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Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Stephanomics, the podcast that brings the

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Speaker 1: global economy to you. And one feature of the global

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Speaker 1: economy that's fairly new for anyone under the age of

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Speaker 1: forty is inflation. I've been talking to the Italian economist

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Speaker 1: Neurio Ribini, doctor Doom himself about the different forces that

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Speaker 1: are driving price is higher in Europe and the US,

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Speaker 1: and what the effort to control inflation will do to

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Speaker 1: the global economy. You can hear that chat in just

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Speaker 1: a few minutes. But first we're going to Italy, a

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Speaker 1: country once again cropping up in conversations about a possible

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Speaker 1: crisis in the Eurozone. Now you don't have to worry,

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Speaker 1: it's not happening yet, but there is a fear that

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Speaker 1: as interest rates go up across Europe that's still very

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Speaker 1: debt laid in economy will find it increasingly difficult to

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Speaker 1: make the sums add up. So it matters to all

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Speaker 1: of us if Italy can't grow fast enough to stay

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Speaker 1: on top of its accumulated debt in the years to come,

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Speaker 1: it's not going to grow much at all if it

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Speaker 1: can't coax more of its people back into work. Here

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Speaker 1: has Bloomberg's economy reporter in Rome, Alsanda Miliaccio mort Italy's

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Speaker 1: job market is currently very complex and it doesn't easily

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Speaker 1: allow you to return to work once you've exited. This

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Speaker 1: is very discouraging and really quite sad. That was bat

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Speaker 1: She might sound harmless enough, but the Governor of the

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Speaker 1: Bank of Italy believes she represents one of the biggest

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Speaker 1: threats facing the Italian economy, an army of people who

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Speaker 1: neither have a job nor are looking for one. In

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Speaker 1: early March, speaking in front of the country's economically in

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Speaker 1: the gold painted Shareholders Hall of the Bank of Italy,

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Speaker 1: Governor in Natio Vis offered a long list of problems

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Speaker 1: facing his country, but the most bleak was the two

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Speaker 1: point six million people available for employment but not searching

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Speaker 1: for jobs. That's more than the actual number of job seekers.

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Speaker 1: Policies for planning immgrestion flows, training intuition are lacking. The

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Speaker 1: labor market participation rate is among the lowest, especially in

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Speaker 1: southern Italy. Those figures said Italy apart from all its

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Speaker 1: European peers, even Spain, where there are more unemployed people

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Speaker 1: but almost all of them are actively seeking work. That

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Speaker 1: means there's huge potential in the economy that isn't being unlocked.

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Speaker 1: It also means productivity could improve, especially in the country's

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Speaker 1: southern regions, where unemployment figures are often double those on

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Speaker 1: the rest of Italy. In that same speech, Governor Visco

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Speaker 1: said the country needs to find solutions, particularly in light

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Speaker 1: of a population that is both aging and shrinking of

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Speaker 1: the phatoric train and overcoming the factors that in the

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Speaker 1: prolutivity growth has become even more necessary given the demographic

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Speaker 1: projections which point to a downward trend in the labor

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Speaker 1: force that can only partly be counted by an improvement

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Speaker 1: in the immigration balance and by an increase in labor

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Speaker 1: market participation. Most present projections show that over the next

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Speaker 1: fifteen years, the population aged fifteen to sixty four will

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Speaker 1: fall by percent, or about five million people, half of

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Speaker 1: wound in the south. Unlocking that job's potential trapped in

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Speaker 1: the inertia of the Eurozone's third biggest economy is key

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Speaker 1: to Italyast future prosperity. Some of the problems, the governor said,

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Speaker 1: is schooling and a low skilled labor force. According to

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Speaker 1: Andre Apprenticeship, professor of Innovation Management and rector of Lewis

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Speaker 1: Universe City in Rome, many people have absolute skills and

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Speaker 1: are not sure how to retrain themselves. He also believes

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Speaker 1: young people often don't have the right mindset they need

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Speaker 1: to learn how to learn in order to face a

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Speaker 1: rapidly changing world. I mean this is not just the

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Speaker 1: usual problem of market and demands, and also the idea

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Speaker 1: of throwing money at the issue do not address it fully.

