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Speaker 7: Hey Daniel, I have a question. Do particles have families?

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Speaker 1: Oh? Yeah, actually each particle has a whole set of relatives.

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Speaker 7: Really, So who is the electron's closest cousin?

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Speaker 1: Well, the positron is kind of like the electrons.

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Speaker 7: Evil twin Didy have like a twirly mustache, or it's

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Speaker 7: gotta go to Where's where's the opposite color clothes?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and then it's got the muon, which is like

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Speaker 1: it's heavier cousin, it's more massive cousin.

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Speaker 7: M Like it's more fit, like it's bulky or does

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Speaker 7: it just sit around and eat bananas?

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Speaker 1: Nobody knows. Nobody knows. And then the electron even has

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Speaker 1: like hypothetical.

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Speaker 7: Relatives what you mean, like long lost relatives.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, like there might be a super symmetric version of

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Speaker 1: the electron. We call it the selectron.

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Speaker 7: That sounds like a great superpower. I'd love to select

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Speaker 7: my own relatives. I am more handmade cartoonists and the

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Speaker 7: creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and there is

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Speaker 1: no super symmetric version of me.

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Speaker 7: Is there an asymmetrical version of you?

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Speaker 1: I don't know, but if there was a super symmetric version,

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Speaker 1: it would be the Daniel or.

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Speaker 7: The Daniel Leno, the Daniel Tron.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure you would come up with an awesome name

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Speaker 1: for that version of Daniel.

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Speaker 7: Welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 7: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we take you on a mental tour of

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Speaker 1: everything that's amazing, that's wonderful, that inspires your curiosity, everything

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Speaker 1: that makes you wonder how does that work? Why is

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Speaker 1: it like that? Why isn't it some other way? We'd

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Speaker 1: take the whole universe and try to break it down

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Speaker 1: into tiny little pieces and explain them.

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Speaker 7: To you, and we try to take you in a

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Speaker 7: tour of all the things that are out there, all

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Speaker 7: the amazing and incredible types of objects like black holes,

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Speaker 7: and neutron stars and all of the incredible and mysterious

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Speaker 7: particles that are out there and then might be out there.

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Speaker 1: That's right, because part of the journey of understanding the

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Speaker 1: universe is thinking about what's there and what might be there.

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Speaker 1: What would make more sense if the universe had it

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Speaker 1: in it. What do we need to add to our

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Speaker 1: vision of the universe to make it make more sense?

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Speaker 1: What puzzle pieces are we missing?

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Speaker 7: Because that's how scientists explore, right, I know, that's how

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Speaker 7: we kind of probe the unknown. As we sit around

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Speaker 7: and we think, well, well, I guess you guys sit

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Speaker 7: around on and with some coffee and you try to

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Speaker 7: think of what would be what could be out there,

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Speaker 7: what would make sense in terms of the what the

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Speaker 7: equations predict and what the data suggests, and try to

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Speaker 7: think about what we can discover out there in the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there's sort of two ways to make big discoveries

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Speaker 1: in physics. One is like try to anticipate them, to

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Speaker 1: look at the pattern of what we know and say,

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Speaker 1: what's missing. Would this make more sense if we had

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Speaker 1: another piece? Like if you were doing a puzzle and

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Speaker 1: you fill the whole thing in it is one piece missing,

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Speaker 1: You're going to go out and look for that one piece,

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Speaker 1: and you know sort of what to look for. You

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Speaker 1: have expected it. The other way to make discoveries just

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Speaker 1: to like go out there as an explore and see

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Speaker 1: what you'll find, and maybe you're run into something amazing

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Speaker 1: you didn't expect. That's also fun. But there's a lot

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Speaker 1: of time that we can't just do that. We don't

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Speaker 1: have necessarily the way to explore us. We have to

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Speaker 1: think about it in advance and try to figure out

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Speaker 1: in advance what is it we should be looking for.

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Speaker 7: I usually find my puzzle pieces in between my couch cushions,

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Speaker 7: or or under the or on the table.

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Speaker 1: I borrowed a bunch of puzzles from some friends, and

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Speaker 1: I put the first one together, and it was missing

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Speaker 1: a piece, and it had an extra piece from another

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Speaker 1: one of the puzzles.

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Speaker 7: What, yeah, I think your friends are trying to drive

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Speaker 7: you crazy.

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Speaker 1: I think so, because then the next puzzle was the same.

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Speaker 1: So by the time I wanted the next puzzle, I

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Speaker 1: had this like two extra random pieces and two puzzles

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Speaker 1: each missing a piece.

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Speaker 7: And it wasn't symmetric, like one piece just missing from

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Speaker 7: the other one.

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Speaker 1: No, it was like a cycle. It was like you

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Speaker 1: have to finish all six to finish any of them,

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Speaker 1: it was torture.

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Speaker 7: I think they're trying to gaslight you in the puzzle

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Speaker 7: version of gaslighting, trying to puzzle light you.

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Speaker 1: Then, yeah, exactly, But you know, I have to take

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Speaker 1: issue with what you said earlier that physicists, when we

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Speaker 1: try to have ideas, we sit around and think about stuff.

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Speaker 1: Why is it you think about it? It's just like

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Speaker 1: sitting around these days, going to try to do my

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Speaker 1: thinking while I'm active. I'm going for a walk to

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Speaker 1: think about stuff, doing jumping jacks to think up new theories.

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Speaker 7: Oh, I thought you were going to complain that you

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Speaker 7: actually lie down when you think for physics.

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Speaker 1: Is that how you get your creative ideas? Curl up

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Speaker 1: under the desk or something.

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Speaker 7: My best ideas come when I have my feet up.

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Speaker 1: For sure. Posture definitely leads to creativity.

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Speaker 7: Yeah. So we know a lot about the universe, and

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Speaker 7: we know a lot of the particles that are out

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Speaker 7: there that make up matter, that might make up matter,

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Speaker 7: and that make up other things that maybe are not

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Speaker 7: as useful to the universe. But there are also a

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Speaker 7: lot of missing pieces in the universe. There's a lot

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Speaker 7: of empty places in our ideas of particles and matter

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Speaker 7: that could be filled by new particles.

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Speaker 1: That's right, because when we look at the particles, we

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Speaker 1: don't just want to make a list and say, here

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Speaker 1: are all the particles in the universe were done. We

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Speaker 1: want to understand that. We want to fit them together

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Speaker 1: into patterns, because those patterns our clues, clues that will

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Speaker 1: lead us to be able to pull back a layer

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Speaker 1: of reality and see what's underneath those particles, what are

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Speaker 1: the tiny, even smaller particles that make them up all

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Speaker 1: the way down to the smallest bits of the universe.

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Speaker 1: So the way to do that is to organize our

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Speaker 1: knowledge and look for holes. For example, before we discovered

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Speaker 1: the top cork, we had five quarks and they fit

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Speaker 1: together in two pairs plus one lonely bottom cork, and

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Speaker 1: we thought, where's the partner for the bottom cork. It

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Speaker 1: must be out there, and we went and looked for

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Speaker 1: it and found it. So this strategy of organizing our

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Speaker 1: knowledge and looking for holes and gaps and symmetries is

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Speaker 1: a really productive way to find new things.

