedford Forrest and his wife Mary Anne were exhumed 291 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:18,359 Speaker 1: from their burial site in Memphis, Tennessee, and moved to 292 00:18:18,359 --> 00:18:22,840 Speaker 1: the National Confederate Museum in Columbia. As this was going on, 293 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:27,320 Speaker 1: opponents to the removal waived Confederate flags, dumped debris from 294 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:30,359 Speaker 1: the site on a Black Lives Matter mural, and harassed 295 00:18:30,359 --> 00:18:34,120 Speaker 1: and threatened Black activists and city officials who had advocated 296 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:38,439 Speaker 1: for it. So forests remains were buried under a large 297 00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:43,320 Speaker 1: marble base in Health Sciences Park, so that obviously was 298 00:18:43,359 --> 00:18:46,080 Speaker 1: gonna take a long time to deal with. So officials 299 00:18:46,119 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 1: started this work in May, hoping that they would be 300 00:18:49,359 --> 00:18:52,840 Speaker 1: done with it before Juneteenth celebrations started in the park. 301 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:58,000 Speaker 1: This actually was successful. The removal was completed on June eleven. 302 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:01,840 Speaker 1: All right, now we're moving onto a few historical mysteries 303 00:19:01,880 --> 00:19:06,040 Speaker 1: that have been solved at least somewhat. Researchers at Lund 304 00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:09,520 Speaker 1: University in Sweden have been studying the remains of Lutheran 305 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:14,000 Speaker 1: Bishop Payeter Windstrop, who died in sixteventy nine and was 306 00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:17,800 Speaker 1: buried in the family crypt. At some point a small 307 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:22,320 Speaker 1: bundle was placed in the coffin with windstrips remains situated 308 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:26,679 Speaker 1: between its calves. For a time that bundle's contents were 309 00:19:26,720 --> 00:19:31,160 Speaker 1: totally unknown, but after X raying the bundle, researchers discovered 310 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:35,160 Speaker 1: that it contained a very small set of remains, probably 311 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,760 Speaker 1: a fetus that had been still born at about five 312 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:41,520 Speaker 1: or six months gestation. So that still left a lot 313 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:45,480 Speaker 1: of unanswered questions. But according to the paper related in 314 00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:48,920 Speaker 1: Death A Curious Case of a Fetus Hidden and Bishop 315 00:19:48,960 --> 00:19:53,040 Speaker 1: Patter Windstrips, Coffin and Lund, Sweden, which was published in 316 00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:56,840 Speaker 1: the Journal of Archaeological Science, reports the bishop and the 317 00:19:56,880 --> 00:20:01,280 Speaker 1: fetus were related. They share about their genes, which according 318 00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:03,439 Speaker 1: to the paper, could mean that the bishop was the 319 00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:08,639 Speaker 1: fetuses uncle or half brother or grandfather. That, of course, 320 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:11,520 Speaker 1: does not answer all of the questions. Though it was 321 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:15,080 Speaker 1: not uncommon in seventeenth century Sweden for children to be 322 00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:18,640 Speaker 1: buried in coffins with adults, but it's not known exactly 323 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:21,480 Speaker 1: why or even when this fetus was placed in the 324 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:26,199 Speaker 1: bishop's coffin. It is possible, but definitely not proven, that 325 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:29,120 Speaker 1: this is the only son of the bishop's son. Also 326 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:33,040 Speaker 1: named Podor, who chose to study math and military fortification 327 00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:36,480 Speaker 1: rather than joining the church like his father and grandfather. 328 00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:40,520 Speaker 1: So one possible explanation is that this was something of 329 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:44,359 Speaker 1: a symbolic gesture placing the last of the Windstrip family 330 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: line in the coffin with his grandfather. Aside from that, 331 00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:52,280 Speaker 1: the bishop's remains, they're just an extraordinarily good condition. They 332 00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:56,959 Speaker 1: essentially went through a natural mummification process. He was buried 333 00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:00,320 Speaker 1: wearing very fine clothing with the coffin law mind, with 334 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:03,920 Speaker 1: herbaceous plants and covered in silk, and all of that 335 00:21:04,119 --> 00:21:08,200 Speaker 1: is just an extremely good condition, especially considering how old 336 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:11,560 Speaker 1: it is. The coffin had been removed for reburial in 337 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:16,080 Speaker 1: twelve