1 00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:09,840 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm 2 00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology 3 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:16,479 Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology, and today on the show, we're talking 4 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:19,560 Speaker 1: about animals who can rebuild themselves like some kind of 5 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:25,320 Speaker 1: tea one thousand. I'm talking self decapitation, magical dolphin healing, 6 00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: and the incredible regeneration that's happening inside our very own bodies. 7 00:00:30,840 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: Discover this more as we answer the angel question why 8 00:00:34,080 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: can't we be parts? Salamander Joining me today is a 9 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:40,960 Speaker 1: TV writer whose articles and columns have been featured in 10 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:44,200 Speaker 1: The New Yorker Guardian and l A Times, who also 11 00:00:44,240 --> 00:00:50,720 Speaker 1: writes on some show called Some More News. Dave Schilling, Hello, Wow, 12 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:53,600 Speaker 1: what a delightful intro. I always try to complement the 13 00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:56,920 Speaker 1: hosts on their intro because it sets the tone of 14 00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: congeniality and friendships that I like to in gender one 15 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:02,360 Speaker 1: I go on a podcast, thank you all artificial, I'll 16 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: just sort of a baby welcome down Hollywood. All. Just 17 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:13,920 Speaker 1: just peel my face off. Damn it, I knew it. Yeah, well, no, 18 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:18,160 Speaker 1: thank you very much. It's it's a treat to have 19 00:01:18,280 --> 00:01:21,119 Speaker 1: you on here, because we are talking about animals who 20 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:26,919 Speaker 1: can regenerate themselves, which is inspired by a news story 21 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: I saw about a cea slug, which I love it 22 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:33,280 Speaker 1: when there's nature news and it's just like, hey, look 23 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:35,480 Speaker 1: at this cea slug. It's headless, and it's like, yes, 24 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:38,160 Speaker 1: you've got me, You've got me right where you want me. 25 00:01:39,160 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: I'm intrigued immediately. Yeah, It's like I normally kind of 26 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:46,119 Speaker 1: recoil at clickbait, but when it's when it's like, yeah, 27 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:48,400 Speaker 1: check out this headless sea slug, I'm like, yeah, no, 28 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,120 Speaker 1: I'll do it. It's moving around. That's good. I'm clicking 29 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:54,600 Speaker 1: on that for sure. Well I am the opposite, and 30 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:58,160 Speaker 1: in that I see it and I say, no, thank you. Uh, 31 00:01:58,200 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: it's enough that you've described a ce cea slug without 32 00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:04,000 Speaker 1: a head. I don't need to see it. I know 33 00:02:04,040 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: what it looks like, and it's not for me. I 34 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:11,440 Speaker 1: can paint a mental picture of it. Right. What is 35 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:14,919 Speaker 1: your relationship with with squiggly animals? Not not a big fan. 36 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:18,240 Speaker 1: This is a great question. And when I told my 37 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: girlfriend I was coming on this show, she said, you 38 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:24,480 Speaker 1: hate animals, and I'm I guess you're right. I do 39 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:29,840 Speaker 1: hate animals. I don't dislike them that strongly. But I 40 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:32,239 Speaker 1: was never an animal person because I didn't have pets 41 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,280 Speaker 1: growing up, which is strange because I grew up in 42 00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:40,240 Speaker 1: one of the more rural and and uh agrarian parts 43 00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:44,960 Speaker 1: of California. This little town calledmer said, everybody understood farming 44 00:02:45,040 --> 00:02:47,440 Speaker 1: and did four h and you know that was part 45 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:50,320 Speaker 1: of the culture. I was just I wanted nothing to 46 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 1: do with it. They smell bad, they lick you, uh, 47 00:02:54,080 --> 00:02:56,960 Speaker 1: you know, they pissed wherever they want. I don't have that. 48 00:02:57,120 --> 00:02:59,560 Speaker 1: I don't have those liberties that I can take where 49 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: I can. Just jealous, So you're just jealous a little bit. Yeah, 50 00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:07,320 Speaker 1: imagine if you could just kind of wander the earth, 51 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:14,120 Speaker 1: grazing off of the land, defecating wherever you please, not 52 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:19,280 Speaker 1: having to work, not having to fill out unemployment insurance forms, 53 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:23,320 Speaker 1: not having to put gas in your gas tank. You just, 54 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:27,960 Speaker 1: you know, amble down the road eating grass. I mean, 55 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:32,600 Speaker 1: you occasionally get slaughtered by some kind of predator, but 56 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:34,680 Speaker 1: I think it's worth it to not have to fill 57 00:03:34,720 --> 00:03:38,720 Speaker 1: out forms, to never deal with bureaucracy again, and just 58 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,240 Speaker 1: occasionally get murdered by a lion. Yeah, let me think 59 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,360 Speaker 1: about this. What I prefer the abattoir or the d 60 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 1: m V. I'm taking the roasted the TMB. I bet 61 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:58,880 Speaker 1: they never saw that coming. No, this is the first 62 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:05,800 Speaker 1: time anybody's ever maligned the DMV. Shocking, George Carlin level groundbreaking, 63 00:04:05,880 --> 00:04:10,680 Speaker 1: you were a serbic satire. It'll be like one of 64 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:13,400 Speaker 1: those fun things like with a podcast where you have 65 00:04:13,480 --> 00:04:16,280 Speaker 1: the Gift on and you're just like constantly grossing them 66 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:18,840 Speaker 1: out and they're not having a good time, but we 67 00:04:18,839 --> 00:04:21,440 Speaker 1: we all we all share a good laugh. Yeah. I'd 68 00:04:21,480 --> 00:04:23,880 Speaker 1: say one of my favorite podcasts is when they don't 69 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:28,200 Speaker 1: have a good time, when when the guests is visibly 70 00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:33,040 Speaker 1: sick and iwice is like trying to navigate their psychosis. 71 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:36,120 Speaker 1: That's my favorite. Right when the gift is nauseous the 72 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:40,000 Speaker 1: whole time. That's that's the sort of or the the 73 00:04:40,120 --> 00:04:43,160 Speaker 1: environment I'm trying to cultivate on this podcast. Isn't that 74 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:45,920 Speaker 1: what Joe Rogan does? Oh? You know, I don't know 75 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:54,080 Speaker 1: if that's intentional, but another one man, Joe Rogan, He's 76 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: like the d m V of podcasts. Am I right? 77 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:00,520 Speaker 1: I hope that I hope that I learn and something 78 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:03,760 Speaker 1: today I might not revel in it. The way that 79 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:06,680 Speaker 1: you will. But I want to learn something. And I 80 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:11,080 Speaker 1: think as long as we're both open to learning, both 81 00:05:11,120 --> 00:05:13,560 Speaker 1: going to be happy people. Yes, I think that, And 82 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: this is a good message for the listeners to, like, 83 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:19,719 Speaker 1: we're gonna we're gonna learn some stuff about animals. Listen, 84 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:22,880 Speaker 1: you don't have to like the idea of self decapitation. 85 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:27,320 Speaker 1: I'm not trying to get you to like be calm 86 00:05:27,360 --> 00:05:31,280 Speaker 1: about self decapitation, but to understand it more, you know, 87 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:35,440 Speaker 1: to get to know. I think understanding something makes us 88 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:38,480 Speaker 1: less afraid. So if you if I'm saying, you know, hey, 89 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:41,200 Speaker 1: look at this animal pulls off its own head and 90 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:45,480 Speaker 1: keeps on living. Your first reaction might be terror, But 91 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:51,880 Speaker 1: let's let's have that reaction turn into understanding and knowledge, empathy, 92 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:55,200 Speaker 1: empathize with this creature. Right right when a little girl 93 00:05:55,320 --> 00:05:58,120 Speaker 1: like has her head do a three hundred sixty degree 94 00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:01,440 Speaker 1: turn and then says like, I want to play with me, 95 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: Like I think you need to learn, Like, do play 96 00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:06,520 Speaker 1: with her? Find out like, you know, just explore the 97 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:11,600 Speaker 1: world around you. Yeah, she's literally just asking to connect's. 98 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: She doesn't necessarily want to kill you, Yeah, like you 99 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:16,680 Speaker 1: just want to that kid in the shining with such 100 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:18,839 Speaker 1: a snob. These little girls ask them to come play 101 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:21,240 Speaker 1: with them. It's like, you know, they're like and play 102 00:06:21,279 --> 00:06:25,159 Speaker 1: with us forever. That's awesome. Todd Browning's freaks one of us. 103 00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:29,239 Speaker 1: They wanted to have a little gang, a little friends, 104 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:31,720 Speaker 1: so fun, fun times. So we're gonna have fun times 105 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:35,239 Speaker 1: with self decapitating sea slugs is the point. So self 106 00:06:35,279 --> 00:06:39,040 Speaker 1: decapitating sea Slug. I feel like every topic on this 107 00:06:39,160 --> 00:06:42,520 Speaker 1: show sounds like a good metal band name, and it 108 00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: just is a rule like it always it always happens. 