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Speaker 7: And so today end the program, we'll be talking about

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Speaker 7: one such set of holy particles that might exist and

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Speaker 7: that might answer a lot of questions about our understanding

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Speaker 7: of d universe. So we'll be asking the question what

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Speaker 7: is mirror matter.

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Speaker 1: And why it's so hard to say?

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Speaker 7: It is a little hard to say. I feel a

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Speaker 7: little tongue tied to saying mirror matter.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, there's an whole sociological question we'll dig

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Speaker 1: into later about why mirror matter is not so popular

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Speaker 1: among theoretical physicists, But one answer might be that it's

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Speaker 1: just kind of hard to say.

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Speaker 7: Do you think that matters?

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Speaker 1: It's more fun to say dark matter, anti matter than

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Speaker 1: mirror matter.

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Speaker 7: Don't, don't. Don't use alliteration when you when you discover

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Speaker 7: something new and amazing in physics.

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Speaker 1: So what you're saying and ours ours are just hard

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Speaker 1: to say. They're horror horror, There are horror choice exactly?

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Speaker 7: Is that why particle physics has some problems there?

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Speaker 1: Yeah?

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Speaker 7: I think so, all right, So, as usual, Daniel went

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Speaker 7: out there into the wiles of the Internet to ask

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Speaker 7: if people were familiar with this idea of mirror matter.

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Speaker 1: So thanks to everybody who sent in their speculations about

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Speaker 1: what mirror matter might be. If you'd like to speculate

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Speaker 1: on a future top of one of our podcast episodes,

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Speaker 1: please write to us two questions at dangel and Jorge

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Speaker 1: dot com. We'd love to have you participate.

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Speaker 7: So think about it for a second before you listen

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Speaker 7: to these answers. If someone asks you what is mirror matter,

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Speaker 7: or as you how to pronounce it? For that matter,

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Speaker 7: what would you say is what people had to say,

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Speaker 7: something that reflected like a positive trium versus you know,

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Speaker 7: it's kind of the opposite of each of the particles

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Speaker 7: that we have.

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Speaker 8: I can only guess by the name. Probably it's the

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Speaker 8: matter that imitates the matter that comes close to or

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Speaker 8: gets in contact with.

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Speaker 9: I have no idea, So there are two things that

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Speaker 9: come to my mind immedately. The first one is antimeter

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Speaker 9: but I think that this answer is to straightforward, so

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Speaker 9: I don't think this is the right answer to your question.

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Speaker 9: So the second thing that comes to my mind, that's supersymmetry.

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Speaker 10: I assume that mirror matter talks about particle physics, and

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Speaker 10: I don't know a whole lot about it, but from

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Speaker 10: what I know, I think mirror matter wants to kind

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Speaker 10: of explain why the weak force is the only one

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Speaker 10: that does not respect the mirror reflection symmetry.

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Speaker 7: That sounds made up, sounds like something i'd hear on

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Speaker 7: Star Trek, but I'm going to go with it relates

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Speaker 7: to supersymmetry.

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Speaker 1: Those are words I've heard before.

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Speaker 7: I would guess that mirror matter is matter with the

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Speaker 7: opposite handedness. Mirror matter is maybe matter with particles of

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Speaker 7: opposite spin in charge.

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Speaker 10: I'm immediately thinking of anti matter, but I'm presuming it's something.

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Speaker 7: Different, all right. I like the star Trek reference. We

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Speaker 7: should be writing for Star Trek, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: Star Trek is just stealing from reality. You know, reality

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Speaker 1: is so weird that inspires hilarious fiction.

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Speaker 7: But people seem to have sort of the idea that

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Speaker 7: it's like matter, but it's somehow their mirror image. So

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Speaker 7: I guess it is a pretty good name. Kind of

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Speaker 7: like there's some kind of idea about symmetry and handedness

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Speaker 7: and spin mm hmm.

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Speaker 1: And there seems to be a general understanding that there

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Speaker 1: are these symmetries that everything we know could be reflected.

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Speaker 1: There could be a whole other set of stuff in

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Speaker 1: exactly the way that the area is antimatter. Now, now

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Speaker 1: we'll talk in a moment about what mirror matter is.

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Speaker 1: It's not the same thing as antimatter, but it does

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Speaker 1: share that thing in common that it's a reflection of

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Speaker 1: the particles we know. It tells us something about the

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Speaker 1: symmetries that are built into the universe. And the idea

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Speaker 1: is that there's potentially more than one of these reflections.

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Speaker 1: You have the reflection of all the matter particles into

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Speaker 1: antimatter particles, and you can also have the reflection potentially

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Speaker 1: of matter particles into these mirror matter particles. So it's

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Speaker 1: in the same sort of family of ideas, but it's

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Speaker 1: just a different kind of reflection.

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Speaker 7: Man, I feel like we were living in a house

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Speaker 7: of mirrors or a universe of mirrors.

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Speaker 1: It's crazy and it's amazing, and it blows my mind

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Speaker 1: how many of these reflections there are, because you know,

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Speaker 1: we talk about antimatter, and we will talk about mirror matter,

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Speaker 1: but then there are also these particle families, Like the

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Speaker 1: electron is not just reflected into the muon, it's reflected

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Speaker 1: into the muon and the tao, and so the whole

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Speaker 1: structure that we understand of the universe of particle physics

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Speaker 1: is really built around all these symmetries and reflections. I mean,

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Speaker 1: that's what we're trying to do, is like organize these

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Speaker 1: things into patterns. And the look of the patterns and say,

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Speaker 1: what does that pattern mean about the universe?

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Speaker 7: Means that maybe you shouldn't have decorated your old universe

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Speaker 7: with mirrors.

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Speaker 1: Perhaps you know who did, right, who put up all

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Speaker 1: these mirrors?

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Speaker 7: Right?

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Speaker 1: This place is like a crazy funhouse. Why is it

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Speaker 1: so hard to understand? No, it's fascinating, you know, just

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Speaker 1: like you can ask the question, you know, why is

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Speaker 1: there no antimatter left in the universe? You can ask

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Speaker 1: the question like, well, why do we have antimatter at all? Right?

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Speaker 1: Why is there this symmetry? And what does it mean

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Speaker 1: about the universe that there seems to be this balance

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Speaker 1: in the list of particles but not in their actual

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Speaker 1: you know existence, right?

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Speaker 7: And some people also mentioned the idea of supersymmetry, But

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Speaker 7: mirror matter is not related to supersymmetry, right.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Supersymmetry is yet another hypothetical reflection and that

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Speaker 1: looks to try to build a symmetry into the universe.

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Speaker 1: It says we have some particles called fermions that make

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Speaker 1: a matter particles and other particles called bosons that make

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Speaker 1: up forces like photons and z bosons. What if each

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Speaker 1: of those has a corresponding particle on the other side,

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Speaker 1: every fermion has some boson that corresponds to it. So

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Speaker 1: the electron has a selectron, and the muon has a

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Speaker 1: s muon, and then every boson like the photon, has

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Speaker 1: a fermion partner. So the photon would have a photino

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Speaker 1: and the W particle would have a we know, for example.