and a multidisciplinary team from Lundon University and the 338 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,840 Speaker 1: Lundon University Historical Museum got permission to study it when 339 00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:23,640 Speaker 1: they realized just how well preserved it was. Next up, 340 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 1: researchers have used muonic X ray analysis to figure out 341 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:31,920 Speaker 1: what's in a nineteenth century medicine bottle used by Japanese 342 00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:36,480 Speaker 1: doctor Ogata Kwan. Ogata had established a school for Western 343 00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:39,960 Speaker 1: Technology and Medicine, which is credited as the starting point 344 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:44,040 Speaker 1: of the Osaka University Faculty of Medicine. The bottle was 345 00:21:44,119 --> 00:21:47,119 Speaker 1: from one of two medicine chess in the Osaka University 346 00:21:47,160 --> 00:21:50,320 Speaker 1: collection and could no longer be open thanks to the 347 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:53,960 Speaker 1: passage of time. This bottle was also believed to hold 348 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:57,199 Speaker 1: mer curate chloride because the symbol for con was on 349 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:02,440 Speaker 1: the stopper, and in Japanese CONCO stands for mercuric chloride. 350 00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:06,800 Speaker 1: The muonic X ray analysis confirmed this without anybody having 351 00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:10,560 Speaker 1: to get the bottle open or damage its contents. And 352 00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:15,560 Speaker 1: now for our last somewhat solved mystery. After analyzing a 353 00:22:15,680 --> 00:22:19,360 Speaker 1: skull and jaw bone fragment found in Israel, researchers are 354 00:22:19,359 --> 00:22:23,920 Speaker 1: describing some previously discovered but hard to classify fossils as 355 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:27,560 Speaker 1: being part of one group nesher Ramla Homo, named for 356 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:31,880 Speaker 1: the nesher Rambla site. These fossils date back to onety 357 00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:35,400 Speaker 1: thousand to one hundred twenty thousand years ago, and they've 358 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,199 Speaker 1: been hard to classify because they've had some features in 359 00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: common with both Neanderthals and with modern humans. So the 360 00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:47,120 Speaker 1: potentially solved mystery here is that these hard to categorize 361 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:51,639 Speaker 1: fossils may really represent members of one group. With this 362 00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,440 Speaker 1: skull and jaw bone fragment coming from one of its 363 00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:58,920 Speaker 1: later members. And although researchers did not claim that these 364 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:04,040 Speaker 1: fossils represent an entirely new hominid species, articles about this 365 00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:17,680 Speaker 1: definitely did with that. Let's take a sponsor break. We've 366 00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 1: talked a lot about middens and latrines on Unearthed over 367 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:24,920 Speaker 1: the years. Both of them are places where people dump 368 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:28,199 Speaker 1: their unwanted stuff and then later on that becomes a 369 00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:31,960 Speaker 1: rich source of archaeological information. And we've got a couple 370 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:36,159 Speaker 1: of things related to that now. First, researchers have used 371 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:40,879 Speaker 1: uranium thorium dating to determine that a shell midden outside 372 00:23:40,920 --> 00:23:45,520 Speaker 1: Cape Town is between a hundred nine hundred thousand and 373 00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:51,440 Speaker 1: a hundred thousand years old. That makes this the oldest 374 00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:55,480 Speaker 1: known shell midden in the world. The shells that were 375 00:23:55,560 --> 00:23:58,800 Speaker 1: used for this are ostrich shells, which are one of 376 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:03,200 Speaker 1: the most common food scraps in ancient Africa, but most 377 00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: of the shells in this particular midden are actually marine shells. 