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Speaker 1: So my understanding and fact my proposal will be to

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Speaker 1: rethink the way we to education, because since they know

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Speaker 1: the age of people will lengthen we need to make

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Speaker 1: sure that students and the phone people we learn to

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Speaker 1: learn new jobs. So a shift from content to methods

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Speaker 1: to learn new jobs and invent new ones, or at

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Speaker 1: least craft them. According to the Bagaries of the market.

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Speaker 1: Adapting to the changing labor market has been a challenge

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Speaker 1: for Beatrica, a forty nine year old who has struggled

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Speaker 1: to find a job since losing hers at an insurance

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Speaker 1: company in Rome during job cuts in two thousand eighteen.

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Speaker 1: Currently helping a friend with childcare, she says she may

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Speaker 1: try to return to the fray of seeking work later

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Speaker 1: this year. After the pandemic struck, it got harder to

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Speaker 1: find work at my skill level, and in the end

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Speaker 1: I ended up helping out a friend with her kids,

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Speaker 1: so I wasn't able to get back into the job market.

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Speaker 1: It's a pity because I have other abilities and think

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Speaker 1: it's a waste of both potential for me, because I

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Speaker 1: have a great desire to work and for the country.

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Speaker 1: Millions of people flocked to Italy at this time of

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Speaker 1: year to enjoy la dolce vita, whether it's closed, the cars,

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Speaker 1: the food. Probably no country has done a better job

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Speaker 1: of exporting its culture to the rest of the world.

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Speaker 1: But if it can't find a way to sell its

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Speaker 1: economy to its own city, isn't the next few years

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Speaker 1: are going to be bleak. Indeed, in Rome, I'm alissandremactual

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Speaker 1: form News. We have a few minutes now to discuss

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Speaker 1: Italy's plight with Rosam. She's an economist and lecturer in

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Speaker 1: public policy at Rome's Louis University and an advisor to

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Speaker 1: the O E c. D. Rosa, Maria, thank you very

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Speaker 1: much for joining us, and we heard they're about the

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Speaker 1: army of people in Italy who are of working age

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Speaker 1: but are not looking for work. Now, as you know,

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Speaker 1: there has been a lot of discussion in the US

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Speaker 1: and in Europe about the so called Great Resignation. How

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Speaker 1: much of this Italian problem is related to the COVID

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Speaker 1: pandemic and how much is due to more homegrown issues

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Speaker 1: in Italy. Thank you Stephanie for having me and for

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Speaker 1: discussing that is very interesting topic. The Great resignation vary

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Speaker 1: with something that's happening in Italy. But the problem of

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Speaker 1: high in activity in the labor market is a longstanding

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Speaker 1: problem and it's quite structural. But if you unpack this

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Speaker 1: very large number in Italy is the most reason that

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Speaker 1: I got from to thousand nineteen so well before COVID,

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Speaker 1: and we noticed that the largest percentage, like thirty eight

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Speaker 1: point three percent is people in education. And you will

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Speaker 1: consis think that a lot of people study in Italy.

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Speaker 1: But then if you then look at variables about tertiary

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Speaker 1: education attainment or pizza results for high school, it's actually

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Speaker 1: not the case. Italians don't obtain more degrees than other countries.

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Speaker 1: It's just that it takes longer. One of the reason

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Speaker 1: is that school ages later and you finish the legal

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Speaker 1: age of studying after and also university the way structured

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Speaker 1: encouraged staying more year in education, and so I think

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Speaker 1: there is a structural problem with the education system. The

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Speaker 1: second larger percentage of people who are not actively searching

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Speaker 1: for a job in Italy, it's because of family reason

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Speaker 1: and it's striking Italy. I think it's the lowest female

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Speaker 1: labor market participation in Europe. And as a recent MoMA

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Speaker 1: discussing with moms as well as a scholar, I realized

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Speaker 1: very deeply that is strongly related to the fact that

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Speaker 1: welfare in Italy strongly realized and privately family provided solutions

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Speaker 1: one of the lowest provision of child care services. So

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Speaker 1: getting a kid, especially if you live in the south

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Speaker 1: of Italy, really kicks you out of the market. Italy

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Speaker 1: is known for having an aging popular action and that

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Speaker 1: obviously affects the workforce directly because you have lots of

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Speaker 1: people retiring. But I guess there's also an indirect effect

