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Speaker 4: Let's go places.
Speaker 1: All the stars in the universe are constantly exploding nuclear bombs.
Speaker 5: That's a little frightening.
Speaker 1: Well, go out there and warm your toes on the
Speaker 1: you know, the thermonuclear fire of a huge bomb that's
Speaker 1: constantly exploding.
Speaker 5: That sounds cozy. It's like a contain and continual explosion.
Speaker 1: Yeah, you want to see a nuclear bomb go off,
Speaker 1: Go outside and look at the sun. I mean not directly.
Speaker 5: Don't hurt yourself. You just made this advice.
Speaker 1: I have to retract that previous advice.
Speaker 5: Yeah, we'll ask them to edit it up. Hello, I'm
Speaker 5: Jorge and I'm Daniel, and this is our show. Daniel
Speaker 5: and Jorge explain the universe.
Speaker 1: Explain the entire universe, especially all the stars inside of it. Now,
Speaker 1: I noticed, Jorge, every time you introduce your our show,
Speaker 1: you're about to say Horne and Dangel explain the universe,
Speaker 1: and then you have to correct yourself and you're like, no.
Speaker 5: Actually, yeah, we're still bitter about that.
Speaker 1: You know, my real job, you know, is as a
Speaker 1: particle to exists. And I have five thousand collaborators. And
Speaker 1: when we write a paper, we put everybody's name on
Speaker 1: the paper. And the policy has put everybody's name alphabetical
Speaker 1: by last name, regardless of who contributed more or less
Speaker 1: or whatever. Somebody decided they didn't want to have the argument,
Speaker 1: let's just make it alphabetical. Uh huh. And what that
Speaker 1: means that there's some grad student whos first author on
Speaker 1: like every paper.
Speaker 5: Wow, it's like him or her at all.
Speaker 1: And it's sort of make some famous and also sort
Speaker 1: of infamous because people grumble about it.
Speaker 5: No pressure, no pressure.
Speaker 1: That's right in the Glaring Spotlight. But you know, today's
Speaker 1: episode actually relates to that, to Glaring Spotlights, because today
Speaker 1: we're talking about something very close to home. We're talking
Speaker 1: about how long the sun is going to live?
Speaker 5: How long do we have before it burns out or
Speaker 5: explodes or snuffs out?
Speaker 1: How many more projects can Daniel and Jorge or Jorge
Speaker 1: and Daniel do arguing about order until life on earth
Speaker 1: is extinguished because the star is gone.
Speaker 5: Yeah, do you have time to clean out your garage
Speaker 5: or do that thing you've always wanted to do? Right?
Speaker 5: That sequel to We Have No Idea, our book now
Speaker 5: available from Penguin Random Pass.
Speaker 1: That's right. So if you're currently procrastinating doing something you
Speaker 1: should do, then you're actually going to learn something today
Speaker 1: about how much time you have left to procrastinate?
Speaker 5: Right yep? So yeah, let's jump in for We as
Speaker 5: usual asked people on the street how long they thought
Speaker 5: that the sun would keep burning, and so the question
Speaker 5: is how long do you think the sun will keep burning?
Speaker 1: Play along at home, think of your answer, and then
Speaker 1: listen to these random on the street interviews. How long
Speaker 1: do you think our sun is going to continue to
Speaker 1: burn for?
Speaker 5: How long?
Speaker 1: I think a few billion years? I don't know millions, No,
Speaker 1: not millions, sorry.
Speaker 5: Probably a long time. I hope a long time.
Speaker 1: So, like, doesn't this affect your plans? Come on, you
Speaker 1: should know this.
Speaker 5: All right? Well, I guess the first thing is that
Speaker 5: nobody seemed really concerned.
Speaker 1: That's right, nobody's rushing home to finish up something before
Speaker 1: the sun snuffs out or explodes.
Speaker 5: Nobody's like, what the sun's gonna stop burning? At some point?