109 00:06:45,920 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: So yeah, self decapitating c slug good metal band name. 110 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 1: We've actually talked about plenaryans on the show, which is 111 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:56,240 Speaker 1: a type of flatworm that can regenerate itself if you 112 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:58,360 Speaker 1: chop it up into little pieces. So if you chop 113 00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 1: off its head or cut it in half into little pieces, 114 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:03,520 Speaker 1: like Gordon Ramsey could just go to town on one 115 00:07:03,560 --> 00:07:07,120 Speaker 1: of those things and it would keep regrowing itself. Just 116 00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: pretty great. Um. But the discovery of the sea slug 117 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:14,680 Speaker 1: is unique in that it it actually it's not just 118 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:20,160 Speaker 1: that it regenerates it self decapitates. It decapitates itself, which 119 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:23,400 Speaker 1: kind of sounds like a weird sea slug fetish um, 120 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:27,400 Speaker 1: but apparently it's not um. So first I want to 121 00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:30,520 Speaker 1: thank New York Times science writer Annie Roth for her 122 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:36,960 Speaker 1: amazing article on this subject. So researchers discovered this self 123 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:43,120 Speaker 1: decapitation habit in lab raised Elisia marginata, which is a 124 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:46,120 Speaker 1: green and orange sea slug that looks kind of like 125 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:51,120 Speaker 1: a wavy, succulent plant. I actually originally misread its scientific 126 00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: name as margarita because it kind of looks like a 127 00:07:53,880 --> 00:07:57,040 Speaker 1: margarita to me. It's like green and it's like a 128 00:07:57,240 --> 00:07:59,920 Speaker 1: like sort of pink or orange e pink on the rims, 129 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:02,760 Speaker 1: so it's like it's like a refreshing Margarita's it's it's 130 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 1: covered in salt. I think that would be bad for 131 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: although it is a cease look, so it is naturally covered. 132 00:08:09,640 --> 00:08:11,520 Speaker 1: Insult if you have if you have three of them, 133 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:14,440 Speaker 1: your pants just fall off. You know, it's just like 134 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:19,960 Speaker 1: a margarita. Anyway, Um, this guy, why does he do this? 135 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 1: Why does he take his head off? That is an 136 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,000 Speaker 1: excellent question. Here's a question, like if you had the 137 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:29,240 Speaker 1: power to take off your own head just for you know, 138 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:31,880 Speaker 1: like would like would you? I mean, it wouldn't hurt you, 139 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:34,320 Speaker 1: like you wouldn't die, but you could do that. Would 140 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: that be a fun superpower to have? Or would you 141 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:41,560 Speaker 1: just pass on that? I don't know what I would 142 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: do with that super volleyball. Uh yeah, walk around the 143 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 1: grove and freak people out it. Maybe you hide your 144 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:57,559 Speaker 1: head in in a closet and then you can observe 145 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:02,120 Speaker 1: other people doing things like you know, you can be 146 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:05,120 Speaker 1: a voideur of a sort like the Invisible Man, but 147 00:09:05,160 --> 00:09:10,480 Speaker 1: it's your head. Um you could you could, uh you know, 148 00:09:10,559 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: put your head in uh in like a like the 149 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 1: an office of a movie studio, and you can get 150 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:18,640 Speaker 1: a bunch of spoilers the latest Marvel film. I don't 151 00:09:18,679 --> 00:09:20,520 Speaker 1: think I would want to do that though, because then 152 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:24,800 Speaker 1: where could I go when my head was off, um, nowhere, 153 00:09:25,559 --> 00:09:30,240 Speaker 1: because I don't have a head. So self defeating and 154 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:34,120 Speaker 1: self decapitating. Self defeating and self decapitating. Yeah, I mean 155 00:09:34,360 --> 00:09:37,280 Speaker 1: though for me, if like I could just set my 156 00:09:37,320 --> 00:09:40,199 Speaker 1: head up in front of the microphone and continue to 157 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 1: podcast where my like, let my body roam around the 158 00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:48,200 Speaker 1: apartment bonk into things, maybe like put some like food 159 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:50,240 Speaker 1: down my neck hole, you know what I mean. Like 160 00:09:50,280 --> 00:09:52,840 Speaker 1: it seems you know, I can take a nice nap 161 00:09:52,920 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: right now, Yeah, take a nap with my body and 162 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:58,800 Speaker 1: fold some laundry while I'm doing podcasts. Oh, I should 163 00:09:58,880 --> 00:10:03,040 Speaker 1: fold laundry while I'm to podcast just with my normal body. Yeah. 164 00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,200 Speaker 1: But what if, like you need to hit the stop 165 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:10,319 Speaker 1: button on the record or something, you call your body 166 00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:12,600 Speaker 1: over and your body is like nah, I'm taking it out. 167 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:15,960 Speaker 1: But yeah, so your question is a very good Why 168 00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:18,800 Speaker 1: would a ce slug want to self decapitate doesn't want 169 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: to spook its friends? Well they looked into this, and 170 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: there's actually something called self amputation or autonomy in other animals. 171 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:31,560 Speaker 1: So lizards will detach their tails and it's often used 172 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:35,520 Speaker 1: as a self defense mechanism. So if the lizard gives 173 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:39,000 Speaker 1: the predator the tail and escapes, she lost her tail, 174 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:41,760 Speaker 1: but she keeps her life and it's a good trade. 175 00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:48,520 Speaker 1: But this habit of voluntarily amputating your whole body is new. 176 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:52,600 Speaker 1: And what's even more interesting is that like these specimens 177 00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,160 Speaker 1: they saw doing this were in a lab, they weren't 178 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:58,079 Speaker 1: being pursued by a predator. So what was going on? 179 00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 1: So the restart True started studying the sea slugs self decapitations, 180 00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:04,920 Speaker 1: because that's what do you do as a research. If 181 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:07,120 Speaker 1: you find an animal in your lab is cutting off 182 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:09,920 Speaker 1: its own head, you're like, Okay, you know, I guess 183 00:11:09,960 --> 00:11:13,240 Speaker 1: we got to look into this now. So their research 184 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:17,520 Speaker 1: seems to indicate that the self decapitations are a purposeful 185 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:21,000 Speaker 1: way for the sea slugs to ditch their bodies when 186 00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 1: they become infected with parasites, which, oh, okay, this makes sense. Yeah, 187 00:11:28,080 --> 00:11:32,600 Speaker 1: I get it. I actually, if I became infected with parasites, 188 00:11:32,720 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 1: I think I would want to just get rid of 189 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: my old body and grow a whole new one, you 190 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:40,120 Speaker 1: know what I mean. Like I've done I find like 191 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:41,880 Speaker 1: like you have tape worms. It's like, all right, we 192 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:45,360 Speaker 1: gotta just like that's it. I would do that if 193 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:48,000 Speaker 1: I had like really bad gas, right, just get rid 194 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,760 Speaker 1: of the whole body, get a new another body. Uh. 195 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:55,560 Speaker 1: I did think of one excellent use of self decapitation. 196 00:11:56,520 --> 00:12:01,320 Speaker 1: Let's say in the near future, when it's possible, you're 197 00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:04,920 Speaker 1: at a party and you're hanging out and you know, 198 00:12:05,080 --> 00:12:09,040 Speaker 1: having to drink or eating some snacks or like hanging 199 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:13,280 Speaker 1: by the ox cable and picking the songs because you're antisocial. 200 00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:18,680 Speaker 1: Somebody comes by and says, oh, I'd like to talk 201 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:23,199 Speaker 1: to this person because they're interesting or cute or whatever. Well, 202 00:12:23,720 --> 00:12:27,080 Speaker 1: if you want to get rid of a pesky party 203 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: guest who is hassling you or is inane or boring 204 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:37,600 Speaker 1: or offensive, instead of you know, just being rude, you 205 00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:40,960 Speaker 1: pop that old head off and freak them out. They're like, 206 00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:42,920 Speaker 1: I want to talk to somebody without a head, and 207 00:12:42,960 --> 00:12:45,079 Speaker 1: then they scamper away and then you pop the head 208 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: back on. All right, that person hit the bricks and 209 00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:51,000 Speaker 1: you're good to go. Yeah. No, I do like that. 210 00:12:51,080 --> 00:12:55,200 Speaker 1: I like the escape sort of in your scenario. It's 211 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,320 Speaker 1: similar to autonomy and nature because they do it to 212 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:02,120 Speaker 1: escape predation, and in this scenario, you do it to 213 00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:06,000 Speaker 1: escape an awkward situation. I think I would probably set 214 00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:09,240 Speaker 1: up like one of those little miniature basketball hoops in 215 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:12,480 Speaker 1: my apartment or wherever, like the trash can hoops where 216 00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:14,040 Speaker 1: you throw the trash in and it goes into a 217 00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:17,400 Speaker 1: little bucket, but with my head. So if someone's like, 218 00:13:17,559 --> 00:13:20,040 Speaker 1: how's it going, do you have any new projects going 219 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:22,280 Speaker 1: in on in your life? Like what's new? And like 220 00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:24,560 Speaker 1: I don't want to answer because literally nothing is going 221 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:26,280 Speaker 1: on in my life and I don't know how to answer, 222 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:28,760 Speaker 1: like what's new with you, and I'm embarrassed just check 223 00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:32,040 Speaker 1: my head into the hoop and go like who this is? Yeah, 224 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:36,080 Speaker 1: I think we've we've setched out why this should be 225 00:13:36,120 --> 00:13:38,240 Speaker 1: the next stage of human evolution and being able to 226 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: take off your own head. Yes, And the way to 227 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:44,040 Speaker 1: do it if we're going to copy the sea slugs 228 00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:48,760 