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Speaker 1: And so that again just reflects the whole set of

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Speaker 1: standard model particles over into a new set of hypothetical

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Speaker 1: particles that we have not yet discovered and are not

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Speaker 1: the same as antimatter and not the same as mirror matter.

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Speaker 1: It's just another kind of reflection that tells you about

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Speaker 1: how we're always looking for symmetries in the universe.

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Speaker 7: But this one seems to claim the mantle of mirror matter,

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Speaker 7: Like it just grabs that word and says, I'm the

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Speaker 7: mirror type of matter.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And it's mostly championed by like one guy

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Speaker 1: in Australia.

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Speaker 9: What ya wait?

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Speaker 7: Wait, this is a major physics theory that has a

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Speaker 7: support of exactly one physicist.

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Speaker 1: Not exactly one physicist. But you know, not that many

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Speaker 1: physicists believe in mirror matter. Although other people have ideas

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Speaker 1: that are very similar to mirror matter, they just don't

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Speaker 1: call it that. So maybe it's just the naming issue.

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Speaker 1: People are like, we hate that name. We're gonna come

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Speaker 1: up with a similar idea and call it something else.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, you were telling me that this idea also has

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Speaker 7: other names, like alice matters or shadow matter.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's all the same one idea with several different

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Speaker 1: potential names. So I guess, you know, the community around

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Speaker 1: mirror matter was trying out a few things to see

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Speaker 1: what would stick, and I guess mirror matter is the

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Speaker 1: most popular. I kind of like alice matter because it

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Speaker 1: has the like literary reference to it.

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Speaker 7: I like shadow matter sounds like something out of Dungeons

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Speaker 7: and Dragons.

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Speaker 1: You're gonna roll a die and try to use your

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Speaker 1: shadow matter sword.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, the shadow mage uses a shadow matter sword.

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Speaker 1: Of course. I think it's too similar to dark matter,

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Speaker 1: you know, because then people are like, well, if you

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Speaker 1: put matter in the shadows just to become dark matter,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's very confusing.

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Speaker 7: All right, Well, let's jump right into it. Daniel, what

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Speaker 7: let's answer the question what is mirror matter. I'm guessing

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Speaker 7: it has to do it's sort of like supersymmetric matter.

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Speaker 7: But maybe you're saying it's a different kind of mirror.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a different kind of mirror. So whenever we

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Speaker 1: create a new set of hypothetical particles to balance the

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Speaker 1: particles we have, it's because we see an imbalance, we

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Speaker 1: see something asymmetric, and we wonder, why do we have

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Speaker 1: positive charge particles and not negative for example, Or you know,

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Speaker 1: why do we have fermion matter and boson forces not

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Speaker 1: the opposite. So in this case, we've created a whole

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Speaker 1: new set of particles, the mirror particles, to try to

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Speaker 1: balance the parity. A symmetry of the universe, the symmetry

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Speaker 1: about being reflected in the mirror? Does the universe look

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Speaker 1: the same when you reflect it in the mirror? And

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Speaker 1: we've talked on the podcast several times about how our

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Speaker 1: universe seems to be weirdly left handed, like some parts

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Speaker 1: of the standard model, the forces that are involved like

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Speaker 1: to only talk to particles that are left handed and

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Speaker 1: not right handed, and that's weird.

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Speaker 7: I guess it all sort of goes back to the

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Speaker 7: concept of particles in matter having like properties or values

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Speaker 7: of things like charge or color or what's the other one?

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Speaker 7: Spin spin, ye, favor, spin favorite. They have all these

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Speaker 7: properties and so and really in the math you can

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Speaker 7: just flip them and such a particle could still exist.

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Speaker 7: Like mathematically, you can flip these things, even though you

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Speaker 7: may not necessarily see them in nature. Right, that's kind

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Speaker 7: of the idea, is that particles have these properties and

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Speaker 7: you can flip some of them, and sometimes you see

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Speaker 7: particles that have them, and sometimes you don't see particles

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Speaker 7: that have them.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly right. We look at the structure of

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Speaker 1: our theory and we wonder if it's symmetric. We're like, well,

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Speaker 1: what happens if you flip all these things? You know,

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Speaker 1: if you flip the charges from positive to negative, or

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Speaker 1: you flip everything from the minus z axis to the

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Speaker 1: positive z axis, or you run time backwards in all

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Speaker 1: these things. We wonder like, is our theory symmetric? And

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Speaker 1: so as you say, you can take this set of

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Speaker 1: particles and you can say, well, do we have the

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Speaker 1: opposite set in this sense or in this other sense,

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Speaker 1: or in this third sense? Do we have the opposite set?

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Speaker 1: You know, do they exist? And if not, then why not?

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Speaker 1: Because that tells you something about the universe, right, like

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Speaker 1: why do we only have negatively charged electrons and not

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Speaker 1: positively charged electrons, you know, positrons. And so it's interesting

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Speaker 1: because you feel like there must be a reason. We

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Speaker 1: like to think that the universe should be symmetric because

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Speaker 1: that makes sense because if it's asymmetric, then like who

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Speaker 1: made that choice? Right? Why matter or non antimatter? Did

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Speaker 1: somebody flip a coin? Is it totally random? And we

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Speaker 1: don't like that. In physics, we don't like things that

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Speaker 1: don't have explanations, So we'd like things to be symmetric

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Speaker 1: because then they don't need explanations. So we take our theory,

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Speaker 1: we look for all the things that are asymmetric, and

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Speaker 1: then we try to fill in those holes.

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Speaker 7: But I guess you know, why do physicists have a

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Speaker 7: preference for symmetry, Like couldn't you ask the same question

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Speaker 7: like who made the universe symmetric? Like if the universe

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Speaker 7: was symmetric, wouldn't you ask the same question?

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Speaker 1: That's a great question, and that really goes to philosophy,

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Speaker 1: and it's a question of what's simple. You know, when

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Speaker 1: we look at a physics theory, we have questions about it,

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Speaker 1: and when we compare two different physics theories, we want

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Speaker 1: the one that's simpler, that needs like less explanation and

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Speaker 1: fewer ideas. And that's sort of you know, we don't

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Speaker 1: know why the universe is that way, but it does

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Speaker 1: seem to work that way. That simpler ideas seem to

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Speaker 1: work best, and so I would just ask fewer questions

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Speaker 1: about a theory that was symmetric than a theory that

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Speaker 1: was asymmetric, because a theory that's symmetric, You're right, there's

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Speaker 1: no reason why the universe has to be symmetric, but

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Speaker 1: it just seems to make more sense intuitively or esthetically.

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Speaker 1: But you know, that's not a scientific feeling at all.

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Speaker 1: That's sort of like a philosophical or personal aesthetic feeling.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, that's what I mean. It's like if one of

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Speaker 7: your kids was really well behaved on the other one

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Speaker 7: was a lot of trouble, you'd be like, yep, that

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Speaker 7: makes sense in the universal cosmic balance sense.