378 00:24:07,119 --> 00:24:10,359 Speaker 1: Thanks to its location near the coast, the eggshells are 379 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:14,399 Speaker 1: just easier to date precisely than the marine shells are. 380 00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:17,680 Speaker 1: We have talked about all kinds of things pulled out 381 00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:20,080 Speaker 1: of latrines over the last many years of on Earth, 382 00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,280 Speaker 1: but this time it is an entire latrine pulled out 383 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:27,040 Speaker 1: of the ground. Excavations ahead of a planned real estate 384 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:32,160 Speaker 1: development started in Berlin in and in April, archaeologists raised 385 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:36,160 Speaker 1: an entire litrine and all of its contents. This latrine 386 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,200 Speaker 1: dates back to about the fourteenth century, and like most 387 00:24:39,280 --> 00:24:42,600 Speaker 1: such latrines, it is full of things like animal bones 388 00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:45,800 Speaker 1: and broken pottery and other refuse, in addition to the 389 00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:48,880 Speaker 1: human bodily waste that would have gone into it. So 390 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:51,920 Speaker 1: to make this site ready for the construction, a crew 391 00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:55,399 Speaker 1: stabilized the walls of the latrine and they pulled the 392 00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:58,840 Speaker 1: whole thing up with a crane, carving out a block 393 00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:01,600 Speaker 1: that's roughly six square and a little more than six 394 00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:04,160 Speaker 1: ft deep. This whole thing is going to be studied 395 00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:08,160 Speaker 1: and conserved and eventually put on display, and it's estimated 396 00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:12,879 Speaker 1: that it will be ready for public viewing in three Okay, 397 00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:15,120 Speaker 1: we are moving on to a couple of cool maps. 398 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:19,320 Speaker 1: A team from multiple research centers and universities has put 399 00:25:19,359 --> 00:25:22,560 Speaker 1: together a digital platform to map out trade routes used 400 00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:26,359 Speaker 1: by the Hanseatic League, which dominated trade in northern Europe 401 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:30,680 Speaker 1: from thirteen fifty to sixteen fifty. Historian Dr Bart Holterman 402 00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:33,639 Speaker 1: from the Institute for Historical Research at the University of 403 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:36,760 Speaker 1: Gottingen has described it as an open street map for 404 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: the Hanseatic period, something researchers can use to map out 405 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:43,640 Speaker 1: travel routs and estimate travel times, and which also includes 406 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:46,240 Speaker 1: the dates for when fares were held in different cities 407 00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:50,160 Speaker 1: and towns, and there is also information about the towns themselves, 408 00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: like whether they had a harbor or a ferry and 409 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:56,800 Speaker 1: whether tolls were collected. So this digital platform is called 410 00:25:56,880 --> 00:26:02,000 Speaker 1: via Bundus and it is at viabundus dot eu. I 411 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:04,440 Speaker 1: have found this to be so cool. I find the 412 00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:06,560 Speaker 1: whole thing fascinating. The first thing it made me think 413 00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:09,479 Speaker 1: of was actually Bram Stoker, who loved to map out 414 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:11,720 Speaker 1: how things would work, and I could picture him being like, 415 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:15,400 Speaker 1: this is a treasure trove. Yeah. It made me think 416 00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:17,960 Speaker 1: about when I was researching that episode about getting the 417 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,400 Speaker 1: smallpox vaccine across the Atlantic Ocean, and I went down 418 00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,159 Speaker 1: this rabbit hole of trying to figure out the transit 419 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,720 Speaker 1: time of getting across the North Atlantic versus the transit 420 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:32,720 Speaker 1: time of getting to the Caribbean. And a lot. In 421 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:36,920 Speaker 1: other news, A rediscovered stone slab in western France maybe 422 00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:39,880 Speaker 1: the oldest three D map of a known area in Europe. 423 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:43,520 Speaker 1: This slab was first discovered way back in nineteen by 424 00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:47,760 Speaker 1: archaeologist Paul de Chatelier at a prehistoric burial ground in 425 00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:51,760 Speaker 1: western Brittany, but then it went into storage under the 426 00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:54,199 Speaker 1: moat of his chateau, where it was unearthed for a 427 00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:59,600 Speaker 1: second time in After doing some analysis, researchers concluded that 428 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:02,280 Speaker 1: it is a three D map of the River Odette Valley. 