Speaker 1: mechanism is they actually have it's a clean cut, which 229 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 1: is interesting because they don't actually have little tiny sea 230 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:54,360 Speaker 1: slug guillotines that they use. It's they actually seem to 231 00:13:54,440 --> 00:14:00,200 Speaker 1: dissolve the cells around this sort of amputation line so 232 00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:01,920 Speaker 1: that their head just can kind of like you know, 233 00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:07,080 Speaker 1: pop off of their body and they will regenerate from 234 00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:12,240 Speaker 1: that like area from the stump, uh, an entirely new body. 235 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:17,000 Speaker 1: Within actually a few weeks, their body is starting to regrow, 236 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:19,560 Speaker 1: maybe not to its original size, but it is. They 237 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:23,240 Speaker 1: actually get a new body the old body actually, so 238 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:26,440 Speaker 1: it doesn't regrow a new head, but the old body 239 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:31,400 Speaker 1: does remain alive for like a few months, and yeah, 240 00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 1: it reacts to getting poked. It's eventually gonna die because 241 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,720 Speaker 1: there's no head and it apparently can't regrow ahead. So 242 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:40,280 Speaker 1: it's not like the sea slug becomes too sea slugs, 243 00:14:40,280 --> 00:14:42,640 Speaker 1: but the body just kind of shambles around for a 244 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:52,280 Speaker 1: few months before finally decomposing, which you know is neat. Yeah, 245 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:55,440 Speaker 1: I suppose. So it also looks like a potato chip here, 246 00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:58,480 Speaker 1: like you know, one of those like those tara chips 247 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:01,080 Speaker 1: that are multiple colors, like looks like a tear chip 248 00:15:01,160 --> 00:15:02,920 Speaker 1: er oh yeah, yeah, where it's like made out of 249 00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:05,560 Speaker 1: some kind of yam instead of a potato and you 250 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:08,400 Speaker 1: convinced yourself it's as good as a potato chip, but 251 00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:11,800 Speaker 1: it's not. It never is. It's disgusting. Yeah, like this, 252 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,200 Speaker 1: like I imagine this sea slug is if I would 253 00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:20,640 Speaker 1: eat or her. Okay, I don't know though. That's seen 254 00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 1: from the from the Lion King where they're eating all 255 00:15:23,360 --> 00:15:25,840 Speaker 1: those boogs. You know, this looks like one of the 256 00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 1: good ones, one of the good, the good ones that 257 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:31,560 Speaker 1: they Yeah, you know what this is. I think this, 258 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:33,560 Speaker 1: this sea slug is an ally for sure, one of 259 00:15:33,560 --> 00:15:38,800 Speaker 1: the good ones. So another cool thing about these self 260 00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:43,480 Speaker 1: decapitating sea slugs is they also practice kleptoplasty, which is 261 00:15:43,520 --> 00:15:47,320 Speaker 1: when they steal chloroplasts from the algae they eat and 262 00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:51,000 Speaker 1: then hijack them for their own solar power production. So 263 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:54,200 Speaker 1: the sea slugs can then derive energy from the sun 264 00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:57,920 Speaker 1: like a plant because they've just stolen the plant's method 265 00:15:58,040 --> 00:16:02,640 Speaker 1: of energy conversion. Uh. And so yeah, they are solar 266 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:08,960 Speaker 1: powered body regrowing auto decapitators, which I think is cool. Yeah, 267 00:16:08,960 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: that's also a great name for a metal band. It is. Yes, 268 00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:15,760 Speaker 1: it's like nothing that I say on this show couldn't 269 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:18,480 Speaker 1: be turned into a metal band, you know what I mean? 270 00:16:19,160 --> 00:16:21,360 Speaker 1: I agree. I think you should get T shirts made 271 00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,800 Speaker 1: up look like metal band t shirts, but they say 272 00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:29,040 Speaker 1: self decapitating slugs instead of Danzig. I do like this. 273 00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: This is a good merch opportunity. Yeah, just have like 274 00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:36,480 Speaker 1: the metal font and then a sea slug like on 275 00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:40,840 Speaker 1: some drums. But it's just its head. So how's it 276 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:44,600 Speaker 1: playing the drums with the with the arms or bouncing 277 00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: from drum to drums. Oh, it's like the two little 278 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:51,880 Speaker 1: um It's little antenna are the things? Yeah? Yeah, yeah, exactly, 279 00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: stock exactly see I stocks is that they're called um 280 00:16:56,560 --> 00:17:01,200 Speaker 1: or they're they're they're either called tentacles or right off wars. Actually, 281 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:05,320 Speaker 1: you're right, these are not ice stalks. In land snails, 282 00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:07,800 Speaker 1: those are ice stalks, but in the sea slug they're 283 00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 1: they're called rhino four's they have they don't have the 284 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:16,240 Speaker 1: eyes on them, they have sensory organs. Though, who's the 285 00:17:16,320 --> 00:17:20,720 Speaker 1: expert now? Could it be me? Yes? So now it's 286 00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:24,159 Speaker 1: your podcast. This is the rules, all right, Katie. The 287 00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:26,600 Speaker 1: next thing we're gonna talk about is the salamander that 288 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:31,240 Speaker 1: regrows limbs. This is true. But first we've got to 289 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:33,040 Speaker 1: take a commercial break. Oh wait, no, no, it's your 290 00:17:33,080 --> 00:17:37,280 Speaker 1: podcast now, so you okay, all right, up next we're 291 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,720 Speaker 1: gonna talk about a salamander that recrows it's limbs. But 292 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:43,000 Speaker 1: first let's pause for a commercial break. And now you 293 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:52,000 Speaker 1: do the whole outro by memory, the whole outro by memory. 294 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,560 Speaker 1: While the sea slugs self decapitation is the most impressive 295 00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:59,800 Speaker 1: form of self amputation, the award for drama has to 296 00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:03,040 Speaker 1: go to crabs and other crustaceans, who, when faced with 297 00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:06,080 Speaker 1: a dilemma, will with a flourish rip off their own 298 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:09,760 Speaker 1: arms to escape danger, or simply to ditch an injured claw. 299 00:18:10,359 --> 00:18:12,760 Speaker 1: From a crab who rips off its own arm and 300 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:15,840 Speaker 1: throws it at a seagull to escape predation, to a 301 00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 1: crayfish who amputates its own injured claw after escaping a 302 00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:23,840 Speaker 1: pot of boiling water. There are many dramatic escapes caught 303 00:18:23,880 --> 00:18:28,120 Speaker 1: on video of crustaceans flipping their attacker the ultimate bird, 304 00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:32,200 Speaker 1: by shucking off their entire arm. Eventually they'll be able 305 00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:36,080 Speaker 1: to grow their arm back. In fact, some commercial fisher's 306 00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:41,120 Speaker 1: de claw crabs as an allegedly more sustainable form of fishing. 307 00:18:41,560 --> 00:18:44,520 Speaker 1: They'll catch the crab, rip the crab claw off, and 308 00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,600 Speaker 1: chuck the live crab back into the ocean, albeit missing 309 00:18:48,880 --> 00:18:51,680 Speaker 1: one or more of their arms. The thought is that 310 00:18:51,720 --> 00:18:55,160 Speaker 1: by harvesting only the crab claw and tossing the rest 311 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:57,399 Speaker 1: of the crab back, the crab at least has a 312 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:00,639 Speaker 1: chance to regrow its limb continue to live and reproduce. 313 00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:05,440 Speaker 1: And while it's an interesting idea, maybe it's tad diabolical, 314 00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:09,200 Speaker 1: it's not yet proven that this really is sustainable, as 315 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:12,960 Speaker 1: limbit generation and crabs does take time and energy, so 316 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:17,280 Speaker 1: there's no guarantee they'll actually survive. The trauma also seems 317 00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:20,080 Speaker 1: kind of mean to the crabs, but at the same time, 318 00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:22,880 Speaker 1: I guess it's better than the whole crab being dead. 319 00:19:23,119 --> 00:19:25,679 Speaker 1: I'm not a crab, or at least not yet, so 320 00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:28,360 Speaker 1: I can't speak for the crabs. When we return, we're 321 00:19:28,359 --> 00:19:31,760 Speaker 1: going to talk about the surprising acts of regeneration happening 322 00:19:31,760 --> 00:19:45,280 Speaker 1: inside our own bodies. Humans can't regrow limbs. If I 323 00:19:45,320 --> 00:19:47,880 Speaker 1: get in a fight, I can't simply throw my arm 324 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:51,640 Speaker 1: at someone run away while calling out my classic catchphrase, 325 00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:55,199 Speaker 1: I gotta hand it to you. But as embryos, we 326 00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:59,720 Speaker 1: have surprising superpowers. If we lose a limb bud as 327 00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:02,720 Speaker 1: an embryo, the tiny nub from which a whole limb 328 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,840 Speaker 1: will grow, we can regenerate a new limb bud. This 329 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: is due to the preponderance of stem cells we have 330 00:20:10,520 --> 00:20:15,440 Speaker 1: as developing embryos, the undifferentiated cells that can become any 331 00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:19,359 Speaker 1: cell that are growing bodies neat. But even as adults, 332 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 1: we have some regenerative capabilities where you might least expect 333 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:29,520 Speaker 1: it are spooky skeletons. Are ready to talk about skeletons. 