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Speaker 1: I think there is something there, though, because if the

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Speaker 1: universe is asymmetric, there are lots of ways that could

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Speaker 1: be asymmetric, but there's only really one way to be symmetric,

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Speaker 1: and so if you're asymmetric, and you're asymmetric in one

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Speaker 1: particular way, then you have to wonder, why are we

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Speaker 1: living in a multiverse where every choice for that asymmetry

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Speaker 1: is made. Are there other universes out there that are

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Speaker 1: antimatter instead of matter, for example, or are we living

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Speaker 1: in a simulation where this was decided by the people

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Speaker 1: who ran the simulation. It's just sort of unsatisfying to

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Speaker 1: not have an explanation if there are lots of options,

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Speaker 1: whereas if there's only one option, then you know that's

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Speaker 1: just the option. You can ask like why is there

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Speaker 1: only that option? And that's a deeper question.

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Speaker 7: Like if both your kids are well behaved, you'd be suspicious.

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Speaker 1: I'd give my wife credit if that was the case,

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Speaker 1: but fortunately we don't live in that universe.

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Speaker 7: All right, Well, okay, So mirror matter, then, is a

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Speaker 7: matter that also breaks one of these symmetries in nature

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Speaker 7: that you have, and it's sort of related to the

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Speaker 7: weak force, right mm hmm.

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Speaker 1: I find it a little confusing to think about parody

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Speaker 1: because it's hard to think about whether it matters if

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Speaker 1: you're reflected in the mirror whether the universe prefers right

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Speaker 1: handed or left handed. Now it's the same basic concept,

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Speaker 1: but I think it's easier to think about whether it

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Speaker 1: matters if you rotate your experiment, whether the universe has

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Speaker 1: a preferred direction, which seems obviously crazy. Matchine, you throw

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Speaker 1: a ball and it follows some law of physics, right,

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Speaker 1: parabola goes up and it comes down. Now you watch

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Speaker 1: that same ball toss, but now you're standing on your head.

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Speaker 1: It looks a little different, right, because you've rotated yourself,

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Speaker 1: But the same laws apply, Like you can still apply

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Speaker 1: the laws of physics to the ball. Moving shouldn't matter

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Speaker 1: if you're standing on your head.

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Speaker 7: Right, except that now down means up and up means down.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you have to put some minus signs in there,

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Speaker 1: but the same laws do apply. Now you don't see

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Speaker 1: exactly the same thing, Like it looks different if you're

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Speaker 1: standing on your head, but the same rules apply. And

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Speaker 1: so parody is sort of like that, like if you

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Speaker 1: reflect something into the mirror, do the same rules apply

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Speaker 1: or not? And people for a long time thought, well,

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Speaker 1: of course, like just because you're doing it in the mirror,

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Speaker 1: the same rules should apply, Like it would be nonsense.

441
00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:31,320
Speaker 1: If our universe was somehow left handed and it looked

442
00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:33,720
Speaker 1: different in the mirror, and like the mirror was right handed,

443
00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:36,439
Speaker 1: it would be weird. It would be weird. And people

444
00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:39,240
Speaker 1: just assumed for like, you know, as long as people

445
00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:41,960
Speaker 1: had this idea, until about fifty years ago, people assumed

446
00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:44,359
Speaker 1: the universe was symmetric in the mirror, that if you

447
00:21:44,359 --> 00:21:46,760
Speaker 1: didn't experiment, it would look the same in the mirror.

448
00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,199
Speaker 1: That you know, that the mirrors that the in the

449
00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:52,080
Speaker 1: mirror world, the same laws of physics would apply. Now

450
00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:54,480
Speaker 1: we can't actually go to the mirror world. We can't

451
00:21:54,520 --> 00:21:57,240
Speaker 1: do the mirror experiment, right. The idea is, we do

452
00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,240
Speaker 1: experiments in our universe and then we think about what

453
00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:02,080
Speaker 1: they would look like in the mirror world. We try

454
00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:04,719
Speaker 1: to we imagine that all the experiments we do in

455
00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:07,520
Speaker 1: our universe would look the same in the mirror world.

456
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:12,680
Speaker 7: But but the universe is a little bit weirder than that.

457
00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:15,920
Speaker 1: Niverse is super duper weird in fact, And it was

458
00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:18,199
Speaker 1: about fifty years ago that people realized, you know, we

459
00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:21,439
Speaker 1: never actually checked to see if this is true for

460
00:22:21,560 --> 00:22:23,840
Speaker 1: all the different kinds of interactions. They had checked for

461
00:22:23,880 --> 00:22:27,479
Speaker 1: the strong force, they had checked for electromagnetism, and parody

462
00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:30,439
Speaker 1: was preserved like everything made perfect sense, but nobody had

463
00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:34,240
Speaker 1: actually checked for the weak interaction. And then one summer

464
00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:37,159
Speaker 1: people wrote this paper realizing, wow, nobody's ever checked this

465
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,200
Speaker 1: one thing. Somebody should do it, and the paper came out,

466
00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:43,639
Speaker 1: and then over Christmas vacation, a scientist at Columbia, the

467
00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:47,560
Speaker 1: famous professor cs WU, she did the experiment, and she

468
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:50,520
Speaker 1: set up a system that would look different in the mirror.

469
00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:53,040
Speaker 7: So they broke the mirror. And that was seven years

470
00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:55,920
Speaker 7: of seven decades of bad physics. Luck is that kind

471
00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:56,520
Speaker 7: of what happened?

472
00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:57,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly?

473
00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:00,680
Speaker 7: All right. Let jump into the details here the week

474
00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:03,919
Speaker 7: fource and symmetry and left and right handedness. But first

475
00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:05,240
Speaker 7: let's take a quick break.

476
00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:12,879
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516
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525
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Speaker 7: All right, we're talking about mirror matter. And this is

526
00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:54,960
Speaker 7: not related to how I look like in the morning

527
00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:58,320
Speaker 7: when I look in the mirror. Danny, that's right, But

528
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:00,879
Speaker 7: this is no physics could explain it. This relates to

529
00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:04,960
Speaker 7: how particles look in the mirror. Because particles, as weird

530
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:07,560
Speaker 7: as they are, they have this bizarre property that they're

531
00:26:07,560 --> 00:26:11,520
Speaker 7: either left handed or right handed. And of course particles

532
00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:14,679
Speaker 7: don't have hands right, but they do have a property

533
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:18,160
Speaker 7: which gets inverted in the mirror sort of the way

534
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:21,719
Speaker 7: that left handedness and right handedness does. And that's when

535
00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:25,439
Speaker 7: you compare the direction they spin with the direction they're moving.

536
00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:29,920
Speaker 7: And because clockwise spin in the mirror still looks clockwise,

537
00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:32,320
Speaker 7: whereas moving in the mirror can get flipped in the

538
00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:36,480
Speaker 7: other direction. So a left handed particle looks like a

539
00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:38,880
Speaker 7: right handed particle in the mirror, and a right handed

540
00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:41,320
Speaker 7: particle in our universe looks like a left handed particle

541
00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:45,320
Speaker 7: in the mirror. Right, It's kind of like the mnemonic,

542
00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:46,919
Speaker 7: you know, like when you use your hand, like you

543
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:49,560
Speaker 7: point your thumb one way and then you curl your fingers,

544
00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:52,280
Speaker 7: and that that sort of like a handedness kind of

545
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:54,919
Speaker 7: thing for particles. Right, like the thumb could be pointing

546
00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:57,160
Speaker 7: to where it's going, and the curl of your finger

547
00:26:57,359 --> 00:26:59,600
Speaker 7: points to how it's spinning. So when you look in

548
00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:01,919
Speaker 7: the mirror, that looks not the same.