429 00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:06,200 Speaker 1: It is less clear exactly why this map was made. 430 00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:08,879 Speaker 1: One idea is that it was used to mark a 431 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:12,199 Speaker 1: high ranking person's territory, like maybe a prince or a 432 00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:17,000 Speaker 1: minor king. This piece is known as the Sambalex lab 433 00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:20,080 Speaker 1: and it dates back to somewhere between nine hundred and 434 00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:23,800 Speaker 1: sixteen fifty b C. All right, now, it is time 435 00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,399 Speaker 1: for another listener favorite, that being shipwrecks. The wreck of 436 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,119 Speaker 1: a British submarine was found off the coast of Malta 437 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:33,320 Speaker 1: in nineteen where it had been sunk by a German 438 00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:36,720 Speaker 1: mine in World War Two. The wreck was spotted thanks 439 00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:40,160 Speaker 1: to an autonomous underwater vehicle, but dives to the site 440 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 1: were postponed due to the pandemic. In April, maritime archaeologists 441 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,479 Speaker 1: from the University of Malta made a series of dives 442 00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:51,280 Speaker 1: to the wreck and established that it was the HMS Urge. 443 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 1: The Urge had become the subject of debate over the 444 00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:58,600 Speaker 1: last few years after a diver found a different wrecked 445 00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:02,000 Speaker 1: submarine off the coast of Libya and claimed that that 446 00:28:02,160 --> 00:28:05,560 Speaker 1: was the Urge. This had led to some speculation that 447 00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:08,399 Speaker 1: the Urge had been part of a secret or maybe 448 00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:13,080 Speaker 1: unauthorized mission and had been sunk by Italian aircraft. That 449 00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:16,240 Speaker 1: wreck off the coast of Libya is definitely not the Urge, 450 00:28:16,240 --> 00:28:19,240 Speaker 1: though the one off the coast of Malta is clearly 451 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,000 Speaker 1: marked as the Urge, with obvious damage from a mine 452 00:28:22,119 --> 00:28:25,119 Speaker 1: in its hole near the bow. It took some effort 453 00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:28,120 Speaker 1: to get pictures of the ship's name, though the ship 454 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:30,199 Speaker 1: had been corroded through its years in the sea and 455 00:28:30,240 --> 00:28:34,520 Speaker 1: it's now home to a legally protected species of coral. Yeah, 456 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:36,840 Speaker 1: once they were able to get the right angle on it, 457 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:42,800 Speaker 1: like it very obviously, says the Urge on the air UH. 458 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:47,120 Speaker 1: In other news, a sixteenth century bronze cannon that may 459 00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 1: have been carried aboard a second Spanish Armada worship has 460 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:54,840 Speaker 1: been recovered by Spanish police after it was removed from 461 00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:58,920 Speaker 1: the sea floor. Shellfish divers had found this cannon in 462 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:01,880 Speaker 1: mid April and they had reported it. They said they 463 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:04,960 Speaker 1: stumbled on these three cannons down there, but then when 464 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,400 Speaker 1: authorities showed up to get the cannons, there were only two. 465 00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:12,640 Speaker 1: The police questioned several suspects in this. They found a 466 00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:16,640 Speaker 1: video of somebody pulling the cannon up from the ocean floor. 467 00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:21,400 Speaker 1: They found out where that person was. They speculated that 468 00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:25,360 Speaker 1: this person just did that on a whim. At last check, 469 00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:29,960 Speaker 1: authorities were deciding how best to preserve these cannons. Back 470 00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,840 Speaker 1: in our year end Unearthed for we talked about the 471 00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:37,040 Speaker 1: discovery of a wreck believed to be the Vasa sister ship. 472 00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:39,920 Speaker 1: The Vassa sank on its maiden voyage, and it was 473 00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:44,080 Speaker 1: covered in the episode More Shipwreck Stories Battleships. Way back 474 00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:48,120 Speaker 1: in TWN, the Vassa's sister ship was the Opplet, And 475 00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:51,160 Speaker 1: as it turned out, that wreck we previously discussed is 476 00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:54,600 Speaker 1: not the Opplet, it is really two Rex. The Apollo 477 00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:58,840 Speaker 1: and Maria. Analysis of some of the timbers from these 478 00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:01,960 Speaker 1: wrecks showed that they were from trees that were felled 479 00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:06,400 Speaker 1: during the winter of sixteen forty six to sixteen forty seven. 