Speaker 1: What were you doing in there? I'm making sure they
Speaker 1: clean don Long's event. I don't want one more person
Speaker 1: getting a super bug might be too late for that.
Speaker 1: In March, an episode of a Fox Network television show
Speaker 1: called The Resident appears about a lethal fungus spreading through
Speaker 1: a fictional hospital. The fungus has an ability to attack
Speaker 1: people with underlying conditions, such as diabetes. The hospital staff
Speaker 1: go to great pains to try to get rid of
Speaker 1: the infection without causing panic or revealing their own mistakes.
Speaker 1: Canada Horse is highly dangerous and immune coupleized patients. Half
Speaker 1: the people will get it die. The coronavirus actually makes
Speaker 1: a brief appearance in the episode We're Lucky is not
Speaker 1: in irriable, and like the coronavirus, his dad is not
Speaker 1: at risk, but the patients could be, but it doesn't
Speaker 1: really figure into the plot anyway. One of the writers
Speaker 1: behind this episode is named Daniella Lamas, and around the
Speaker 1: time of the ears the episode starts to feel like
Speaker 1: reality for her. That's be As. In addition to being
Speaker 1: a TV show script writer, she's an ICU doctor at
Speaker 1: Brighaman Women's Hospital in Boston. Initially, this sort of odd
Speaker 1: feeling of truth being stranger than fiction, and and for
Speaker 1: feeling slow to kind of realize that this was real.
Speaker 1: You know, I have friends who work in New York,
Speaker 1: like we saw what was happening there, but even so
Speaker 1: it took a little bit of time to to to realize,
Speaker 1: oh my gosh, this is this is happening. Reality was
Speaker 1: following an alternative script in which a coronavirus was the
Speaker 1: arch villain. Swaved in Ppe, Lamas was taking care of
Speaker 1: patients with a previously unknown disease COVID. Nineteen hundreds across
Speaker 1: Massachusetts became sick, with the disease piling into the hospital
Speaker 1: in unforeseen numbers. Brigham Women's has a sixteen floor patient tower,
Speaker 1: but across the street there's a newer cardiology building with
Speaker 1: a number of rooms with negative airflow that can be
Speaker 1: useful for keeping viruses under control. So the cardiology building
Speaker 1: became a COVID facility. It was in one of those
Speaker 1: rooms that Lamas took care of the patient. She'll never forget.
Speaker 1: There's a room that will always be a guy in
Speaker 1: his thirties with developmental delay who got COVID in his
Speaker 1: group home and who was on a lung bypass machine
Speaker 1: to keep him alive. But when it was clear that
Speaker 1: that was not going anywhere, and we had to tell
Speaker 1: his mother that that he was was going to die,
Speaker 1: and she asked us not to take him off the
Speaker 1: machine on Mother's Day, which was a Sunday, so we
Speaker 1: waited until Monday morning. I was off that Monday morning.
Speaker 1: It was no longer my time on service. Normally, interns
Speaker 1: and training were generally kept at a distance from COVID
Speaker 1: patients because of the risk of catching the disease. But
Speaker 1: on the morning that Lamas's patient died, she wasn't in
Speaker 1: the hospital. So an intern who had been involved in
Speaker 1: his care put on protective gloves, a gown and mask
Speaker 1: and went into the room with him, and she held
Speaker 1: the phone to his ear, and you know, his family
Speaker 1: said goodbye and told him apparently what heaven would be like.
Speaker 1: And remember sure he telling her me that that night,
Speaker 1: and I felt so short of guilty that she had
Speaker 1: been in there and gotten that experience. Um it also
Speaker 1: said it was good because she realized she had never
Speaker 1: really seen the patient before. Because we kept the interns
Speaker 1: from examining, from being in the rooms as possible, you know,
Speaker 1: we sort of did the exams as attendings, and so
Speaker 1: she's like, I've been caring for him for weeks since
Speaker 1: was the first time I saw his face, and so
Speaker 1: sort of those moments, I think, you know, are things
Speaker 1: that will always be in our minds. Even doctors had
Speaker 1: difficulty believing what they were seeing happen in front of
Speaker 1: their eyes. COVID was changing everything. But there was a
Speaker 1: big difference from Lamas's show, where doctors were trying to
Speaker 1: hide the infection in the hospital. Now they were trying
Speaker 1: desperately to make clear to the rest of the world
Speaker 1: what was really happening within their walls and how COVID
Speaker 1: was changing your rules collide Ishmael is a colleague of
Speaker 1: Lamas is. We specializes in taking care of lung disorders.