549
00:27:02,119 --> 00:27:04,000
Speaker 1: That's right, and that tells you if a particle is

550
00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:06,480
Speaker 1: left handed or right handed. Is it moving in the

551
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:09,639
Speaker 1: same direction as its spin vector is pointing, or is

552
00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:12,040
Speaker 1: it moving in the opposite direction. And in a mirror,

553
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:14,960
Speaker 1: left handed particles turned into a right handed particle. Now,

554
00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:18,040
Speaker 1: the weird thing is that the weak force, the weak

555
00:27:18,119 --> 00:27:22,520
Speaker 1: nuclear force, only interacts with left handed particles. It totally

556
00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:24,080
Speaker 1: ignores right handed particles.

557
00:27:24,480 --> 00:27:29,760
Speaker 7: That's the big asymmetry that the force ignores these other particles.

558
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:31,960
Speaker 1: It doesn't interact with them at all. You know how

559
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,560
Speaker 1: some forces interact with some particles and not others, Like

560
00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:38,480
Speaker 1: the strong nuclear force doesn't interact with electrons. Electrons just

561
00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:40,160
Speaker 1: totally ignore the strong force.

562
00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:43,720
Speaker 7: Oh, I see, it just doesn't apply to that.

563
00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:47,600
Speaker 1: It just doesn't apply. So there are actually two kinds

564
00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:50,440
Speaker 1: of electrons. There's the left handed electron or the right

565
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:54,800
Speaker 1: hand electron. The weak force only interacts with left handed electrons.

566
00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:57,879
Speaker 1: It doesn't interact with right handed electrons at all.

567
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:01,719
Speaker 7: And that right handed electron exist, are there? Are they

568
00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:04,680
Speaker 7: out there right ing around ignoring the weak.

569
00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:07,480
Speaker 1: Force absolutely all the time there are left hand right

570
00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:11,199
Speaker 1: handed electrons, and only left handed electrons interact with the

571
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,879
Speaker 1: weak force. And that's what causes this parity asymmetry. In

572
00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:17,640
Speaker 1: the mirror, the weak force interacts with right handed electrons,

573
00:28:17,640 --> 00:28:20,560
Speaker 1: but in our universe it only talks to left handed

574
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:25,360
Speaker 1: particles neutrino's electrons and quarks. That is so bizarre, it's

575
00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:27,800
Speaker 1: really weird. It's a huge asymmetry. And it's not like

576
00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:30,920
Speaker 1: a little asymmetry like it talks to left handed particles

577
00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:34,919
Speaker 1: more than right handed particles. It's complete asymmetry. It only

578
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:38,440
Speaker 1: ever talks to left handed particles, never too right handed particles.

579
00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:42,320
Speaker 7: What so if I threw a right handed electron, like

580
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,080
Speaker 7: nothing would stop it in terms of the strong force.

581
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:48,320
Speaker 1: In terms of the weak force force, Yeah, that's right,

582
00:28:48,440 --> 00:28:50,280
Speaker 1: but you don't really notice that because the weak force

583
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:54,280
Speaker 1: is super weak and right handed electrons still feel electromagnetism

584
00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:56,080
Speaker 1: right the photons and.

585
00:28:56,280 --> 00:28:57,560
Speaker 7: It's biased, but it's a weak.

586
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:03,040
Speaker 1: But that's right. And so most of the interactions work

587
00:29:03,080 --> 00:29:05,480
Speaker 1: with both of them. But the weak force only talks

588
00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:08,040
Speaker 1: to the left handed particles. And that's why, for example,

589
00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:13,320
Speaker 1: we've never seen a right handed neutrino, because neutrinos only

590
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:16,120
Speaker 1: feel the weak force, and so the only way to

591
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:18,800
Speaker 1: talk to neutrinos is through the weak force. But the

592
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,560
Speaker 1: weak force doesn't talk to right handed particles, and so

593
00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,120
Speaker 1: we've never seen a right handed neutrino.

594
00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:27,680
Speaker 7: Wow, it's not just that it has a bias against

595
00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:31,080
Speaker 7: the electron being right handed, has a bias against any

596
00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:32,320
Speaker 7: particle being right handed.

597
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:34,400
Speaker 1: That's right. There are two kinds of every particle that

598
00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:36,200
Speaker 1: it's a left handed kind and the right handed kind.

599
00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:38,840
Speaker 1: And the weak force only talks to left handed quarks.

600
00:29:38,960 --> 00:29:42,560
Speaker 1: To what left handed electrons, left handed muons, left handed neutrinos,

601
00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:44,760
Speaker 1: It never talks to right handed anybody.

602
00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:47,080
Speaker 7: Kind of makes me wonder if there's a right handed

603
00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:49,040
Speaker 7: weak force. Have you guys thought about that? Like, is

604
00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:51,680
Speaker 7: there are? Maybe there are two forces.

605
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:54,320
Speaker 1: And that's the genesis of the idea for mirror matter.

606
00:29:57,080 --> 00:29:59,200
Speaker 7: This kind of case me, it's me and the guy

607
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:00,320
Speaker 7: from Australia.

608
00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:03,400
Speaker 1: No, but that's exactly this kind of a symmetry makes

609
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,400
Speaker 1: you wonder is there something out there to balance it? Right?

610
00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:08,760
Speaker 1: That was exactly the thought you just had live right

611
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,080
Speaker 1: here on the program. And that's the whole motivation for

612
00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:14,360
Speaker 1: this entire program of physics is can we find something

613
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,080
Speaker 1: else out there to balance it? You didn't like that asymmetry,

614
00:30:17,080 --> 00:30:19,920
Speaker 1: and you're like, let's fill in that gap, let's balance

615
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:22,040
Speaker 1: the universe. And that's exactly what we're trying to do

616
00:30:22,080 --> 00:30:22,720
Speaker 1: with mirror matter.

617
00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:26,480
Speaker 7: Yeah, because I believe in cosmic justice.

618
00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:30,240
Speaker 1: And so there's sort of two different sets of ideas there.

619
00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:32,680
Speaker 1: One is a minimal idea and say well, can we

620
00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:35,680
Speaker 1: restore the balance by saying, well, maybe there is a

621
00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:38,360
Speaker 1: right handed neutrino out there. We've just never seen it

622
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:40,960
Speaker 1: because we can't interact with it with our weak force.

623
00:30:41,280 --> 00:30:43,920
Speaker 1: So maybe there's a right handed neutrino. And then like

624
00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:46,800
Speaker 1: some other version of the weak force that's biased in

625
00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:49,760
Speaker 1: the other way, like a w prime boson and is

626
00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:54,040
Speaker 1: the prime boson. And that's a cool idea, and that

627
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:57,080
Speaker 1: would restore some balance. I mean it would mean that

628
00:30:57,120 --> 00:30:59,240
Speaker 1: the universe is sort of cracked in half, right, It's

629
00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:01,960
Speaker 1: not really some is sort of like cracked in half.

