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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. They we

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Speaker 1: are going to talk about someone who Anyone who has

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Speaker 1: ever heard anything about the civil rights movement in the

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Speaker 1: United States, it's probably heard one thing about. Yes, this

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Speaker 1: is kind of one of those quick encapsulation people can

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Speaker 1: spit out the name and sort of what it's associated with. Yes,

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Speaker 1: Rosa Parks. Now you go, Montgomery bus boycott. Right, She

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Speaker 1: refused to give up her seat one day on the bus,

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Speaker 1: and that spawned the Montgomery Bus boycott, which in turn

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Speaker 1: spawned the creation of the Montgomery Montgomery Improvement Association, of

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Speaker 1: which Martin Luther King Jr. Was elected as its first president.

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Speaker 1: So this is sort of a keystone moment in the

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Speaker 1: American civil rights movement. Consequently, Rosa is known as the

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Speaker 1: mother of the Civil rights movement. Um But as with

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Speaker 1: many of the most memorable historical stories, this sort of

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Speaker 1: elementary school version that a lot of people know about

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Speaker 1: how one day Rosa didn't give up her seat on

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Speaker 1: a segregated bus and then the boycatt happened like it's

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Speaker 1: that's a really simplified version. It's extremely oversimplified, and it uh,

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Speaker 1: it misses a lot of the work that she did

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Speaker 1: in her life. UM. Yeah, she was way more than

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Speaker 1: that one incident. She was basically amazing, uh and extremely

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Speaker 1: I mean that one act of civil disobedience was a

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Speaker 1: monumental act that was deeply important, but it was a tiny,

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Speaker 1: tiny piece of this whole big story. So this that's

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Speaker 1: why this episode blossomed into two parts. So, UM, today

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Speaker 1: we're going to talk about Rosa Park's early life. We're

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Speaker 1: going to go up to the actual day on the bus,

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Speaker 1: and then in part two we will talk about the

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Speaker 1: boycott and how that unfolded and had happened afterward, and

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Speaker 1: what her life was like after the boycott was over.

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Speaker 1: And we're going to start with a little bit of

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Speaker 1: background that we have learned is necessary, UM, and other

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Speaker 1: times that we've talked about the civil rights movement in America.

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Speaker 1: Basically when we've done episodes that have touched on the

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Speaker 1: civil rights movement, we've gotten, um, quite a few messenger

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Speaker 1: messages from listeners outside the United States who felt like

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Speaker 1: they didn't have enough context to really understand what we

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Speaker 1: were talking about um and like didn't really have a

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Speaker 1: sense of what segregation was all about and all of

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Speaker 1: that kind of stuff. And in the United States, as

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Speaker 1: we just referenced, schools have a pretty sanitized and oversimplified

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Speaker 1: view of the movement and of the social conditions at

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Speaker 1: the time. So in light of all that, we're gonna

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Speaker 1: have a very very brief recap of this. So, slavery

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Speaker 1: was abolished in the United States in the early eighteen sixties. However,

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Speaker 1: a number of laws and social systems continued to really

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Speaker 1: deliberately subjugate African Americans even though slavery was technically over

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Speaker 1: am Using the air quotes all over the place here,

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Speaker 1: a racism, discrimination, and unequal treatment are still things that

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Speaker 1: you will find today. They still exist, and some of

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Speaker 1: the other things we're about to talk about also continue

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Speaker 1: to happen. But the first one hundred years that followed

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Speaker 1: the end of the Civil War, a lot of this

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Speaker 1: really unfair treatment was completely legal. It was in fact

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Speaker 1: encouraged in many cases, and it was pretty much a

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Speaker 1: constant in terms of the social picture. Yes, so the

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Speaker 1: laws included, among many others, things like polling an election,

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Speaker 1: laws that were explicitly meant to keep African Americans from voting.

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Speaker 1: And they're also segregation laws known as Jim Crow laws,

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Speaker 1: which separated white people from people of color and everything

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Speaker 1: from schools to buses to restrooms. So the Supreme Court

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Speaker 1: had upheld the constitutionality of segregation in eight as long

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Speaker 1: as these separate facilities were also equal. So in reality,

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Speaker 1: the facilities that were marked colored were early inferior than

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Speaker 1: the ones for white people, and as we talked about

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Speaker 1: in our episode on Loving versus Virginia last year, that

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Speaker 1: was actually a two parter. Regardless of their quality, the

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Speaker 1: fact that these separate facilities even existed was inherently a

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Speaker 1: form of discrimination, and the social part of this equation

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Speaker 1: really wove its way through every facet of life. So

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Speaker 1: we have just a couple of examples. There were businesses

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Speaker 1: that would hire only African Americans for service positions, which

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Speaker 1: sort of maintained this atmosphere and a certainly a visual

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Speaker 1: sense of slavery. Black people were held too vastly different

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Speaker 1: behavioral standards and white people, especially when speaking to Caucasians,

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Speaker 1: African Americans were expected always to be subservient and meek

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Speaker 1: and never talk back or stand up for themselves, and

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Speaker 1: those who broke these social rules really risked some horrible consequences.