Speaker 1: This like a big conspiracy, I know. I think once
Speaker 1: we start to hear these things on the out side
Speaker 1: and see what's happening on the inside, I mean, I
Speaker 1: think that really affected, you know, the way I see things.
Speaker 1: And you know, I usually don't post much on on
Speaker 1: social media, and I went, actually I had like a
Speaker 1: post about people please listen and please follow recommendations for
Speaker 1: prevention and PPE and mask and social distancing and all
Speaker 1: of that. Now, Lamas and Ismail are both working in
Speaker 1: a Brigham clinic where they take care of people with
Speaker 1: long COVID, a mysterious syndrome they can affect people months
Speaker 1: after they've been infected, even if their cases aren't serious.
Speaker 1: Bit by bit, COVID is altering the space where they work.
Speaker 1: Hospitals have long occupied a singular place in the community
Speaker 1: and in the imagination. There are a place where discoveries
Speaker 1: are made, where friends and relatives come to be with
Speaker 1: a sick where medical miracles can happen. But that's changing. Increasingly,
Speaker 1: hospitals are becoming fortresses that must carefully limit who enters
Speaker 1: and who exits, no matter how many gowns and masks
Speaker 1: they have. Now, workers are feeling overburdened with caring for
Speaker 1: COVID patients who may stay for months needing highly intensive care.
Speaker 1: Miracles are getting harder and harder to perform, and many
Speaker 1: healthcare workers now feel less trusted than ever before. I'm
Speaker 1: John Lawerman, and I'm a journalist with Bloomberg News from
Speaker 1: the Prognosis podcast. This is Breakthrough Riemond Women's the hospital
Speaker 1: where scriptwriter Danielle Allamas works as a doctor is one
Speaker 1: of the most storied in the world. It can trace
Speaker 1: its history back almost two years when it was one
Speaker 1: of the first American maternity hospitals. Come doctors actually developed
Speaker 1: the idea of the intensive care unit in the nineteen fifties.
Speaker 1: You're in Boston um and at the Brigham. Yes, we
Speaker 1: definitely have critically ill, unvaccinated patients, but not to the
Speaker 1: extent that there are in other places in the country.
Speaker 1: In our vaccine rights are good here in Massachusetts, and
Speaker 1: there's some outlying hospitals who have been a lot more
Speaker 1: hit than we are. My father is a doctor in Miami,
Speaker 1: and so the hospital he works at is just full
Speaker 1: of one vaccinated, super sick on vaccinated COVID and and
Speaker 1: I think, you know, there's a different tone to it.
Speaker 1: The pandemic is making health workers feel like they're on
Speaker 1: an island. On the outside, the hospital looks pretty much
Speaker 1: the same as it always did, banners, the glass and steel,
Speaker 1: the emergency room, parking lot. On the inside, it's become
Speaker 1: a very different place, one of constant stress and worry
Speaker 1: and feeling like there's no way out. Late this summer,
Speaker 1: Idaho was overrun with COVID cases. At one point there
Speaker 1: were more than six people hospitalized. That about more than
Speaker 1: in December, when COVID was running rampant across the US
Speaker 1: and vaccines weren't yet available. Staffing shortages were limiting hospital's
Speaker 1: ability to provide good standards of care. Even today, only
Speaker 1: Idaho residents are fully vaccinated. Washington's Governor j Insley appealed
Speaker 1: to Idaho residence to wear masks because the Idaho crisis
Speaker 1: was spreading west into his state. Jim Susa is a
Speaker 1: pulmonologist at St. Luke's Hospital and catch him Idaho. He
Speaker 1: says it's difficult to find enough beds and to keep
Speaker 1: them staffed, where we're just experiencing an unprecedented wave of
Speaker 1: acute illness, and that acute illness is all COVID and
Speaker 1: it is almost exclusively in unvaccinated individuals. They checked the
Speaker 1: statistic right before our interview today, and of our intensive
Speaker 1: care unit patients who are in the hospital with COVID,
Speaker 1: of them are unvaccinated. There's a small handful that are vaccinated,
Speaker 1: including organ transplant patient, cancer patient and and so on.
Speaker 1: On the zoom call, Jim looks tired. He talks about
Speaker 1: constantly dawning and daffing personal protective equipment as he and
Speaker 1: his team go from one SAG room to the next.
Speaker 1: Jim also says the actual interior of the hospital has
Speaker 1: had to change to accommodate more COVID patients. Just like
Speaker 1: Briggerman Women's. This wave has has caused us to change
Speaker 1: where we're providing care. So we've opened up surge units.