334 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:35,280 Speaker 1: I know it's not Halloween, but you know, yes, I 335 00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:38,679 Speaker 1: wasn't here if I was back in. Yet we're back in. 336 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:41,600 Speaker 1: We're back in, and we're talking about skeletons. I would 337 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:44,360 Speaker 1: love to talk about a skeletons. Every time you think 338 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:46,960 Speaker 1: that you get out of out of talking about skeletons, 339 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:52,440 Speaker 1: I pull you back in. Yeah, just like in The Godfather. Yeah. 340 00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:56,400 Speaker 1: So I think our skeletons are really interesting because our 341 00:20:56,520 --> 00:21:00,359 Speaker 1: kind of perception of skeletons is like, it's like the 342 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:03,679 Speaker 1: spooky stuff that gets left behind after we die. You 343 00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:06,520 Speaker 1: can play it like a xylophone, but it's basically dead. 344 00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:09,720 Speaker 1: It's it's not it's not living tissue. It's like, because 345 00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:11,880 Speaker 1: it's not living tissue, it's the only thing that's left 346 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:14,560 Speaker 1: behind after after we were dead and get eaten by 347 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:18,920 Speaker 1: vultures and worms and stuff. But our bones are actually 348 00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:22,320 Speaker 1: very much alive, which is kind of a weird thing 349 00:21:22,440 --> 00:21:26,320 Speaker 1: to think about. I guess, like, you know, like we 350 00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:30,040 Speaker 1: have this whole living skeleton inside of us. I think 351 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 1: of of bones as, like you said, kind of a 352 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:37,320 Speaker 1: waste product of a dead person or or the things 353 00:21:37,359 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: that are inside of me to keep me from turning 354 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:42,320 Speaker 1: into a pile of you. Yeah. Yeah, I don't. I 355 00:21:42,320 --> 00:21:44,280 Speaker 1: don't really. I don't think about the fact that there's 356 00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:47,120 Speaker 1: there's all kinds of information going on in there. It 357 00:21:47,160 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 1: feels like sort of the rind of the human You know, 358 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:53,080 Speaker 1: when you eat a chicken, you got these leftover chicken 359 00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:55,040 Speaker 1: bones and just you know, throw them out. You can 360 00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: know on that bad boy for for days and still 361 00:21:57,520 --> 00:21:59,920 Speaker 1: get stuff out of it. Yeah. No, I actually crack 362 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:03,000 Speaker 1: open chicken bones and suck out the marrow, which uh 363 00:22:04,119 --> 00:22:07,080 Speaker 1: some people find unpleasant to look at, So I don't 364 00:22:07,119 --> 00:22:10,879 Speaker 1: start people. Do you do that? You crack them open 365 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:14,439 Speaker 1: and suck suck the marrow out. It's you can eat it. 366 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:16,760 Speaker 1: I mean you have to be careful. I don't necessarily 367 00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:19,359 Speaker 1: recommend everyone do this because like, you don't want to 368 00:22:19,359 --> 00:22:22,080 Speaker 1: get like a little if the bone is like cooked, 369 00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:24,600 Speaker 1: Like you don't want to get a chunk of uh 370 00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:27,240 Speaker 1: you know, pokey chicken bone down your throat, So be 371 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:30,639 Speaker 1: very careful. But you can't actually eat like the marrow 372 00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:33,480 Speaker 1: inside bones. In fact, if you've ever had at a 373 00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:36,879 Speaker 1: restaurant bone marrow, uh, it's it's actually really good. You 374 00:22:36,880 --> 00:22:39,359 Speaker 1: can like have cow bone marrow where it's like spread 375 00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:42,560 Speaker 1: on toast or something and it's, uh, it's actually really 376 00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:47,639 Speaker 1: full of of protein and fat. So do you you 377 00:22:47,880 --> 00:22:50,159 Speaker 1: live with another human being? Right? And you do this 378 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:54,480 Speaker 1: in front of them sometimes sometimes and what is this person? 379 00:22:54,880 --> 00:23:01,159 Speaker 1: Your person think about this particular pthology, I guess is 380 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:04,280 Speaker 1: the probably he's just glad it's not him. You know, 381 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:10,600 Speaker 1: that's a good answer. Oh boy, I mean I licked 382 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:13,120 Speaker 1: my plate and my ex wife thought I was a 383 00:23:13,119 --> 00:23:17,840 Speaker 1: absolute pig. But this is another level of making your 384 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:23,920 Speaker 1: meal um a little more. I guess what's the word 385 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:28,760 Speaker 1: waste free? Yes, yeah, just tell your wife. At least 386 00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:32,119 Speaker 1: I don't eat the bone. I don't suck the marrow 387 00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:38,040 Speaker 1: out of a chicken bone for fun anyway. Again, be 388 00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:40,200 Speaker 1: very careful doing that. I don't want people to, like, 389 00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:42,600 Speaker 1: you know, like everyone's going to try this now because 390 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:44,399 Speaker 1: they're like, oh, Katie does it must be cool, but 391 00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:46,920 Speaker 1: don't choke on a chicken bone. Yeah, Katie's gonna tell 392 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:49,200 Speaker 1: you be careful. I'm gonna tell you don't do it. 393 00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:53,240 Speaker 1: About that, how about don't how about whatever she said, 394 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:58,119 Speaker 1: do the opposite and then we'll be fine. Yeah, sure, 395 00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:01,400 Speaker 1: all right now, I'm cool with that. So you might 396 00:24:01,520 --> 00:24:04,280 Speaker 1: not think of your bones as being living tissue, but 397 00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:07,439 Speaker 1: it very much is. So the part of the bones 398 00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:09,480 Speaker 1: that we think of, like you know, the spooky skeleton 399 00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,399 Speaker 1: plate like a xylophone, That is the ossified part of 400 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:16,359 Speaker 1: the bone made of calcium, and that is indeed left 401 00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,320 Speaker 1: behind after the rest of our bodies decay, and that 402 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:24,000 Speaker 1: is basically the only non living part of the bone um. 403 00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:27,920 Speaker 1: One of the functions of the skeleton is for skeletal support, 404 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:30,480 Speaker 1: as you mentioned, Dave, like, so we don't turn into 405 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:33,480 Speaker 1: a puddle of jello. I remember learning that in preschool 406 00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:35,119 Speaker 1: where they showed us like what would happen to a 407 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:37,359 Speaker 1: human body if you've removed all the bones? And it 408 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:41,440 Speaker 1: turned into like a human pudding And it was vaguely traumatic, 409 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:44,919 Speaker 1: and maybe it explains why I am the way I 410 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:50,760 Speaker 1: am now on they showed you a human goop? Where 411 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:57,480 Speaker 1: did you? Where did you grow up? San Diego? Folks, 412 00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:00,320 Speaker 1: if you're in California, if you work from californ you 413 00:25:00,359 --> 00:25:03,720 Speaker 1: know with San Diego is where you dreams go to die. 414 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:09,720 Speaker 1: This is all checking out. The laid back surfer culture 415 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:14,360 Speaker 1: is just a front from the diabolical things going on beneath. 416 00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:18,320 Speaker 1: So yeah, so that is one of the functions. It 417 00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:22,520 Speaker 1: supports muscle tissue UM, but it also has other functions. 418 00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:26,159 Speaker 1: So inside the bone is the marrow, the spongy living 419 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:30,680 Speaker 1: tissue that's very important for our bodies. So stem cells 420 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:35,600 Speaker 1: in the bone marrow actually foster cell production. So there's 421 00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:41,240 Speaker 1: red and yellow bone marrow. Red marrow produces blood cells, platelets, 422 00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:45,879 Speaker 1: and white blood cells, whereas yellow marrow stores fat and 423 00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:50,960 Speaker 1: produces cartilage, fat and cells that will construct the bones themselves. 424 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,159 Speaker 1: And here's a question. So if bones are just you know, 425 00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:58,840 Speaker 1: these kind of this dead framework that supports our bodies, like, 426 00:25:58,880 --> 00:26:00,399 Speaker 1: how do we why don't we just have like a 427 00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:03,600 Speaker 1: baby skeleton in us? Right? Like they we somehow go 428 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:06,399 Speaker 1: from being a baby with like a baby skeleton to 429 00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,080 Speaker 1: being a full grown adult with like an adult skeleton. 430 00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 1: So the skeleton is growing with us somehow. And it's 431 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:18,199 Speaker 1: actually really interesting the way that this works. So bones 432 00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:21,600 Speaker 1: are very dynamic and they go through an incredible process 433 00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:26,800 Speaker 1: of planned destruction and renewal that continues throughout adulthood. And 434 00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:33,200 Speaker 1: it's called bone remodeling. Again another metal band cover. Also, 435 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:36,000 Speaker 1: I feel like, you know, that would be in Nightmare 436 00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:39,480 Speaker 1: Before Christmas or something. It's like, that's like the construction, 437 00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,920 Speaker 1: the spooky ghost construction thing is bone remodeling. I was 438 00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:47,920 Speaker 1: gonna say bone remodeling. It should be a TLC reality show, uh, 439 00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:51,640 Speaker 1: sort of like house Hunters or you know those renovation shows, 440 00:26:51,680 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: but they renovate your bones. Yes, exactly, I see. I 441 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:58,800 Speaker 1: see it's like, uh, your bones. See, here's the problem 442 00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: with your your bones. Your bones weren't built on a 443 00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:04,200 Speaker 1: good foundation. So we're gonna need to take them all out. Yeah, 444 00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:06,720 Speaker 1: when I have to rip those bones out, they're not 445 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:11,480 Speaker 1: good bones. Bones bones in there that we got from 446 00:27:11,480 --> 00:27:14,320 Speaker 1: crate and barrel. Oh god, we found so much asbestos 447 00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:23,560 Speaker 1: in your bones. What's the resale value on your bones out? Uh? 448 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:29,000 Speaker 1: So there are cells that are responsible for breaking down 449 