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Speaker 1: They could be beaten. Uh, they would certainly invite scorn

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Speaker 1: and derision and sometimes death, and sometimes it would get very,

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Speaker 1: very violent. And as Tracy said end in their ending, yes,

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Speaker 1: violence specifically by Caucasians against African Americans was also just

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Speaker 1: frequent and severe, and often authorities just chose not to

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Speaker 1: investigate or prosecute what was going on. But on the

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Speaker 1: other hand, African Americans are frequently arrested, tried, and convicted

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Speaker 1: for crimes they absolutely did not commit at all, and

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Speaker 1: sometimes which had not even happened. And there were times

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Speaker 1: when there was not even an arrest or conviction. Uh,

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Speaker 1: they didn't bother with the paperwork or the legalities. There

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Speaker 1: would simply be a mob that took the law into

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Speaker 1: its own hands and lynched someone for a crime which

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Speaker 1: may or may not have happened, may have been entirely

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Speaker 1: made up. And you told me about how postcards of

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Speaker 1: such things were sold in stores until the sixties. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I um, I had a boss at one of my

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Speaker 1: previous jobs in the library who had happened upon them

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Speaker 1: at one point. I think in a book collection that

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Speaker 1: we had acquired, and they're they're literally postcards of lynchings.

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Speaker 1: They were horrifying, and he kind of kept them in

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Speaker 1: his desk and when students it was in the university library,

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Speaker 1: would be talking about it, and any time they were like,

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Speaker 1: it really wasn't that bad, was it, he was always

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Speaker 1: ready to pull those out and go, oh, it's really

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Speaker 1: that bad, horrifying. Yes. So this was the most obvious

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Speaker 1: and notorious in the American South, especially in the states

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Speaker 1: that had still allowed slavery at the start of the

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Speaker 1: Civil War. But explicit racism and discrimination were really systemic,

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Speaker 1: and they existed all over the country. It was not

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Speaker 1: just quote a Southern problem. The Ku Klux Klan and

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Speaker 1: other white supremacy organizations flourished throughout the country. So for

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Speaker 1: total clarity, ending segregation was an important part of the

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Speaker 1: civil rights movement. But the civil rights movement was not

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Speaker 1: just about who who sat in what seat on the bus,

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Speaker 1: And for Rosa Parks, it wasn't just about not giving

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Speaker 1: up her seat that one day. It was also a

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Speaker 1: much bigger picture. It was a lifelong part of her

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Speaker 1: and that's we're going to start with the early part

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Speaker 1: of her life. Now. Rosa Parks was born Rosa mcaulay

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Speaker 1: and she grew up in Alabama, And in her autobiography

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Speaker 1: she describes herself as having a sense of fairness from

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Speaker 1: a very young age. And she also had, in her

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Speaker 1: own words quote a life history of being rebellious. And

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Speaker 1: during her childhood she had several encounters in which she

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Speaker 1: was threatened by a white person and actually stood up

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Speaker 1: for herself in spite of all of the social expectations

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Speaker 1: that she would do exactly not that. In one a

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Speaker 1: white boy threatened to punch her, and she picked up

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Speaker 1: a brick and threatened to hit him back, which is

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Speaker 1: startling well, especially considered that she's portrayed as sort of

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Speaker 1: this diminutive sweet lady. Yes, she always is characterized as

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Speaker 1: being just this very gentle, kind, wonderful person, but which

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Speaker 1: is also true, there was a spitfire in there that

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Speaker 1: was not going to stand for unfair treatment. Uh. And

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Speaker 1: in another instance, that white boy accused her and one

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Speaker 1: of her friends of taking berries from the bushes outside

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Speaker 1: his house, and she and her friends said, if you

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Speaker 1: come over here, we'll give you a good beating, which

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Speaker 1: is very brave. Yes, And there were many similar incidents

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Speaker 1: throughout her childhood as well. So in all of these cases,

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Speaker 1: when Rosa told an adult what had happened, she would

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Speaker 1: be scolded for speaking that way to a white person.

