1 00:00:15,410 --> 00:00:23,330 Speaker 1: Pushkin Happy New Year. Did you pull out a board 2 00:00:23,370 --> 00:00:27,610 Speaker 1: game over the holiday season? Did you play nicely? Or 3 00:00:27,650 --> 00:00:32,610 Speaker 1: did it quickly descend into acrimony, name calling, and accusations 4 00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:36,330 Speaker 1: of cheating. The game that seems to bring out the 5 00:00:36,410 --> 00:00:41,210 Speaker 1: killer instinct in even the kindest of Granny's is Monopoly. 6 00:00:41,770 --> 00:00:46,490 Speaker 1: The cutthroat activity sees players try to amass fortunes while 7 00:00:46,610 --> 00:00:52,650 Speaker 1: gleefully making opponents bankrupt. But it wasn't meant to be 8 00:00:52,890 --> 00:00:56,130 Speaker 1: like that. It may surprise you to know that the 9 00:00:56,170 --> 00:01:01,210 Speaker 1: inventor of the game imagined a far gentler, kinder pastime, 10 00:01:01,570 --> 00:01:05,730 Speaker 1: But as I learned researching the history of Monopoly, her 11 00:01:05,850 --> 00:01:11,010 Speaker 1: ideals and her name were squeezed out of the origin story. 12 00:01:11,770 --> 00:01:14,290 Speaker 1: So take a break from your own gaming to listen 13 00:01:14,330 --> 00:01:18,410 Speaker 1: again to a classic cautionary tale featuring the voice talent 14 00:01:18,610 --> 00:01:23,930 Speaker 1: of Helena Bonham Carter as the inimitable Lizzie McGhee. Whatever 15 00:01:23,970 --> 00:01:35,290 Speaker 1: you do, do not pass go. In September twenty nineteen, 16 00:01:35,770 --> 00:01:39,210 Speaker 1: the toy and game giant Hasbro struck a blow in 17 00:01:39,290 --> 00:01:43,090 Speaker 1: the battle of a women's rights. Although it's not quite 18 00:01:43,130 --> 00:01:47,050 Speaker 1: clear which side they were on, they published mus Monopoly, 19 00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:50,650 Speaker 1: putting a new spin on their classic board game. The 20 00:01:50,690 --> 00:01:54,410 Speaker 1: tagline for this new version was the first game where 21 00:01:54,490 --> 00:01:59,610 Speaker 1: women make more than men. They're not kidding. Female players 22 00:01:59,730 --> 00:02:02,370 Speaker 1: start the game with more Monopoly money than male players, 23 00:02:02,850 --> 00:02:05,050 Speaker 1: and they get two hundred and forty dollars each time 24 00:02:05,090 --> 00:02:08,730 Speaker 1: they pass go, rather than the traditional two hundred dollars 25 00:02:08,770 --> 00:02:13,890 Speaker 1: for the Why exactly is not clear, some sort of joke. 26 00:02:14,370 --> 00:02:17,210 Speaker 1: It wasn't even a consistent joke. Some of the chants 27 00:02:17,250 --> 00:02:20,850 Speaker 1: and community chest cards paid out more cash to mail players. 28 00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:24,970 Speaker 1: So what is the message? Women have been unfairly treated, 29 00:02:25,810 --> 00:02:29,250 Speaker 1: Women need help to win. We don't actually know what 30 00:02:29,290 --> 00:02:34,170 Speaker 1: feminism means. There is, however, one feature of the game 31 00:02:34,650 --> 00:02:38,810 Speaker 1: that's hard to criticize. Instead of buying properties from around 32 00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:42,890 Speaker 1: Atlantic City as in the classic game, players invest in 33 00:02:42,890 --> 00:02:47,330 Speaker 1: inventions that were developed by women, such as Marion Donovan, 34 00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,850 Speaker 1: the inventor of the leak proof diaper, Anna Connolly, the 35 00:02:50,850 --> 00:02:55,050 Speaker 1: inventor of the external fire escape, and Heady Lamar, the 36 00:02:55,050 --> 00:02:58,810 Speaker 1: film star who in the nineteen forties co invented frequency 37 00:02:58,850 --> 00:03:03,730 Speaker 1: hopping radio transmissions, a precursor to today's Wi Fi. In 38 00:03:03,970 --> 00:03:08,850 Speaker 1: mus Monopoly, each square represents one of these inventions. For example, 39 00:03:09,250 --> 00:03:13,010 Speaker 1: instead of buying the prestige property boardwalk you could invest 40 00:03:13,050 --> 00:03:17,770 Speaker 1: in chocolate chip cookies invented by Ruth Wakefield. And it's 41 00:03:17,810 --> 00:03:21,690 Speaker 1: hard to argue with the sentiments expressed in Hasbro's advertisement 42 00:03:21,890 --> 00:03:26,130 Speaker 1: for his Monopoly, which begins with the simple text women 43 00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:32,250 Speaker 1: hold just ten percent of all patented inventions. The mus 44 00:03:32,290 --> 00:03:36,690 Speaker 1: Monopoly game was widely derided as a confusing mass of 45 00:03:36,770 --> 00:03:41,290 Speaker 1: mixed messages, but the mus Monopoly advert asks a simple, 46 00:03:41,770 --> 00:03:45,890 Speaker 1: powerful question, isn't it time that the inventiveness of women 47 00:03:46,650 --> 00:03:54,130 Speaker 1: was finally acknowledged and rewarded? Well? Isn't it? I'm Tim 48 00:03:54,210 --> 00:04:20,850 Speaker 1: Harford and you're listening to cautionary tales. You may be 49 00:04:20,970 --> 00:04:24,730 Speaker 1: familiar with the traditional story about the origins of Monopoly. 50 00:04:25,770 --> 00:04:28,810 Speaker 1: I remember reading it myself as a child, which isn't 51 00:04:28,850 --> 00:04:33,370 Speaker 1: surprising since the story itself was for decades included in 52 00:04:33,530 --> 00:04:38,130 Speaker 1: every game box. The story goes as follows. In nineteen 53 00:04:38,210 --> 00:04:42,890 Speaker 1: thirty three, the Bleakest Depths of the Great Depression, an 54 00:04:42,970 --> 00:04:48,410 Speaker 1: unemployed steam radiator repair man from Philadelphia named Charles Darrow 55 00:04:49,170 --> 00:04:52,410 Speaker 1: was struck with an idea to create a new board 56 00:04:52,450 --> 00:04:57,450 Speaker 1: game about property trading. It was an act of desperation 57 00:04:58,010 --> 00:05:01,010 Speaker 1: because Darrow had no money, and a family to feed. 58 00:05:01,970 --> 00:05:06,010 Speaker 1: But it was also an act of inspiration, since the 59 00:05:06,090 --> 00:05:10,130 Speaker 1: game sprang fully formed from the bread of its creator. 