00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:33,320 Speaker 1: your bones, and there are cells responsible for building up 450 00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:35,720 Speaker 1: your bone mouth. So these cells like to break down 451 00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:38,480 Speaker 1: your bones just to build them back up like a cult. 452 00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:43,880 Speaker 1: So as kids, they're actually much more building than there 453 00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:48,160 Speaker 1: is breaking down, which helps us grow bigger skeletons. In fact, 454 00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:51,080 Speaker 1: like by the time you turn one years old, you'll 455 00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:55,160 Speaker 1: have replaced a hundred percent of your skeleton. In comparison, 456 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,479 Speaker 1: as adults, we only replace about ten percent of our 457 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:03,920 Speaker 1: bone tissue every year. So as adults, like, once we're 458 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:08,040 Speaker 1: done growing, which they've both you and I have, it's 459 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:13,199 Speaker 1: all downhill from here. Um. Sadly, that breaking down and 460 00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:18,040 Speaker 1: building process is pretty much at equilibrium for a while, 461 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:21,800 Speaker 1: but as we get even older, the breaking down process 462 00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:25,879 Speaker 1: can sometimes outpace the building process, which is why sometimes 463 00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:28,560 Speaker 1: as you get older you actually get shorter um. It 464 00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:32,680 Speaker 1: can also lead to problems like osteoporosis or the weakening 465 00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:37,879 Speaker 1: of the bones. So basically you have this very dynamic 466 00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,560 Speaker 1: construction process with your bones, and there are the two 467 00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:46,600 Speaker 1: cells that are responsible are called osteo clasts and osteo blasts. 468 00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:51,760 Speaker 1: So osteo clasts are like the demolitions expert of the team. 469 00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,120 Speaker 1: They come in. They're responsible for breaking down the mineral 470 00:28:55,160 --> 00:28:59,080 Speaker 1: components and collagen of your bones and releases these broken 471 00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:03,240 Speaker 1: down components into the blood, which is a process called resorption, 472 00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:07,840 Speaker 1: So you're reabsorbing these minerals that you're breaking down. Then 473 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:12,760 Speaker 1: osteoblasts come in use those recycled minerals and deposited into 474 00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:16,680 Speaker 1: a new layer of bone tissue, which is called ossification. 475 00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:19,440 Speaker 1: It's also one of the reasons that it's important to 476 00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:22,760 Speaker 1: have calcium because even though you are recycling the bone 477 00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:25,200 Speaker 1: that you're breaking down, it's a lossy process, like you 478 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:28,560 Speaker 1: lose some of the calcium in minerals. So like to 479 00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:31,840 Speaker 1: help strengthen your bones so that like when they're rebuilding it, 480 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:35,000 Speaker 1: they have enough materials to build strong layers of bone. 481 00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:38,400 Speaker 1: It's good to have calcium and milk or ice cream 482 00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:42,520 Speaker 1: or eating animal bones. Now, I'm kidding, yes, sucking on 483 00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:45,719 Speaker 1: chicken bones. That's gonna keep you strong and healthy. That's 484 00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:47,720 Speaker 1: what I tell my son here, suck on this thing. 485 00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:50,280 Speaker 1: And he's like going to town on the chicken bone. 486 00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:54,760 Speaker 1: And and he's he's a huge child, bigger than me 487 00:29:54,840 --> 00:30:01,920 Speaker 1: nowile for an age and headsize. He sucks all the time. 488 00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:06,840 Speaker 1: Oh wow, I like, yeah, that's good parenting. That's what 489 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,200 Speaker 1: they call it. Start like a start like a dad 490 00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:11,920 Speaker 1: blog where it's just about your giant child who eats 491 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:17,640 Speaker 1: chicken bones. I don't want to be the bean dad, 492 00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:23,520 Speaker 1: but it's the opposite, right, because bean dad denied his 493 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:27,480 Speaker 1: daughter sustenance of the can of beans, whereas chicken dad 494 00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:31,360 Speaker 1: offers whole chickens to his son and allows the sun 495 00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:34,160 Speaker 1: to go to town. No, I'm gonna make him slaughter 496 00:30:34,280 --> 00:30:37,560 Speaker 1: that chicken himself, right exactly. They got to learn be 497 00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:43,400 Speaker 1: a man. Uh. Toxic masculinity is the worst thing to 498 00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:49,200 Speaker 1: happen to chickens, truly, So whild bone. While routine bone 499 00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,680 Speaker 1: regeneration is no big deal for humans, we can't regrow 500 00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,440 Speaker 1: whole bones after like our limbs, something happens to a limb. 501 00:30:57,560 --> 00:30:59,720 Speaker 1: You know, our bones can heal. You know, if you've 502 00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:02,120 Speaker 1: ever had at a broken bone, you know that whole process. 503 00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:05,640 Speaker 1: But if a limb is amputated, the bone doesn't just 504 00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:08,479 Speaker 1: grow back along with the whole arm. Some of our 505 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:11,760 Speaker 1: tissue does regenerate to some degree, like our skin regenerates 506 00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:14,720 Speaker 1: to some degree. But again we're not growing back whole 507 00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:19,880 Speaker 1: arms and so why can't we do this? While salamanders 508 00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:25,120 Speaker 1: totally can. Uh. Salamanders can regrow whole body parts, bones 509 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:27,840 Speaker 1: and all if they are lost, so it's legs or tail, 510 00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:30,680 Speaker 1: it can regrow. They are able to do this trick 511 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:34,360 Speaker 1: by basically turning the cells at a wound site into 512 00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:39,440 Speaker 1: embryonic undifferentiated cells. So they revert to these embryonic cells 513 00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:44,440 Speaker 1: which can then uh be differentiated into any type of 514 00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:48,800 Speaker 1: tissue needed. But humans and other vertebrates can't do this 515 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:53,560 Speaker 1: except when we're embryos. So, like I said earlier, when 516 00:31:53,560 --> 00:31:57,520 Speaker 1: we're embryos, we can regrow limb buds because we have 517 00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:59,760 Speaker 1: all of those stem cells, all of those like b 518 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,240 Speaker 1: sickly can be anything they want. Cells like in the lego. 519 00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: Remember in lego the movie to where it's like I 520 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:08,320 Speaker 1: can be anything. I want to be the thing. It's 521 00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:10,800 Speaker 1: like the cells but then they're turning into bones. Is 522 00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:14,560 Speaker 1: this track? Do the kids like this? I don't know 523 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:18,560 Speaker 1: if kids like this, but I think it makes sense. Yeah, yeah, exactly, 524 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:22,280 Speaker 1: I'm I'm hip. I know the Lego movies. So also 525 00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:25,440 Speaker 1: not just embryos. This is a cool trick that young 526 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:28,920 Speaker 1: children can do to certain extents. So young children can 527 00:32:28,960 --> 00:32:32,239 Speaker 1: regenerate the tips of their fingers much more easily than 528 00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:35,240 Speaker 1: adults can, so they can grow back the whole finger, 529 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:38,560 Speaker 1: whereas as adults, we can't grow back some of our 530 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,160 Speaker 1: like the very tip of our finger. Again, don't try 531 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:44,400 Speaker 1: this at home, guys. I cannot emphasize this enough. Please 532 00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:47,480 Speaker 1: don't try it at home. But yeah, children are much 533 00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 1: better at growing back the tips of their fingers, uh, 534 00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:53,680 Speaker 1: because they have there. Like when you're younger, you just 535 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,360 Speaker 1: have more ability to regenerate because you're growing, you have 536 00:32:57,480 --> 00:33:00,720 Speaker 1: more of these undifferentiated cells. But I think, like one 537 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 1: of the big questions is like why don't humans and 538 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:09,120 Speaker 1: other vertebrates for that matter, like have these regeneration skills 539 00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:12,680 Speaker 1: that we see in salamanders who are a vertebrate, but 540 00:33:12,840 --> 00:33:15,920 Speaker 1: are one of the rare vertebrates who can regrow like 541 00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:19,640 Speaker 1: whole limbs or even lizards who can regrow their tails. 