1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History class from how 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,400 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:16,919 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracey Stevie Wilson. We're gonna 4 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 1: do a quick little bit of housekeeping right out of 5 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:21,200 Speaker 1: the gate. So first of all, big excitement because we 6 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:25,120 Speaker 1: are going to Paris, France, uh, and you are listeners 7 00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:27,920 Speaker 1: have the opportunity to come with us. So if you 8 00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:31,000 Speaker 1: would like to take the French Revolution tour that we 9 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,559 Speaker 1: were doing in June of this year, you can go 10 00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:36,880 Speaker 1: check that out at our website Missed in History dot com. 11 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 1: And then if at the top of the menu bar, 12 00:00:39,560 --> 00:00:42,479 Speaker 1: there is a little option that says Paris trip with 13 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:45,279 Speaker 1: an exclamation point because we are excited, and that will 14 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:47,440 Speaker 1: take you through to all of the information and you 15 00:00:47,479 --> 00:00:50,159 Speaker 1: two can join us as we run around Paris and 16 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:52,559 Speaker 1: go to Versailles. And I I'm gonna cry a lot, 17 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:55,920 Speaker 1: So if you'd like to watch me cry, now's your shot. Uh. 18 00:00:56,080 --> 00:00:59,000 Speaker 1: The other thing that we have is just in case 19 00:00:59,080 --> 00:01:01,560 Speaker 1: you didn't know, or maybe you knew and forgot, we 20 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: have a tea public store where you can get all 21 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:07,520 Speaker 1: kinds of goodies. You can get various designs related to 22 00:01:07,560 --> 00:01:09,760 Speaker 1: things that have come up on the podcast, on shirts 23 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:12,039 Speaker 1: and on mugs and on stickers and all kinds of 24 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:14,000 Speaker 1: other things. If you would like to check any of 25 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:16,320 Speaker 1: that out, please do that. You can also go to 26 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:19,520 Speaker 1: our website missed in history dot com. Click on in 27 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 1: that same menu, bar the words store, and it will 28 00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:23,959 Speaker 1: take you right there, and then you can browse and explore. 29 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:27,759 Speaker 1: We recently had one related to our our ballet episodes 30 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:29,680 Speaker 1: that I think is quite a cute design. I didn't 31 00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:31,840 Speaker 1: do it, so I feel comfortable seeing it. We also 32 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:34,720 Speaker 1: have a lunar beaver's T shirt, which we said we 33 00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:39,560 Speaker 1: wanted years ago when we recorded the Hoax episode. I 34 00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:41,880 Speaker 1: actually had a funny moment recently while I was wearing 35 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:45,600 Speaker 1: that shirt. This is true. While I was traveling this weekend. 36 00:01:45,640 --> 00:01:47,520 Speaker 1: I had that shirt on and I was at the airport, 37 00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:49,960 Speaker 1: and I was at the airport bar waiting on my flight, 38 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: getting a couple of cocktails, and this man leaned over 39 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:54,640 Speaker 1: and said, you have to explain what lunar beavers are 40 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:57,640 Speaker 1: to me. It's like, okay, where do I start. I 41 00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 1: have a podcast. There's also so um okay, so uh, 42 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:07,080 Speaker 1: they're beavers on the moon. Wait, no, like contextualizing that 43 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:10,079 Speaker 1: quickly becomes tricky. So if you buy one, prepare yourself 44 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:12,680 Speaker 1: a sound bite when weird random strangers ask you what 45 00:02:12,720 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 1: it is. I also had a friend asked me about it, 46 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:19,359 Speaker 1: but that was easier. She knows about the show. Yes, Uh, 47 00:02:19,400 --> 00:02:22,320 Speaker 1: so weird now that we were done with housekeeping. That 48 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:25,240 Speaker 1: is the sound of me wiping my hands from housekeeping work. Uh. 49 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:29,480 Speaker 1: We can jump right into today's podcast. So today's episode 50 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:32,639 Speaker 1: was suggested by our listener Edward Uh and he became 51 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:35,440 Speaker 1: intrigued with this story when he was watching a fictional 52 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:37,640 Speaker 1: version of it. That was a film called The Wind 53 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:40,520 Speaker 1: and the Lion that was made in nine. It stars 54 00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:43,920 Speaker 1: Sean Connery and Candice Bergen and Brian Keith and John Houston. 55 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: It is a very fun watch, but it plays with 56 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:49,400 Speaker 1: reality a little bit to make it more compelling. For example, 57 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:52,680 Speaker 1: the character played by Candice Bergen was in fact not 58 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:56,480 Speaker 1: a woman, um, but she's added in to create some 59 00:02:56,520 --> 00:03:00,120 Speaker 1: potential romance. So without any embellishment or gender swap ing 60 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:03,359 Speaker 1: of figures to create weird romance subplots, this story is 61 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:06,400 Speaker 1: fascinating all on its own, and it happened in Morocco. 62 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:10,320 Speaker 1: In the early twentieth century, but it impacted American history significantly, 63 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:13,640 Speaker 1: and it is the story of a famous kidnapping. And 64 00:03:13,680 --> 00:03:16,480 Speaker 1: to begin, we will first give some background on the 65 00:03:16,480 --> 00:03:20,880 Speaker 1: man for whom this whole affair is named Eon Perdicaris. 