Speaker 1: We had one surge unit which was a cardiac observation
Speaker 1: unit that we turned into a nine bed intensive care unit.
Speaker 1: We filled it today, but still more COVID patients come
Speaker 1: into doo Are and today is this day is probably
Speaker 1: going to be the day that we spill over into
Speaker 1: our next surge unit, which is a telemetry unit. And
Speaker 1: you know, for those who know something about this, intensive
Speaker 1: care unit rooms are specifically designed to meet the needs
Speaker 1: of those patients. Very large rooms to accommodate all of
Speaker 1: the machinery, equipment, monitoring, etcetera that's needed, all of the
Speaker 1: people that might need to be in the room to
Speaker 1: care for a patient. A telemetry room is not designed
Speaker 1: for that, but we're gonna We're gonna do our best.
Speaker 1: Adding to all this, though, is the open hostility that
Speaker 1: he and other workers encounter some patients tell them that
Speaker 1: COVID is a hoax, and they demand that the word
Speaker 1: be kept out of their relatives death certificates. Many of
Speaker 1: these people have been getting their information about COVID from
Speaker 1: different sources, Jim says. So they come with a different
Speaker 1: mental model about this disease ease, and they come with
Speaker 1: a different belief system about this disease. And as they
Speaker 1: do that, they're coming with a bit more hostility, which,
Speaker 1: which I got to say, is a really unique thing
Speaker 1: in healthcare. We are very used to taking care of
Speaker 1: all comers. I mean we right, we take care of
Speaker 1: We take care of lots of folks who have chronic
Speaker 1: problems that they've decided not to manage. Doctors don't resent
Speaker 1: patients for their beliefs about COVID, Jim says. We take
Speaker 1: care of, you know, prisoners, We take care of good people,
Speaker 1: bad people. We just take care of people. That's our job.
Speaker 1: And what what helps you have that sort of um
Speaker 1: cool indifference to the um the individual characteristics of the
Speaker 1: patient you're caring for is the fact that almost all
Speaker 1: of the time, what you get back from the patient
Speaker 1: is an overwhelming sense of appreciation for the efforts being
Speaker 1: applied to try to return them to health. So to
Speaker 1: be met with hostility is unusual. And I don't want
Speaker 1: you to think that that is pervasive, but even when
Speaker 1: in small doses it it does take a toll. And
Speaker 1: then there are the meetings of the school board. We
Speaker 1: were invited by the school board and the request was
Speaker 1: to speak about the wisdom of a mask requirement as
Speaker 1: they started school, um whether we should or shouldn't do that,
Speaker 1: and we shared our pros and cons and we were
Speaker 1: not going to share an opinion unless they asked for it,
Speaker 1: and they did ask for it, and you know the
Speaker 1: the it's just jeers, booze. Those jeers and booze came
Speaker 1: after Jim and as Kylie recommended the use of masks
Speaker 1: in schools. Jim wasn't able to actually see the audience,
Speaker 1: but his wife is at the meeting in person and
Speaker 1: told him afterwards what she'd seen. The moderator did an
Speaker 1: excellent job, by the way it was she was trying
Speaker 1: to mitigate that and what the way she did that.
Speaker 1: And my wife's a school teacher, so she had she
Speaker 1: admired this technique. She said it was a very school
Speaker 1: teacher type thing to do. She said, Look, I know
Speaker 1: people are going to have different opinions about what our
Speaker 1: experts are saying. You know, if if you don't like it,
Speaker 1: you can kind of do this. Jim is waving his hands.
Speaker 1: If you like it, you can do this. Now he's
Speaker 1: giving a thumbs up. So apparently while we were talking,
Speaker 1: there was all kinds of crazy gesticulation happening in the audience.
Speaker 1: You know, that sense of disconnectedness between hospitals and the
Speaker 1: communities they care for has perhaps never been so strong
Speaker 1: or uncomfortable. It's making the job of working in hospital
Speaker 1: harder all the time, and this means healthcare workers are
Speaker 1: starting to burn out and leave. That threatens to create
Speaker 1: an entirely new crisis in hospital understaffing. Wendy Dean is
Speaker 1: the co founder of a group called Moral Injury of Healthcare.