60 00:05:11,410 --> 00:05:14,570 Speaker 1: Darrow drew out the game board on a sheet of oilcloth. 61 00:05:15,570 --> 00:05:18,930 Speaker 1: The board featured the familiar street names of Atlantic City, 62 00:05:19,130 --> 00:05:22,650 Speaker 1: where Darrow once enjoyed taking his wife and children on vacation. 63 00:05:23,650 --> 00:05:26,850 Speaker 1: It was a nostalgic decision aimed at cheering up a 64 00:05:26,850 --> 00:05:32,250 Speaker 1: family that had fallen on hard times. The Darrows loved 65 00:05:32,290 --> 00:05:37,610 Speaker 1: the game, suspecting that he'd created something valuable. Charles Darrow 66 00:05:37,690 --> 00:05:42,490 Speaker 1: tried to interest the big board game distributors. Milton Bradley 67 00:05:42,530 --> 00:05:47,890 Speaker 1: turned him down, so did Parker Brothers. However, they later 68 00:05:48,130 --> 00:05:52,570 Speaker 1: reconsidered when they saw how popular Darrow's homemade sets were. 69 00:05:53,130 --> 00:05:57,370 Speaker 1: With the backing of Parker Brothers, Monopoly became a smash hit. 70 00:05:58,170 --> 00:06:02,850 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow's fortune was assured, as was his reputation as 71 00:06:02,890 --> 00:06:06,250 Speaker 1: the creator of one of the most successful games in 72 00:06:06,330 --> 00:06:11,370 Speaker 1: the world. But as the journal historian Mary Pilon says 73 00:06:11,370 --> 00:06:17,410 Speaker 1: in her book The Monopolists, the story wasn't exactly true. 74 00:06:17,890 --> 00:06:23,170 Speaker 1: That's putting it kindly, because, as Pilon's book makes perfectly clear, 75 00:06:23,890 --> 00:06:27,090 Speaker 1: the story I read in my game box isn't true 76 00:06:27,090 --> 00:06:30,850 Speaker 1: at all. The game of Monopoly did not come to 77 00:06:30,970 --> 00:06:34,650 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow in a flash of inspiration. It was taught 78 00:06:34,690 --> 00:06:38,330 Speaker 1: to him by his friends Charles and Olive Todd in 79 00:06:38,450 --> 00:06:42,170 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty two. The Todd's plane on a board with 80 00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:48,210 Speaker 1: go jail free parking and go to jail at the 81 00:06:48,250 --> 00:06:52,890 Speaker 1: four corners, with chance and community chest, with the electric 82 00:06:52,930 --> 00:06:57,050 Speaker 1: company and the waterworks, and street names from around Atlantic City. 83 00:06:58,290 --> 00:07:01,370 Speaker 1: When drawing up his monopoly board, Charles Todd even made 84 00:07:01,370 --> 00:07:05,730 Speaker 1: a mistake in the spelling of Marvin Gardens, swapping in 85 00:07:05,770 --> 00:07:11,410 Speaker 1: an eye to become Marvin Gardens. Charles Darrow's monopoly board 86 00:07:11,570 --> 00:07:15,170 Speaker 1: would later use not only the same squares in the 87 00:07:15,210 --> 00:07:19,490 Speaker 1: same configuration, with the same deed values, it would even 88 00:07:19,570 --> 00:07:25,530 Speaker 1: repeat the same spelling error. After several evenings, pleasantly whiled 89 00:07:25,570 --> 00:07:26,610 Speaker 1: away with the game. 90 00:07:27,850 --> 00:07:30,570 Speaker 2: Say Todd, would you mind lending me a copy of 91 00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:31,770 Speaker 2: the rules of that game? 92 00:07:32,170 --> 00:07:32,290 Speaker 3: Oh? 93 00:07:32,410 --> 00:07:33,650 Speaker 2: Well, Darrow, I don't know. 94 00:07:33,770 --> 00:07:35,170 Speaker 1: I've never written them down. 95 00:07:36,090 --> 00:07:38,570 Speaker 2: Why do you want them? I'd love to teach it 96 00:07:38,650 --> 00:07:41,810 Speaker 2: to others. I want to make sure I get it right. 97 00:07:43,090 --> 00:07:46,330 Speaker 1: Charles Todd was a little puzzled, but he obliged his 98 00:07:46,330 --> 00:07:52,690 Speaker 1: friend Soon after, to Todd's irritation, Darrow started avoiding him 99 00:07:52,970 --> 00:07:55,090 Speaker 1: it crossed the street when the Todds were coming the 100 00:07:55,090 --> 00:08:01,610 Speaker 1: other way. Then came the blockbuster success of Monopoly with 101 00:08:01,770 --> 00:08:05,370 Speaker 1: sparky graphics that Charles Darrow had begged free of charge 102 00:08:05,370 --> 00:08:10,690 Speaker 1: from another friend, the cartoonist Franklin Alexander. Journalists repeated the 103 00:08:10,770 --> 00:08:14,610 Speaker 1: rags to Rich his yarn that Darrow was spinning. Darrow's 104 00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:21,010 Speaker 1: former friends, Charles and Olive Todd, were outraged, but not 105 00:08:21,130 --> 00:08:25,050 Speaker 1: because they felt their idea had been stolen. They knew 106 00:08:25,050 --> 00:08:28,130 Speaker 1: all along that Monopoly had never belonged to them in 107 00:08:28,170 --> 00:08:31,050 Speaker 1: the first place. They had been taught the game by 108 00:08:31,050 --> 00:08:35,890 Speaker 1: their friends, the brothers Jesse and Eugene Rayford. Jesse and 109 00:08:35,930 --> 00:08:38,650 Speaker 1: Eugene had been the ones who named squares on the 110 00:08:38,690 --> 00:08:43,410 Speaker 1: board after areas in Atlantic City, but they hadn't invented 111 00:08:43,410 --> 00:08:46,370 Speaker 1: Monopoly either. The ha'd adapted a version they had been 112 00:08:46,410 --> 00:08:50,690 Speaker 1: taught by Ruth Hoskins, who was a trainee school teacher. 113 00:08:52,090 --> 00:08:56,050 Speaker 1: So did Ruth Hoskins invent the game? No, It was 114 00:08:56,210 --> 00:09:00,130 Speaker 1: circulating widely in the nineteen twenties. It was even popular 115 00:09:00,170 --> 00:09:05,650 Speaker 1: in economics departments. One influential player Scott Nearing was a 116 00:09:05,690 --> 00:09:09,370 Speaker 1: socialist economics professor at the Wharton School who used a 117 00:09:09,450 --> 00:09:12,690 Speaker 1: version of the game to teach the evils of corporate monopolies. 