630
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:04,360
Speaker 1: And we have two different pieces, and we happen to

631
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:06,720
Speaker 1: be on the left handed part of it. But mirror

632
00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:09,960
Speaker 1: matter takes a step further and it says, instead of

633
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:13,040
Speaker 1: just adding a right handed neutrino and a new force

634
00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:15,760
Speaker 1: to talk to it, let's copy all of the particles.

635
00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:18,920
Speaker 1: So let's take the electron and make a mirror electron.

636
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:23,000
Speaker 1: And let's take the quarks and make mirror quarks, and

637
00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:25,520
Speaker 1: let's have a whole new set of forces, a mirror

638
00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:28,200
Speaker 1: strong force, a mirror weak force, a mirror electric force.

639
00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:32,360
Speaker 1: And in that whole mirror then parity is violated in

640
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,440
Speaker 1: the opposite direction. So rather than just adding the minimal

641
00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:38,959
Speaker 1: pieces to our standard model to balance parity, reflect the

642
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:42,080
Speaker 1: whole thing and just have the whole thing be balanced

643
00:31:42,120 --> 00:31:42,880
Speaker 1: in the other direction.

644
00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:47,160
Speaker 7: Well, wait, I thought that right handed electrons did exist.

645
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,120
Speaker 1: Right hand electrons do exist. Yeah, And so this idea

646
00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:53,040
Speaker 1: would say, well, let's make mirror electrons and you'll have

647
00:31:53,080 --> 00:31:56,920
Speaker 1: both left and right handed mirror electrons. Right, and we

648
00:31:57,160 --> 00:32:01,040
Speaker 1: have left handed neutrinos, so this would make right handed

649
00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:02,240
Speaker 1: mirror neutrinos.

650
00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:06,400
Speaker 7: Oh, I see, it's like a whole different it's like

651
00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:07,800
Speaker 7: a whole new set of two hands.

652
00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:11,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's like you got one family, you know,

653
00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:13,959
Speaker 1: where everything is balanced, except the neutrino is only left handed,

654
00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:17,160
Speaker 1: and instead of just inviting one more neutrino that's right handed,

655
00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:21,040
Speaker 1: invite a whole other family right if they have a

656
00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:22,040
Speaker 1: right handed nutrino.

657
00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:25,880
Speaker 7: It's more like in our family, we only like the

658
00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:29,400
Speaker 7: kids that are right hand and left handed, and instead

659
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:31,880
Speaker 7: of making up because we have kids that are left

660
00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:35,400
Speaker 7: handed right now, we have kids that are right handed,

661
00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:37,800
Speaker 7: we just don't like them. And so to balance it out,

662
00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:40,680
Speaker 7: maybe there's another family out there down the street that

663
00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:43,959
Speaker 7: has right and left handed kids, but they have a different,

664
00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:46,640
Speaker 7: different preference, different they.

665
00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:49,760
Speaker 1: Make different parenting mistakes. That balance is parenting mistakes and.

666
00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:54,280
Speaker 7: A whole the terrible in a whole mirror symmetric way.

667
00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:56,320
Speaker 1: That's right. The universe doesn't care if you make parenting

668
00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:59,400
Speaker 1: mistakes as long as somebody else is making the opposite one.

669
00:33:00,640 --> 00:33:05,200
Speaker 1: That's the physics approach to symmetry is restored and all

670
00:33:05,280 --> 00:33:05,680
Speaker 1: is good.

671
00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:09,720
Speaker 7: Oh man, love to see it. I maybe you wouldn't

672
00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:12,000
Speaker 7: love to see how things work in your house.

673
00:33:11,840 --> 00:33:15,600
Speaker 1: With you, But there's some fascinating twists there, Like one

674
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:18,960
Speaker 1: of them is gravity is not mirrored. If there is

675
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:22,840
Speaker 1: a graviton this particle that transmits gravity in a quantum

676
00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:25,320
Speaker 1: theory of gravity, it would not be mirrored. There would

677
00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:26,920
Speaker 1: not be like a mirror graviton.

678
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:29,640
Speaker 7: It's like it sits at the edge of the mirror

679
00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:31,920
Speaker 7: or something. Yeah, because it's at the mirror line.

680
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:34,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, because gravity is how we bend space, and there's

681
00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:36,840
Speaker 1: only one space. We think that our particles and the

682
00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:39,960
Speaker 1: mirror particles live in the same space. If they have

683
00:33:40,040 --> 00:33:42,160
Speaker 1: their own graviton, that have to have their own space,

684
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,280
Speaker 1: and that would be weird. And so yeah, it sits

685
00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:46,280
Speaker 1: on the mirror itself.

686
00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:48,800
Speaker 7: Okay. So the idea of mirror matter then is that

687
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:53,480
Speaker 7: there's a whole set of matter particles that are mirrored

688
00:33:54,120 --> 00:33:57,360
Speaker 7: somehow in this bias that the weak force has, and

689
00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:00,200
Speaker 7: there's a whole different weak force that has it's a

690
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:01,040
Speaker 7: different bias.

691
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. If you build that parody violation experiment, that doctor

692
00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,640
Speaker 1: Wu's experiment out of mirror matter and did the experiment,

693
00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:10,080
Speaker 1: you would get the opposite result.

694
00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:12,480
Speaker 7: I guess my question is where does this Where's where's

695
00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:13,399
Speaker 7: all this mirror matter?

696
00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:13,560
Speaker 1: Like?

697
00:34:13,640 --> 00:34:15,880
Speaker 7: Is it on top of us? Is it next to us?

698
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:18,720
Speaker 7: Is it kind of like a parallel universe kind of thing.

699
00:34:18,960 --> 00:34:20,959
Speaker 1: Well, we don't know if it exists, first of all,

700
00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:23,520
Speaker 1: and if it does exist, it be very hard to see.

701
00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:26,319
Speaker 1: And so in that respects it's sort of similar to

702
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:30,359
Speaker 1: dark matter, because we suspect we might only have gravitational

703
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:32,680
Speaker 1: interactions with it that we'll talk in a moment about

704
00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:34,759
Speaker 1: other ways we might probe it, And so it could

705
00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:37,480
Speaker 1: be right here on top of us without us interacting

706
00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:40,200
Speaker 1: with it. Right Remember that the universe is filled with

707
00:34:40,239 --> 00:34:43,480
Speaker 1: all sorts of invisible stuff that you cannot sense, like

708
00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:45,799
Speaker 1: all the new trinos that are flying through you right now.

709
00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:48,800
Speaker 1: You don't interact with all the dark matter that surrounds

710
00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:51,400
Speaker 1: the Earth and fills your room. You can't see or

711
00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:54,720
Speaker 1: touch or interact with. So it's possible to share space

712
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:58,520
Speaker 1: physically overlap with other kinds of matter that you if

713
00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:01,040
Speaker 1: you do not interact with them. And mirror matter, if

714
00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:04,439
Speaker 1: it exists, we may only interact with it gravitationally, which

715
00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:07,120
Speaker 1: is very very weak, which means essentially we wouldn't sense it.