480 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,640 Speaker 1: That was way too late for this to be the Applet, 481 00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:12,160 Speaker 1: which was built not long after the Vassa sank in 482 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,720 Speaker 1: sixteen twenty eight. The Apollo and the Maria both saw 483 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:19,320 Speaker 1: combat in the sixteen fifties, and We're deliberately scuttled at 484 00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:22,800 Speaker 1: Vaxholm in sixteen seventy seven in an attempt to make 485 00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:25,240 Speaker 1: it harder for enemy ships to make their way through 486 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:28,400 Speaker 1: a set of narrow straits to get to Stockholm. Our 487 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:32,440 Speaker 1: next shipwreck is an eighteenth century shipwreck that's been found 488 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:35,040 Speaker 1: off the coast of Antigua, but at this point it's 489 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:38,320 Speaker 1: really not clear what ship it might be. The British 490 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:42,000 Speaker 1: kept very careful records of the dockyard there and they 491 00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:46,160 Speaker 1: have not really yielded any clues. There is some speculation 492 00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:50,520 Speaker 1: that it's the French East India Company vessel Beaumont, which 493 00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:53,880 Speaker 1: was later sold and renamed the Leon, but it is 494 00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:57,320 Speaker 1: not clear at this point if that's correct. This is 495 00:30:57,360 --> 00:31:00,400 Speaker 1: a really well preserved wreck, though, and it measure about 496 00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:05,760 Speaker 1: forty meters in length. And lastly, in shipwrecks. Noah has 497 00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:09,240 Speaker 1: designated part of Lake Michigan as a sanctuary for shipwrecks, 498 00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:12,560 Speaker 1: protecting nine hundred sixty two square miles of the lake. 499 00:31:13,280 --> 00:31:17,040 Speaker 1: This area contains the wrecks of thirty six known wrecks, 500 00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:19,680 Speaker 1: along with as many as sixty that have not yet 501 00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:23,360 Speaker 1: been discovered. And now we've got a couple of papers 502 00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:28,280 Speaker 1: that are related to plague to discuss. First, researchers have 503 00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:31,560 Speaker 1: used DNA from the teeth of people who died during 504 00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:35,280 Speaker 1: the Black Death Years to determine whether they definitively died 505 00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:40,600 Speaker 1: of plague or something else. Previously, most plague victims had 506 00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:44,760 Speaker 1: been associated with being buried in mass graves, but researchers 507 00:31:44,760 --> 00:31:47,840 Speaker 1: believed that at least some or even most people who 508 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:52,280 Speaker 1: died of the plague received an individual burial. But for 509 00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:55,000 Speaker 1: a long time it just wasn't possible to figure this 510 00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:59,400 Speaker 1: out because the technology had not evolved to allow that yet. 511 00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:03,920 Speaker 1: Plague doesn't typically leave evidence on people's skeletons, and at 512 00:32:03,920 --> 00:32:08,640 Speaker 1: this point, skeletons are what's left to examine. Through DNA analysis, 513 00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:11,280 Speaker 1: the team found people who had died of plague in 514 00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:15,080 Speaker 1: individual graves in Cambridge and in the nearby village of Clopton, 515 00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,400 Speaker 1: rather than in a rushed mass burial that the Black 516 00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:22,520 Speaker 1: Death brings to mind. The studies lead author Craig Sesford 517 00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:26,320 Speaker 1: of the University of Cambridge said, quote, these individual burials 518 00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:29,960 Speaker 1: show that even during plague outbreaks, individual people were being 519 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: buried with considerable care and attention. And according to research 520 00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:39,280 Speaker 1: published in the journal Cell Reports in June, the oldest 521 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:43,800 Speaker 1: known strain of your Cinea pestis bacteria has been found 522 00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:47,640 Speaker 1: in the remains of a five thousand year old hunter gatherer. 