66 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:26,440 Speaker 1: It doesn't entirely surprise me that a fictional romantic subplot 67 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:28,480 Speaker 1: was totally made up to make this into a movie, 68 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:30,520 Speaker 1: because that's the kind of thing that happens. But it's 69 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:32,560 Speaker 1: one of those stories where you didn't need to do that. 70 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:36,440 Speaker 1: It was plenty full of action on its own. Yes, 71 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:42,360 Speaker 1: So Eon Perdicaris has a surprisingly scant biography for a 72 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:45,119 Speaker 1: man who had the wealth and importance that he did. 73 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: He was born in eighteen forty. His father, Gregory Perdicarius, 74 00:03:49,040 --> 00:03:53,560 Speaker 1: was Greek and was a naturalized US citizen. He had 75 00:03:53,560 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: married into a wealthy Southern family in South Carolina. Gregory 76 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,320 Speaker 1: Perdicaris taught at Harvard as a fessor of Greek language 77 00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:03,840 Speaker 1: and lived in Trenton, New Jersey. He made a nice 78 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:08,560 Speaker 1: fortune for himself in the gaslight industry and eventually became 79 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:12,080 Speaker 1: the U. S consul to Greece. Ion. His son went 80 00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:15,120 Speaker 1: to Harvard, but only briefly it appears that he enrolled 81 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:18,120 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty, but he decided to study abroad during 82 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: his sophomore year, and this of course coincides with the 83 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:24,680 Speaker 1: beginning of the U s Civil War. It is unclear 84 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:28,040 Speaker 1: what eon stance on the conflict was, as his parents, 85 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:30,440 Speaker 1: according to the press of the day, were split on 86 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:34,479 Speaker 1: the issue. So according to reports that circulated during the kidnapping, 87 00:04:34,480 --> 00:04:37,440 Speaker 1: press coverage that we're going to contextualize the kidnapping later, 88 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:41,200 Speaker 1: but these things came up. Gregory EON's father supported the 89 00:04:41,279 --> 00:04:45,159 Speaker 1: Union and his mother was a Confederate supporter. So during 90 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:48,800 Speaker 1: the Civil war years, Ion was sometimes at home in Trenton, 91 00:04:49,200 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: but also spent long periods of time in England and Morocco. 92 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: Also worked writing articles for magazines, and by the mid 93 00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: eighteen eighties he was living primarily into Hanjier and a 94 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:03,320 Speaker 1: whome that he had started building in eighteen seventy seven. 95 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:07,680 Speaker 1: That residence, known as Villa Idonia, was also called the 96 00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:11,520 Speaker 1: Place of the Nightingales, and it sits on hills overlooking 97 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:15,360 Speaker 1: the city and in Tangier. Perdicaris became a well known 98 00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,359 Speaker 1: member of the expatriate community. He threw extravagant dinners, and 99 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:21,680 Speaker 1: he lived a fairly free life in the way that 100 00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:24,839 Speaker 1: an independently wealthy man of the day did, enjoying time 101 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:27,840 Speaker 1: with his family and occasionally writing a book or article. 102 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:31,280 Speaker 1: He was very engaged in the community, though, and he 103 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:34,800 Speaker 1: lobbied against diplomatic corruption in the mid eighteen eighties, a 104 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:37,240 Speaker 1: matter which made him fairly well known to members of 105 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:40,880 Speaker 1: the U S government. That particular case had involved a 106 00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:45,719 Speaker 1: Moroccan woman who had accused a consular protege of sexual assault, 107 00:05:46,400 --> 00:05:51,120 Speaker 1: and Jan Perdicaris wanted the man prosecuted outside of a 108 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:54,680 Speaker 1: consular court. This refusal to give the woman any sort 109 00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:57,960 Speaker 1: of justice led to him writing a pamphlet called American 110 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:02,159 Speaker 1: Claims and Protection of Native Subjects in Morocco. He published 111 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:04,839 Speaker 1: the pamphlet himself and had it distributed in London to 112 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:07,720 Speaker 1: try to get the attention of the European press. While 113 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:10,919 Speaker 1: the American consul who had protected the accused man was 114 00:06:11,040 --> 00:06:14,279 Speaker 1: ultimately fired from his position, it was really only after 115 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:17,719 Speaker 1: the consul's office had waged this personal war on part 116 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 1: Carris for this embarrassment that they felt he had caused, 117 00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 1: which included fines and arrests and just general harassment yeah. 118 00:06:26,440 --> 00:06:28,760 Speaker 1: He was basically like, if you try him in consular court, 119 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,839 Speaker 1: nothing's going to happen to this guy. This woman really 120 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 1: deserves better than this. Could we actually try this as 121 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,680 Speaker 1: a trial, but they were not interested in doing that. 122 00:06:37,560 --> 00:06:40,760 Speaker 1: By the early nineteen hundreds, Pretty Caress was a fixture 123 00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:43,080 Speaker 1: in Tangier, and while he often traveled to Europe and 124 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: the US, Morocco was really his home. But Morocco was 125 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,760 Speaker 1: not the most stable place. The events that unfold in 126 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:53,839 Speaker 1: this episode start a month after an agreement had been 127 00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:57,760 Speaker 1: struck between England and France regarding the handling of both 128 00:06:57,839 --> 00:07:03,480 Speaker 1: Egypt and Morocco. This entent cordial basically recognized France's power 129 00:07:03,560 --> 00:07:06,360 Speaker 1: in Morocco and Britain's power in Egypt. It was sort 130 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:11,200 Speaker 1: of divvying up the power in other countries. This augmented 131 00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 1: existing conflict on a couple of fronts. So, for one, 132 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:18,480 Speaker 1: as the Scramble of Africa had been developing, Germany had 133 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,920 Speaker 1: set its sights on Morocco for itself. So among the 134 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:24,520 Speaker 1: European countries that were trying to seize power on the 135 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:28,720 Speaker 1: African continent, there was tension, particularly because two of those countries, 136 00:07:28,760 --> 00:07:31,520 Speaker 1: Great Britain and France had just kind of decided between 137 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:35,160 Speaker 1: themselves to this plan, even though other countries had interests 138 00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: in both Morocco and Egypt, including Spain, which we've talked 139 00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:44,559 Speaker 1: about in our Francisco Franco episode. Yes, within Morocco also, 140 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: there was plenty of resentment toward Europeans just strolling in 141 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 1: and claiming things, not only because that was a jerk move, 142 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: but because their own Moroccan Sultan of Dela Zies was 143 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:59,679 Speaker 1: really making this matter worse. Of Delazes had been sultan 144 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: for ten years in nineteen o four, having succeeded his father, 145 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:05,760 Speaker 1: Hassan the First, and he was only sixteen when he 146 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:08,200 Speaker 1: rose to power, and Morocco had been ruled by a 147 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:11,000 Speaker 1: regent for six years before Abdelaziz came into his own 148 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:14,000 Speaker 1: as a ruler, which happened when the regent died, and 149 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:16,800 Speaker 1: surprisingly that could be its own whole story and podcast 150 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: that is not the scope of this particular day's discussion. 