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Speaker 1: The adults in her life told her quite directly that

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Speaker 1: she should never ever defend herself or he's even raise

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Speaker 1: her voice against a white person. Because of the very

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Speaker 1: real risks that were involved in the case of the berries,

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Speaker 1: her aunt told her that if the white boy told

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Speaker 1: anybody else about it, they could be lynched. And Rosa

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Speaker 1: simply did not agree with this, And as she grew

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Speaker 1: up uh and got married, neither did her husband, Raymond Parks,

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Speaker 1: who she met in the spring of nine one. They

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Speaker 1: were married in December of nine and everyone referred to

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Speaker 1: him as just Parks uh. And so for that reason,

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Speaker 1: as we go forward telling the story, we will call

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Speaker 1: him Parks and Rosa will go by the name of Rosa.

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Speaker 1: I have this whole conversation with myself every time we

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Speaker 1: talk about a person about how to name that person

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Speaker 1: in the episode, and so that's why we have Parks

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Speaker 1: with Parks and Rosa Rosa. So Parks was an activist.

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Speaker 1: When he met Rosa, he was working extensively on behalf

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Speaker 1: of a group of people known as the Scottsboro Boys.

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Speaker 1: These were nine black teenagers who had been falsely accused

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Speaker 1: of the gang rape of two white women. This was

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Speaker 1: an incident which had not even happened, and they had

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Speaker 1: been sentenced to death. So this work was extremely dangerous

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Speaker 1: because of the threat of retaliation and violence from the

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Speaker 1: white community. So all of the meetings took place completely

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Speaker 1: in secret, and Parks wouldn't even tell Rosa the names

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Speaker 1: of the other men who were working with him because

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Speaker 1: of the danger her that was involved for all of them.

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Speaker 1: So for many many years before Rosa became an activist,

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Speaker 1: she had been observing Parks's own political work UH, and

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Speaker 1: he had not wanted her to be involved because his

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Speaker 1: own involvement was so incredibly dangerous. And this was not

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Speaker 1: This was not like an exaggerated threat dangerous like activists,

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Speaker 1: houses were bombed frequently. So in Ninette, Rosa joined the

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Speaker 1: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or the

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Speaker 1: n double a CP, and this was an organization that

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Speaker 1: started out UM to make sure that African Americans were

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Speaker 1: getting the protections that were granted to them by the UH.

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Speaker 1: The amendments to the Constitution that had followed the Civil War.

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Speaker 1: So Parks had been a member when they had met,

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Speaker 1: but eventually he had become kind of disillusioned with the

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Speaker 1: Montgomery Chapter. At the time, it tended to exclude blue

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Speaker 1: collar members, and the most powerful African Americans in Montgomery

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Speaker 1: were kind of reluctant to make waves because a lot

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Speaker 1: of them had gotten to where they were by getting

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Speaker 1: favors from the white community, so they sort of felt

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Speaker 1: like trying to to go against that community would be

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Speaker 1: biting the hand that fed them, right, they didn't want

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Speaker 1: to risk their own situation. But after seeing a picture

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Speaker 1: of a former schoolmate at an n double a CP

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Speaker 1: meeting one day and realizing that they weren't for men only,

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Speaker 1: Rosa decided to attend a meeting herself, and she wound

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Speaker 1: up being the only woman at the meeting that night,

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Speaker 1: and she was actually asked to take notes like you're

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Speaker 1: a lady, why don't you do secretary things? That that

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Speaker 1: is a theme of her adult life actually, and this

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Speaker 1: was also election day, so she actually was elected the

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Speaker 1: group secretary. So she described herself as being too timid

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Speaker 1: to say no that night that if she had been

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Speaker 1: a little braver. She might have said that, you know,

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Speaker 1: she declined the nomination, but this sort of sparked a

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Speaker 1: change in in her. She wound up working extensively with

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Speaker 1: the N Double A CP for many many years. She

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Speaker 1: dedicated herself to grass roets organization and progress for African Americans.

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Speaker 1: She attended leadership conferences and annual meetings, She chaired committees,

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Speaker 1: she gave addresses at conferences, and she worked with other

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Speaker 1: social movement organizations and other organizations that were working towards

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Speaker 1: some specific civil rights and as well, um including the

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Speaker 1: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Reporters, among others. And one of

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Speaker 1: Rose's duties as secretary of the N Double A CP

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Speaker 1: was to document crimes and discrimination against African Americans. She

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Speaker 1: traveled to record the testimonies of black people who had

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Speaker 1: been the victims of crimes on the part of white people,

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Speaker 1: including beatings and gang rapes, and she also talked to

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Speaker 1: the families of people who had been lynched. I can't

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Speaker 1: imagine how difficult that had to have been at times. Uh.