118 00:09:14,050 --> 00:09:17,290 Speaker 1: This game was called Monopoly, and the square board had 119 00:09:17,330 --> 00:09:22,410 Speaker 1: plenty of recognizable elements with forty spaces, including chants, jail, 120 00:09:22,650 --> 00:09:26,810 Speaker 1: go to jail, and numerous properties. But there were two 121 00:09:26,890 --> 00:09:30,170 Speaker 1: ways to play the game. It could be played competitively, 122 00:09:30,530 --> 00:09:33,890 Speaker 1: as players tried to monopolize groups of property and bankrupt 123 00:09:33,930 --> 00:09:39,410 Speaker 1: their opponents, or it could be played cooperatively, with resources 124 00:09:39,530 --> 00:09:43,970 Speaker 1: paid into the public purse, utilities supplying services for free, 125 00:09:44,450 --> 00:09:49,650 Speaker 1: and each player's resources growing over time. The cooperative game was, 126 00:09:50,370 --> 00:09:56,290 Speaker 1: of course, very dull, But monopoly wasn't invented at the 127 00:09:56,330 --> 00:10:00,490 Speaker 1: Wharton School. Professor Scott Nearing learned it in the utopian 128 00:10:00,530 --> 00:10:05,690 Speaker 1: community called Arden in Delaware. Arden had been founded in 129 00:10:05,770 --> 00:10:10,330 Speaker 1: nineteen hundred and organized according to the principles of the economist, journalist, 130 00:10:10,410 --> 00:10:15,490 Speaker 1: and social reformer Henry George. Henry George's most famous idea 131 00:10:15,970 --> 00:10:19,570 Speaker 1: was that all land and natural resources ultimately belonged to 132 00:10:19,650 --> 00:10:23,050 Speaker 1: society as a whole, so whoever owned them should be 133 00:10:23,050 --> 00:10:26,570 Speaker 1: paying a hefty tax, and it was Henry George's idea 134 00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:30,890 Speaker 1: of this single tax that the Arden version of Monopoly 135 00:10:31,330 --> 00:10:35,850 Speaker 1: was designed to explore this game. The progressive Heaven or 136 00:10:35,890 --> 00:10:40,970 Speaker 1: capitalist Hell version of Monopoly was called the Landlord's Game. 137 00:10:42,290 --> 00:10:46,890 Speaker 1: Did the radical folk of Arden invent the Landlord's Game? No, 138 00:10:48,050 --> 00:10:52,370 Speaker 1: It was dreamed up by a remarkable woman named Lizzie McGee. 139 00:10:53,170 --> 00:10:57,130 Speaker 1: And is Lizzie McGee celebrated on the US Monopoly board. 140 00:10:58,130 --> 00:11:00,570 Speaker 1: I think you can guess the answer to that question. 141 00:11:05,130 --> 00:11:14,850 Speaker 1: Cautionary tales will return in a moment. Unlike Charles Darrow, 142 00:11:15,090 --> 00:11:19,330 Speaker 1: the man who claimed to have invented Monopoly, Lizzie McGhee 143 00:11:20,050 --> 00:11:21,530 Speaker 1: was a true original. 144 00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:26,170 Speaker 3: I'm thankful that I was taught how to think and 145 00:11:26,210 --> 00:11:27,650 Speaker 3: not what to think. 146 00:11:29,370 --> 00:11:33,410 Speaker 1: When McGhee created the original Monopoly style game, it was 147 00:11:33,450 --> 00:11:37,210 Speaker 1: the early nineteen hundreds. Here's how Mary Plon's History of 148 00:11:37,290 --> 00:11:42,210 Speaker 1: Monopoly describes McGee, a distinctive looking woman in her thirties, 149 00:11:42,650 --> 00:11:45,970 Speaker 1: with curly dark locks and bangs that framed her face. 150 00:11:46,490 --> 00:11:50,650 Speaker 1: Lizzie had inherited the bushy eyebrows of her father, the 151 00:11:50,730 --> 00:11:55,690 Speaker 1: descendant of Scottish immigrants. She had pale skin, a strong jawline, 152 00:11:56,210 --> 00:12:01,250 Speaker 1: and a strong work ethic. Quite as an unmarried woman, 153 00:12:01,810 --> 00:12:05,730 Speaker 1: unusual at her age. Working as a stenographer, she had 154 00:12:05,810 --> 00:12:11,010 Speaker 1: little prospect of acquiring material comforts, Yet she had saved 155 00:12:11,090 --> 00:12:14,250 Speaker 1: and bought herself a home and a substantial parcel of 156 00:12:14,330 --> 00:12:18,650 Speaker 1: land near Washington, d c. Lizzie's father had been a 157 00:12:18,730 --> 00:12:23,130 Speaker 1: journalist and campaigner, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper, and 158 00:12:23,170 --> 00:12:28,610 Speaker 1: a devoted supporter of Abraham Lincoln. She too was politically active. 159 00:12:28,970 --> 00:12:32,570 Speaker 1: Like the community at Arden, Lizzie McGee was a Georgist, 160 00:12:32,810 --> 00:12:37,810 Speaker 1: a committed follower of the ideas and ideals of Henry George. 161 00:12:37,850 --> 00:12:40,850 Speaker 1: She was friends with Henry George Junior, the son of 162 00:12:40,890 --> 00:12:44,170 Speaker 1: the great Man himself, and she was the secretary of 163 00:12:44,210 --> 00:12:48,770 Speaker 1: the Georgist organization, the Woman's Single Tax Club of Washington. 164 00:12:49,850 --> 00:12:54,490 Speaker 1: Henry George had died suddenly in eighteen ninety seven while 165 00:12:54,570 --> 00:12:57,570 Speaker 1: running to be the mayor of New York City. One 166 00:12:57,610 --> 00:13:01,130 Speaker 1: hundred thousand people lined up to pay their respects to 167 00:13:01,170 --> 00:13:06,250 Speaker 1: his funeral casket. His followers, including Lizzie McGhee, had felt 168 00:13:06,370 --> 00:13:11,450 Speaker 1: bereft and determined to carry on the fight for Georgist policies. 169 00:13:12,650 --> 00:13:17,210 Speaker 1: But what could McGee do a progressive and a capitalist world. 170 00:13:17,530 --> 00:13:20,450 Speaker 1: A woman in a man's world. She was desperate for 171 00:13:20,530 --> 00:13:24,170 Speaker 1: social change, but felt frustrated in what she could achieve. 172 00:13:24,730 --> 00:13:29,010 Speaker 1: Mary Polon's description of her conjures a powerhouse of creativity. 