Speaker 1: The group focuses on healthcare workers, who they say are
Speaker 1: forced to work under conditions that violate their sense of
Speaker 1: right and wrong. She says COVID has pushed that to
Speaker 1: a boiling point, and hospitals are the focus. It is
Speaker 1: a much less comfortable space. That's what I'm hearing from
Speaker 1: across the country. I'm hearing more more clinicians now who
Speaker 1: say I cried all the way to work. I didn't
Speaker 1: want to get up this morning. I love my job,
Speaker 1: I usually love my job. I don't want to go
Speaker 1: to work. It's too hard. It's too much watching thirty
Speaker 1: year old on thenolators that you know of chance for
Speaker 1: a chance of not getting off. That is excruciating, and
Speaker 1: we don't just leave it when we walk out of
Speaker 1: the hospital. One of the key points of frustration is vaccination.
Speaker 1: Many people about those coming to the hospital with COVID
Speaker 1: have refused to get shots. Doctors and nurses still feel
Speaker 1: compassion for them, but the frustration is extreme. There are
Speaker 1: all kinds of reasons why patients can't get the vaccine
Speaker 1: or don't have access to it, but at the same time,
Speaker 1: it's frustrating to us that we can't make it more
Speaker 1: available and that we can't no matter how how much
Speaker 1: we encourage people to get it or ask them to
Speaker 1: come with us, come to us with questions that it's
Speaker 1: that turning that corner so that there's there's less vaccine
Speaker 1: hesitancy has been really hard, and I think that is
Speaker 1: that's becoming more frustrating for healthcare workers. Doctors are often
Speaker 1: at pains to help people understand that COVID isn't a fantasy,
Speaker 1: that it can be life altering or even lethal, and
Speaker 1: that it's threatening their lives every day. Katie Muro Johnson
Speaker 1: is an infectious disease doctor in Denver, where hospitals have
Speaker 1: also been hit hard. She says she recently bumped into
Speaker 1: a neighbor on the street whose friend was sick with
Speaker 1: COVID and on a ventilator. The neighbor asked Johnson how
Speaker 1: she thought her friend might do and I looked at her.
Speaker 1: I said he's probably gonna die. I said, there's there's
Speaker 1: very low chance he's going to survive. Johnson says her
Speaker 1: neighbor's face went white. I felt bad walking away from
Speaker 1: that that I was so honest, But I said, she
Speaker 1: asked what was what what I thought? Because I think
Speaker 1: people are asking what do you think about this? And
Speaker 1: if I say something such as that they're gonna die,
Speaker 1: you know, um, it scares people and they don't know
Speaker 1: how to grasp that that's a possibility, and that's hard.
Speaker 1: The neighbor's friend was only in his forties and with
Speaker 1: no underlying medical problems. But there's often little that can
Speaker 1: be done by the time someone is on a ventil latter,
Speaker 1: and I don't want to be that person. It feels
Speaker 1: hard to uh, um, for them to look at me
Speaker 1: in the same way, you know, with saying things like that. UM.
Speaker 1: But when you're around it every day, UM, I don't,
Speaker 1: you know, I don't feel it is that gravity that
Speaker 1: they do. It's a strange feeling for doctors not being
Speaker 1: able to be heard. They're used to being the voice
Speaker 1: of authority, the last word on medical issues and experts
Speaker 1: on life and death. But this is how it is
Speaker 1: in the time of COVID. One reality inside the hospital
Speaker 1: and one outside and not enough communication in between. And
Speaker 1: I think you know, going forward, UM, there is a
Speaker 1: disconnect still with UM. There's a substantial amount of people
Speaker 1: getting admitted with these long sixty day hospital admissions, unvaccinated,
Speaker 1: and we are using our highest resources possible to keep
Speaker 1: them alive. And and it's hard, UM, it's hard, UM.
Speaker 1: Venolatory support you know, ivy medicines daily and some of
Speaker 1: them taking a flight for life plane from other you know,
Speaker 1: other states even to come here, which is you know, um,
Speaker 1: which is desperate, which is uh yeah, that's kind of
Speaker 1: what we're what we're dealing with now. Just a few
Speaker 1: months ago, it looked like the pandemic would fade, at
Speaker 1: least in the US as vaccines rolled out. So far,
Speaker 1: that hasn't happened. In the states where vaccine uptake is low,
Speaker 1: unvaccinated people, particularly those with chronic illnesses, are still getting sick.
Speaker 1: Kate says there's still a lack of good treatments to
Speaker 1: take care of people who get really sick. I think,
Speaker 1: from the health care provider standpoint, UM, we want this
Speaker 1: to be over UM just as much as everyone else does. UM.