542 00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:22,760 Speaker 1: There's like a mammal called the spiny mouse which can 543 00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:25,920 Speaker 1: regrow its fingers. Actually a lot of I think a 544 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:27,840 Speaker 1: lot of mice can actually regrow their fingers. With the 545 00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:31,640 Speaker 1: spiny mouses especially interesting because it allows like whole chunks 546 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:33,680 Speaker 1: of its skin and tissue to get pulled off. It's 547 00:33:33,720 --> 00:33:36,280 Speaker 1: if it's being attacked by something and then it can 548 00:33:36,320 --> 00:33:39,760 Speaker 1: regrow it. So we see this in a few animals, 549 00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:42,280 Speaker 1: but not in a lot of them, and especially not 550 00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:45,760 Speaker 1: in big animals like humans. It it seems like a 551 00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:48,560 Speaker 1: no brainer, like why wouldn't we want to regenerate arms? 552 00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:53,760 Speaker 1: Clearly the biological ability to do that exists, but we 553 00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:59,400 Speaker 1: just don't have that, which seems like a downer. But uh. 554 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:03,480 Speaker 1: One of the theories is that scar tissue formation is 555 00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,920 Speaker 1: actually a positive trait that helps quickly seal wounds. So 556 00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:11,280 Speaker 1: if every wound site goes like the whole regeneration route, 557 00:34:11,560 --> 00:34:14,160 Speaker 1: we may not be able to close over that wound 558 00:34:14,239 --> 00:34:17,040 Speaker 1: fast enough to prevent infection. So if you have a 559 00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:20,520 Speaker 1: really big wound and you're really quickly sailing it with 560 00:34:20,560 --> 00:34:25,160 Speaker 1: a scar. That may actually improve your outcome in terms 561 00:34:25,200 --> 00:34:28,840 Speaker 1: of preventing infection, especially if you have a longer lifespan, 562 00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:32,120 Speaker 1: like something like a sea slug or a lizard or 563 00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:35,880 Speaker 1: a salamander or a mouse may have a shorter lifespan 564 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:40,160 Speaker 1: in having and you know, are more preyed upon. So 565 00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:43,279 Speaker 1: being able to have this limb regeneration is a more 566 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:46,640 Speaker 1: important evolutionary feature than to something like a human, where 567 00:34:46,880 --> 00:34:49,359 Speaker 1: you know, we we have longer lives, and so if 568 00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:51,760 Speaker 1: like every time we get like a wound or something, 569 00:34:51,880 --> 00:34:54,759 Speaker 1: it's like this long process of regeneration, we just have 570 00:34:54,880 --> 00:34:57,200 Speaker 1: this like baby arm that takes the weeks and weeks 571 00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:01,399 Speaker 1: to grow back, may actually be more difficult for us 572 00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:06,080 Speaker 1: to survive. Another issue is that regeneration of huge amounts 573 00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:09,240 Speaker 1: of tissue can actually increase the risk of cancer because 574 00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:13,000 Speaker 1: every time you have cell replication, there's a chance, very 575 00:35:13,080 --> 00:35:16,920 Speaker 1: very tiny chance of a mutation. But every time you 576 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:21,080 Speaker 1: like spin that wheel, you may get a cancerous cell um. 577 00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:25,120 Speaker 1: So like if you have a whole limb regenerating versus 578 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:28,560 Speaker 1: just like some of your skin healing, that's mean you're 579 00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:32,680 Speaker 1: rolling the like cell mutation die a lot more so 580 00:35:32,719 --> 00:35:36,680 Speaker 1: it may increase the risks of cancer. So like again, 581 00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:39,319 Speaker 1: like if you know, these kinds of traits would have 582 00:35:39,320 --> 00:35:44,000 Speaker 1: started popping up much earlier in our evolutionary tree, but 583 00:35:44,320 --> 00:35:46,520 Speaker 1: it would make sense if like our ancestors, it's like 584 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:49,440 Speaker 1: they are starting to get longer lifespans and they're bigger, 585 00:35:49,880 --> 00:35:53,320 Speaker 1: and so like that playing with that number of cells 586 00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:55,799 Speaker 1: ended up just like if you were regenerating things, it 587 00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:59,239 Speaker 1: would maybe end up giving you cancer before you know 588 00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:03,160 Speaker 1: it could serve you any purpose. Right, that makes sense. 589 00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:06,640 Speaker 1: They never would have thought that being able to regenerate 590 00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:09,359 Speaker 1: your limbs could give you cancer. So I'm glad. I'm 591 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 1: glad devolution for sparing us that particular indignity. Thank you. 592 00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:19,520 Speaker 1: Which is the thing about wolverine, like he should be 593 00:36:19,680 --> 00:36:25,480 Speaker 1: riddled with tumors. Yeah no, no, no no, no no, but wolverines, 594 00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:34,239 Speaker 1: uh powers killed cancerselves. They don't know. It's so called salamanderine. 595 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:38,200 Speaker 1: I think that's not as cool looking. And he wouldn't 596 00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:40,800 Speaker 1: have the claws. He would just he wouldn't have legs. 597 00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:44,759 Speaker 1: He just kind of screwed around. Just have legs. They do. 598 00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:49,759 Speaker 1: They're right, you're right, so trot around right there. Yeah, 599 00:36:50,880 --> 00:36:53,360 Speaker 1: that would be cute, like a wolverine with little baby 600 00:36:53,480 --> 00:37:04,239 Speaker 1: legs and like fascinating. What about brains? Can we regenerate 601 00:37:04,360 --> 00:37:08,400 Speaker 1: brain tissue? The standard knowledge is that only children generate 602 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:13,160 Speaker 1: new brain tissue as adults are brains stop developing. Recovering 603 00:37:13,239 --> 00:37:17,520 Speaker 1: from brain injuries or stroke doesn't involve growing new brain tissue, 604 00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:21,680 Speaker 1: but through the art of neural plasticity. Neural plasticity is 605 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,880 Speaker 1: the brain's ability to adapt by rerouting neural connections and 606 00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:30,560 Speaker 1: creating new neural networks using old brain tissue. It's how 607 00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:33,280 Speaker 1: you learn new things even as an adult, and proves 608 00:37:33,280 --> 00:37:35,920 Speaker 1: our brains are surprisingly good at making do with what 609 00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:39,839 Speaker 1: we've got. But the classic idea that we can't regenerate 610 00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:43,520 Speaker 1: neurons as adult is being called into question by new research. 611 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:48,319 Speaker 1: When adult neurons are damaged, they don't simply die. They 612 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,720 Speaker 1: may revert back to an embryonic state, from which point 613 00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:56,840 Speaker 1: they can regenerate and create new connections. The real reason 614 00:37:57,280 --> 00:38:00,719 Speaker 1: that brain tissue doesn't regrow after brain and, according to 615 00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:05,759 Speaker 1: new research, is not that neurons themselves can't feel, but 616 00:38:05,880 --> 00:38:10,279 Speaker 1: that the injured tissues surrounding the neurons is too damaged 617 00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:13,240 Speaker 1: to keep the neurons alive long enough for them to feel. 618 00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:17,719 Speaker 1: So now the question medical researchers are tackling is how 619 00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:20,720 Speaker 1: we might be able to intervene by implanting a bio 620 00:38:20,880 --> 00:38:24,040 Speaker 1: scaffold in the injured part of the brain to foster 621 00:38:24,160 --> 00:38:27,880 Speaker 1: neural feeling. Speaking of brains, let's talk about one of 622 00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:31,880 Speaker 1: the world's brainiest aquatic mammals, the dolphins, who, as it 623 00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:45,480 Speaker 1: turns out, shares more with wolverine than aquaman. Dolphins are 624 00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:50,000 Speaker 1: relatively large, so they don't face many natural predators other 625 00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:54,400 Speaker 1: than human boats and fishers. But of course there are sharks. 626 00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,960 Speaker 1: And while the conflict between sharks and dolphins is by 627 00:38:58,040 --> 00:39:01,880 Speaker 1: no means one sided, dolphins are smart enough to tip 628 00:39:02,040 --> 00:39:05,120 Speaker 1: smaller or younger sharks over, which stuns them allows the 629 00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:09,600 Speaker 1: dolphins to mercilessly attack. Dolphins do have to worry about 630 00:39:09,680 --> 00:39:13,000 Speaker 1: attacks from large sharks like bowl sharks are great whites. 631 00:39:13,520 --> 00:39:16,120 Speaker 1: So what do you do when your backyard is fall 632 00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:20,400 Speaker 1: of sharks? So, Dave, I think we take for granted 633 00:39:20,560 --> 00:39:23,880 Speaker 1: that we don't just have to encounter sharks all the time, 634 00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:27,439 Speaker 1: You know what I mean? Well, yeah, I mean they'd 635 00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:31,560 Speaker 1: have a hard time handling the surface world roller skates 636 00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:36,880 Speaker 1: on roller skates, put them in a radio flyer in 637 00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:40,280 Speaker 1: and pull them. They just like are in a little 638 00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:43,160 Speaker 1: wagon like and then pushing it with their little flippers 639 00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:48,359 Speaker 1: going I'm gonna get you, gonna get you. I'm gonna 640 00:39:48,360 --> 00:39:53,560 Speaker 1: get a lot of sharks taking pitch for that, because okay, 641 00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:58,120 Speaker 1: sharks literally, yeah, you get it that that shark tank 642 00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:00,560 Speaker 1: isn't just a bunch of sharks. And then they have 643 00:40:00,640 --> 00:40:03,920 Speaker 1: two buttons. Button one is yes and button two is no, 644 00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:06,319 Speaker 1: and then if they press no, you get fed to them. 645 00:40:06,719 --> 00:40:11,600 Speaker 1: And that's you know, I feel like, you know, there 646 00:40:11,719 --> 00:40:14,600 Speaker 1: was a time when you could have like these very 647 00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:18,000 Speaker 1: deep cable channels where not a whole lot was on 648 00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:20,880 Speaker 1: and you just leave it on. Like I wanted to 649 00:40:22,040 --> 00:40:26,400 Speaker 1: extended cable channel called Shark Tank where it's sharks in 650 00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:30,080 Speaker 1: the tank and every twenty minutes or so they throw 651 00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:34,120 Speaker 1: chum into the tank and that would be relaxing. I think, Yeah, 652 00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:38,440 Speaker 1: I would enjoy that. Yeah, but I do love sharks, 653 00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:40,760 Speaker 1: But I also love that sharks are in the ocean 654 00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:45,400 Speaker 1: and not out of the ocean where I am. Um. 655 00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:48,640 Speaker 1: The threat to humans in terms of sharks is always 656 00:40:48,719 --> 00:40:52,480 Speaker 1: sort of over overestimated. Like, It's true that sharks do 657 00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:56,880 Speaker 1: very occasionally attack people, but the simple fact is we 658 00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:01,200 Speaker 1: are just not around them that much. It's very rare, 659 00:41:01,760 --> 00:41:04,560 Speaker 1: and most of them, most sharks don't actually want to 660 00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,080 Speaker 1: deal with us, like, they don't want anything to do 661 00:41:07,160 --> 00:41:10,080 Speaker 1: with us. We don't we don't taste good like. They 662 00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:12,800 Speaker 1: don't seem to like how we taste like. They'll often 663 00:41:12,880 --> 00:41:15,480 Speaker 1: take a bite and be like, oh no, no, thank you. 664 00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:21,440 Speaker 1: So like often shark attacks are accidental, But dolphins, on 665 00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:24,960 Speaker 1: the other hand, are not only potential prey, but they're 666 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:29,880 Speaker 1: also competitions. So dolphins and sharks get into fights sometimes. 