Speaker 5: Everyone seemed to know about the idea that the sun
Speaker 5: won't shine forever.
Speaker 1: Oh that's a good point. I never even considered that
Speaker 1: that I would be the one informing people by asking
Speaker 1: the question that the sun was not gonna last forever?
Speaker 1: Oh my god, what what are you saying? No, everybody
Speaker 1: seems to know that already. But maybe nobody seemed concerned
Speaker 1: because everybody's answers were very far off in the future.
Speaker 1: Nobody said, I don't know, ten years or one hundred years.
Speaker 1: Everybody's like random, big number. Everybody feels like it's just
Speaker 1: so far off in the future it doesn't matter.
Speaker 5: Well, let's maybe take a step back, like how does inform? Right?
Speaker 5: Like I imagine out in space there's stuff like dust
Speaker 5: and little bits of rock, and at some point the
Speaker 5: gravity pulls them together, like there's some nearby each other,
Speaker 5: until they clump together, and first it's a giant rock,
Speaker 5: and then it's an even bigger rock, and then it
Speaker 5: just gets more massive, and at some point what.
Speaker 1: Happens, Yeah, but it's not. Mostly rock stars are mostly
Speaker 1: made out of gas, mostly out of hydrogen. So in
Speaker 1: the Big Bang, most of the stuff that was formed
Speaker 1: after the Big Bang was hydrogen, a little bit helium
Speaker 1: and a few heavier elements, but mostly you just have
Speaker 1: huge clouds of gas formed in the early universe, Okay,
Speaker 1: And then gravity takes over and gravity slowly pulls those
Speaker 1: things together, as you said, and accumulates these gas clouds.
Speaker 1: And then those gas clouds get pulled together by gravity
Speaker 1: and they get squeezed together more and more until it
Speaker 1: gets denser and denser, and eventually it gets squeezed together
Speaker 1: by gravity enough that it starts to burn. And by burn,
Speaker 1: I mean fuse, I mean you have like nuclear bombs
Speaker 1: going off because of the pressure inside these big clump
Speaker 1: of hydrogen.
Speaker 5: Right, what do you mean they get denser and denser,
Speaker 5: like just more and more hydrogen atoms just kind of
Speaker 5: bunch up because they're all attracted to each other by gravity.
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's kind of about like a runaway process. I mean,
Speaker 1: if you had a perfectly smooth universe filled with hydrogen atoms,
Speaker 1: then no one would want to go anywhere because you'd
Speaker 1: be tugged in every direction at the same strength.
Speaker 5: Right, everybody would be attracted to everybody else equally.
Speaker 1: Yeah, that sounds like a good party, right, universe party,
Speaker 1: we're all attracted to each other.
Speaker 5: Yeah, created is just a big swinger party.
Speaker 1: That's right. Hey, you know the analogy works because we're
Speaker 1: going to talk about fusion and.
Speaker 5: Fision, so I thinks are going to get hot.
Speaker 1: You don't want your relationship to go supernova. Later on
Speaker 1: in relationship advice from an astrophysicist.
Speaker 5: Yeah, yeah, they were just knocking out that to that advice,
Speaker 5: children go out and look at the sun. People have
Speaker 5: explosive relationships. This is our last episode, by the way, guys.
Speaker 1: Right, so, but there were little areas in the universe
Speaker 1: early on that were a little denser than others, and
Speaker 1: that's just because of quantum fluctuations. And then those areas
Speaker 1: were heavier because there's a little bit more stuff. Heavier,
Speaker 1: you have more gravitational pull than anywhere else, So then
Speaker 1: you start to attract more stuff, and the heavier you get,
Speaker 1: the denser region becomes, the more gravity it has, the
Speaker 1: stronger its ability to pull more stuff in, and then
Speaker 1: it gets heavier and heavier, and it's a runaway process
Speaker 1: where pretty soon it's aculating stuff faster and faster.