Speaker 1: And UM. I do think that if we can increase
Speaker 1: vaccination worldwide, which is the goal, is the only way
Speaker 1: we're going to bring us to an end, UM and
Speaker 1: protect all of our most vulnerable people UM in the
Speaker 1: US M from continually to be you know, coming to
Speaker 1: the hospital, be sick and and ultimately die. UM and
Speaker 1: so UM I think from our standpoint, we were giving
Speaker 1: treatments that we have high quality evidence for but are
Speaker 1: not willing to risk using other things that UM have
Speaker 1: low quality evidence or or are negative have negative studies
Speaker 1: behind them. And UM, I think that UM, if there
Speaker 1: was something that we thought would cure someone, we would
Speaker 1: be giving it. Drugs with poor quality evidence behind them
Speaker 1: include ivermectin and hydroxy chloroquine. Hydroxy Chloroquine is a drug
Speaker 1: from malaria that was touted by former President Donald Trump
Speaker 1: as a cure for COVID early in the pandemic, when
Speaker 1: there were even fewer options than there are now. Studies
Speaker 1: have shown it doesn't work, but there's still a large
Speaker 1: segment of the population that puts its trust in the drug.
Speaker 1: Ivermectin is another drug for parasites that hasn't shown effectiveness.
Speaker 1: Many patients in their families come into hospitals demanding it.
Speaker 1: Katie says the controversies over COVID treatment are eroding trust
Speaker 1: in hospitals and health professionals. I still think that we
Speaker 1: are used as a way to take care of acute
Speaker 1: illness and hopefully turn it around. But I do think people,
Speaker 1: certainly a certain certain um subtype or our subpopulation of
Speaker 1: folks are not coming to the hospital because they're worried
Speaker 1: that somehow the hospital is going to make them worse. Now,
Speaker 1: doctors sometimes have hard time treating patients because of mistrust
Speaker 1: no matter where they're cared for. Patients who do get sick,
Speaker 1: are very worried and often mistrustful. What we have is
Speaker 1: an invisible war, uh and where the war is being
Speaker 1: conducted is on the insides of the hospitals and in
Speaker 1: our clinics. Those places are on fire right now with
Speaker 1: sick patients. The rest of the community doesn't see that.
Speaker 1: That's Ted Epperley, a doctor and CEO of residency program
Speaker 1: based in Boise. When we talked, Idaho had the second
Speaker 1: lowest vaccination rate of any state, and residents were just
Speaker 1: starting to return to events like state fairs and football games,
Speaker 1: most of them unmasked. I was a family medicine physician
Speaker 1: of the physician in the Army for twenty one years.
Speaker 1: I've been in a war and the first Golf War,
Speaker 1: and did a lot of work in the Gulf War
Speaker 1: at a mash hospital with emergencies, UM and UM. The
Speaker 1: analogy I like to use for this is that if
Speaker 1: tanks were rumbling down the streets here and there are
Speaker 1: bombs going off, planes flying over in helicopters, smoke fire,
Speaker 1: everybody would get it, and everybody would be appropriately concerned
Speaker 1: and pulling together as a team. That's not happening. That
Speaker 1: says the invisibility and isolation of hospitals. Plate is particularly
Speaker 1: deep and some very rural, very conservative communities, people are
Speaker 1: kind of uh, you know, stacking up like logwood, like
Speaker 1: cordwood in the UH in their waiting areas. They've had
Speaker 1: fairly significant amounts of bad cases that are right in
Speaker 1: front of them that they can't do much for. And
Speaker 1: what that leads to is a sense of both isolation,
Speaker 1: fear and loneliness. Um, they feel like they're out on
Speaker 1: an island trying to manage all of this and with
Speaker 1: all the resources the United States has to offer around them,
Speaker 1: but not being able to get anything accomplished. So it's
Speaker 1: that that's sense of disillusionment that the whole system is
Speaker 1: kind of shutting down and breaking that. I think it's
Speaker 1: part of the dynamic and the tragedy of this that
Speaker 1: we're going through in Idaho right now. Ted says he
Speaker 1: thinks this could be the case for a long time.
Speaker 1: I think this could go on for quite a while.
Speaker 1: And what I mean for quite a while maybe or
Speaker 1: forty years um. And I know that sounds almost like
Speaker 1: you gotta be kidding. That just sounds unbearable. But Ted
Speaker 1: studies pandemics and says some have lasted from forty to
Speaker 1: a hundred years. Now, science and technology wasn't like it
Speaker 1: was back in those times. But we currently have another
Speaker 1: pandemic simultaneously ongoing that's been ongoing for forty years already simultaneously.