151 00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: As Sultan Adlazis looked to Europe for inspiration and advice, 152 00:08:24,880 --> 00:08:28,600 Speaker 1: he wanted to modernize Morocco and its infrastructure, and he 153 00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:31,240 Speaker 1: wanted to change the way the tax system worked. This 154 00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:35,400 Speaker 1: entire ideology though did not go over well. Initially there 155 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:38,840 Speaker 1: was support for his reform ideas, but the execution of 156 00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:42,800 Speaker 1: them was really poor. There just wasn't a system or 157 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,960 Speaker 1: administrators in place to handle all the kind of changes 158 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:48,720 Speaker 1: that he was trying to make, so his standing as 159 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 1: a ruler started to look very weak to a majority 160 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: of the people, especially the people in positions of power. 161 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:56,679 Speaker 1: Some of them felt like the Sultan was trying to 162 00:08:56,720 --> 00:08:59,760 Speaker 1: sell his own country to Europe and to make matters 163 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:02,400 Speaker 1: where he had driven up the country's debt with some 164 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 1: very frivolous spending on wild collections of things like bicycles 165 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:10,640 Speaker 1: and grand pianos and cars, and he was borrowing money 166 00:09:10,720 --> 00:09:14,240 Speaker 1: from European countries to pay for all of this, particularly France. 167 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:18,360 Speaker 1: So when Britain and France enacted their Entente Cordial, it 168 00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,280 Speaker 1: really looked a lot to people like France was just 169 00:09:21,320 --> 00:09:25,480 Speaker 1: taking possession of Morocco. Not surprisingly, the state of affairs 170 00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: led to a lot of conflict within the country. Not 171 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:31,800 Speaker 1: only had France suddenly gained a whole lot of power, 172 00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,000 Speaker 1: but an ally great Britain had just handed it over. 173 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: So there was a deep sense of betrayal by the 174 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,320 Speaker 1: government which had been working with British interests at various 175 00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: levels for a number of years. There was also a 176 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: very real sense that a rebellion could erupt at any time, 177 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:51,400 Speaker 1: as numerous tribes and governmental factions were all jockeying for power. 178 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:54,160 Speaker 1: And we are about to get into the kidnapping itself, 179 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:56,160 Speaker 1: but before we do, let's take a quick break to 180 00:09:56,240 --> 00:10:06,959 Speaker 1: hear from a sponsor. It was dinner time May eighteen, 181 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:10,840 Speaker 1: nineteen o four when the kidnapping took place. There were 182 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:13,520 Speaker 1: shouts heard from the kitchen, but this did not initially 183 00:10:13,559 --> 00:10:17,040 Speaker 1: alarm Perdicaris too much. Two of his staff, his French 184 00:10:17,120 --> 00:10:20,360 Speaker 1: chef and his German housekeeper, commonly got into a lot 185 00:10:20,360 --> 00:10:23,400 Speaker 1: of loud arguments which Perdicaris had to break up. So 186 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:25,760 Speaker 1: after hearing all of this ruckus, he got up from 187 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: his dinner and he went to handle what he believed 188 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:30,600 Speaker 1: to be a minor skirmish between two staff members in 189 00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:33,640 Speaker 1: the kitchen, and his family followed behind him to see 190 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:35,960 Speaker 1: just what had set this whole thing off. He did 191 00:10:35,960 --> 00:10:39,520 Speaker 1: not find the housekeeper and the chef like he expected. 192 00:10:39,559 --> 00:10:44,080 Speaker 1: He found men with rifles. Initially, the part of Carresses 193 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:46,520 Speaker 1: thought these men were their own hired guards, but they 194 00:10:46,520 --> 00:10:49,080 Speaker 1: were not. The men cut the phone lines to the 195 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:53,040 Speaker 1: house and used their gunstocks to beat the servants. Ellen 196 00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: Pert Carris, who was Ion's wife, resisted these men but 197 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:00,800 Speaker 1: was not to the floor, and her son Romwell Varley, 198 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,280 Speaker 1: who was her son from a previous marriage, was beaten. 199 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:06,400 Speaker 1: The men or a group of brigands led by Ahmed 200 00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:10,160 Speaker 1: el Rasuli, and he told them so, announcing loudly, I 201 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 1: am Rasuli, z Rasuli, and this was not an unknown person. Also, 202 00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:18,960 Speaker 1: I am probably butchering that name. My apologies to anyone 203 00:11:19,160 --> 00:11:22,400 Speaker 1: who is horrified by it. Rosalie was infamous in the 204 00:11:22,480 --> 00:11:25,560 Speaker 1: area as a leader of a group of very active raiders. 205 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,440 Speaker 1: Rasuli had been in conflict with the Sultan of Morocco 206 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:31,480 Speaker 1: of del Aziz, who he challenged for power in the region. 207 00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:34,280 Speaker 1: Pretty much as soon as he determined the Sultan was weak, 208 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:38,320 Speaker 1: Rasulie directed his men to saddle horses from the Perdicaris 209 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:42,480 Speaker 1: stable and to take Mr. Perdicaris and his steps on away, 210 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: and with a gunshot to signal their exit, he and 211 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:47,440 Speaker 1: his men set off into the night, headed toward the 212 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:51,400 Speaker 1: Atlas Mountains, away from the main road, with the men 213 00:11:51,440 --> 00:11:54,280 Speaker 1: they had kidnapped and before she was dragged away and 214 00:11:54,320 --> 00:11:57,080 Speaker 1: the phone line was cut, the housekeeper had managed to 215 00:11:57,080 --> 00:12:00,280 Speaker 1: get ahold of a telephone operator and asked for help. 216 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,079 Speaker 1: The housekeeper at the time, though believed that the house 217 00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:05,480 Speaker 1: was being robbed, she did not know at that point 218 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:09,160 Speaker 1: that a kidnapping was underway. But that telephone operator in 219 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:12,760 Speaker 1: turn called the United States Consul General Samuel R. Gumer 220 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:15,320 Speaker 1: to tell him that the home of an expatriot U 221 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:19,520 Speaker 1: S citizen outside of Tangier was under attack. Gumare, who 222 00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:21,960 Speaker 1: had been in the middle of his own dinner, immediately 223 00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:25,400 Speaker 1: went to the place of Nightingales to investigate. He set 224 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:27,760 Speaker 1: up a guard team to cover the house and did 225 00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:30,000 Speaker 1: what he could to try to reassure the members of 226 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: the household who were still there. And then he sought 227 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:36,920 Speaker 1: the counsel of his British counterpart in Morocco, Sir Arthur Nicholson. 