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Speaker 1: because there's a lot of old people to look after. Yes,

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Speaker 1: there are more people to look after, so the elderly

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Speaker 1: who used to help families still do it a lot

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Speaker 1: in childcare now become part of the responsibilities of families

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Speaker 1: and that means usually of women that have to require

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Speaker 1: more flexible contracts and take less less our, bring less

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Speaker 1: hour into the job market, and that usually makes it

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Speaker 1: much harder for them to find the proper location and

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Speaker 1: find the sustainable job. You and I have both even

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Speaker 1: just to negotiate this this meeting, we've both had our

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Speaker 1: family negage obligations to navigate. So we understand that pretty well.

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Speaker 1: But does the government understand it? And people like the

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Speaker 1: Governor of the Bank of Italy understand that how you

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Speaker 1: could address this need for childcare? It sounds like more

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Speaker 1: than anything, so Italy is lacking behind and provide and

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Speaker 1: provision of childcare services. So and that's especially true in

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Speaker 1: southern part of Italy. And this is for more, let's say,

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Speaker 1: an adoptible discussion and some readings that by being a

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Speaker 1: mom and talking with other moms and even when they

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Speaker 1: can place their kids in childcare, which usually if public

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Speaker 1: close at four pm, that requires them to get a

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Speaker 1: part time or a quite flexible job. And that's not

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Speaker 1: the hr culture in Italy getting flexible jobs and not

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Speaker 1: I don't think even the COVID pandemic and all the

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Speaker 1: work from home solution has changed that. And also it's

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Speaker 1: a regulatory issue. We have a we are accountry with

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Speaker 1: very high taxes on income. So for somebody who hires

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Speaker 1: a person hiring a single person or two part time,

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Speaker 1: it's very different. It's a rigid market with very small firms,

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Speaker 1: so usually part time jobs are not offered very easily.

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Speaker 1: Even though recent governments have tried to improve the all

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Speaker 1: active labor market services with this cent ridicule. Loo comment

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Speaker 1: to hiring people to help unemployed people to get jobs,

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Speaker 1: the results are quite uh striking for their ineffectiveness. So

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Speaker 1: I will tell you this. This job when I was younger,

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Speaker 1: my dad so you should go and register to the

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Speaker 1: unemployment office. And I was okay, I mean I don't

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Speaker 1: really know why, but if you say this is something

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Speaker 1: I just finished school, I should go there. I went

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Speaker 1: there and I told them about myself. So what's your

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Speaker 1: qualification and I said, well, I'm an economist and they

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Speaker 1: were like, I don't know what to do with that.

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Speaker 1: That was just right. That so that's something whatever I

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Speaker 1: told them, Well you can see that they can make

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Speaker 1: it if there's a job opening for like that. They're

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Speaker 1: very very uneffective for these kind of jobs. Well, it

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Speaker 1: sounds like you get a particular perspective as an economist

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Speaker 1: from also living some of these situations. But I know

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Speaker 1: we're going to run out of time because your own

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Speaker 1: child is going to be coming back to the house.

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Speaker 1: So let me just ask you for people listening. We

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Speaker 1: often talk about because Italy has so much debt, and

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Speaker 1: people are starting to talk about, well, maybe it'll be

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Speaker 1: increasingly difficult for Italy to still service its debt pay

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Speaker 1: the interest on its debt because interesting rates are going up.

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Speaker 1: I don't want to get into all that, but if

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Speaker 1: there's not enough people willing to work who are inactive

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Speaker 1: in Italy, how does that hurt Italy's economic situation and

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Speaker 1: potentially make it harder for the government to deal with

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Speaker 1: higher interest rate? What's the cost for the economy and

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Speaker 1: for growth. Well, I always think as a GDP as

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Speaker 1: the income of a family or a very large family.