Speaker 1: That's the HIV epidemic pandemic. We've not resolved that, and
Speaker 1: the reason we haven't is that we haven't developed a
Speaker 1: vaccine for it. Um. What could happen in this scenario
Speaker 1: because we only have about three to four percent of
Speaker 1: the world that's been vaccinated, A key problem is the
Speaker 1: lack of access to vaccination in many parts of the
Speaker 1: world in resistance to it in the US it's a
Speaker 1: very low percent. Is that this continues to reverberate in
Speaker 1: populations of people with low vaccination rates, and new variants
Speaker 1: UM get spun off of that reverberation, so that different
Speaker 1: variants continue to slam populations. We have one, as you
Speaker 1: well known now called the new variant that's coming out
Speaker 1: of South America that has immune of Asian properties, which
Speaker 1: means that the vaccines and the plasma of the serum
Speaker 1: plasma that we have right now may be ineffective against
Speaker 1: this variant, meaning that we go through another whole cycle
Speaker 1: of infection and illness only to spawn another AUNT that
Speaker 1: kicks off from the process. So um, the optimist in me,
Speaker 1: and I tend to be an optimist, would like to
Speaker 1: see this resolve and the team months to twenty four months.
Speaker 1: The potential realist in me, h really says that this
Speaker 1: could be forty year experience that we all just learned
Speaker 1: to manage. Jim Susa, the Idaho pulman ologist, has been
Speaker 1: trying to get local politicians to come to St. Luke's
Speaker 1: and see what's really happening. He says many have had
Speaker 1: their eyes opened and gone back out to the community
Speaker 1: to talk about the desperate situation and hospitals. But another thing,
Speaker 1: he wants them to talk about his vaccination and its benefits,
Speaker 1: because that's the only way he and his colleagues see
Speaker 1: out of this situation. I'd like them to talk about
Speaker 1: the fact that this is real. I mean, there's all
Speaker 1: this stuff on social media that our hospitals are filled
Speaker 1: with patients who have gotten the vaccine and gotten COVID
Speaker 1: from that, and that's why I'm like, people are pulling
Speaker 1: that this stuff out. I'm talking thin air here, so
Speaker 1: talk about it's real, talk about your own vaccine. That
Speaker 1: separation between what people say outside the hospital and what
Speaker 1: actually happens inside, between beliefs and scientific facts, remains a
Speaker 1: huge challenge to hospitals and the workers. At the end
Speaker 1: of Daniello Llamas's Resident episode, the vital information about the
Speaker 1: deadly fungus gets out, people start to take precautions, and
Speaker 1: things go back to normal more or less. That's what
Speaker 1: Lamas would like to see happen with COVID, but it
Speaker 1: may take a long time. It ended and tied with
Speaker 1: a boat though, So that's the difference between fiction and reality. Said,
Speaker 1: when you're tired of a plotline, you can say, let's
Speaker 1: put that one to bed, let's just move on. And
Speaker 1: here we are unable to do that. Caring for deathly ill,
Speaker 1: contagious patients with a poorly understood disease is always a
Speaker 1: difficult job. An absence of trust makes it even harder.
Speaker 1: COVID is not only doing damage to patients, it could
Speaker 1: poison the atmosphere of many hospitals for years to come.
Speaker 1: Next week, on Breakthrough, we're going to look at how
Speaker 1: COVID revolutionized medicine with the development of the m r
Speaker 1: and A vaccines. We'll meet Catline Carrico, Hungarian biochemist. Two
Speaker 1: decades of early work, sometimes making two dollar an hour,
Speaker 1: paved the way for vaccines that could go from idea
Speaker 1: to immunization in just a year. This was incredible. Yeah,
Speaker 1: this boss just wait taking and in this moment we understood, Hey,
Speaker 1: there's a vaccine for mankind and corna is a problem
Speaker 1: that can be soft. That's next time on Breakthrough. This
Speaker 1: episode of Prognosis. Breakthrough was written and reported by me
Speaker 1: John Lowerman over four is our senior producer. Carl Kevin
Speaker 1: Robinson Jr. Is our associate producer. Our theme music was
Speaker 1: composed and performed by Hannas Brown. Rick Shine is our editor.
Speaker 1: Francesca Levie is the head of Bloomberg Podcasts. Be sure
Speaker 1: to subscribe if you haven't already, and if you liked
Speaker 1: this episode, please leave us a review. It helps others
Speaker 1: find out about the show. Thanks for listening.