Speaker 5: So you can imagine like at some point a giant
Speaker 5: ball of really compressed gas, right, Like maybe at the
Speaker 5: edges it's not as compressed, but in the middle, it's
Speaker 5: just everything's trying to push it together, right, But it
Speaker 5: doesn't immediately fuse because hydrogen atoms are also repelling each
Speaker 5: other at the same time, right, Like they're attracted by gravity,
Speaker 5: but they're repelling each other by other forces.
Speaker 1: That's right. Fusion is not easy to pull off. I
Speaker 1: mean we're trying to do it in experiments all the
Speaker 1: time here on Earth.
Speaker 5: Like it's like trying to squeeze two mantic together that
Speaker 5: are on the same polarity, right.
Speaker 1: Yeah, or trying to make two kids share one ice
Speaker 1: cream or something that's not it's easy to do.
Speaker 5: Not a good idea spelling. They're being attracted by gravity,
Speaker 5: repelling by electronic forces, but at some point, if you
Speaker 5: get them close enough, then another force kicks in, right,
Speaker 5: and that's what kind of fuses them together. Is that true?
Speaker 1: Yeah, And that's when you access the strong nuclear force,
Speaker 1: and that fuses them together, and the strong nuclear force
Speaker 1: very strong then therefore its name. And when you do that,
Speaker 1: you release a huge amount of energy.
Speaker 5: And so that's what all of the energy is coming from,
Speaker 5: is just these hydrogen atoms fusing together.
Speaker 1: That's right. Almost all the light from all the stars
Speaker 1: in the universe is from hydrogen fusing together and creating
Speaker 1: all that energy and shooting it out into space.
Speaker 5: But is it like a kind of like a chain reaction,
Speaker 5: like you know, like a nuclear bomb, like one explosion
Speaker 5: causes the next explosion. Is that what's happening inside a
Speaker 5: star or is it just just the pressure just kind
Speaker 5: of makes it, like popcorn, just makes all these kernels
Speaker 5: pop up up?
Speaker 1: So on Earth, it's a chain reaction you're thinking of
Speaker 1: like fission. Fission is the opposite process, and you break
Speaker 1: a nucleus up and it sprays out and stuff. I'm here,
Speaker 1: you just I have a huge blob of hydrogen in
Speaker 1: the core and it's being squeezed by the outside and
Speaker 1: everything around it, and it gets really hot. And you
Speaker 1: know that's true of every object, like even the Earth.
Speaker 1: What's at the center of the Earth. It's not cold
Speaker 1: at the center of the Earth. It's hot, and it's
Speaker 1: hot for lots of reasons, but one major reason is
Speaker 1: that it's being squeezed by gravity. All that rock on
Speaker 1: the center of the Earth is being squeezed by all
Speaker 1: the rock on the outside, and it gets turned into lava.
Speaker 4: Right.
Speaker 1: Why is lava hot Because it's been squeezed by gravity.
Speaker 1: Gravity is pretty powerful if you give it enough time
Speaker 1: and stuff.
Speaker 5: So our cloud of hydrogen, it just kind of suddenly ignites,
Speaker 5: or does it kind of like burns begins to burn slowly,
Speaker 5: like does the stargo likesh or is it? Is it
Speaker 5: kind of a long process?
Speaker 3: No?
Speaker 1: I think it ignites pretty quickly once it gets going,
Speaker 1: And what happens depends on how big it is. So
Speaker 1: if you have a huge blob of gas, right and
Speaker 1: it forms an enormous ball of hydrogen. Then it can
Speaker 1: burn really brightly and not for very long. If it's small,
Speaker 1: then it doesn't get to be big enough to burn
Speaker 1: like you know, like the Earth or Jupiter or something.
Speaker 1: Jupiter is like a star that never got started because
Speaker 1: it just wasn't big enough for the core to start burning.
Speaker 5: Oh, you need more stuff to basically weigh down and
Speaker 5: squeeze the middle.
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, the core of Jupiter is not being
Speaker 1: squeezed enough. I mean it's massive gravitational pressure. You would
Speaker 1: not like it.