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Speaker 1: She also looked for new homes and work in Montgomery

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Speaker 1: when victims were facing retaliation in their own communities. In

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Speaker 1: the instances where they spoke up, and she advocated for

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Speaker 1: bonding with them and offering aid and comfort when she could.

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Speaker 1: Along with Parks, she worked extensively on getting African Americans

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Speaker 1: registered to vote. So today, in most places in the

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Speaker 1: a postcard or sometimes they have people like outside of

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Speaker 1: stores or in other public areas. This is not how

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Speaker 1: it was, No, it took some effort. Yes, So around

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Speaker 1: this time, there were several thousand African Americans living in Montgomery, Alabama,

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Speaker 1: but only about thirty were registered to vote. And this

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Speaker 1: is because for African Americans in this part of the

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Speaker 1: United States, registration was a huge tangle of bureaucracy and discrimination.

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Speaker 1: Applications required people to identify their employers and their backgrounds.

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Speaker 1: There were tests and poll taxes that were more difficult

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Speaker 1: and more expensive for black people and African Americans uh

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Speaker 1: in Montgomery had to have a white person to vouch

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Speaker 1: for them to be able to do it at all.

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Speaker 1: And Rosa tried multiple times over the course of two

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Speaker 1: years to register and she was actually denied every time.

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Speaker 1: And this continued until one attempt in which she wrote

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Speaker 1: down all the questions on her registration exam so she

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Speaker 1: could file suit against the registration board. When the registrar

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Speaker 1: caught onto what she was doing, she was finally told

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Speaker 1: that she had passed the test and then she was

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Speaker 1: allowed to register. So in that instance, making waves kind

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Speaker 1: of helped a little bit. Yeah, Parks actually tried to

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Speaker 1: register for many, many years and he was told no,

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Speaker 1: over and over and over. Um he did not. He

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Speaker 1: was not registered to vote until they actually left Montgomery

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Speaker 1: way farther down the road in this story. Um Rosa

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Speaker 1: resigned her position as in double a CP secretary in

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Speaker 1: because her mother was ill, and although she scaled her

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Speaker 1: work back with them at the time, she did continue

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Speaker 1: to be active, and she returned to the post in

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Speaker 1: nineteen fifty two when the Supreme Court verdict of Brown

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Speaker 1: versus Board of Education overturned school segregation. In nineteen fifty four,

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Speaker 1: she also worked on the integration of schools. Before we

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Speaker 1: get to this next piece of her life, do you

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Speaker 1: want to pause for a moment, share word from our sponsor.

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Speaker 1: Let's do that already already. Are you ready to talk

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Speaker 1: about buses? Yes? So, Rosa's famous refusal to give up

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Speaker 1: her bus seat took place in nineteen but this was

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Speaker 1: not the first time she had been removed from a

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Speaker 1: Montgomery bus were breaking segregation rules. The first one was

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Speaker 1: actually on her second attempt to register to vote. Black

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Speaker 1: people were supposed to board the bus at the front,

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Speaker 1: pay their fare, and exit the bus and then walk

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Speaker 1: to the back door of the bus to get on,

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Speaker 1: so that they would not walk through the white people

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Speaker 1: section at the front. Just incredibly degrading. It's sort of ridiculous. Yes,

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Speaker 1: So on that day, the back of the bus was

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Speaker 1: just packed with people. Voter registration hours were just very limited,

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Speaker 1: and they were extremely sporadic, and this was a deliberate

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Speaker 1: attempt to discourage black people from registering. So as soon

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Speaker 1: as a voter registration day would be announced, word would

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Speaker 1: spread through the community and the buses would fill up

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Speaker 1: with people who were going to try to register. So,

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Speaker 1: rather than try to push her way through this crowd

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Speaker 1: of people trying to register to vote, Rosa paid her

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Speaker 1: fare and she walked straight back and the driver demanded

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Speaker 1: that she get off and enter her section of the

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Speaker 1: bus through the back door, and she refused, and the

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Speaker 1: driver actually grabbed her sleeve to pull her off of

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Speaker 1: the bus. And I love the thing that she did

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Speaker 1: next so much, which is that when she got to