716
00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:09,399
Speaker 1: And so if there is mirror matter could be right

717
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:11,319
Speaker 1: here on top of us, but it could also be

718
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:13,520
Speaker 1: out there in the universe. Separated from us.

719
00:35:13,680 --> 00:35:15,640
Speaker 7: Well, yeah, I guess, Yeah, I guess like dark matter

720
00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:17,400
Speaker 7: and the trenius, they're all sitting on top of us,

721
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:19,920
Speaker 7: but we don't feel them. Maybe there's a whole bunch

722
00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:24,680
Speaker 7: of right handed laws and right handed matter that's sitting

723
00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:25,359
Speaker 7: on top of us too.

724
00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:27,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, there could be a right handed whohe doing a

725
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:28,480
Speaker 1: right handed podcast right.

726
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:33,600
Speaker 7: Now, doing it the right way, and we feeling left.

727
00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:34,960
Speaker 1: And we'd feel left out exactly.

728
00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:41,680
Speaker 7: Wow. All right, So I guess my question is like,

729
00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:47,120
Speaker 7: why why wouldn't our weak force with the left handed

730
00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:52,880
Speaker 7: bias interact with the left handed mirror matter? Do you

731
00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:56,360
Speaker 7: know what I mean? Like if in my house, I

732
00:35:56,400 --> 00:36:00,320
Speaker 7: only like my left handed kids, wouldn't I like the

733
00:36:00,440 --> 00:36:01,920
Speaker 7: right handed kids in the other house.

734
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:04,040
Speaker 1: Well, first of all, I hope that either all your

735
00:36:04,080 --> 00:36:07,040
Speaker 1: kids are left handed or they don't listen to this podcast.

736
00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:10,600
Speaker 1: But you're right, But our forces don't interact with those

737
00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:15,440
Speaker 1: particles at all. So those particles don't carry like electric charge,

738
00:36:15,480 --> 00:36:18,680
Speaker 1: They carry mirror electric charge, and they interact with like

739
00:36:18,719 --> 00:36:23,640
Speaker 1: the mirror photon with mirror electromagnetism, And so yeah, you

740
00:36:23,719 --> 00:36:25,239
Speaker 1: might ask like why do you need to create all

741
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:27,279
Speaker 1: this all these particles, Why don't you just add a

742
00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:29,200
Speaker 1: right handed neutrino. And I think that's one of the

743
00:36:29,239 --> 00:36:32,400
Speaker 1: biggest sort of theoretical criticisms of this idea is that

744
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:35,520
Speaker 1: it's too much. You don't need all this extra stuff.

745
00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:38,359
Speaker 1: It just seems like too much of a copy. But

746
00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:40,120
Speaker 1: the reason to do it, remember, is to try to

747
00:36:40,160 --> 00:36:42,759
Speaker 1: restore symmetry, is to try to say, well, let's have

748
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:46,160
Speaker 1: balance in the universe. And then you might ask, but

749
00:36:46,239 --> 00:36:48,480
Speaker 1: you know, we're not really balanced. We have like two

750
00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:51,640
Speaker 1: pieces cracked in half that sort of compliment each other,

751
00:36:51,960 --> 00:36:53,719
Speaker 1: but we're living on one half of it, right, It's

752
00:36:53,719 --> 00:36:56,560
Speaker 1: not like the universe has this symmetry. It's sort of broken.

753
00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,440
Speaker 1: And we see that a lot in particle physics that

754
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,200
Speaker 1: we see se trees that have been broken, and we

755
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:05,680
Speaker 1: think that these symmetries are fundamental, that they like existed

756
00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:08,880
Speaker 1: in the early parts of the universe when everything was hotter,

757
00:37:09,280 --> 00:37:12,440
Speaker 1: when the universe, when different effective laws of physics were

758
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:15,000
Speaker 1: taking place, and then as the universe cooled, it sort

759
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:17,600
Speaker 1: of like cracked the way you know ice can crack

760
00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:20,400
Speaker 1: as it freezes, or where things can crack as a

761
00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:21,640
Speaker 1: change phase.

762
00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:23,600
Speaker 7: Or like we everything fell to one side of the

763
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:25,640
Speaker 7: mirror kind of or got trapped inside.

764
00:37:25,840 --> 00:37:27,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we ended up trapped in one side of

765
00:37:27,880 --> 00:37:30,120
Speaker 1: the mirror, and that there's other particles that got trapped

766
00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:32,239
Speaker 1: on the other side. And so these are what we

767
00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:35,440
Speaker 1: call broken symmetries. We think that they do reflect something

768
00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:38,480
Speaker 1: deep that's happening in the universe, but that they got broken,

769
00:37:38,520 --> 00:37:40,800
Speaker 1: and we actually see examples of those, like the Higgs

770
00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:45,319
Speaker 1: boson is a broken symmetry. Like the Higgs boson unifies

771
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:48,920
Speaker 1: the weak force and electromagnetism, and it says that the

772
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:52,719
Speaker 1: photon is actually part of the electroweak force. It should

773
00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:55,280
Speaker 1: go along with the W bosons and the Z boson,

774
00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:59,040
Speaker 1: But when the universe was cooling, the Higgs sort of

775
00:37:59,040 --> 00:38:01,080
Speaker 1: got stuck in a weird spot and it gave all

776
00:38:01,120 --> 00:38:03,120
Speaker 1: this mass to the W and Z and none to

777
00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,239
Speaker 1: the photon. It broke that symmetry. And so in the

778
00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:09,360
Speaker 1: same way, symmetries that existed in the early hot universe

779
00:38:09,560 --> 00:38:12,000
Speaker 1: can be broken as sort of the phase of the

780
00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:14,960
Speaker 1: universe changes. You know, universe doesn't go from like liquid

781
00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,920
Speaker 1: to gas, but as it cools, different physics sort of

782
00:38:17,920 --> 00:38:20,680
Speaker 1: takes over. And so we think that that might have broken.

783
00:38:21,320 --> 00:38:25,560
Speaker 7: So that's another explanation for the asymmetry that wouldn't require

784
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:27,799
Speaker 7: this whole new universe sitting on top of us that

785
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:28,759
Speaker 7: we can see your touch.

786
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,400
Speaker 1: That would explain why this symmetry exists. Sort of at

787
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:34,799
Speaker 1: a higher level. It's like, you know, yeah, we still

788
00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:37,280
Speaker 1: have an asymmetry here today, but we think that maybe

789
00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:40,120
Speaker 1: there was a symmetry early in the universe that the

790
00:38:40,160 --> 00:38:43,040
Speaker 1: other half exists. That it explains why the symmetry was

791
00:38:43,080 --> 00:38:44,440
Speaker 1: broken at some point.

792
00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:48,400
Speaker 7: All right, so it sounds like a pretty amazing and

793
00:38:48,440 --> 00:38:51,319
Speaker 7: incredible concept. I guess the question now is how do

794
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:54,080
Speaker 7: we verify if it's true? How do we know it's real?

795
00:38:54,239 --> 00:38:57,120
Speaker 7: And how do we look for these mirror particles? I

796
00:38:57,120 --> 00:38:58,279
Speaker 7: guess we can't just look in the mirror.