Speaker 6: It.
Speaker 1: Do not recommend it as a destination for your V occasion. Right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's right. There are some common sense warnings on this show.
Speaker 1: But it's not hot enough to start nuclear fusion.
Speaker 5: Okay, so then things say squeeze and you got a
Speaker 5: sun it Suddenly you have this big ball of gas
Speaker 5: that's burning in the middle.
Speaker 1: That's right, and it's burning through nuclear fusion. It's turning
Speaker 1: hydrogen into helium.
Speaker 5: Okay.
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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, You're probably
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,
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Speaker 5: That's how stars are born, not just in Hollywood. And
Speaker 5: then it just keeps burning for a long time, right
Speaker 5: until all the hygrogen turns into helium.
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly right. You have fuel and you burn
Speaker 1: that fuel, and when you've done burning that fuel, you're done.
Speaker 1: But the interesting thing is that the output of fusion
Speaker 1: is helium, right, And so what happens is that you
Speaker 1: accumulate helium at the core of these stars, and then
Speaker 1: if it keeps going, if it gets big enough, then
Speaker 1: it can start to fuse helium.
Speaker 5: Oh, and then that it's like it goes into secondary
Speaker 5: fuel burning mode.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's burning helium because you can fuse helium
Speaker 1: into the element with number four, which I embarrassed and
Speaker 1: can't even remember. Is that the end?
Speaker 5: Okay, So we're talking about what happens to a star
Speaker 5: and as at some point it makes it turns all
Speaker 5: the hydrogen into helium and eventually into iron, and that's
Speaker 5: kind of when that's kind of when a supernova happens. Right.
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, it doesn't necessarily happen to have to be
Speaker 1: a supernova depends on the mass of the star. So
Speaker 1: let's talk just to be specific about a star like
Speaker 1: ours in the sun, and any object that's like about
Speaker 1: up to eight times the mass of the Sun is
Speaker 1: going to have an experience like our sun. And so
Speaker 1: what happens is it starts to burn hydrogen, like we said,
Speaker 1: and then the hydrogen gets the core gets burned up
Speaker 1: and you get helium, and then you start to burn
Speaker 1: the hydrogen on the shell, and then the star starts
Speaker 1: to grow. It gets bigger, like physically larger in space.
Speaker 1: And the reason is that you're now burning the hydrogen
Speaker 1: on the outside and that the burning there is pushing
Speaker 1: stuff out. It's like the radiation pressure is making it grow.
Speaker 1: So the sun will keep burning and then it'll expand
Speaker 1: and it'll cool, so it'll start to get larger and
Speaker 1: it'll turn into a red giant. So giant meaning gets
Speaker 1: bigger and red because it changed just color.
Speaker 5: Because the color is related to the temperature, right, Like
Speaker 5: the cooler it is the red, Like it's kind of counterintuitive,
Speaker 5: the coler it is the star is the redder it is.
Speaker 5: But then the hotter it is, the bluer it looks.
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, And that's related to the wavelength of those lights.
Speaker 1: That light. Yeah.
Speaker 5: Yeah, Like if you could you press fast forward on
Speaker 5: life on Earth, you would see the Sun as this
Speaker 5: yellow dot. But eventually you'll see it grow and grow redder,
Speaker 5: and then grow and grow. Eventually we'll take over our
Speaker 5: entire sky and at some point it'll just snuff us out.
Speaker 1: That's right. Eventually we will be in the sun. Wa
Speaker 1: Earth will just get like eaten up by the Sun. Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1: But that's again billions of years in the future. It's
Speaker 1: like three billion years.
Speaker 5: In the future, three billion years.
Speaker 1: Yeah. And so before but before we even get snuffed up,
Speaker 1: you know, it'll get pretty hot and we wouldn't want
Speaker 1: to be around anyway.
Speaker 5: Oh I see.
Speaker 1: So first the ocean's boil and then we get snuffed up.