173 00:13:29,810 --> 00:13:33,850 Speaker 1: McGee wrote poems about unrequited love. She wrote essays on 174 00:13:33,930 --> 00:13:38,450 Speaker 1: Georgist taxation. She wrote stories too, including one. 175 00:13:38,770 --> 00:13:41,290 Speaker 3: The Theft of a Brain, about. 176 00:13:41,010 --> 00:13:46,170 Speaker 1: A young woman whose brilliant idea is plagiarized. But none 177 00:13:46,210 --> 00:13:50,410 Speaker 1: of these creative projects really broke through. McGhee was frustrated. 178 00:13:50,650 --> 00:13:54,610 Speaker 1: How to get the message across? How to achieve lasting change? 179 00:13:55,130 --> 00:13:59,610 Speaker 3: Let the children once see clearly the gross injustice of 180 00:13:59,650 --> 00:14:02,730 Speaker 3: our present land system, and when they grow up, the 181 00:14:02,810 --> 00:14:05,090 Speaker 3: evil will soon be remedied. 182 00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:11,410 Speaker 1: Yes, how to reach the children? What better method than 183 00:14:11,490 --> 00:14:15,930 Speaker 1: through a board game? Lizzie McGee's The Landlord's Game would 184 00:14:15,970 --> 00:14:19,690 Speaker 1: evolve and become more popular than she could ever have imagined. 185 00:14:20,450 --> 00:14:23,970 Speaker 1: By the nineteen thirties, it existed in several popular versions, 186 00:14:24,170 --> 00:14:28,330 Speaker 1: all of which took the competitive rather than cooperative approach. 187 00:14:29,210 --> 00:14:33,970 Speaker 1: There was finance sold by the NAP Company, Inflation sold 188 00:14:34,010 --> 00:14:37,970 Speaker 1: by Rudy Copeland of Fort Worth, Texas, and easy money 189 00:14:38,490 --> 00:14:42,970 Speaker 1: sold by Milton Bradley. But Lizzie McGee herself had been 190 00:14:43,050 --> 00:14:48,130 Speaker 1: almost forgotten, and so had the subversively educational version of 191 00:14:48,130 --> 00:14:51,610 Speaker 1: her game. It turns out that when people play board games, 192 00:14:51,770 --> 00:14:55,330 Speaker 1: they'd rather try to crush their opponents than all accumulate 193 00:14:55,410 --> 00:15:01,330 Speaker 1: resources together without obstacle or incident. No single person created 194 00:15:01,330 --> 00:15:05,690 Speaker 1: Monopoly any more than a single person created chess or poker. 195 00:15:06,050 --> 00:15:08,370 Speaker 1: But if you wanted to pick out the one creative 196 00:15:08,410 --> 00:15:11,530 Speaker 1: soul who who deserved the most credit, there is no 197 00:15:11,730 --> 00:15:16,810 Speaker 1: question that it would be Lizzie McGee. So how come 198 00:15:16,850 --> 00:15:20,810 Speaker 1: it was Charles Darrow and not McGhee who became known 199 00:15:20,850 --> 00:15:27,690 Speaker 1: as the lone genius who invented Monopoly? Remember the advertisement 200 00:15:27,810 --> 00:15:32,330 Speaker 1: for mus Monopoly. Hasbro, the company that absorbed Parker Brothers, 201 00:15:32,850 --> 00:15:37,330 Speaker 1: began with a lament. Women hold just ten percent of 202 00:15:37,410 --> 00:15:43,970 Speaker 1: all patented inventions. This situation is finally improving. Women made 203 00:15:44,090 --> 00:15:46,610 Speaker 1: up less than ten percent of patent holders born in 204 00:15:46,610 --> 00:15:50,290 Speaker 1: the nineteen forties, but more than fifteen percent of patent 205 00:15:50,330 --> 00:15:54,650 Speaker 1: holders born in the nineteen seventies. As millennials take over 206 00:15:54,690 --> 00:15:57,570 Speaker 1: the process of patenting, who knows, we might get as 207 00:15:57,650 --> 00:16:01,170 Speaker 1: high as twenty percent before long. In fact, we're on 208 00:16:01,410 --> 00:16:05,530 Speaker 1: course to achieve gender parity in patents as early as 209 00:16:05,570 --> 00:16:11,970 Speaker 1: the year twenty one thirty five. Cheer up, So why 210 00:16:12,090 --> 00:16:15,970 Speaker 1: has progress been so slow? One of the scholars who's 211 00:16:16,010 --> 00:16:19,490 Speaker 1: been searching for answers is the economist Lisa Cook of 212 00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:24,370 Speaker 1: Michigan State University. Professor Kok studies why certain groups of 213 00:16:24,410 --> 00:16:27,570 Speaker 1: people seemed to be shut out from the innovation economy, 214 00:16:28,130 --> 00:16:33,370 Speaker 1: in particular African Americans and women. For many decades, women 215 00:16:33,530 --> 00:16:38,170 Speaker 1: had less than equal access to high quality education, especially 216 00:16:38,210 --> 00:16:42,930 Speaker 1: technical education. For example, in the early nineteen fifties, Eleanor 217 00:16:43,010 --> 00:16:46,810 Speaker 1: Ostrom wanted to study economics at UCLA, but she was 218 00:16:46,850 --> 00:16:50,730 Speaker 1: rejected because she didn't have the mathematical skills. She didn't 219 00:16:50,770 --> 00:16:54,010 Speaker 1: have the mathematical skills because as a schoolgirl, she had 220 00:16:54,050 --> 00:16:58,330 Speaker 1: been steered away from the subject because of her gender. Thankfully, 221 00:16:58,450 --> 00:17:02,370 Speaker 1: Eleanor Ostrom had the last laugh. In two thousand and nine, 222 00:17:02,690 --> 00:17:05,410 Speaker 1: she was the first woman to win the Nobel Memorial 223 00:17:05,490 --> 00:17:10,090 Speaker 1: Prize in economics. It was astonishingly late for the profession 224 00:17:10,130 --> 00:17:14,170 Speaker 1: to recognize the first female laureate, but as Linostroum was 225 00:17:14,250 --> 00:17:17,890 Speaker 1: quick to say, she wouldn't be the last. As a 226 00:17:17,930 --> 00:17:22,090 Speaker 1: result of both overt and subtle discrimination, women have been 227 00:17:22,210 --> 00:17:27,730 Speaker 1: underrepresented in technical subjects such as mathematics, economics, and engineering. 