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Speaker 1: If my income keeps shrinking, and of course I will

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Speaker 1: not be able to repay my mortgage. So this is

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Speaker 1: pretty much the situation in Italy. But I just want

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Speaker 1: to make one point. I really don't think that Italian

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Speaker 1: people who are inactive don't want to work. I think

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Speaker 1: they are not in the position to work. I think

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Speaker 1: the Italian economic system is not able to accommodate and

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Speaker 1: give them a job, so they don't even botter registering

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Speaker 1: to the unemployment office. So because they know that it's

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Speaker 1: not going to be there, and they try informal ways

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Speaker 1: that they don't get there. And this is not sustainable

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Speaker 1: in the long term because basically you're taking off all

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Speaker 1: these energy and creativity and ability and getting get stay

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Speaker 1: stale and cold, and they're not going to be able

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Speaker 1: to contribute to what this country needs to go back

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Speaker 1: and to go back to a future of growth. And

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Speaker 1: you know, Italy has been stagnating for decades now and

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Speaker 1: the only solution is from the people. So we have

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Speaker 1: to find a solution that I think that our political

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Speaker 1: leaders need to find a way to understand what in

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Speaker 1: our institutional framework is letting all these energy and creativity

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Speaker 1: being chained and wasted instead of literally used. We mentioned

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Speaker 1: at the end of the piece because it's an interesting

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Speaker 1: puzzle for people in the rest of the world that

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Speaker 1: if you look, there's so much about Italian culture and

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Speaker 1: food that has taken over the world. You know, a

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Speaker 1: cappuccinos and uh, we aspire to kind of Italian standards

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Speaker 1: of design and the cars and adult vita and everyone

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Speaker 1: wants to go there on holiday, and yet somehow the

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Speaker 1: country has not managed to capture the benefits of that

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Speaker 1: global success in all its ideas. Isn't out of There's

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Speaker 1: also about companies seeing that potential that you're talking about,

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Speaker 1: that sort of on the sidelines, not able to be

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Speaker 1: playing an active part in the economation. Shouldn't some of

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Speaker 1: these fantastic Italian companies be finding a way to employ

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Speaker 1: these people. I think that there is definitely a weakness

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Speaker 1: in the industrial structure of Italy and many firms are

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Speaker 1: too small to be updated, usually family runs, so they

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Speaker 1: don't have any managerial real managerial qualification, and that affects growth,

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Speaker 1: of course. But then as policy alious, you have to

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Speaker 1: step back and ask why Italian firms are not competing anymore,

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Speaker 1: are not growing anymore like they used to do in

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Speaker 1: the sixties and in the boom area. And as you

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Speaker 1: as you might know, Italy is one of the few

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Speaker 1: countries in which salaries are getting smaller instead of increasing

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Speaker 1: over time. And this is not because each worker is

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Speaker 1: paid less, just because Italian firm used to be on

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Speaker 1: the edge of the frontier of international competition. Now they

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Speaker 1: are shifting to business sectors that are less attractive, less innovative,

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Speaker 1: and can provide lower wages. And so definitely I think

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Speaker 1: there's a lacking of entrepreneurial and managerial current and ability

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Speaker 1: to grow. You're making the example of the cappuccino, but

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Speaker 1: the Italian style coffee has been made very popular in

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Speaker 1: the world by Starbucks, not by an Italian company who

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Speaker 1: then went back to meet to Milan and built a

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Speaker 1: museum of coffee. But that's pretty much it. Tall is

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Speaker 1: very beautiful to be in vacational. It seems like I

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Speaker 1: cannot be working on their owner. Thank you so much,

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Speaker 1: Rosa Maria. That's been wonderful. Now, something else that Italy

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Speaker 1: has been quite good at exporting to the rest of

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Speaker 1: world is economist Mario Drug was an export that went home.

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Speaker 1: Rabini still roams the world and is probably almost as

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Speaker 1: famous for his gloomy but often preseent analysis of what's

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Speaker 1: going on in the world. I had a conversation with

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Speaker 1: New Real at the catar Economic Forum the other day.

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Speaker 1: Here are the highlights we are seeing and experiencing something

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Speaker 1: we haven't experienced at least in many of the developed

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Speaker 1: economies for a long time inflation, significant inflation, and we're

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Speaker 1: using a phrase or a word that we haven't used

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Speaker 1: also for a long time stag inflation. So new Rabini.

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Speaker 1: You're not always known for your optimism about the global economy,

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Speaker 1: but listening to an interview you gave this morning, you

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Speaker 1: seem not just long term gloomy but short term gloomy.