Speaker 1: Yeah wow. And then that's that's like the last phase
Speaker 1: before the Sun dies and then it's mostly used up
Speaker 1: its fuel and you know, it's like a fire, You
Speaker 1: use up the fuel and then the fire goes out.
Speaker 5: So everything turned to iron.
Speaker 1: Maybe, And it's not every star that can make iron, right,
Speaker 1: It depends on the size of it. Mostly iron is
Speaker 1: made in much bigger stars, So our star is not
Speaker 1: big enough to make iron, so we'll probably make helium
Speaker 1: and a little bit of lithium and a few other things. Oh.
Speaker 5: I see. So some stars are bigger, so they have
Speaker 5: more pressure so they can cook iron, but ours cannot exactly.
Speaker 1: Ours is not by far one of the biggest stars
Speaker 1: in the universe. It's relatively modest. Yeah, okay, And then
Speaker 1: when it burns off all the hydrogen sort of on
Speaker 1: the outside, then it'll go out, and what we'll be
Speaker 1: left with is something they call a white dwarf, which
Speaker 1: is basically just meaning a big cool blob, something that's
Speaker 1: not burning anymore of what it's just sort of the
Speaker 1: leftover stuff. You know, you have enough elements there to
Speaker 1: sit there there. It's hot and so it's sort of glowing,
Speaker 1: but it's not actually burning anymore. And you'll have some
Speaker 1: helium and maybe some lithium and just be like a
Speaker 1: dense blob, but it won't be bright the same way,
Speaker 1: and it'll cool and eventually become a black dwarf, which
Speaker 1: means basically a big.
Speaker 5: Lump of rock, like just a giant meteorite.
Speaker 1: Yeah, though mostly made of like frozen helium.
Speaker 5: Frozen helium for real.
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, because mostly what mostly what the Sun is
Speaker 1: is burning hydrogen into helium, and again, some of that
Speaker 1: helium will get burned into heavier stuff, but most of
Speaker 1: it won't, I think.
Speaker 5: And so this is going to be like a giant
Speaker 5: ice ball the size of what.
Speaker 1: Oh, you'll be small, You'll be smaller than the current Sun. Oh.
Speaker 1: I see, it's just the core. Yeah, just the core
Speaker 1: is left over because all the other stuff is blown
Speaker 1: out when it turns into a red giant. But yeah,
Speaker 1: some significant fraction of the mass of the Sun is
Speaker 1: going to end up left over as a white dwarf
Speaker 1: and then a black dwarf. Yeah, exactly, And you know
Speaker 1: that has a future. It could be that that then
Speaker 1: gets clustered together later on and becomes part of a
Speaker 1: new star. You know, a lot of the stuff that's
Speaker 1: in our star and in the Earth used to be
Speaker 1: inside of a star. And so you know, everything that
Speaker 1: we're that we're made out of is a remnant from
Speaker 1: a star that died. So if it wasn't for star
Speaker 1: and these fusion furnaces making the heavier elements, then there
Speaker 1: wouldn't be anything else to make stuff out of. It
Speaker 1: would all just be hydrogen helium. And so it's gravity
Speaker 1: squeezing this stuff together over billions of years. That makes
Speaker 1: the heavier elements, and mostly in the bigger stars that
Speaker 1: you get up to like iron. You know, the bigger
Speaker 1: stars can do more exciting stuff. Like our sun is
Speaker 1: not going to go supernova, it's just not big enough.
Speaker 1: But a bigger star could have enough mass that it
Speaker 1: collapses and it pushes it together and it can create
Speaker 1: a supernova and then two weird things, either a black
Speaker 1: hole or a neutron star, which I think is one
Speaker 1: of the weirdest things in the universe. So it's more
Speaker 1: of an implosion than an explosion. Actually yeah, yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: it's pretty crazy stuff.
Speaker 5: So you're saying that's when the heavier elements get meat.