667 00:41:30,280 --> 00:41:33,319 Speaker 1: And if you're a dolphin, you need some strategy for 668 00:41:33,560 --> 00:41:36,160 Speaker 1: living in this environment where you have a bunch of 669 00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:39,279 Speaker 1: body boys running around trying trying to chomp on you. 670 00:41:42,360 --> 00:41:47,040 Speaker 1: Another bad name. Let's move a punk band, though not 671 00:41:47,120 --> 00:41:55,520 Speaker 1: a metal band, you know what I mean? The boys. Um. So, 672 00:41:55,920 --> 00:42:00,480 Speaker 1: dolphins seem to be able to heal very rapidly from 673 00:42:00,560 --> 00:42:06,080 Speaker 1: severe shark bites and other injuries from observations, so this 674 00:42:06,280 --> 00:42:09,799 Speaker 1: is a pretty new area of research. How do you 675 00:42:09,840 --> 00:42:12,560 Speaker 1: study something like this? You can't just have a dolphin 676 00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:16,560 Speaker 1: in a lab and then hurt it, you'd be a monster, 677 00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:20,440 Speaker 1: and you go to jail. You'd go to dolphin jail 678 00:42:20,560 --> 00:42:23,759 Speaker 1: and human jail. Like I think I think everyone could 679 00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:29,080 Speaker 1: agree that just like hurting a dolphin, you know, intentionally, 680 00:42:29,840 --> 00:42:32,359 Speaker 1: you just go to jail, go to you know, So 681 00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:36,200 Speaker 1: we can't study it without being evil in a lab setting. 682 00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:40,760 Speaker 1: So it's all based on observations of dolphins. So these 683 00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:44,320 Speaker 1: observations seem to indicate that they can survive what seems 684 00:42:44,360 --> 00:42:48,800 Speaker 1: like it should be mortal wounds from a shark, and 685 00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:52,800 Speaker 1: they don't seem to bleed out. They seem actually really 686 00:42:52,840 --> 00:42:56,279 Speaker 1: surprisingly stoic. They don't seem to show a huge pain 687 00:42:56,400 --> 00:43:00,120 Speaker 1: response at least visually, and they can heal back with 688 00:43:00,280 --> 00:43:03,440 Speaker 1: minimal changes to their body contour. So that means like 689 00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:06,520 Speaker 1: there's not a big like crater in their body. Like 690 00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:10,200 Speaker 1: if you've ever had like a nasty injury or something, 691 00:43:10,239 --> 00:43:12,759 Speaker 1: you know that sometimes your skin doesn't heel back all 692 00:43:12,840 --> 00:43:14,520 Speaker 1: the way to where it used to be. You can 693 00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:17,560 Speaker 1: actually have little craters or or bumps or something like that. 694 00:43:17,760 --> 00:43:21,000 Speaker 1: That that's normal because like scar tissue doesn't necessarily it's 695 00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:25,120 Speaker 1: not the same as the tissue was beforehand, So it's 696 00:43:25,239 --> 00:43:28,640 Speaker 1: really surprising to be able to heal from a grievous 697 00:43:28,640 --> 00:43:30,920 Speaker 1: like a shark bite that takes a chunk out of 698 00:43:30,920 --> 00:43:35,080 Speaker 1: you and have minimal dimpling like that. Yeah, I lost 699 00:43:35,360 --> 00:43:40,520 Speaker 1: some skin from like getting cut with some glass ring finger, 700 00:43:40,840 --> 00:43:45,399 Speaker 1: left ring finger, and it's healed. Did healed fine, But 701 00:43:45,560 --> 00:43:48,520 Speaker 1: it's always going to be kind of dented and kind 702 00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:51,040 Speaker 1: of wrinkly looking, like it's never gonna go back to 703 00:43:51,080 --> 00:43:53,480 Speaker 1: how it was because it's not the same tissue, like 704 00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:56,520 Speaker 1: you said, yeah, yeah, and that's you know, that's that's normal. 705 00:43:56,719 --> 00:43:59,840 Speaker 1: And when you think in terms of our survival, it 706 00:44:00,040 --> 00:44:03,160 Speaker 1: makes sense because you know, you don't need necessarily your 707 00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:07,799 Speaker 1: tissue to look exactly the same if you're healing fast enough. 708 00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:10,839 Speaker 1: But like if you're dealing with a big, like a 709 00:44:10,840 --> 00:44:16,160 Speaker 1: big chunky bite from a shark, you don't Losing all 710 00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:19,160 Speaker 1: of that tissue mass would be harmful in terms of 711 00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:22,560 Speaker 1: like your mobility. Especially as a dolphin. It makes sense 712 00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:26,160 Speaker 1: that they would want to heal back from this relatively well. 713 00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:29,799 Speaker 1: And I have shared an image with you I was. 714 00:44:30,880 --> 00:44:32,960 Speaker 1: I did put a warning on it that it is 715 00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:38,360 Speaker 1: dolphin um dolphin stuff. I think I might put this 716 00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:40,520 Speaker 1: in the show notes, but I will put a lot 717 00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:43,400 Speaker 1: of warnings on it so people know, because it shows 718 00:44:43,440 --> 00:44:48,239 Speaker 1: pretty nasty, unpleasant looking, uh, injury on a dolphin from 719 00:44:48,239 --> 00:44:51,960 Speaker 1: a shark bite. And each picture is sequential. So the 720 00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:55,160 Speaker 1: last picture is the healed dolphin in the first pictures, 721 00:44:55,239 --> 00:44:58,520 Speaker 1: it's initial injury. And looking at this it should It 722 00:44:58,640 --> 00:45:02,759 Speaker 1: doesn't look like a surve livable wound. It looks you know, 723 00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:07,200 Speaker 1: this looks like a dolphin. That is, it's days are numbered. 724 00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:10,800 Speaker 1: It's horrific. Yes, if you're wondering if you want to 725 00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:13,160 Speaker 1: look at it, because it's in the show notes, Uh, 726 00:45:13,640 --> 00:45:17,440 Speaker 1: don't like. I feel like Katie's uh suggested a lot 727 00:45:17,520 --> 00:45:21,400 Speaker 1: of truly horrible things for you after this podcast is 728 00:45:21,480 --> 00:45:23,800 Speaker 1: over and I have to be the voice of reason 729 00:45:23,960 --> 00:45:30,160 Speaker 1: and this dolphin Okay, okay, So don't eat chicken bones 730 00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:34,720 Speaker 1: and don't look at the bad dolphin pictures. Yes, don't 731 00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:39,759 Speaker 1: look at the dolphin picture. Please google dolphin injuries. No, 732 00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:44,040 Speaker 1: don't do that. So you put you on a watch list. 733 00:45:44,120 --> 00:45:47,480 Speaker 1: If you do that, well I'm probably already want on 734 00:45:47,680 --> 00:45:51,200 Speaker 1: one then. Oh um. But yeah, So the reason I'm 735 00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:53,800 Speaker 1: showing you this is not just to you know, gross 736 00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:56,040 Speaker 1: you out, although that I gotta admit maybe that's part 737 00:45:56,040 --> 00:45:59,720 Speaker 1: of it, but it is to show you how incredibly 738 00:46:00,520 --> 00:46:03,920 Speaker 1: good the dolphins healing is like it does. It's not 739 00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:06,799 Speaker 1: that it doesn't have scar tissue. It does, definitely can 740 00:46:06,840 --> 00:46:10,760 Speaker 1: see that in the last thing, but it it's healed 741 00:46:11,440 --> 00:46:13,640 Speaker 1: over and not only has it healed, but it's filled 742 00:46:13,719 --> 00:46:16,400 Speaker 1: in a lot of them missing tissue. So it looks 743 00:46:17,080 --> 00:46:20,480 Speaker 1: basically like like the the heel site looks like it 744 00:46:20,520 --> 00:46:24,000 Speaker 1: should have been just from a few scratches, not from 745 00:46:24,040 --> 00:46:29,600 Speaker 1: a shark literally taking a huge chunk out of it. Yeah, 746 00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:32,480 Speaker 1: it looks like I don't know, you know, the underside 747 00:46:32,480 --> 00:46:36,600 Speaker 1: of rug. You know, it's got the like the material 748 00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:40,680 Speaker 1: so it doesn't slide the inside of a dolphin looks 749 00:46:40,719 --> 00:46:44,719 Speaker 1: like And it's interesting you'd say that because yeah, it's 750 00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:48,080 Speaker 1: not like this super bloody tissue. And that seems to 751 00:46:48,080 --> 00:46:51,680 Speaker 1: be that they're able to constrict the blood flow so 752 00:46:51,760 --> 00:46:56,239 Speaker 1: they don't bleed out due to these wounds. In terms 753 00:46:56,320 --> 00:46:58,920 Speaker 1: of how they're able to do this, obviously it's it's 754 00:46:58,960 --> 00:47:03,080 Speaker 1: hard to know through pure observation. There are some theories 755 00:47:03,160 --> 00:47:05,319 Speaker 1: that I read in terms of like being able to 756 00:47:05,320 --> 00:47:09,279 Speaker 1: prevent blood loss, it may be through similar mechanisms that 757 00:47:09,360 --> 00:47:12,600 Speaker 1: help them actually dive really deep, so they can decrease 758 00:47:12,680 --> 00:47:16,840 Speaker 1: their heart rate and constrict blood from their peripheral tissues 759 00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,319 Speaker 1: into the center of their bodies for deep dives, which 760 00:47:20,440 --> 00:47:23,640 Speaker 1: helps them cope with the pressures of diving without risking 761 00:47:23,680 --> 00:47:27,239 Speaker 1: the bins as they surface. But the blood constriction may 762 00:47:27,280 --> 00:47:30,319 Speaker 1: also help them like not not bleed too heavily if 763 00:47:30,320 --> 00:47:33,800 Speaker 1: they if it's shark takes a little nibble on them. Um, 764 00:47:33,880 --> 00:47:36,959 Speaker 1: the stoke pain response is more of a mystery. It's 765 00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:40,920 Speaker 1: just through observation. I don't know how they can possibly 766 00:47:41,040 --> 00:47:44,640 Speaker 1: know that the dolphins not in pain. I bet it 767 00:47:44,760 --> 00:47:48,040 Speaker 1: is like I don't really know, you know. It's like 768 00:47:48,080 --> 00:47:50,640 Speaker 1: you can't ask a dolphin like on a scale of 769 00:47:51,080 --> 00:47:54,160 Speaker 1: zero to ten, like how bad is your shark bite? 770 00:47:54,160 --> 00:47:59,320 Speaker 1: And the dolphins going like like, we don't know. Is 771 00:47:59,360 --> 00:48:02,880 Speaker 1: there a way to on ter like their brain activity? Um, 772 00:48:02,920 --> 00:48:06,799 Speaker 1: possibly we would have to first like figure out what 773 00:48:06,880 --> 00:48:09,360 Speaker 1: their brain does while they're in pain, which brings us 774 00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:12,359 Speaker 1: back to the evil scientist thing again, Right, you'd have 775 00:48:12,440 --> 00:48:16,000 Speaker 1: to torture the dolphin to But I don't know. I mean, 776 00:48:16,040 --> 00:48:19,440 Speaker 1: like there's probably something more elegant, like, um, if you 777 00:48:19,520 --> 00:48:22,960 Speaker 1: measure there are probably certain neurotransmitters associated with pain, like 778 00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:26,040 Speaker 1: cortisol and production and stuff that's like that is a 779 00:48:26,080 --> 00:48:29,279 Speaker 1: response to feeling pain is and is the body's way 780 00:48:29,320 --> 00:48:31,640 Speaker 1: of trying to cope with the pain. So maybe if 781 00:48:31,680 --> 00:48:35,160 Speaker 1: you like take a blood sample and measure the level 782 00:48:35,160 --> 00:48:38,080 Speaker 1: of cortisol, maybe that would tell you something. I don't know. 783 00:48:38,160 --> 00:48:41,120 Speaker 1: I'm not a pain scientist, because as much as it 784 00:48:41,160 --> 00:48:43,520 Speaker 1: sounds like I'm an evil scientist on the show, I'm 785 00:48:43,560 --> 00:48:47,960 Speaker 1: actually not because I'm not a scientist. But um, in 786 00:48:48,040 --> 00:48:52,000 Speaker 1: terms of preventing infection, that's actually maybe an easier thing 787 00:48:52,040 --> 00:48:55,320 Speaker 1: to answer. Dolphin blubber which is the layer of fatty 788 00:48:55,360 --> 00:48:58,759 Speaker 1: tissues and dolphins blubbers also found in whales and other 789 00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:04,239 Speaker 1: aquatic mammals like deals and walruses. So blubber contains antimicrobial 790 00:49:04,320 --> 00:49:10,680 Speaker 1: and antibiotic compounds. These compounds are called organo halogens, and 791 00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:15,440 Speaker 1: they contain chlorine molecules, which actually works as a disinfectant 792 00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:19,719 Speaker 1: again or organo halogens. That one, No, that's a hair 793 00:49:19,920 --> 00:49:25,000 Speaker 1: that's a hair band, Yeah, organo halogens. I can also 794 00:49:25,040 --> 00:49:28,480 Speaker 1: see that being like a crowd rock, uh, like a 795 00:49:28,520 --> 00:49:31,359 Speaker 1: craftwork kind of thing. Yeah. Yeah, like everyone's stressed as 796 00:49:31,360 --> 00:49:36,080 Speaker 1: a name punk. Yeah. And in terms of how they 797 00:49:36,160 --> 00:49:41,319 Speaker 1: heal so well without excess scar tissue or dimpling, researchers 798 00:49:41,360 --> 00:49:44,680 Speaker 1: suspect it may be due to better regeneration of the 799 00:49:44,719 --> 00:49:48,120 Speaker 1: tissue that they may have some of that salamander esque 800 00:49:48,239 --> 00:49:52,040 Speaker 1: quality of being able to have their tissue revert back 801 00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:56,919 Speaker 1: to that embryonic state and then heal um and so yeah, 802 00:49:56,920 --> 00:50:00,839 Speaker 1: it's I think it's really interesting that, especially to see 803 00:50:00,840 --> 00:50:02,719 Speaker 1: this in such a large animal, because I feel like 804 00:50:02,760 --> 00:50:05,239 Speaker 1: it's usually the smaller animals that are able to do 805 00:50:05,320 --> 00:50:09,880 Speaker 1: these amazing feats of regeneration. So having a big, highly 806 00:50:09,920 --> 00:50:13,160 Speaker 1: intelligent animal being able to do this, it's like, it 807 00:50:13,239 --> 00:50:15,359 Speaker 1: kind of makes me question why we're not better at it. 808 00:50:16,960 --> 00:50:19,440 Speaker 1: There's a lot of things I feel like humans should 809 00:50:19,440 --> 00:50:24,360 Speaker 1: be better at compared to dolphins. I'm just jealous of dolphins. 