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Speaker 1: the front of the bus, she dropped her purse and

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Speaker 1: instead of bending it down to just pick it up,

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Speaker 1: she sat on the front seat and then reached down

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Speaker 1: and got it off the floor and then left the bus.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of awesome. I love her. Uh. Twelve years

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Speaker 1: later she was removed from another Montgomery bus and the

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Speaker 1: act of civil disobedience that people know about because in

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Speaker 1: many ways catalyzed this of the rights movement. So by

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Speaker 1: this point the n double a CP had been looking

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Speaker 1: for a test case for getting bus segregation overturned for

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Speaker 1: several years. Bus segregation was particularly demoralizing and degrading. Even

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Speaker 1: though lots and lots of places were segregated, the buses,

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Speaker 1: in particular, they were extra upsetting. More African Americans than

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Speaker 1: Caucasians rode the bus, so the black community made up

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Speaker 1: the majority of the customers and everyone was paying the

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Speaker 1: same fare, but African Americans were treated very badly and

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Speaker 1: they were often forced to give up their seats for

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Speaker 1: white passengers. Over the years, many people had been arrested

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Speaker 1: for violating segregation laws on Montgomery's buses, but for various reasons,

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Speaker 1: none of them had worked out to be a good

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Speaker 1: plaintiff in a test case. One in particular, named Claudette Colvin,

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Speaker 1: had been considered until it was discovered that she was pregnant,

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Speaker 1: which was problematic because she was an unmarried teenager. So

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Speaker 1: Rosan knew all this. She was working with the Double

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Speaker 1: A c P at the time, but she wasn't trying

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Speaker 1: to get herself arrested when she got on the bus

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Speaker 1: that day. In fact, it was being driven by the

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Speaker 1: same man who had taken her off the bus twelve

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Speaker 1: years earlier, and she had at that point decided to

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Speaker 1: never ever get on one of his busses again. She

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Speaker 1: didn't notice that he was the one behind the wheel

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Speaker 1: when she was on her way home from work on

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Speaker 1: December one, and once she made that connection, she had

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Speaker 1: already paid her fare, so she stayed on board. At

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Speaker 1: the next stop, white passengers boarded the bus and they

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Speaker 1: filled the last of the seats in the white only

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Speaker 1: section up front, and the driver called back for people

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Speaker 1: sitting in roses row to give up their seats. If

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Speaker 1: one white person was in a road then there could

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Speaker 1: be no black people in it, even if there were

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Speaker 1: empty seats, right, so it wasn't It wasn't enough for

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Speaker 1: just the seat to be empty. It had to be

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Speaker 1: the whole row. So at first nobody moved, But then

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Speaker 1: the three other people who were sitting in Roses row

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Speaker 1: stood up and went to stand at the back. Rosa

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Speaker 1: stayed where she was, and she kind of moved her

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Speaker 1: legs to let the man who was in the window

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Speaker 1: seat get past her, she wrote in her autobiography. People

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Speaker 1: always say that I didn't give up my seat because

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Speaker 1: I was tired, But that isn't true. I was not

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Speaker 1: tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was

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Speaker 1: at the end of a working day. I was not old,

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Speaker 1: although some people have an image of me as being

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Speaker 1: old then I was forty two. No, the only tired

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Speaker 1: I was was tired of giving in. And when the

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Speaker 1: driver saw that Rosa was still sitting there, he said

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Speaker 1: he was going to have her arrested, and she answered,

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Speaker 1: you may do that, I love her, I really do. Uh.

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Speaker 1: She was taken into custody by two policemen and driven

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Speaker 1: to city Hall, where she was jailed, and she was

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Speaker 1: eventually allowed to make a phone call, and she called

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Speaker 1: home to ask Parks to come bailor out. She really

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Speaker 1: thought that it was going to take a long time

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Speaker 1: because Parks did not have a car. He was gonna

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Speaker 1: have to, you know, either take a bus or ride

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Speaker 1: along or walk a long way to get there. But

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Speaker 1: word had already spread that she had been arrested, and

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Speaker 1: a friend who had heard about it went to the

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Speaker 1: Parks home to give him a ride. Edie Nixon was

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Speaker 1: someone that Rosa and Parks had worked with for many years.

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Speaker 1: At the end of a c P and he got

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Speaker 1: in touch with a lawyer named Clifford dr and helped

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Speaker 1: get Rosa out of jail and the trial was set

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Speaker 1: for the following Monday. At this point Edie Nixon, who

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Speaker 1: he did a lot in Montgomery with a civil rights movement,

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Speaker 1: He asked Rosa whether she would be willing to be

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Speaker 1: the play defend a test case to try to overturn

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Speaker 1: bus segregation. He really thought she would be an ideal candidate.