228 00:17:28,290 --> 00:17:33,490 Speaker 1: That is changing, but slowly. Between nineteen seventy and twenty fourteen, 229 00:17:34,010 --> 00:17:38,410 Speaker 1: the proportion of PhDs in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical 230 00:17:38,450 --> 00:17:44,170 Speaker 1: subjects that were rewarded to women more than quadruple. And 231 00:17:44,250 --> 00:17:47,930 Speaker 1: if a lack of educational opportunity is a problem, so 232 00:17:48,130 --> 00:17:51,930 Speaker 1: too is a lack of mentors. A huge study conducted 233 00:17:51,970 --> 00:17:54,930 Speaker 1: by a team of economists led by Raj Chetti of 234 00:17:54,970 --> 00:17:58,330 Speaker 1: Harvard found that young people were far more likely to 235 00:17:58,370 --> 00:18:02,410 Speaker 1: become inventors if they could see other inventors around them, 236 00:18:02,530 --> 00:18:07,810 Speaker 1: especially if their own parents were inventors. Gender matters here. 237 00:18:08,410 --> 00:18:12,210 Speaker 1: For example, female inventors seem to be far more inspiring 238 00:18:12,330 --> 00:18:16,330 Speaker 1: to girls than male inventors are, and since there are 239 00:18:16,410 --> 00:18:20,650 Speaker 1: fewer women inventors around to inspire girls, the problem is 240 00:18:20,690 --> 00:18:26,850 Speaker 1: a self perpetuating spiral. Indeed, Chetti and his colleagues estimate 241 00:18:26,930 --> 00:18:29,890 Speaker 1: that if young girls had the same exposure to female 242 00:18:29,970 --> 00:18:33,810 Speaker 1: inventors as young boys did to male inventors, they would 243 00:18:33,850 --> 00:18:36,890 Speaker 1: innovate more than two and a half times as much 244 00:18:36,930 --> 00:18:40,610 Speaker 1: as now, and the gender innovation gap would be less 245 00:18:40,610 --> 00:18:44,330 Speaker 1: than half as big. That's why them as monopoly set 246 00:18:44,370 --> 00:18:48,930 Speaker 1: and advertising campaign, with its celebration of women inventors, is 247 00:18:49,010 --> 00:18:53,490 Speaker 1: so important, But among the female inventors credited on the board, 248 00:18:54,050 --> 00:18:59,570 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGhee is conspicuous by her absence. It is an 249 00:18:59,610 --> 00:19:06,290 Speaker 1: astonishing missed opportunity. But it's also a mystery. How did 250 00:19:06,370 --> 00:19:10,170 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGee find herself so comprehensively the air brushed out 251 00:19:10,170 --> 00:19:13,890 Speaker 1: of history? And why don't the publishers of monopoly want 252 00:19:13,930 --> 00:19:17,650 Speaker 1: to acknowledge her more than a century later? Could it 253 00:19:17,690 --> 00:19:25,770 Speaker 1: be perhaps that they're a little ashamed? Cautionary tales will 254 00:19:25,770 --> 00:19:34,730 Speaker 1: be back in a moment. Lizzie McGee broke the mold 255 00:19:34,890 --> 00:19:39,130 Speaker 1: in so many ways. It wasn't just her politics, her 256 00:19:39,130 --> 00:19:42,410 Speaker 1: defiance of traditional values in refusing to marry when young, 257 00:19:42,810 --> 00:19:47,170 Speaker 1: her far reaching creativity as a poet, actor, novelist and essayist. 258 00:19:48,090 --> 00:19:51,610 Speaker 1: She actually had the determination to follow through on her 259 00:19:51,690 --> 00:19:56,530 Speaker 1: dreams despite all the obstacles. It's easy to assume that 260 00:19:56,650 --> 00:19:59,490 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow and Parker Brothers were able to lay claim 261 00:19:59,530 --> 00:20:03,530 Speaker 1: to Monopoly because Lizzie McGee didn't have a patent, but 262 00:20:03,650 --> 00:20:07,530 Speaker 1: she did. In fact, she had two. The earlier one 263 00:20:07,570 --> 00:20:10,370 Speaker 1: is for an improvement to a type rolla, But it's 264 00:20:10,450 --> 00:20:14,490 Speaker 1: the patent for the Landlord's Game that deserves to be remembered. 265 00:20:15,290 --> 00:20:18,930 Speaker 3: Letters Patent number seven hundred and forty eight thousand, six 266 00:20:19,050 --> 00:20:23,690 Speaker 3: hundred and twenty six dated January fifth, nineteen oh four. 267 00:20:24,370 --> 00:20:29,490 Speaker 3: My invention, which I have designated the Landlord's Game, relates 268 00:20:29,530 --> 00:20:33,890 Speaker 3: to game boards and more particularly to games of chance. 269 00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:37,570 Speaker 3: When a player stops upon a lot owned by any 270 00:20:37,610 --> 00:20:41,290 Speaker 3: of the players, he must pay rent to the owner. 271 00:20:42,090 --> 00:20:45,050 Speaker 3: The object of the game is to obtain as much 272 00:20:45,090 --> 00:20:47,170 Speaker 3: wealth or money as possible. 273 00:20:49,530 --> 00:20:54,010 Speaker 1: Even today, few patent holders are women. In McGee's time, 274 00:20:54,570 --> 00:20:57,250 Speaker 1: less than one in a hundred were. She was a 275 00:20:57,250 --> 00:21:01,850 Speaker 1: member of a small club of female inventors. So if 276 00:21:01,850 --> 00:21:06,130 Speaker 1: she had a patent, what went wrong. The economist Lisa 277 00:21:06,170 --> 00:21:10,570 Speaker 1: Cook knows that the innovation gap runs deeper than educational 278 00:21:10,570 --> 00:21:14,610 Speaker 1: opportunity or even the presence of mentors. There's also the 279 00:21:14,690 --> 00:21:18,890 Speaker 1: question of whose ideas get taken seriously. You can have 280 00:21:18,930 --> 00:21:21,530 Speaker 1: a good idea and you can even get it patented. 