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Speaker 1: You think we're headed inevitably for a recession. So I

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Speaker 1: guess my first question to you is is a hard

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Speaker 1: landing now inevitable? And if so, when did we go

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Speaker 1: past the point of no return? When did you think, oh,

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Speaker 1: this isn't going to end well. Well, people and myself

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Speaker 1: were old enough remember than d in seventies when you

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Speaker 1: had two major all sharks. They were in seventy three

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Speaker 1: between Israel and Arab States, and then in seventy these

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Speaker 1: labing revolution in Iran. They led to oil embargo, spike

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Speaker 1: in all prices, high inflation, and recession. And I think,

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Speaker 1: unfortunately this time around, we have both the man factors

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Speaker 1: and supply factors that are causing stagflation and high inflation.

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Speaker 1: On the the men side, of course, we had loose

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Speaker 1: monitor and physical policies during COVID with excess savings are

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Speaker 1: now leading to pend up demand, But there were a

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Speaker 1: series of negative supply shocks, first impact of COVID lockdown,

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Speaker 1: the inductual supply of labor plobal supply chain prob limbs,

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Speaker 1: but easy with also to other negative supply sharks, the

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Speaker 1: brutal Russian invasion of Ukraine, rising energy prices, food fertilizers,

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Speaker 1: and industrial metals. And now the zero COVID policy of

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Speaker 1: China's leading to slow down growth of China and further

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Speaker 1: bottlenecks on the global supply. So we have a situation

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Speaker 1: similar to the seven is excessive agree demand and negative

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Speaker 1: supply sharks. Now, central banks hope that they can raise

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Speaker 1: rates just enough to slow down economy to bring back

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Speaker 1: inflation to but the history of the last forty years

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Speaker 1: suggests that whenever at least in the US inflation is

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Speaker 1: above five percent and right now is eight and a half,

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Speaker 1: and when unemployment is below five percent right now is

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Speaker 1: three and a half, any attempt by the Fed to

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Speaker 1: essentially raise rates to fight inflation causes a hard landing

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Speaker 1: rather than a soft landing. That's why my baseline scenario

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Speaker 1: right now is of hard landing for the US for

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Speaker 1: the Eurozone, for the UK and most advanced economies. Well,

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Speaker 1: I was going to ask you quickly about that. So

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Speaker 1: as far as your concern, the recession that we would

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Speaker 1: see in the US will inevitably be followed by or

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Speaker 1: come with the recession elsewhere. Well, it's gonna be followed

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Speaker 1: by recession elsewhere for two series of reasons. First of all,

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Speaker 1: when the US needs is the rest of the world

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Speaker 1: that gets it, called US is large enough that what

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Speaker 1: happens economically, as in terms of financial markets in US

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Speaker 1: that affects the global economy to the same factors that

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Speaker 1: are leading to recession US are occurring also in the Eurozone, Europe,

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Speaker 1: and the United Kingdom. If anything, Actually, I would say

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Speaker 1: Europe is more exposed to Russia in terms of energy.

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Speaker 1: Europe is more exposed to the slow that of China,

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Speaker 1: given trade with China, the US falling in value and

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Speaker 1: that inflationary and the recovery of Europe was more annavy

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Speaker 1: than the United States. So in some sense, Europe, Eurozone

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Speaker 1: and UK has fragile, if not more fragile then the

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Speaker 1: United States. We have some understanding about what the FED

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Speaker 1: is going to do. But would you say that Europe

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Speaker 1: potentially has more or less room in terms of the

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Speaker 1: central bank response. I mean they don't face the same

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Speaker 1: kind of demand issue. Well. In terms of levels of

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Speaker 1: inflation rates, the levels in the Eurozone right now are

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Speaker 1: as eyes the United States. Um in the UK is

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Speaker 1: even worse than that. Among advanced economy is the only

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Speaker 1: one that has much lower inflation is still Japan. That

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Speaker 1: explains why the BOJ policy is very different. And it's

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Speaker 1: true that the nature of inflation and Europe may be

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Speaker 1: slightly different. More exposure to energy and Russia more of

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Speaker 1: headline inflation rather than core because of that, slightly less

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Speaker 1: strong wage dynamics, more supply shocks rather than aggregate am shocks.