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, in some of these supernovas, because you have
Speaker 1: heavy stuff flying around and it collides and it forms
Speaker 1: even heavier stuff. Yeah right. And then but the heaviest stuff,
Speaker 1: like we were saying earlier, gold and all that stuff
Speaker 1: gets formed when two of those remnants collide, Like say
Speaker 1: you have one really massive star lives a whole life,
Speaker 1: has a great time, blows up, turns into a neutron star,
Speaker 1: and another one does the same thing, and then the
Speaker 1: two neutron stars are orbiting each other, and eventually, because
Speaker 1: they're so massive, they pull each other together and they
Speaker 1: collapse and they collide into each other, and it's in
Speaker 1: that collision that you can form the really heaviest stuff.
Speaker 1: So all the super heavy metals in the universe are
Speaker 1: made when neutron stars die.
Speaker 5: Wow, and that's why they're so rare, so that you
Speaker 5: need these crazy events just to make gold and titanium
Speaker 5: and all these elements.
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, that's right.
Speaker 5: But it's crazy that we have that stuff on Earth.
Speaker 1: Yeah right, I know we have it here on Earth,
Speaker 1: and it's like the leftovers these incredible cosmic events that
Speaker 1: happened billions of years ago and then got sprayed out
Speaker 1: into the universe with enough time for them to like
Speaker 1: have a whole new life. You know. I love that
Speaker 1: everything in the universe is getting recycled, right, Like our
Speaker 1: solar system didn't even start forming until you know, five
Speaker 1: billion years ago, which is nine billion years into the party. Right.
Speaker 5: Yeah, let's talk about that, But first, let's take a
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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth
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Speaker 1: set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas
Speaker 1: neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working hard
Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve
Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water.
Speaker 1: For example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn
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Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.
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Speaker 1: Right now is when the sun is like looking over
Speaker 1: that hot, sexy sun in the next solar system.
Speaker 5: And looking to buy a corvette.
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, it's wondering like do I look like a big,
Speaker 1: fat red giant and tell me I still look small,
Speaker 1: like a nice little.
Speaker 4: Yellow dwarf.
Speaker 1: Hot Yeah, exactly. And one thing that I think is
Speaker 1: really interesting is that the smaller star is the longer
Speaker 1: it lives. The bigger star is the shorter it lives.
Speaker 1: And the first stars in the universe were massive, they
Speaker 1: were incredible, and so they didn't live for very long.
Speaker 1: Like those first stars we talked about, none of those
Speaker 1: are around anymore. None of the stars that are in
Speaker 1: the universe now are first generation stars. They're all second, third,
Speaker 1: fourth generation, that kind of stuff.
Speaker 5: All the stars were seeing the night sky in like
Speaker 5: the pictures of galaxies.
Speaker 1: They're all None of those are among the first stars
Speaker 1: that were formed about one hundred million years. That's a
Speaker 1: big bang. Yeah, it's only recently people scientists even saw
Speaker 1: the light from those first stars. It's really hard to see.
Speaker 1: You have to use the infrared because the universe was
Speaker 1: so dense back then but yeah, our star is made
Speaker 1: out of leftover bits from other stars earlier that burned
Speaker 1: and exploded, wow.
Speaker 5: And recombined, right, And eventually you're saying, our big ice
Speaker 5: ball of the sun is going to recombine with something
Speaker 5: else maybe and form.
Speaker 1: But you can't do this forever, you know, Like there's
Speaker 1: a limited amount of hydrogen, and you need hydrogen to
Speaker 1: have these reactions to start. Eventually things get Yeah, things
Speaker 1: get denser and denser, and you run out of fuel.
Speaker 1: So like think about the Milky Way galaxy. It's got
Speaker 1: enormous blobs of hydrogen gas. Still it's still making stars,
Speaker 1: but eventually it's going to run out, and then it's
Speaker 1: going to stop making stars. And those stars are going
Speaker 1: to burn for a while, but they're not going to
Speaker 1: burn forever.