281 00:21:22,370 --> 00:21:25,690 Speaker 1: That that does not mean your idea will thrive if 282 00:21:25,690 --> 00:21:30,890 Speaker 1: your face doesn't fit. For example, Lisa Cook's own cousin, 283 00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:35,290 Speaker 1: the chemist Percy Julian, was repeatedly turned down for jobs 284 00:21:35,290 --> 00:21:38,570 Speaker 1: as an academic and as a corporate researcher because he 285 00:21:38,650 --> 00:21:43,250 Speaker 1: was black. Eventually, Julian became the first African American to 286 00:21:43,330 --> 00:21:48,050 Speaker 1: run a large corporate laboratory. At Gliddon, he developed techniques 287 00:21:48,050 --> 00:21:52,130 Speaker 1: for producing hormones such as estrogen and courtzone, and earned 288 00:21:52,290 --> 00:21:58,610 Speaker 1: several patents. In nineteen fifty, Percy Julian was named Chicagoan 289 00:21:58,730 --> 00:22:02,690 Speaker 1: of the Year by the Chicago Sometimes. It was the 290 00:22:02,770 --> 00:22:06,890 Speaker 1: same year that infuriated that a black man had moved 291 00:22:06,930 --> 00:22:11,290 Speaker 1: into a nice white part of Chicago, racists tried to 292 00:22:11,370 --> 00:22:16,210 Speaker 1: burn down his house. If you're suffering from discrimination, as 293 00:22:16,250 --> 00:22:20,810 Speaker 1: both women and African American inventors were throughout the twentieth century, 294 00:22:21,570 --> 00:22:25,370 Speaker 1: then Professor Cook's work makes it clear having a patent 295 00:22:25,850 --> 00:22:29,850 Speaker 1: might not be enough. A patent isn't much good if 296 00:22:29,890 --> 00:22:34,690 Speaker 1: nobody respects it. Consider the case of Garrett Morgan. He 297 00:22:34,770 --> 00:22:38,170 Speaker 1: was born in the eighteen seventies. He was a gifted inventor, 298 00:22:38,490 --> 00:22:42,290 Speaker 1: developing products as varied as a gas mask, a traffic light, 299 00:22:42,610 --> 00:22:46,930 Speaker 1: and hair straightening cream. But he was also African American, 300 00:22:47,410 --> 00:22:51,170 Speaker 1: which didn't fit America's idea of what an inventor should 301 00:22:51,210 --> 00:22:55,970 Speaker 1: look like. In one dramatic incident. In nineteen sixteen, Morgan 302 00:22:55,970 --> 00:22:58,970 Speaker 1: and his brother led a rescue of several victims of 303 00:22:59,010 --> 00:23:03,850 Speaker 1: an underground explosion near Lake Erie. The rescuers used Morgan's 304 00:23:03,850 --> 00:23:08,690 Speaker 1: invention of a firefighters smoke Hood. Officials awarded medals to 305 00:23:08,730 --> 00:23:12,210 Speaker 1: the eight members of the rescue party, but not to 306 00:23:12,250 --> 00:23:15,410 Speaker 1: the Morgan brothers themselves, and while a publicity about the 307 00:23:15,490 --> 00:23:19,170 Speaker 1: daring rescue helped boost sales of the smoke Hood, several 308 00:23:19,250 --> 00:23:23,410 Speaker 1: Southern cities canceled their orders when they discovered that Morgan 309 00:23:23,770 --> 00:23:30,690 Speaker 1: was black. Morgan often concealed his race, even using surrogates 310 00:23:30,690 --> 00:23:32,770 Speaker 1: to pretend to be him when he was trying to 311 00:23:32,810 --> 00:23:37,970 Speaker 1: sell his inventions. You can't blame him. Lizzie McGhee didn't 312 00:23:37,970 --> 00:23:41,450 Speaker 1: have to fear being firebombed like Percy Julian, or having 313 00:23:41,450 --> 00:23:45,090 Speaker 1: her wares boycotted like Garrett Morgan. But she did have 314 00:23:45,130 --> 00:23:50,010 Speaker 1: to fear being ignored. Her game wasn't selling and she 315 00:23:50,330 --> 00:23:53,890 Speaker 1: wasn't thriving. She was frustrated at having her freedoms and 316 00:23:54,010 --> 00:23:58,090 Speaker 1: opportunities constrained by her gender. A couple of years after 317 00:23:58,170 --> 00:24:01,890 Speaker 1: patenting the Landlord's Game, she took out a newspaper advertisement 318 00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:04,370 Speaker 1: offering herself for sale. 319 00:24:04,770 --> 00:24:07,290 Speaker 3: Young woman American slave. 320 00:24:08,450 --> 00:24:12,450 Speaker 1: This stunt, shocking then and shocking now, was a way 321 00:24:12,490 --> 00:24:16,050 Speaker 1: of satirizing the idea that marriage was the only option 322 00:24:16,170 --> 00:24:16,690 Speaker 1: for a woman. 323 00:24:17,570 --> 00:24:23,010 Speaker 3: We are not machines. Girls have minds, desires, hopes, and ambition. 324 00:24:24,170 --> 00:24:27,930 Speaker 1: But while it made a splash, this outrageous stunt did 325 00:24:27,930 --> 00:24:31,370 Speaker 1: not seem to turn the tide, either for feminism or 326 00:24:31,450 --> 00:24:36,010 Speaker 1: for Lizzie McGee herself. A few years later, in her forties, 327 00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:43,490 Speaker 1: she did marry. Her game continued to languish. Like Garrett Morgan, 328 00:24:44,210 --> 00:24:48,130 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGee did not fit the stereotype of a creative genius. 329 00:24:48,810 --> 00:24:51,730 Speaker 1: By the time Monopoly had become a best seller more 330 00:24:51,770 --> 00:24:54,650 Speaker 1: than thirty years after McGee filed the patent for the 331 00:24:54,730 --> 00:25:00,050 Speaker 1: Landlord's Game, she was an unconventional old woman with unconventional 332 00:25:00,090 --> 00:25:03,530 Speaker 1: political ideals, still trying to get the world to pay 333 00:25:03,570 --> 00:25:08,130 Speaker 1: attention to the case for progressive single taxation. She was 334 00:25:08,170 --> 00:25:12,130 Speaker 1: no match for Charle Darrow, the smooth talking family man 335 00:25:12,690 --> 00:25:18,170 Speaker 1: peddling his version of the American dream. Darrow charmed the 336 00:25:18,210 --> 00:25:21,250 Speaker 1: Todds into giving him the monopoly rules in every detail, 337 00:25:22,050 --> 00:25:26,010 Speaker 1: charmed the artist Franklin Alexander into donating the designs that 338 00:25:26,210 --> 00:25:30,530 Speaker 1: gave Monopoly its clean, modern look, charmed Parker Brothers into 339 00:25:30,570 --> 00:25:34,370 Speaker 1: treating him as a creative genius, and charmed the press 340 00:25:34,490 --> 00:25:38,530 Speaker 1: into repeating his tale of creativity and adversity, carving this 341 00:25:38,690 --> 00:25:42,490 Speaker 1: fictional origin story in stone with the help of the 342 00:25:42,530 --> 00:25:47,970 Speaker 1: publicists at Parker Brothers. In nineteen thirty five, Charles Darrow 343 00:25:48,050 --> 00:25:51,970 Speaker 1: put that story in writing to the president of Parker Brothers. 