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Speaker 1: But in a world where you have this stack fraationary shock,

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Speaker 1: whether you're the Fed, d c B, the b O A,

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Speaker 1: SMB R, r b A, you name it, you're in

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Speaker 1: trouble because whenever you have the stacflationary shocks, inflation is higher,

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Speaker 1: growth is lower. If you care about inflation and not

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Speaker 1: the anchoring inflation expectation, you have to exit and normalize

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Speaker 1: sooner and faster. But that increases the risk of a

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Speaker 1: hard learning and if instead you care also, but economic

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Speaker 1: growth and you'll normalize more slowly. Then the risk is

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Speaker 1: that you're gonna have the anchoring of inflation expectation, and

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Speaker 1: whether the shock is supply or the man, in some

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Speaker 1: sense it doesn't matter even in the presence of a

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Speaker 1: supply shock, like we learned from the seventies, if you

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Speaker 1: don't fight inflation, inflation expectation getting the anchored, and you

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Speaker 1: end up with stackflation, not just with inflation but also recession.

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Speaker 1: And I would say U D C B is as

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Speaker 1: much in a pickle as the FED given the exposure

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Speaker 1: to Rush, are given exposure to China, given the more

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Speaker 1: an emic recovery, given that the US falling in value,

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Speaker 1: and therefor you're gonna have more important inflation. So the

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Speaker 1: problems are similar. And when you think about the sort

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Speaker 1: of global knock on effects of this, or we would

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Speaker 1: call it the spillovers we had years after the global

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Speaker 1: financial crisis where we talked about currency wars, and the

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Speaker 1: game in currency wars to was to depreciate your currency

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Speaker 1: and try and import some inflation because inflation was too low.

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Speaker 1: What's the risk now or how much are we already

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Speaker 1: seeing the reverse of that? The stronger the US in

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Speaker 1: effect trying to export inflation through a stronger dollar. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: as stronger dollar implies that inflation is higher in Europe,

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Speaker 1: is the inflation is higher in other advanced economies. More importantly,

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Speaker 1: inflation is also much higher in emerging markets. We're spoken

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Speaker 1: about advanced economies about in some sense the situation of

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Speaker 1: emerging market is more difficult. Of course, you have to

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Speaker 1: make a caveat there are some emerging markets that are

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Speaker 1: energy and or commodity exporters. Those are doing well, like

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Speaker 1: in the region that there are some emerging markets that

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Speaker 1: have stronger macroeconomic fundamentals with lower inflation. But you know,

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Speaker 1: the typical em that is net commoted importer. Now it's

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Speaker 1: facing raising rates in the United States with weakening of

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Speaker 1: their currencies. That lead is too higher inflation and with

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Speaker 1: higher borrowing costs. It has in terms of trade shock

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Speaker 1: because especially in Asia, but also in many other emerging markets,

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Speaker 1: there are net commodity importers, and for them, the rise

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Speaker 1: in energy, food fertilized and that the metal is a

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Speaker 1: major economic shock. Of course, if you're in very poor countries,

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Speaker 1: you get to the point in which they have to

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Speaker 1: worry about hunger, if not famines like in Sub Saudan Africa.

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Speaker 1: And the third shock for emerging market is the slow

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Speaker 1: down of China that is now significantly also affecting negatively

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Speaker 1: especial economic growth in Asia that is connected to the

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Speaker 1: glo sub black chains of of China. So you got

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Speaker 1: the fat shock, you get the dollar shock, you get

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Speaker 1: the terms of straight shock, you get the China shock.

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Speaker 1: So that's why folks at the World Bank of the

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Speaker 1: MF say, for many emergent markets of poor country this

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Speaker 1: is not a COVID recession, is a near depression that

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Speaker 1: they have to worry about. I knew we're going to

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Speaker 1: run out of time, but you have spoken quite a

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Speaker 1: lot about crypto in the past, and I was interested

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Speaker 1: given it's been a pretty turbulent ride for a lot

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Speaker 1: of the crypto occurrencies in the last few months. How

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Speaker 1: how are you looking at the the future? Was it

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Speaker 1: a fat or is it the future? Or are you

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Speaker 1: changing your view? Well, from the peak of the last November,

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Speaker 1: Bitcoin has lost about of its value. Other cryptocurrency have

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Speaker 1: lost eight of them. You know that study suggest that

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Speaker 1: of all I c o s were scams of one

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Speaker 1: sort or another. I think, however, the most important point

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Speaker 1: is that calling cryptocurrencies currencies is a missnumber. Anybody who

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Speaker 1: knows about monetary theory and policy like his excellency, and

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Speaker 1: knows that for something to be money, orcurrency is to

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Speaker 1: be unit of account. Nothing is a price, and bitcoin

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Speaker 1: it has to be a scalable um means of payment.