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Speaker 1: He had known her for years. He considered her reputation

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Speaker 1: and her demeanor to be impeccable. She was a devout

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Speaker 1: Christian and a member of an African Methodist Episcopal Church.

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Speaker 1: She was also married, and she had a job, and

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Speaker 1: there were no skeletons in her closet, that we're going

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Speaker 1: to come out during a trial and and throw everything

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Speaker 1: off the rails. And so after talking it over with

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Speaker 1: Parks and with her mother, Rosa agreed and that I

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Speaker 1: swear going to pause the end of part one. Uh,

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Speaker 1: I think I will read some listener mail before we

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Speaker 1: sign off for this episode. It sounds like a capital idea.

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Speaker 1: This one is from our listener, Amelia, and it is

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Speaker 1: actually in reference to our Mendez Versus Westminster episode, which

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Speaker 1: was about the segregation of Mexican American children in southern

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Speaker 1: California schools. Uh So it's it fits a little with

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Speaker 1: what we're talking about today, so Amelia says, Hi, Tracy

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Speaker 1: and Holly. I just listened to the Mendez Versus Westminster

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Speaker 1: podcast and was reminded of one of my favorite undergraduate

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Speaker 1: history classes, African American History eighteen sixty five to present,

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Speaker 1: which covered many many topics related to segregation, desegregation, and

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Speaker 1: legalized discrimination. It was the first class I took that

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Speaker 1: required me to memorize Supreme Court cases. I was an

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Speaker 1: art major before embracing history and getting a master's in it.

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Speaker 1: At any rate, This podcast reminded me of one of

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Speaker 1: the cases we had to memorize Lum versus Rice seven,

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Speaker 1: which clearly influenced Mendez versus Westminster, and not in a

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Speaker 1: good way. A Chinese American father sued to have his

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Speaker 1: daughter attend the local white school in Mississippi by the

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Speaker 1: logic that since they weren't black, she shouldn't have to

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Speaker 1: attend the black school, which was poorly funded. Unfortunately for

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Speaker 1: the Lump family, they lost with the court saying that

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Speaker 1: since Martha Lum was not white, she couldn't attend the

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Speaker 1: white school. I've always been curious about the background of

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Speaker 1: the case in the family. She has in parentheses. How

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Speaker 1: does the Chinese American family end up in Mississippi in

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Speaker 1: the nineties and what became of them? Perhaps a suggestion

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Speaker 1: for a future podcast. Keep up the good work. And

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Speaker 1: then she says that she listens to our podcast while

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Speaker 1: rehabbing our home, and we've distracted her from the crummy

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Speaker 1: jobs like pulling carpet staples from the wood floors and

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Speaker 1: fixing window stashes. I hate pulling carpet staples, and that's

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Speaker 1: the windows stashes, when I should have said sashes Um,

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Speaker 1: thank you so much, Amelia. There were so many cases

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Speaker 1: that were precursors to Mendez versus Westminster that I kept

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Speaker 1: having to like trim some of them out and the

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Speaker 1: actively figure out which ones to talk about because there

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Speaker 1: were lots. Yeah, I know that myself. I lose that

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Speaker 1: sense of how many of these types of incidents were

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Speaker 1: going on leading up to desegregation, That there were lots

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Speaker 1: of these little pockets of individuals that were trying to

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Speaker 1: figure out the best way to you know, raise their

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Speaker 1: family and live their lives, and they kind of get

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Speaker 1: lost in the bigger picture kind of quick version that

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Speaker 1: you often get. Yeah. Well, and that's a good segue

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Speaker 1: to where we're gonna leave off for our next episode

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Speaker 1: because one of the uh, one of the things before

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Speaker 1: the civil rights movement was that there were a lot

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Speaker 1: of people who were working on civil rights issues, most

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Speaker 1: of them before the Montgomery bus boycott, did not think

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Speaker 1: they were going to see a whole lot of action

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Speaker 1: on it in their lifetimes. Um. So we will talk

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Speaker 1: more about that in our next episode. If you would

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Speaker 1: like to write to us on this or anything else.

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Speaker 1: We were a history podcast apiscope dot Com We're also

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Speaker 1: on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss in history

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Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in history. Our tumblers miss

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Speaker 1: in history dot tumbler dot com, and our pinterest is

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