523 00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:52,120 Speaker 1: This is two thousand years earlier than the previously believed 524 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,800 Speaker 1: first strain of the plague. It's not clear how the 525 00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:59,080 Speaker 1: disease presented itself in this person, but since there were 526 00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:02,920 Speaker 1: bacteria in his bloodstream, he probably died of it. There 527 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:06,120 Speaker 1: was no sign of plague in the remains of people 528 00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:09,040 Speaker 1: near him, which makes it seem as though this very 529 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:12,920 Speaker 1: early strain of plague was not particularly contagious. It may 530 00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:16,960 Speaker 1: have been contracted directly from a bite from an infected rodent. 531 00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:21,040 Speaker 1: And as a final kind of fun thing to end 532 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:26,040 Speaker 1: on the physical effects of two pointy shoes, researchers at 533 00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:29,840 Speaker 1: the University of Cambridge have concluded that wealthier medieval people's 534 00:33:29,920 --> 00:33:34,120 Speaker 1: love of very pointy toad shoes known as poulin led 535 00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:38,120 Speaker 1: them to develop bunyans, and among skeletons that showed evidence 536 00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:41,280 Speaker 1: of bunyan's, people were also more likely to have evidence 537 00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:44,920 Speaker 1: of a broken bone sustained in a fall. So this 538 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:48,400 Speaker 1: research involved the study of a hundred and seventies seven 539 00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:52,720 Speaker 1: skeletons buried in and around Cambridge, and the skeletons that 540 00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:55,960 Speaker 1: were dated from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, when 541 00:33:56,000 --> 00:34:00,240 Speaker 1: people's shoes had a relatively practical rounded toebox, on least 542 00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:04,000 Speaker 1: six percent of people had evidence of bunyans. But then 543 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:07,920 Speaker 1: in the fourteenth and fifteen centuries, when poule and popularity 544 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:11,640 Speaker 1: really hit its peaked, twenty seven percent of people had 545 00:34:11,680 --> 00:34:15,920 Speaker 1: evidence of bunyans, and this also varied by class. Only 546 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:19,840 Speaker 1: about three percent of skeletons in rural areas had bunyans, 547 00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:23,600 Speaker 1: but fort of people buried at the Friary did, nearly 548 00:34:23,640 --> 00:34:26,960 Speaker 1: half of whom were clergy, and it appears that clergy 549 00:34:27,040 --> 00:34:31,200 Speaker 1: were wearing fashionable pointy shoes in spite of laws forbidding 550 00:34:31,239 --> 00:34:34,319 Speaker 1: them from doing so. Listen I don't need this kind 551 00:34:34,360 --> 00:34:38,399 Speaker 1: of negativity of my life. I really don't. They are 552 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: extraordinarily pointy shoes, far pointier than any pointy shoes that 553 00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:48,720 Speaker 1: a person here in the US probably be wearing today. Uh. 554 00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:52,800 Speaker 1: That is our Unearthed except for these special Unearthed listener 555 00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:56,359 Speaker 1: mail that I have from Kayla. Kayla wrote to say, Hi, 556 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,520 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy. I wanted to start by letting you 557 00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:00,960 Speaker 1: know that I really enjoy your show. I listened when 558 00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:03,760 Speaker 1: I saw Crochet and even to help me fall asleep, 559 00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,600 Speaker 1: and I really mean that as a compliment. I am 560 00:35:06,640 --> 00:35:10,399 Speaker 1: an undergraduate student of anthropology focusing my work right now 561 00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:14,600 Speaker 1: on stable isotopes, specifically using them to learn more about 562 00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:17,920 Speaker 1: non human grade eights and other primates. I just finished 563 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:20,760 Speaker 1: your episode on hatchtep Suit and the Kingdom of Punt 564 00:35:21,239 --> 00:35:23,000 Speaker 1: I just started listening to your show, so I'm really 565 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:28,560 Speaker 1: far behind you. Briefly mentioned researchers using oxygen isotope ratios 566 00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,960 Speaker 1: from a mummified baboon to try to locate pot in. 567 00:35:32,960 --> 00:35:36,440 Speaker 1: After that specific episode came out, another study was published 568 00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:41,520 Speaker 1: do the same thing, this time using stronium stable isotopes instead. 569 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,239 Speaker 1: Stronium is located in bedrock and enters the body via 570 00:35:45,239 --> 00:35:48,640 Speaker 1: the food chain. You are what you eat. It's composition 571 00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:51,920 Speaker 1: barries depending on your geographic location. Thus it can be 572 00:35:52,040 --> 00:35:57,920 Speaker 1: used to trace migration patterns. Bioarchaeologist contest stronium isotope compositions 573 00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:01,040 Speaker 1: in tooth enamel, which has formed early in development and 574 00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:05,279 Speaker 1: can place the individual around their time of birth slash adolescents. 