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Speaker 1: With bitcoin you can do seven transactions for cycles. With

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Speaker 1: the Visa network you can make fifty. It has to

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Speaker 1: be a stable store of value. Here you have an

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Speaker 1: asset can go up and downe in value overnight by

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Speaker 1: not even crypt or conforences accept big one as a

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Speaker 1: means of payment or a store of value and has

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Speaker 1: to be a single numera so you can price the

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Speaker 1: raty price of goods and services. If every good and

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Speaker 1: services different talken, it's like going back to barter, or

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Speaker 1: you cannot even see their realty price. So calling them

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Speaker 1: currencies is really a missnumber. But if it was a misunderstanding,

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Speaker 1: what's happened in the last few months of people will

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Speaker 1: people come to their sense? Is do you think, well,

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Speaker 1: there was a huge bible, there was a fear of

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Speaker 1: missing out, there were ponds of schemes, many people about

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Speaker 1: their peak, and now they've lost effortune whether in the

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Speaker 1: cryptocurrency crypto assets defiance on I think that's in this space.

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Speaker 1: If you want stuff that's going to be not vapor,

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Speaker 1: where you need to find asset back tokens on one

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Speaker 1: sort or another that are backed by real assets or

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Speaker 1: financial assets. Otherwise those that are based on essentially vapor

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Speaker 1: where are going to be disappearing over time. I hesitate

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Speaker 1: to ask this final question to you, Nual, but I

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Speaker 1: was looking at my notes, and the last time we spoke,

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Speaker 1: which was more or less in the middle of COVID,

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Speaker 1: you were predicting that there would be some inflation coming

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Speaker 1: out of COVID that would cause policy mistakes and you

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Speaker 1: would then have a ten year depression in most of

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Speaker 1: the world economy. People take, are we more or less

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Speaker 1: on course for that or can we expect something lightly better? UM.

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Speaker 1: I certainly worry about stack fish in the short run.

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Speaker 1: But the thing that the factors that might lead into

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Speaker 1: mediocre growth are not just short term. If you look

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Speaker 1: at medium term, there whole series of other negative supply shocks.

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Speaker 1: We have the globalization and protection is we're restoring of

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Speaker 1: manufacturing from low cost by cost. You have aging of populations,

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Speaker 1: You have a restriction to migration. You have this decoupling

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Speaker 1: between US and China. You have global climate change in

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Speaker 1: many channels is stactulationally reducing growth and increasing cost of production.

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Speaker 1: You have unfortunately recurrent pandemics. You have cyber warfare. You

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Speaker 1: have a backlash against income and wealth inequality. You have

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Speaker 1: the weaponization of the US dollar. These are all factors

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Speaker 1: that are not short term, that over time may reduce growth,

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Speaker 1: increase cost of production and being stag fationary. So unless

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Speaker 1: we're addressed this issue, we could end up not with

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Speaker 1: a mild recession about something more like depression. We've inflation,

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Speaker 1: men get deeper, slack inflation redes Yes, ladies and gentlemen,

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Speaker 1: dr do thank you very much. Well, that's it for

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Speaker 1: this episode of Stephanomics. Will be back next week, but

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Speaker 1: in the meantime, do please rate the show if you

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00:29:22,760 --> 00:29:25,360
Speaker 1: like it, and check out the Bloomberg News website for

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00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:28,640
Speaker 1: more economic news and views on the global economy. You

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00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:32,480
Speaker 1: can also follow at economics on Twitter. This episode was

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00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:35,360
Speaker 1: produced by Summer Sadi and Young Young, with special thanks

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00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:39,760
Speaker 1: to Nuriel Roubini, the Catar Economic Forum, Rosa Mariaetti and

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00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:45,080
Speaker 1: Alessandra Meliaccio. Mike Sasso is the executive producer of Stephanomics

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Speaker 1: THO