228 00:12:37,559 --> 00:12:41,360 Speaker 1: They agreed that the situation in Morocco, including the issues 229 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:44,079 Speaker 1: that had arisen after Britain and France had reached their 230 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:48,240 Speaker 1: agreement about who controlled each country, had been pretty tenuous. 231 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:50,920 Speaker 1: It made sense that Razalie would makes this kind of 232 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:53,400 Speaker 1: a move in the middle of all that. An essence 233 00:12:53,559 --> 00:12:57,560 Speaker 1: insulting the Sultan as weak and as unable to protect 234 00:12:57,640 --> 00:13:01,640 Speaker 1: the wealthy foreign expatriots who were living in Morocco. Gumare 235 00:13:01,800 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: next telegraphed the U. S. State Department to convey the 236 00:13:04,559 --> 00:13:09,160 Speaker 1: seriousness of the situation and to request military assistance. And 237 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,120 Speaker 1: in a way this was welcome news. We will explain 238 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:15,480 Speaker 1: why because at this point US President Theodore Roosevelt was 239 00:13:15,520 --> 00:13:18,280 Speaker 1: serving his first term and he was campaigning for a 240 00:13:18,320 --> 00:13:22,720 Speaker 1: second term. So he took immediate and decisive action in 241 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:27,240 Speaker 1: the part of Carres kidnapping by immediately ordering a naval 242 00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:31,920 Speaker 1: squadron to Morocco. This was the entire South Atlantic squadron. 243 00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:36,560 Speaker 1: That naval squadron was headed up by Admiral French Answer Chadwick, 244 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:39,480 Speaker 1: a West Virginia born man who had been outspoken on 245 00:13:39,520 --> 00:13:42,280 Speaker 1: the matter of naval reform in the United States after 246 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:45,719 Speaker 1: the Civil War ended. Chadwick and Roosevelt were a men 247 00:13:45,880 --> 00:13:49,239 Speaker 1: with similar outlooks and a lot of regards and most importantly, 248 00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 1: the willingness to use naval force to try to achieve 249 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,199 Speaker 1: their objectives. The U. S. Consul Gumare received a response 250 00:13:56,320 --> 00:13:59,760 Speaker 1: via telegraph that said warships will be sent to Tangier 251 00:13:59,840 --> 00:14:03,160 Speaker 1: as soon as possible, and that message also indicated though 252 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:05,640 Speaker 1: that it could take several days for them to get there. 253 00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:09,040 Speaker 1: This was really not an ideal response. It was easy 254 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:11,520 Speaker 1: to think that Perdic Harris might not live that long, 255 00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:14,880 Speaker 1: so no matter how many ships were coming, Gamare was 256 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:16,719 Speaker 1: afraid they wouldn't make it in time to save the 257 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:21,520 Speaker 1: kidnapped men. Rasuli was known to be brutal, gamare spears 258 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:25,720 Speaker 1: were really justified. For one thing, Rasuli had kidnapped foreigners 259 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:29,400 Speaker 1: living in Morocco before. A reporter for The London Times 260 00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: had been taken hostage in nineteen oh three, and he 261 00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 1: was released in exchange for several of Rasulie's men being 262 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,200 Speaker 1: released from prison, but that was an unusually good outcome. 263 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:42,520 Speaker 1: Rasulie had been in a long standing war, for example, 264 00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:45,080 Speaker 1: with the local governor, and he had been known to 265 00:14:45,160 --> 00:14:48,520 Speaker 1: capture the governor's men and send back their bodies in pieces. 266 00:14:49,120 --> 00:14:51,800 Speaker 1: To try to avoid a similar end for Pertic Harris 267 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:55,600 Speaker 1: and Varley, the next step that Gama took, along with 268 00:14:55,640 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: the British minister at Tangier, Nicholson, was to reach out 269 00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:02,440 Speaker 1: to the Selta and the government and to ask them 270 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:06,240 Speaker 1: to acquiesce to any demands that Razzalie and his agents made. 271 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:10,160 Speaker 1: Gamare was genuinely afraid that any kind of delay in 272 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:13,720 Speaker 1: responding to these kidnappers would directly lead to the death 273 00:15:13,840 --> 00:15:17,280 Speaker 1: of these two men. But communicating with the government and 274 00:15:17,280 --> 00:15:19,880 Speaker 1: the Sultan proved to be a whole other tricky problem 275 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:23,840 Speaker 1: as well. The Moroccan foreign minister was in Tangier, but 276 00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:26,520 Speaker 1: the Sultan was in Fez, almost two hundred fifty miles. 277 00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:29,800 Speaker 1: It's about four hundred kilometers away, and today that's a 278 00:15:29,840 --> 00:15:32,680 Speaker 1: distance easily traversed by car in just a few hours, 279 00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:36,000 Speaker 1: but in nineteen o four that meant several days on camelback. 280 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 1: So Gumar and Nicholson spoke first with the Foreign Minister, 281 00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:42,400 Speaker 1: Mohammed Taurus, and each man sent a member of his 282 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:44,800 Speaker 1: staff to Fez to make their case to the Sultan. 283 00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:49,320 Speaker 1: Because France was so heavily involved in Morocco's affairs, the 284 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:52,600 Speaker 1: French minister was also concerned once he received word of 285 00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 1: this kidnapping. It wasn't necessarily as magnanimous as Gamare's concern, 286 00:15:58,120 --> 00:16:01,760 Speaker 1: which seemed to be for the safe return of these abductees. France, 287 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,479 Speaker 1: on the other hand, was trying to kind of casually 288 00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:07,200 Speaker 1: take control of things in Morocco and had approached their 289 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:10,200 Speaker 1: position there by keeping a pretty low profile to try 290 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,960 Speaker 1: to avoid stirring up trouble. Yeah, they had reached this 291 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:15,880 Speaker 1: agreement with Britain and then they were just kind of 292 00:16:15,920 --> 00:16:20,960 Speaker 1: trying to subtly get a little more ingrained in government 293 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:22,720 Speaker 1: bit by bit, and they did not want a big 294 00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:25,160 Speaker 