344 00:25:52,530 --> 00:25:56,770 Speaker 1: It is hard to imagine that the company believed him. 345 00:25:56,810 --> 00:25:59,650 Speaker 1: They must have understood that he was lying to them. 346 00:26:00,050 --> 00:26:05,050 Speaker 1: One internal memo acknowledged that Darrow had appropriated the name Monopoly, 347 00:26:05,530 --> 00:26:09,210 Speaker 1: and added, frankly, and I think without prejudice that the 348 00:26:09,290 --> 00:26:13,770 Speaker 1: original trading game came out in nineteen oh two. Nevertheless, 349 00:26:14,170 --> 00:26:17,730 Speaker 1: Parker Brothers applied for a patent on Monopoly and managed 350 00:26:17,770 --> 00:26:22,250 Speaker 1: to secure it with remarkable speed. Then came the business 351 00:26:22,290 --> 00:26:26,210 Speaker 1: of acquiring the rights to rival games. Parker Brothers came 352 00:26:26,250 --> 00:26:29,730 Speaker 1: to an arrangement with Milton Bradley about their game Easy Money, 353 00:26:30,570 --> 00:26:32,250 Speaker 1: and paid a large sum for the rights to the 354 00:26:32,250 --> 00:26:36,370 Speaker 1: game finance. They sued the publisher of the game inflation, 355 00:26:37,090 --> 00:26:41,770 Speaker 1: yet somehow Parker Brothers ended up paying him at least 356 00:26:41,890 --> 00:26:45,250 Speaker 1: ten thousand dollars. Relative to the wages of the day, 357 00:26:45,770 --> 00:26:49,890 Speaker 1: that's half a million dollars, which does suggest that Parker 358 00:26:49,930 --> 00:26:53,010 Speaker 1: Brothers didn't really want to put their patent to the test. 359 00:26:54,250 --> 00:26:57,730 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow kept telling journalists the story of his moment 360 00:26:57,810 --> 00:27:01,410 Speaker 1: of inspiration, and people such as Charles and Olive Todd, 361 00:27:01,890 --> 00:27:06,450 Speaker 1: while irritated, didn't feel able to pursue the matter. After all, 362 00:27:06,810 --> 00:27:09,970 Speaker 1: while he knew Charles Darrow hadn't invented the game, they 363 00:27:10,050 --> 00:27:14,970 Speaker 1: knew they hadn't invented it either, So that just left 364 00:27:15,130 --> 00:27:20,170 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGhee in one corner, an elderly left wing feminist 365 00:27:20,650 --> 00:27:23,690 Speaker 1: desperate to teach the children of the world the merits 366 00:27:23,730 --> 00:27:26,850 Speaker 1: of the single tax system through her obscure board game. 367 00:27:27,570 --> 00:27:31,090 Speaker 1: In the other corner, a smooth talking Charles Darrow with 368 00:27:31,170 --> 00:27:34,050 Speaker 1: a tale to tug at heartstrings, and a host of 369 00:27:34,130 --> 00:27:38,850 Speaker 1: sharp suits from Parker Brothers. It was no contest. One 370 00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:44,210 Speaker 1: November day in nineteen thirty five, traveling from Salem, Massachusetts, 371 00:27:44,250 --> 00:27:48,410 Speaker 1: all the way to Arlington, Virginia, George Parker himself, the 372 00:27:48,490 --> 00:27:52,050 Speaker 1: seventy year old founder of Parker Brothers, paid a call 373 00:27:52,130 --> 00:27:58,490 Speaker 1: to the house of Lizzie McGee Phillips, mister Parker, do 374 00:27:58,690 --> 00:27:59,170 Speaker 1: come here. 375 00:27:59,610 --> 00:28:02,850 Speaker 2: If we may move to matters of business, missus Phillips, 376 00:28:03,490 --> 00:28:06,330 Speaker 2: My colleagues of Parker Brothers have become aware of your 377 00:28:06,850 --> 00:28:11,610 Speaker 2: Landlord's game and we would like to publish it with. 378 00:28:11,650 --> 00:28:16,770 Speaker 3: This is wonderful news, mister Parker. Alas the ideas this 379 00:28:16,850 --> 00:28:20,610 Speaker 3: game espouses will reach the widest possible audience. 380 00:28:21,090 --> 00:28:24,490 Speaker 2: That is our hope. Although a Parker Brothers we talk 381 00:28:24,650 --> 00:28:29,930 Speaker 2: less about ideas and more about the joy of play. 382 00:28:31,970 --> 00:28:35,890 Speaker 1: And so Lizzie McGhee and George Parker agreed a deal 383 00:28:36,450 --> 00:28:41,810 Speaker 1: five hundred dollars for all rights or compared to today's wages. 384 00:28:42,530 --> 00:28:46,250 Speaker 1: Parker bought the rights to Lizzie McGee's creation for just 385 00:28:46,490 --> 00:28:50,890 Speaker 1: twenty five thousand dollars no royalties. But she thought she 386 00:28:51,050 --> 00:28:53,770 Speaker 1: was getting what she had dreamed about for thirty years, 387 00:28:54,250 --> 00:28:57,970 Speaker 1: a mass audience for the Landlord's game, which would teach 388 00:28:58,010 --> 00:29:01,570 Speaker 1: them a more cooperative, ethical way of running an economy. 389 00:29:02,410 --> 00:29:06,050 Speaker 1: She sold the game cheaply, even though she valued it Dearly. 390 00:29:06,610 --> 00:29:10,330 Speaker 1: Two days after the agreement, she even wrote letter addressed 391 00:29:10,490 --> 00:29:11,250 Speaker 1: to her creation. 392 00:29:12,810 --> 00:29:16,210 Speaker 3: It was not until the Great Game King George S. 393 00:29:16,290 --> 00:29:19,210 Speaker 3: Parker did us the honor of seeking you out and 394 00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,850 Speaker 3: offered you a brader opportunity than I could ever do. 395 00:29:23,490 --> 00:29:28,170 Speaker 3: That I would part with you. Farewell, my beloved brainchild. 396 00:29:29,010 --> 00:29:31,570 Speaker 3: Remember the world expects much from you. 397 00:29:32,690 --> 00:29:36,810 Speaker 1: The Great Game King George Parker quietly published McGee's board 398 00:29:36,850 --> 00:29:40,930 Speaker 1: game in nineteen thirty nine, just as he promised, But 399 00:29:40,970 --> 00:29:44,090 Speaker 1: it didn't catch on, partly because he didn't promote it. 400 00:29:44,650 --> 00:29:47,690 Speaker 1: After all, that wasn't what George Parker was buying from 401 00:29:47,770 --> 00:29:53,090 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGhee, was it. He was buying a monopoly on Monopoly. 