810 00:50:26,120 --> 00:50:28,040 Speaker 1: They've got a lot to offer. I mean, they're cuter 811 00:50:28,160 --> 00:50:32,480 Speaker 1: than us. They again care free living, don't have to 812 00:50:32,520 --> 00:50:36,480 Speaker 1: pay taxes to go to the gym to stay in shape. 813 00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:41,719 Speaker 1: They're constantly exercising. They're never not exercising, they're swimming all day. 814 00:50:42,040 --> 00:50:45,520 Speaker 1: Maybe we should make them pay taxes though, like why 815 00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:49,320 Speaker 1: is how is that fair? This is the platform of 816 00:50:49,360 --> 00:50:53,040 Speaker 1: the Republican Party. I think going forward is tax the dolphins, 817 00:50:53,080 --> 00:50:58,160 Speaker 1: don't tax me, tax and have the dolphins pick up 818 00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:01,879 Speaker 1: the We're gonna make the dophints pay for it. We're 819 00:51:01,880 --> 00:51:04,040 Speaker 1: gonna build a wall around the ocean and make the 820 00:51:04,080 --> 00:51:08,640 Speaker 1: dolphins pay for it. Before we go, I want to 821 00:51:08,719 --> 00:51:13,560 Speaker 1: read a really nice listener email. Um, so this is 822 00:51:13,640 --> 00:51:18,040 Speaker 1: from Evan, and he writes, my name is Evan. He 823 00:51:18,239 --> 00:51:20,480 Speaker 1: him his and I want to say I love your podcast. 824 00:51:20,560 --> 00:51:23,480 Speaker 1: Thank you, Evan. I spent many years working as a 825 00:51:23,480 --> 00:51:27,320 Speaker 1: Phish biologist for us FWS, working on e s A 826 00:51:27,440 --> 00:51:31,239 Speaker 1: projects involved with fish. Some of the work I did 827 00:51:31,440 --> 00:51:33,520 Speaker 1: for them required me reading up on some of the 828 00:51:33,560 --> 00:51:37,360 Speaker 1: first written accounts on what people were finding in rivers 829 00:51:37,360 --> 00:51:41,320 Speaker 1: in the Southwest. These were great biological writings that often 830 00:51:41,320 --> 00:51:44,040 Speaker 1: gave us insight into a healthier stage of the river. 831 00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:47,600 Speaker 1: And it was very interesting because many of the oldest 832 00:51:47,680 --> 00:51:52,040 Speaker 1: biological descriptions for fish in the Southwest also contained a 833 00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:55,359 Speaker 1: portion of the writing that described how they tasted and 834 00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:58,040 Speaker 1: the best way to cook them. For a group of 835 00:51:58,040 --> 00:52:01,000 Speaker 1: people trying to help save endangered species, we found it 836 00:52:01,160 --> 00:52:04,560 Speaker 1: very funny that the original descriptions of these often involved 837 00:52:04,719 --> 00:52:07,960 Speaker 1: how they tasted. So that was a long roundabout way 838 00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:10,640 Speaker 1: of letting your gifts from this episode. No, so I 839 00:52:10,680 --> 00:52:13,200 Speaker 1: think this was back. We did an episode and we 840 00:52:13,480 --> 00:52:18,640 Speaker 1: speculated around, like is it okay to wonder how animals taste? 841 00:52:19,040 --> 00:52:23,279 Speaker 1: Extinct animals or or other animals like tasted like dinosaurs. 842 00:52:23,320 --> 00:52:27,200 Speaker 1: I think we're wondering how dinosaurs tasted. Anyways, Evan writes, 843 00:52:28,160 --> 00:52:30,399 Speaker 1: so that that was a long roundabout way of letting 844 00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:32,160 Speaker 1: your gifts from this episode. Know that it's okay to 845 00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:36,040 Speaker 1: be thinking about how these species would taste. Uh. These days, 846 00:52:36,080 --> 00:52:38,360 Speaker 1: I have more time to listen to podcasts. The business 847 00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:41,359 Speaker 1: I started drinking horn metery has me driving a lot. 848 00:52:41,360 --> 00:52:43,640 Speaker 1: In your podcast is a great way to get through 849 00:52:43,640 --> 00:52:45,640 Speaker 1: the miles and learn a bit while I'm at it. 850 00:52:45,680 --> 00:52:47,600 Speaker 1: If Stitcher let me put up reviews, you would have 851 00:52:47,640 --> 00:52:49,359 Speaker 1: a five star review from me. Keep up the good 852 00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:54,319 Speaker 1: work from Evan. Thank you, Evan, really sweet, Yeah, and 853 00:52:54,440 --> 00:52:57,160 Speaker 1: thank you. That is interesting to me that, Like, I mean, 854 00:52:57,200 --> 00:53:00,600 Speaker 1: it's unsurprising. I guess that early biologists are like, oh wow, 855 00:53:00,640 --> 00:53:04,120 Speaker 1: a new animal, Let me put it in my mouth. Yeah, 856 00:53:04,160 --> 00:53:07,320 Speaker 1: I've never once thought like what is this animal taste? 857 00:53:07,360 --> 00:53:10,600 Speaker 1: Like what is a dog tast? I don't want to 858 00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:14,880 Speaker 1: find out. Well, not dogs, but if if you're like 859 00:53:14,920 --> 00:53:16,879 Speaker 1: if you've got like a new type of fish, it's 860 00:53:16,920 --> 00:53:19,920 Speaker 1: like pink and green, it's got weird spikes and like 861 00:53:20,360 --> 00:53:22,759 Speaker 1: saw blades for eyeballs, Like I don't want to know. 862 00:53:23,280 --> 00:53:26,200 Speaker 1: I'd want to know, like what's it hiding? What are 863 00:53:26,239 --> 00:53:32,000 Speaker 1: you hiding? What kind of delicious flavors are you hiding? Right? 864 00:53:32,040 --> 00:53:34,160 Speaker 1: Like I think Darwin ate a lot of the animals 865 00:53:34,160 --> 00:53:39,640 Speaker 1: he discovered to well, you know, look, some people are 866 00:53:39,640 --> 00:53:47,440 Speaker 1: afraid of research and knowledge, like me specifically. You're just 867 00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:50,160 Speaker 1: you're just upset that I want to eat a bunch 868 00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:54,879 Speaker 1: of undiscovered animals. I don't get what's there? What's there 869 00:53:54,920 --> 00:53:59,320 Speaker 1: not to love? Keeps are normal, These are normal behaviors. 870 00:53:59,440 --> 00:54:04,040 Speaker 1: These are feelings that everyone has, and it's balid. My 871 00:54:04,840 --> 00:54:08,120 Speaker 1: wanting to eat iguanas is valid. I'm gonna stop king 872 00:54:08,160 --> 00:54:11,800 Speaker 1: shaming and I'm gonna allow you to I know, I'm 873 00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:18,440 Speaker 1: kidding again. Oh that's what someone says when it's definitely 874 00:54:18,440 --> 00:54:21,160 Speaker 1: not a king. It's not a king. Oh, it's it's 875 00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:27,759 Speaker 1: not sexual in anyway when sexual. Yeah, I think that's 876 00:54:27,760 --> 00:54:29,480 Speaker 1: a good way. I think that's a good place in 877 00:54:29,480 --> 00:54:31,920 Speaker 1: the podcast, don't I agree. I feel like we've gotten 878 00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:36,360 Speaker 1: just to the point where this is still classy. We've 879 00:54:36,440 --> 00:54:38,719 Speaker 1: just we've got We've come to the line of it 880 00:54:38,840 --> 00:54:43,759 Speaker 1: and like if we cross it, no, Anyways, thank you 881 00:54:43,960 --> 00:54:49,280 Speaker 1: so much for joining me today. I'm sorry for you know, um, 882 00:54:49,320 --> 00:54:52,600 Speaker 1: eating chicken bones while we're recording, and for the pictures 883 00:54:52,640 --> 00:54:55,520 Speaker 1: of all the weird things like self decapitation. But I 884 00:54:55,560 --> 00:54:57,800 Speaker 1: hope you learned. Yeah. Absolutely, And I think in the 885 00:54:57,840 --> 00:55:00,800 Speaker 1: show notes for this episode you should put time codes 886 00:55:01,480 --> 00:55:04,680 Speaker 1: for every single moment when you made me sick to 887 00:55:04,719 --> 00:55:08,000 Speaker 1: my stomach, just so the audience can skip ahead to 888 00:55:08,080 --> 00:55:13,120 Speaker 1: the fund parties. Yeah, exactly, exactly. We will mark those down. 889 00:55:13,640 --> 00:55:18,240 Speaker 1: Day've learned never to come on, Dave learned, Katie sucks, 890 00:55:18,360 --> 00:55:23,400 Speaker 1: marrilettic chicken bones. Well, where can people find you? Oh? 891 00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:27,840 Speaker 1: At my house? Uh, but you mean on the internet, right, Okay, 892 00:55:27,920 --> 00:55:31,319 Speaker 1: So at Dave Underscore shilling is me on Twitter? You 893 00:55:31,400 --> 00:55:35,080 Speaker 1: can find out all the things that I'm thinking about 894 00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:38,480 Speaker 1: at three in the morning, or just you know, jokes 895 00:55:38,680 --> 00:55:42,600 Speaker 1: or promotion for all the things that I'm doing uh, 896 00:55:42,719 --> 00:55:45,960 Speaker 1: please please just seek me out, find me, follow me 897 00:55:46,120 --> 00:55:49,759 Speaker 1: and interact with me, because I want to be your 898 00:55:49,960 --> 00:55:56,200 Speaker 1: friend very much. That sounded that's nice, that's lovely. Um. 899 00:55:56,280 --> 00:55:59,040 Speaker 1: But so people can just show up at your house, no, 900 00:55:59,280 --> 00:56:03,799 Speaker 1: please don't. Uh yeah, And you can find us on 901 00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:07,560 Speaker 1: the internet at Creature Feature Pod on Instagram, at Creature 902 00:56:07,680 --> 00:56:10,040 Speaker 1: feet Pot on Twitter. That's f E a T, not 903 00:56:10,160 --> 00:56:13,400 Speaker 1: f et. That is something very different. And if you 904 00:56:13,440 --> 00:56:16,560 Speaker 1: want to write in your very own email to the show, 905 00:56:16,719 --> 00:56:21,880 Speaker 1: you can write me at Creature Feature Product gmail dot com. 906 00:56:22,080 --> 00:56:25,000 Speaker 1: Right in your complaints about all the chicken bone business. 907 00:56:25,160 --> 00:56:28,600 Speaker 1: That's fine, Um, don't eat them. Don't eat them? Uh, 908 00:56:28,960 --> 00:56:31,279 Speaker 1: disclaimer because I don't want people writing in I try 909 00:56:31,320 --> 00:56:33,640 Speaker 1: to eat chicken bone now it's lodged in my brain, 910 00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:37,120 Speaker 1: all right. And then also, yeah, thank you so much 911 00:56:37,120 --> 00:56:41,080 Speaker 1: for listening. If you enjoyed what you heard, please leave 912 00:56:41,120 --> 00:56:44,000 Speaker 1: a rating and over review. That really helps. I read 913 00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:46,480 Speaker 1: them all. It warms my heart and it helps out 914 00:56:46,480 --> 00:56:48,680 Speaker 1: with the algorithm. If you didn't enjoy it, you know, 915 00:56:48,719 --> 00:56:53,000 Speaker 1: you don't have to say nothing. You can't say nothing. 916 00:56:53,320 --> 00:56:57,279 Speaker 1: I won't stop you, but you you're it's Look, it's America. 917 00:56:57,440 --> 00:56:59,839 Speaker 1: You can do whatever you want. Thank you to this 918 00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:04,360 Speaker 1: Based Classics for the super awesome song Exo Alumina. Creature 919 00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:07,799 Speaker 1: features a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts 920 00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:09,600 Speaker 1: like the one you just heard, visit the I Heart 921 00:57:09,640 --> 00:57:12,640 Speaker 1: Radio appop podcast or Hey guess what wherever I'm not 922 00:57:12,640 --> 00:57:19,320 Speaker 1: gonna judge you. See you next Wednesday.