575 00:36:05,320 --> 00:36:08,880 Speaker 1: This can be compared to stronium isotope ratios in bone 576 00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:13,280 Speaker 1: and hair, which regenerate relatively frequently and that can therefore 577 00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:16,840 Speaker 1: place an individual near their time of death. In the 578 00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:21,760 Speaker 1: study I previously mentioned, anthropologists used stronium and oxygen stable 579 00:36:21,840 --> 00:36:25,760 Speaker 1: isotopes from baboons from the New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods 580 00:36:25,760 --> 00:36:29,200 Speaker 1: in ancient Egypt to try to locate pooped. One of 581 00:36:29,239 --> 00:36:33,360 Speaker 1: the baboon's stronium isotope ratios from its enamel that places 582 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:37,719 Speaker 1: its early life somewhere in present day Ethiopia, Air Trea, Jabouty, 583 00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:41,760 Speaker 1: and parts of Somalia and Yemen, while the austronium isotope 584 00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:44,520 Speaker 1: ratio in the bones revealed it had lived in Egypt 585 00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:47,440 Speaker 1: for years before its death. This study pretty much just 586 00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:51,680 Speaker 1: confirms previous works that place pooped near the Horn of Africa. 587 00:36:51,719 --> 00:36:53,359 Speaker 1: But I wanted to send the paper along to you 588 00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:56,640 Speaker 1: because it goes into the cultural significance of baboons in 589 00:36:56,719 --> 00:37:00,600 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptian culture burial context and has some beautifu images 590 00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:04,080 Speaker 1: of ancient Egyptian art and mummified baboons. I thought you'd 591 00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:06,920 Speaker 1: be interested in this, uh. And then Kayla attached the 592 00:37:06,960 --> 00:37:09,000 Speaker 1: PDF and said, thank you for the work you do 593 00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:12,120 Speaker 1: keeping people stories alive and for curing my insomnia at 594 00:37:12,120 --> 00:37:14,719 Speaker 1: the same time. Ha ha, take care best, Caleb. Thank 595 00:37:14,760 --> 00:37:17,960 Speaker 1: you so much, Kayleb for sending this. It's possible that 596 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:20,120 Speaker 1: this later came up on Unearthed on the show, but 597 00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:22,960 Speaker 1: I don't actually remember, and I really enjoyed getting this 598 00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:27,120 Speaker 1: email just as I was working on Unearthed. Also, honestly, 599 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:30,000 Speaker 1: I don't fault people for listening to the show to 600 00:37:30,040 --> 00:37:33,240 Speaker 1: fall asleep. Sometimes. I know for sure there are times 601 00:37:33,239 --> 00:37:35,759 Speaker 1: that I am doing something in my house and I'm 602 00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:39,080 Speaker 1: listening to podcasts and I realized what I'm really doing 603 00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:44,520 Speaker 1: is just having the cadence of people's voices keeping me company, 604 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:49,600 Speaker 1: rather than listening to what they're saying. Yeah, I definitely 605 00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:52,239 Speaker 1: grew up in in a TV house not a music house, 606 00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:54,080 Speaker 1: you know what I mean, where TV is the background, 607 00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:57,040 Speaker 1: and so for me, that's very very common, and it's 608 00:37:57,120 --> 00:37:59,760 Speaker 1: very very comforting and I love it. So if listen 609 00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:04,239 Speaker 1: anyway that our work helps anybody, I'm honored and delighted. Yep, 610 00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:08,120 Speaker 1: here for it. So thank you so much for that email. 611 00:38:08,719 --> 00:38:10,719 Speaker 1: If you would like to send us email, We're at 612 00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:14,040 Speaker 1: History Podcast at I heart radio dot com. We've had 613 00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:17,400 Speaker 1: a lot of people contacting us on social media recently 614 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:21,360 Speaker 1: asking how they can send topic suggestions and the answer 615 00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:24,359 Speaker 1: is the email address of History Podcast at I heeart 616 00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:27,560 Speaker 1: radio dot com. That is really the easiest place to 617 00:38:27,640 --> 00:38:31,279 Speaker 1: keep up with versus things like tweets that I've may 618 00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:34,960 Speaker 1: see but then never see again. Uh so History podcast 619 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,239 Speaker 1: that I heart radio dot com. We're also all over 620 00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:39,719 Speaker 1: social media I Missed in History. 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