1: event that made it apparent that they were trying to 295 00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:28,600 Speaker 1: throw their weight into the region. So having a member 296 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:31,320 Speaker 1: of the foreign community kidnapped created a whole pot of 297 00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:35,760 Speaker 1: problems for French Minister George Saint Rene Talandier, and he 298 00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:38,440 Speaker 1: couldn't let people get panicked, and he also didn't want 299 00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:41,120 Speaker 1: to bring in the military and upset this very delicate 300 00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:44,160 Speaker 1: balance that he had been trying to maintain. So he 301 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 1: too asked the Moroccan government to just please give in 302 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:50,440 Speaker 1: to whatever Rasuli wanted so everyone could put the whole 303 00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:54,040 Speaker 1: affair behind them as quickly as possible, and he also 304 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:57,440 Speaker 1: sent his own people to negotiate directly with the kidnappers. 305 00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:01,960 Speaker 1: Kamar and Nicholson even assaulted Walter Harris, who was the 306 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,760 Speaker 1: reporter who had been captured by Rasulie the year before. 307 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:06,880 Speaker 1: They wanted to see if he knew anything that might 308 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:10,720 Speaker 1: help them. Gamera was rapidly losing hope. He wrote in 309 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:13,679 Speaker 1: his journal, quote, I cannot conceal from myself and the 310 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:17,439 Speaker 1: department that only by extremely delicate negotiations can we hope 311 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:21,800 Speaker 1: to escape from the most terrible consequences. Yeah. By that 312 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:24,159 Speaker 1: point he was thinking like, we maybe have like single 313 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,760 Speaker 1: digit chance of success of getting these men back. And 314 00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:30,160 Speaker 1: one of the worst aspects was that the Sultan had 315 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:33,080 Speaker 1: already been trying to stop the activities of Rasulie for 316 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:36,960 Speaker 1: literal years with no success. So even if the Sultan 317 00:17:37,119 --> 00:17:39,880 Speaker 1: got on board and was willing to take action, there 318 00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:42,600 Speaker 1: was every likelihood that things were still going to fall apart. 319 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:48,600 Speaker 1: Four days after the kidnapping, Raisulie's terms were relayed. What 320 00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:51,640 Speaker 1: he wanted was a ransom and exchanged for the return 321 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:55,880 Speaker 1: of yon Pert to Carris. He demanded seventy thousand Spanish 322 00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:58,760 Speaker 1: silver dollars, but that was not all. He also wanted 323 00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:01,360 Speaker 1: the region known as the to be cleared of all 324 00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:05,200 Speaker 1: government and military personnel, and he wanted the government officials 325 00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:09,080 Speaker 1: who had wronged him to be either dismissed or in prisoned. Further, 326 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 1: he wanted to be made governor of two districts, which 327 00:18:12,520 --> 00:18:15,720 Speaker 1: would essentially be completely free of taxation and the law 328 00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 1: of the Moroccan government, and he wanted his men to 329 00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:23,120 Speaker 1: always be promised safe passage wherever they traveled in the country. 330 00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 1: This list was far more than any of the European 331 00:18:26,440 --> 00:18:28,879 Speaker 1: or US people involved had expected. They had kind of 332 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:31,960 Speaker 1: expected the ransom, but all of these political demands and 333 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:34,240 Speaker 1: demands for power were a little bit of a surprise, 334 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:38,000 Speaker 1: and there was literally no way that these demands could 335 00:18:38,040 --> 00:18:42,400 Speaker 1: be met without hurdling Morocco even deeper into chaos. Frantic 336 00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 1: telegrams were being sent to the U. S State Department 337 00:18:45,320 --> 00:18:48,879 Speaker 1: to inquire about exactly when those promised warships might arrive. 338 00:18:49,480 --> 00:18:53,200 Speaker 1: An additional demand was also sent out by Restily. He 339 00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:56,119 Speaker 1: wanted both the US and the British to guarantee that 340 00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:59,200 Speaker 1: Morocco would fulfill the terms. So all three of these 341 00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:01,240 Speaker 1: countries had to be basically give him everything he was 342 00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:03,879 Speaker 1: asking for, and he was asking for a lot. No 343 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:06,680 Speaker 1: countries government wanted to be on the hook for another 344 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:10,879 Speaker 1: country giving a violent terrorist everything he wanted. Was cable 345 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:14,119 Speaker 1: was sent to Washington, d C. Explaining this whole new development. 346 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:17,119 Speaker 1: And of course this story did not stay quiet, and 347 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:19,920 Speaker 1: newspapers around the globe picked it up and were reporting 348 00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:24,080 Speaker 1: the incident. But the reporting tended to romanticize the whole thing. 349 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,800 Speaker 1: So a rich expatriot, a dangerous bandit, the U. S. 350 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,520 Speaker 1: Navy speeding to the rescue. It was all just too 351 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,719 Speaker 1: much for papers to resist, and they followed along with 352 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:37,280 Speaker 1: every step. When President Roosevelt got the cable about the 353 00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:39,680 Speaker 1: additional demands that were being put on the United States 354 00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:42,840 Speaker 1: and Britain, he decided to send the European Squadron of 355 00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:45,800 Speaker 1: the Navy, under the command of Admiral Theodore F. Jewel, 356 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:48,040 Speaker 1: into the Bay of Tangier to try to back up 357 00:19:48,080 --> 00:19:51,479 Speaker 1: the South Atlantic Squadron. The United States also made an 358 00:19:51,480 --> 00:19:54,480 Speaker 1: official request of the French government to come assist in 359 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:57,360 Speaker 1: this matter. Yeah, even though the French government had been 360 00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:01,119 Speaker 1: doing some things, they were acting independently for um. Britain 361 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:02,520 Speaker 1: in the US at that point, they were trying to 362 00:20:02,560 --> 00:20:05,200 Speaker 1: clean up their own mess quietly. And at this point 363 00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:08,320 Speaker 1: the US was like, hey, dude, can you please like 364 00:20:08,359 --> 00:20:11,399 Speaker 1: step it up here? Um. And while papers in the 365 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: US touted the Navy's power and boasted that if needed, 366 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:17,240 Speaker 1: they could go ashore and take rising Lee by force. 