Speaker 5: So eventually everything's going to be like iron and heavier metals.
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, and then things will get dark.
Speaker 5: Things are going to get rocky.
Speaker 1: Things are going to get rocky, that's right. But some
Speaker 1: of these stars, some of these stars are going to
Speaker 1: burn a long time. Like there are stars that have
Speaker 1: lifetimes of trillions of.
Speaker 5: Years, but that's not us. So in five billion years,
Speaker 5: we got to figure something.
Speaker 1: Out yeah, we have to figure out how to find
Speaker 1: get to another star, and we got less than you know,
Speaker 1: three ish billion years to figure that out.
Speaker 5: Oh man, so we have to jump to another star
Speaker 5: that is burning and or just learn to live in
Speaker 5: dark kind of right.
Speaker 1: Well, you know, fusion is not impossible. You know, we
Speaker 1: can copy the energy source of the stars if if
Speaker 1: we we don't necessarily sarily need a star, right, we
Speaker 1: could power ourselves through our own controlled fusion if we
Speaker 1: if we could figure that out.
Speaker 5: But do we have enough hydrogen or war to last?
Speaker 5: Does that long?
Speaker 1: Yeah? Yeah? I mean the Sun is massively inefficient, right,
Speaker 1: Like most of the energy of the Sun gets thrown
Speaker 1: off into space and then and not even use. So
Speaker 1: we wouldn't need anything nearly as big as the Sun
Speaker 1: to power human civilization.
Speaker 5: So we could just go out there grab some of
Speaker 5: that hydrogen floating around, or go to Jupiter maybe grab
Speaker 5: all that hydrogen. Yeah, create our little mini sun here.
Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, absolutely.
Speaker 5: Wow.
Speaker 1: Well, you know, if you're living out in space, you
Speaker 1: don't have to worry about pollution, like, so you can
Speaker 1: just do fission, which is much easier, and there's plenty
Speaker 1: of that stuff floating around and you know, you get
Speaker 1: radioactive waste to just jettison. You're already in space, so
Speaker 1: who cares, right. Interesting, people used to think the ocean
Speaker 1: was too big and you could just pollute it forever
Speaker 1: with that consequences. We know that's not true, but it
Speaker 1: is true of the universe.
Speaker 5: You say that now you're never.
Speaker 1: Going to fill the universe with garbage. Yeah, I get you.
Speaker 1: Think in a billion years people are gonna say, I
Speaker 1: can't believe they filled space with junk.
Speaker 5: Man, responsible, you're gonna be like, don't throw don't throw
Speaker 5: plastic bags out into space because the space solpins are gonna.
Speaker 1: It kills all those cute space.
Speaker 5: Animals, space solfe.
Speaker 1: Dolphins. Joking on your cosmic ways? Why is that funny work?
Speaker 1: I don't think that's funny at all, and I think
Speaker 1: you're a jerk for laughing.
Speaker 5: Yeah. Sorry, cool. Well, that's that's kind of interesting, that
Speaker 5: the idea that maybe we will never leave our solar system.
Speaker 5: Maybe we'll just figure out how to make our own
Speaker 5: little mini suns to keep us warm.
Speaker 1: Yeah.
Speaker 5: Absolutely, wow, I think we could do that. Right until then,
Speaker 5: I guess wear sunscreen.
Speaker 1: That's right, and don't worry too much about the sun
Speaker 1: burning out. We have bigger problems to figure out than
Speaker 1: whether the sun is going to explode. You've got lots
Speaker 1: of time to work on that problem. Do you have
Speaker 1: a question you wish we would cover, Send it to us.
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us
Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge one Word,
Speaker 1: or email us to feedback at Danielandjorge dot com. When
Speaker 1: you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're
Speaker 1: probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people
Speaker 1: in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard
Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve
Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is
Speaker 1: us dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors
Speaker 1: to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy that
Speaker 1: can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you as
Speaker 1: Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.
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Speaker 5: Good job.
Speaker 7: Thanks,