402 00:29:55,850 --> 00:30:00,250 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow became a millionaire, even though his only original 403 00:30:00,290 --> 00:30:04,450 Speaker 1: contribution to Monopoly appears to have been the bold concept 404 00:30:04,890 --> 00:30:09,210 Speaker 1: of claiming that the game was his idea. Still, I 405 00:30:09,250 --> 00:30:12,010 Speaker 1: have some sympathy for Darrow. He had been in a 406 00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:16,250 Speaker 1: difficult place. His son, Dickie, had been disabled by scarlet 407 00:30:16,250 --> 00:30:21,130 Speaker 1: fever and had severe learning difficulties. Few schools would take Dickie, 408 00:30:21,410 --> 00:30:25,130 Speaker 1: and the ones that would were expensive. Charles had no 409 00:30:25,250 --> 00:30:29,210 Speaker 1: job and no income. He really was desperate for money. 410 00:30:29,730 --> 00:30:32,730 Speaker 1: As a plausible charmer with a good story and somebody 411 00:30:32,730 --> 00:30:38,410 Speaker 1: else's idea, he managed to make his name and his fortune. 412 00:30:38,490 --> 00:30:42,330 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGee was desperate too. She was desperate for social 413 00:30:42,410 --> 00:30:45,690 Speaker 1: and political change. She was desperate for the freedoms and 414 00:30:45,770 --> 00:30:49,650 Speaker 1: opportunities that would have been hers without question, had she 415 00:30:49,730 --> 00:30:52,730 Speaker 1: been a man, And she was desperate for her game 416 00:30:52,850 --> 00:30:56,370 Speaker 1: to reach the audience it deserved. As her father once 417 00:30:56,410 --> 00:30:57,010 Speaker 1: said of her. 418 00:30:57,770 --> 00:31:01,290 Speaker 3: She wants to fly, but hasn't got the wings. 419 00:31:03,130 --> 00:31:06,850 Speaker 1: The journalist Mary Plon found Lizzie McGee's entry in the 420 00:31:06,930 --> 00:31:11,650 Speaker 1: nineteen forty census, first census after selling her patent to 421 00:31:11,690 --> 00:31:17,010 Speaker 1: George Parker, and the last census before she died. She 422 00:31:17,090 --> 00:31:21,810 Speaker 1: could have given her occupation as teacher or stenographer, or 423 00:31:21,850 --> 00:31:28,170 Speaker 1: writer or housewife, but she didn't. She wrote instead. 424 00:31:28,810 --> 00:31:30,570 Speaker 3: Maker of games. 425 00:31:32,970 --> 00:31:36,810 Speaker 1: It was, after all, just one year after Parker Brothers 426 00:31:36,810 --> 00:31:44,490 Speaker 1: had published The Landlord's Game. She also listed her income zero, 427 00:31:44,890 --> 00:31:47,810 Speaker 1: just like the makers of mus Monopoly. I'm all in 428 00:31:47,890 --> 00:31:52,610 Speaker 1: favor of celebrating female inventors. Maybe it will make a difference, 429 00:31:53,610 --> 00:31:56,290 Speaker 1: or maybe it will achieve no more social change than 430 00:31:56,330 --> 00:32:00,090 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGee did with her cooperative version of the Landlord's Game, 431 00:32:01,290 --> 00:32:04,970 Speaker 1: but it seems worth a try. So when there's a 432 00:32:05,010 --> 00:32:08,490 Speaker 1: new edition of mus Monopoly, I have a great idea 433 00:32:08,890 --> 00:32:11,690 Speaker 1: for someone they might want to include. 434 00:32:13,810 --> 00:32:18,050 Speaker 3: Be it known that I, Lizzie J McGee have invented 435 00:32:18,130 --> 00:32:29,610 Speaker 3: certain new and useful improvements in game boards. I'll do 436 00:32:29,690 --> 00:32:34,930 Speaker 3: one more letters Peytent number four hundred. No, I don't 437 00:32:34,930 --> 00:32:39,330 Speaker 3: have a good thing for numbers. Okay, letters peyton number 438 00:32:39,570 --> 00:32:42,130 Speaker 3: seven a week with the edible for though. No, sorry, 439 00:32:46,930 --> 00:32:54,050 Speaker 3: it's a Friday. Oh ding dong. Okay, you do the 440 00:32:54,130 --> 00:33:07,530 Speaker 3: special effects. That was my knee on the door. Gum 441 00:33:07,530 --> 00:33:16,410 Speaker 3: and Parker come inside. Okay, I'll just do it. I'll 442 00:33:16,490 --> 00:33:22,490 Speaker 3: just get on with him. Mister Parker, do come in? 443 00:33:23,130 --> 00:33:26,090 Speaker 3: I like that she really is expecting him. She's been 444 00:33:26,130 --> 00:33:37,610 Speaker 3: expecting him for her whole life. Do come in too much? 445 00:33:46,290 --> 00:33:50,570 Speaker 1: The indispensable source for this episode is Mary Palon's book 446 00:33:50,810 --> 00:33:56,290 Speaker 1: The Monopolists, supplemented by Christopher Ketchum's article in Harper's titled 447 00:33:56,490 --> 00:34:01,170 Speaker 1: Monopoly is Theft. For links to academic work by Lisa Cook, 448 00:34:01,450 --> 00:34:13,290 Speaker 1: RAJ Chetti, and others, see Tim Harford dot com. Cautionary 449 00:34:13,330 --> 00:34:17,130 Speaker 1: Tales is written by me Tim Harford with Andrew Wright. 450 00:34:17,730 --> 00:34:21,450 Speaker 1: It's produced by Ryan Dilly and Marilyn Rust. The sound 451 00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:24,970 Speaker 1: design and original music are the work of Pascal Wise, 452 00:34:25,650 --> 00:34:29,890 Speaker 1: Julia Barton, edited the scripts. Starring in this series of 453 00:34:29,970 --> 00:34:35,170 Speaker 1: Cautionary Tales are Helena Bonham Carter and Jeffrey Wright, alongside 454 00:34:35,290 --> 00:34:42,610 Speaker 1: Nazar Alderazzi, Ed Gochen, Melanie Gutteridge, Rachel Hanshaw, Cobner, Holbrook Smith, 455 00:34:43,170 --> 00:34:48,050 Speaker 1: Greg Lockett, Massaia Munroe and Rufus Wright. The show would 456 00:34:48,090 --> 00:34:50,890 Speaker 1: not have been possible without the work of Mea LaBelle, 457 00:34:51,170 --> 00:34:57,370 Speaker 1: Jacob Weisberg, Kell Fame, John Schnaz, Carli mcgliori, Eric Sandler, 458 00:34:57,770 --> 00:35:03,850 Speaker 1: Emily Roster, Maggie Taylor, Daniella Lakhan and Maya Kanig. Cautionary 459 00:35:03,890 --> 00:35:07,530 Speaker 1: Tales is a production of Pushkin Industries. If you like 460 00:35:07,610 --> 00:35:11,130 Speaker 1: the show, please remember to share, rate, and review.