367 00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: Those on the ground in Morocco who were more familiar 368 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:24,200 Speaker 1: with the situation knew better first such an act would 369 00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:27,680 Speaker 1: almost certainly lead to the deaths of both prisoners as 370 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:30,840 Speaker 1: well as Navy personnel. Like they knew that caution and 371 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:36,160 Speaker 1: care had to be used. Finally, on May four, twelve 372 00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,240 Speaker 1: days after the kidnapping, the first of the U. S 373 00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:43,600 Speaker 1: Navy ships finally arrived. Once his flagship, the Brooklyn had 374 00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:46,320 Speaker 1: made its way into the harbor, Admiral Chadwick met with 375 00:20:46,359 --> 00:20:49,760 Speaker 1: the Consule Gamare. The two of them contacted the Moroccan 376 00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:52,600 Speaker 1: foreign minister, who was Mohammed Taurus, who met with them 377 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:56,879 Speaker 1: on the Brooklyn later that day. The foreign minister toward 378 00:20:56,960 --> 00:20:59,200 Speaker 1: the ship and had a pretty cordial chat with the 379 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:03,000 Speaker 1: two men, but when the terms of Bresili's demands came up, 380 00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:05,840 Speaker 1: he was crystal clear that the Moroccan government would not 381 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:09,560 Speaker 1: give up anything. So Chadwick and Gamar were left fretting 382 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:11,800 Speaker 1: about the life of a US citizen that they could 383 00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:15,439 Speaker 1: not reach nor could they negotiate for. And we're about 384 00:21:15,480 --> 00:21:17,760 Speaker 1: to get to a pretty solid twist in the story. 385 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: So We're gonna pause here for a quick sponsor break. 386 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:31,639 Speaker 1: Just as things were getting very hand ringing on the 387 00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:34,879 Speaker 1: part of the U. S officials in Tangier, the unique 388 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:38,359 Speaker 1: and surprising question arose as to whether Perdicaris was even 389 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 1: a U. S citizen at all. So remember when we 390 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,720 Speaker 1: mentioned earlier how Ion Perdicaris had left Harvard as a 391 00:21:44,760 --> 00:21:46,600 Speaker 1: civil war broke out, and then he kind of tootled 392 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:51,359 Speaker 1: around Europe with seemingly no specific direction. So on June 393 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:53,560 Speaker 1: one of this year that everything is going down, that's 394 00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,280 Speaker 1: four the U. S. State Department received a letter from 395 00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:00,679 Speaker 1: a man in North Carolina named ah Sloca who claimed 396 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:03,679 Speaker 1: that he had run into Perdicarius in Athens, Greece in 397 00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:07,119 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, and that Perdicarius was there. He said 398 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:11,160 Speaker 1: to become a Greek citizen. Perdicarius, it seemed, had inherited 399 00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,320 Speaker 1: property in South Carolina from his mother's family and it 400 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:16,639 Speaker 1: would be seized by the Confederacy if he was a U. 401 00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:21,080 Speaker 1: S citizen. Slocum was very adamant as to the accuracy 402 00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:23,760 Speaker 1: of his memory in the matter and this plan that 403 00:22:23,880 --> 00:22:27,560 Speaker 1: they were switching his citizenship to keep his land safe 404 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:30,440 Speaker 1: and if Perdicarius was not a US citizen. This whole 405 00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:33,959 Speaker 1: business surrounding his kidnapping and arrest was an entirely different 406 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,199 Speaker 1: mess than the one that President Roosevelt thought that he 407 00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:38,679 Speaker 1: had gotten into. We should point out that there's some 408 00:22:38,720 --> 00:22:43,159 Speaker 1: confusion here about whether claiming citizenship in Greece would have 409 00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:47,199 Speaker 1: eradicated his U. S citizenship, whether he would have had 410 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,480 Speaker 1: a dual citizenship. It was what like fifty years later 411 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:52,680 Speaker 1: that that this Free Court even ruled on such a thing. 412 00:22:53,520 --> 00:22:54,919 Speaker 1: When they ruled on and it was sort of like, 413 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:59,800 Speaker 1: this is how we've usually done it, even though it's right, 414 00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:02,640 Speaker 1: but it did make things a little confusing and nuttie, 415 00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:05,520 Speaker 1: for sure. And it does seem like if his whole 416 00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 1: idea was wanting to get around his property being seized, 417 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: that regardless of what he was actually doing, his intent 418 00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:16,400 Speaker 1: was to not be a citizen a U S crotect 419 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 1: his Yeah. Yeah, So, after several days during which there 420 00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:23,439 Speaker 1: was silence on this whole matter from the White House, 421 00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:26,439 Speaker 1: the U. S. Minister resident in Athens was asked to 422 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:28,960 Speaker 1: perform a comprehensive search of the records available to see 423 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:31,560 Speaker 1: if there was any truth to this whole thing, and 424 00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:34,760 Speaker 1: they did discover that on March nineteenth, eighteen sixty two, 425 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:38,719 Speaker 1: not eighteen sixty three, Jon Perdicaris had been naturalized as 426 00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:43,359 Speaker 1: a Greek citizen. Despite this revelation, which was handled very discreetly, 427 00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:47,560 Speaker 1: Roosevelt and Secretary of State John Hay decided to press 428 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,320 Speaker 1: on as things had already been planned. There were seven U. S. 429 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,720 Speaker 1: Naval warships at Tangier, with other countries also bringing their 430 00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:57,679 Speaker 1: military aid to bear, so to go public with the 431 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:02,240 Speaker 1: news of Perdicariss citizenship status would have destabilized more than 432 00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:07,720 Speaker 1: just Morocco. Additionally, uh Roosevelt felt like Rizal Lee thought 433 00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:10,359 Speaker 1: that Perdicaris was a U. S. Citizen, so it just 434 00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:13,639 Speaker 1: made sense to leave this new information alone. Finally, on 435 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:17,640 Speaker 1: June eight, Sultan of Dela Ziz gave it. He told 436 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:21,280 Speaker 1: the Moroccan government to give riz Lee whatever he wanted. France, 437 00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: which had been putting pressure on the Sultan to resolve 438 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:27,520 Speaker 1: this issue by meeting the ransom requests, loaned the Moroccan 439 00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:31,080 Speaker 1: government sixty two point five million francs a few days later. Yeah, 440 00:24:31,160 --> 00:24:35,520 Speaker 1: little little handshaky backscratchy situation there, But carrying out of 441 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:38,800 Speaker 1: Dela Ziz's orders to meet Rasuli's demands also proved to 442 00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: be difficult, and he was not going to give up 443 00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:44,320 Speaker 1: the prisoners until all of those other promises were kept, 444 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: so a standoff continued, with a Navy fleet parked in 445 00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:50,800 Speaker 1: the waters off Tangier and Rizalie up in the mountains, 446 00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:55,000 Speaker 1: awaiting all that he had requested. Negotiations continued in an 447 00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:58,000 Speaker 1: effort to get the brigand to understand the difficulty in 448 00:24:58,119 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: carrying out the specifics of his demand, but he was 449 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:05,200 Speaker 1: utterly stalwart in his position, and Rosalie's refusal to budge 450 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:08,640 Speaker 1: had backed multiple governments into a corner, and he made 451 00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:11,440 Speaker 1: clear that if anyone were to try to harm him, 452 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:14,719 Speaker 1: his men would kill his attackers. Things started looking up 453 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:18,600 Speaker 1: on June nineteenth, Conso Gomer wired a message that our 454 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,600 Speaker 1: release had been negotiated for the twenty one, but then 455 00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:24,720 Speaker 1: that deal was rescinded. On the twenty Things had reached 456 00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:27,200 Speaker 1: a breaking point. In the United States, Britain, and France 457 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:30,720 Speaker 1: were all growing really frustrated with Morocco, which was promising 458 00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: to meet Rizzoli's demands but then failing to take action 459 00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: to actually do it. The US threatened to seize Moroccan customs, 460 00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: that the government did not act on all of its promises. 461 00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,560 Speaker 1: And as this whole thing was dragging on, the Republican 462 00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:48,320 Speaker 1: National Convention took place in the United States from June 463 00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:52,640 Speaker 1: one to three, and Roosevelt was wildly popular and he 464 00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,240 Speaker 1: was certain to get the nomination, but he left nothing 465 00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:58,440 Speaker 1: to chance. He had no opposition, but he still took 466 00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:02,000 Speaker 1: every step to ensure that things went smoothly at the convention, 467 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,320 Speaker 1: and as a consequence, the convention was actually considered a 468 00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:09,200 Speaker 1: rather dull affair. On the twenty two a telegram which 469 00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:13,000 Speaker 1: is now famously quoted as being Roosevelt's words, was sent 470 00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: out to the press and to Morocco at the same time, 471 00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:18,320 Speaker 1: and it read quote this government wants Perdicaris alive or 472 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:22,480 Speaker 1: Risui dead. This was really Secretary of State John Hay 473 00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:25,119 Speaker 1: who had sent this message. The version that went to 474 00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:28,520 Speaker 1: Gomare and Morocco had an additional line that the version 475 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:30,520 Speaker 1: that was sent to the press did not have was 476 00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:34,480 Speaker 1: quote do not land marines or sees customs without specific instructions. 477 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:38,200 Speaker 1: This was meant to galvanize the convention and get sentiments 478 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,400 Speaker 1: squarely behind Roosevelt. Yeah, it was almost like it wasn't 479 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:43,680 Speaker 1: good enough that he was going to get the nomination. 480 00:26:43,760 --> 00:26:45,639 Speaker 1: He wanted everyone to really want him to have it. 481 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 1: Uh So he thought that we would look very strong 482 00:26:49,160 --> 00:26:51,800 Speaker 1: and that would that would get his support. It may 483 00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:54,840 Speaker 1: have also made officials in Morocco feel as though decisive 484 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:58,000 Speaker 1: action was finally being taken if it were not for 485 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:00,680 Speaker 1: the fact that the release of Perdicaris and his stepson 486 00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:03,560 Speaker 1: Varley had already been secured. By the time they got 487 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:06,719 Speaker 1: this message. They had been traded halfway down a mountain 488 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:10,199 Speaker 1: for a bag of Spanish silver dollars. After all the 489 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:14,199 Speaker 1: dust settled, Gamer was told about Perdicarius's citizenship status, and 490 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:18,040 Speaker 1: the Console got a written confession from him. Ion made 491 00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 1: the case that because he had been born a U. 492 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:22,600 Speaker 1: S citizen, he always felt that he was, and so 493 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:26,639 Speaker 1: he didn't seek out to reinstate his citizenship situation with 494 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:30,240 Speaker 1: his Greek citizenship was kept secret to try to protect Roosevelt, 495 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:32,800 Speaker 1: and it only came to light in a biography written 496 00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:37,879 Speaker 1: about John Hay almost thirty years later in three Ion. 497 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:41,560 Speaker 1: Perdicaris moved to England soon after this incident ended, and 498 00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:44,440 Speaker 1: he later wrote of Rasulie that he was quote one 499 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:47,840 Speaker 1: of the most interesting and kindly hearted native gentlemen, and 500 00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:50,960 Speaker 1: that he and Varley had been treated kindly throughout their capture, 501 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,119 Speaker 1: and he also went on to advocate for Rasuli to 502 00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:58,200 Speaker 1: be given control of northern Morocco because of his ongoing 503 00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,760 Speaker 1: praise of the man who kidnapped him. Long after this 504 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:04,560 Speaker 1: whole incident was over, Perdicarius is often characterized as having 505 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:07,800 Speaker 1: had Stockholm syndrome, although that term was not actually coined 506 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:11,399 Speaker 1: until nineteen seventy three. He did continue to write about 507 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,000 Speaker 1: Morocco after he had left, giving his opinion on the 508 00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:16,879 Speaker 1: politics and the cultural complexities of a country that was 509 00:28:16,960 --> 00:28:20,119 Speaker 1: being ruled largely by outsiders. He died in London in 510 00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:24,760 Speaker 1: and Rosalie was given the positions of power that he 511 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,920 Speaker 1: had asked for after this whole thing, and his people 512 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:31,240 Speaker 1: were freed from prison, but he was ousted in nineteen 513 00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:33,920 Speaker 1: o six due to serious corruption. He was not any 514 00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:35,679 Speaker 1: better at running things than the people that he had 515 00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:39,200 Speaker 1: been trying to overthrow. Sultan of del Aziz was also 516 00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:41,920 Speaker 1: deposed in nineteen o seven and was replaced by his 517 00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:45,600 Speaker 1: older brother. A book of letters written to Ellen Perdicarius 518 00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:48,200 Speaker 1: during the time that her husband and son were hostages 519 00:28:48,440 --> 00:28:51,320 Speaker 1: as in the Tangier American Legation, which is now a 520 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,280 Speaker 1: museum and cultural center. Yeah, they're all things that are 521 00:28:54,280 --> 00:28:56,560 Speaker 1: along the general lines of I saw the news, I 522 00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:58,280 Speaker 1: am so sorry. Please, what can I do for you? 523 00:28:58,320 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 1: But it's she has all of these amazing letters from 524 00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,080 Speaker 1: really notable people, so it's kind of an interesting historical 525 00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,880 Speaker 1: record of that moment. Do you also have some listener 526 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:09,960 Speaker 1: mail to take us out? I do, and I am 527 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,600 Speaker 1: so excited about this particular piece of listener mail. Um 528 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:16,160 Speaker 1: it is from our listener Carrie, and she writes, Dear 529 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:18,520 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy, I am a huge fan. You ladies 530 00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:21,000 Speaker 1: keep me company during so many of my daily activities. 531 00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:22,880 Speaker 1: I can't thank you enough for all the work you do. 532 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:25,960 Speaker 1: Last February, my daughter asked to go on a school 533 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,800 Speaker 1: field trip to the Holocaust Center of Pittsburgh with a friend. 534 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:31,200 Speaker 1: To keep it short, it was amazing. We had the 535 00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:34,120 Speaker 1: opportunity to hear two survivor stories, one from a daughter 536 00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:36,520 Speaker 1: of a survivor and the other from a survivor himself, 537 00:29:36,560 --> 00:29:39,600 Speaker 1: and both were incredible. The center also has a rotating 538 00:29:39,640 --> 00:29:43,600 Speaker 1: exhibit and at the time was featuring Kutz Pau superheroes 539 00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:47,360 Speaker 1: of the Holocaust, stories of upstanders, heroes and survivors told 540 00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:49,360 Speaker 1: in the form of a comic book. One of the 541 00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:51,520 Speaker 1: talented artists was there to talk with the kids, and 542 00:29:51,560 --> 00:29:53,040 Speaker 1: it just so happened that I had met him a 543 00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:55,520 Speaker 1: few years earlier during a girl Scout field trip at 544 00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:58,719 Speaker 1: Pittsburgh's Tune e M. I was so enthralled by this concept. 545 00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:00,600 Speaker 1: I wanted to share it with you both. Oh. She 546 00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,680 Speaker 1: sent us a signed copy of the collection of comics, 547 00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:09,280 Speaker 1: along with a little press release style print out from 548 00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:12,400 Speaker 1: the center's website that goes into detail about what it is. 549 00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:15,960 Speaker 1: These are so amazing. So again, this is the Holocaust 550 00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,160 Speaker 1: Center of the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh, which put 551 00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:21,240 Speaker 1: this whole thing together, and it is all of these 552 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:24,280 Speaker 1: artists telling the stories of all of these amazing people 553 00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:27,160 Speaker 1: during the Holocaust. Again, it is called Kotz Pau so 554 00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:30,800 Speaker 1: at c h u t z dash Pau pow Uh. 555 00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:33,520 Speaker 1: And it is amazing and the art is really lovely. 556 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 1: I really like the art styles in here, and these 557 00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:37,840 Speaker 1: stories are very moving. It's a number of different arts 558 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:40,840 Speaker 1: styles because a lot of different artists worked on it. 559 00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:44,200 Speaker 1: It's so fantastic. I hope everybody seeks it out because 560 00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:47,800 Speaker 1: what a great way to examine history and and record it. 561 00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:50,400 Speaker 1: Uh So, thank you, thank you, thank you to the 562 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: very wonderful Carey for sharing this with us, because I 563 00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:54,280 Speaker 1: had not heard about it and now I am in 564 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:56,960 Speaker 1: love with it because I love comics as well as history. 565 00:30:57,440 --> 00:30:58,840 Speaker 1: Have you would like to write to us, you could 566 00:30:58,840 --> 00:31:01,520 Speaker 1: do so at History Podcasts at housto works dot com. 567 00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:03,959 Speaker 1: You can also find us everywhere on social media as 568 00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:06,680 Speaker 1: Missed in History, and you can visit our website missed 569 00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:09,760 Speaker 1: in History dot com, where we have show notes and 570 00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:12,280 Speaker 1: uh episodes going all the way back to the beginning 571 00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:14,120 Speaker 1: of the show, and things that you can click on, 572 00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:17,560 Speaker 1: like that trip to Paris information and our our store. 573 00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:19,680 Speaker 1: And we also hope that you subscribe to the podcast, 574 00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:21,640 Speaker 1: which you can do on the I Heart Radio app, 575 00:31:21,960 --> 00:31:29,880 Speaker 1: at Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. For 576 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,479 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, visit how 577 00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:39,480 Speaker 1: staff works dot com.