797
00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:01,560
Speaker 1: Danny, my god, nobody thought of that. I'm gonna go

798
00:39:01,640 --> 00:39:02,440
Speaker 1: do that right now.

799
00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:07,600
Speaker 7: Hold on, Nobel prize right here, mirror?

800
00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:10,840
Speaker 1: What's the mirror? A Nobel prize is the Loben Prize?

801
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:15,760
Speaker 7: Little yeah? Do you have to pay a million dollars

802
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:16,440
Speaker 7: for that one?

803
00:39:17,080 --> 00:39:18,560
Speaker 1: That's why nobody accepts it.

804
00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:21,480
Speaker 7: All right, let's get into how we look for a

805
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,880
Speaker 7: mirror matter. But first, let's take a quick break.

806
00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:30,279
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

807
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,560
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

808
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:37,640
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

809
00:39:37,680 --> 00:39:40,280
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

810
00:39:40,320 --> 00:39:44,600
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

811
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:47,239
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

812
00:39:47,239 --> 00:39:49,600
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

813
00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:53,879
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

814
00:39:53,920 --> 00:39:57,000
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

815
00:39:57,080 --> 00:40:00,520
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

816
00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:03,360
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

817
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:07,160
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

818
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:11,120
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

819
00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:13,200
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

820
00:40:13,239 --> 00:40:15,239
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

821
00:40:15,320 --> 00:40:18,000
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

822
00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:21,520
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

823
00:40:21,640 --> 00:40:24,359
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact visit

824
00:40:24,480 --> 00:40:27,239
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

825
00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:31,440
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826
00:40:31,560 --> 00:40:34,600
Speaker 2: Music Festival, preceded by Capital On the.

827
00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:37,719
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828
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829
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830
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831
00:40:43,360 --> 00:40:47,480
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832
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833
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834
00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:57,360
Speaker 6: Eastern seven thirty Pacific.

835
00:40:58,120 --> 00:41:01,160
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836
00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:05,000
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837
00:41:05,080 --> 00:41:08,640
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839
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841
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846
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847
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848
00:41:44,440 --> 00:41:48,040
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849
00:41:48,360 --> 00:41:51,440
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850
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852
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Speaker 7: All right, Daniel, sir, there might be a whole mirror

853
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:16,360
Speaker 7: universe of mirror electrons and quarks and particles and also forces.

854
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:19,400
Speaker 7: There might be a whole universe of mirror forces, like

855
00:42:19,440 --> 00:42:23,719
Speaker 7: the opposite electromagnetic force and opposite strung force sitting right

856
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:28,200
Speaker 7: on top of us right now, acting and ignoring us basically.

857
00:42:28,320 --> 00:42:30,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, and they might even have like better snacks than

858
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:30,960
Speaker 1: we have.

859
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:36,239
Speaker 7: Yeah, all the bananas would be curved the other way.

860
00:42:36,520 --> 00:42:40,719
Speaker 1: They would actually be tasty, but you would still hate

861
00:42:40,719 --> 00:42:43,200
Speaker 1: it though, mirror Daniel probably would hate it.

862
00:42:43,239 --> 00:42:45,840
Speaker 7: Yeah, yeah, yeah, all right, I guess down out of

863
00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:47,360
Speaker 7: the question is how do we look for a mirror

864
00:42:47,400 --> 00:42:50,319
Speaker 7: matter if it does exist? And how could we ever,

865
00:42:50,880 --> 00:42:53,560
Speaker 7: you know, confirm the existence of something we can't see

866
00:42:53,640 --> 00:42:54,000
Speaker 7: or touch.

867
00:42:54,400 --> 00:42:57,560
Speaker 1: It's pretty tough in the sort of cleanest version of

868
00:42:57,600 --> 00:43:01,759
Speaker 1: the idea. We can only interact with mirror matter through gravity,

869
00:43:02,160 --> 00:43:03,840
Speaker 1: and so in that sense, we can only look for

870
00:43:03,920 --> 00:43:07,480
Speaker 1: its effects on a gravitational scale, which means like looking

871
00:43:07,480 --> 00:43:09,720
Speaker 1: for it the way we look for dark matter.

872
00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:13,600
Speaker 7: Because gravity is kind of like the one thing in

873
00:43:13,680 --> 00:43:16,560
Speaker 7: common we have with mirror matter, Like it's like a

874
00:43:16,640 --> 00:43:18,560
Speaker 7: two Van diagram to touch at a point.

875
00:43:18,800 --> 00:43:20,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's the only way that we can interact with it,

876
00:43:21,120 --> 00:43:24,080
Speaker 1: and so to discover something, to prove that it exists,

877
00:43:24,120 --> 00:43:26,240
Speaker 1: to understand it, we need to be able to interact

878
00:43:26,280 --> 00:43:28,720
Speaker 1: with it. There could be all sorts of crazy stuff

879
00:43:28,719 --> 00:43:30,480
Speaker 1: happening right here on top of us, but if it

880
00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:32,960
Speaker 1: doesn't interact with us, then we could never discover it.

881
00:43:33,360 --> 00:43:36,120
Speaker 1: But we think that gravity is sort of universal. Everything

882
00:43:36,120 --> 00:43:39,560
Speaker 1: that has mass feels gravity. That's like another way that

883
00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:42,799
Speaker 1: gravity is super weird and amazing. But so we might

884
00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:45,000
Speaker 1: have to just use gravity to study it. And then

885
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:47,640
Speaker 1: there's the natural questions like, well, if there's all this

886
00:43:47,760 --> 00:43:50,600
Speaker 1: weird stuff out there that we can't see and gives

887
00:43:50,680 --> 00:43:53,560
Speaker 1: us extra gravity, maybe it's not like dark matter. Maybe

888
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:55,160
Speaker 1: it is dark matter.

889
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:58,240
Speaker 7: That's what I was about to ask Daniel. It feels

890
00:43:58,280 --> 00:44:02,319
Speaker 7: like the perfect conspiracy theory, bump bump bomb, But this

891
00:44:02,360 --> 00:44:03,800
Speaker 7: guy in Australia has cracked.

892
00:44:05,239 --> 00:44:07,600
Speaker 1: People always write in and try to connect the mystery

893
00:44:07,640 --> 00:44:09,839
Speaker 1: of dark matter with other mysteries. You know, is dark

894
00:44:09,880 --> 00:44:13,080
Speaker 1: matter like anti matter? Is dark matter? This is dark

895
00:44:13,120 --> 00:44:16,080
Speaker 1: matter that And it's super fun and it's fascinating because

896
00:44:16,360 --> 00:44:20,399
Speaker 1: wouldn't it be awesome to like crack two mysteries simultaneously, right,

897
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,080
Speaker 1: to solve two big questions of physics at once.

898
00:44:23,440 --> 00:44:26,440
Speaker 7: This seems really tantalizing, right, because you just told me

899
00:44:26,440 --> 00:44:29,879
Speaker 7: that there might be a whole universe of matter out

900
00:44:29,880 --> 00:44:32,440
Speaker 7: there that we can't see a touch, but that influences

901
00:44:32,520 --> 00:44:36,239
Speaker 7: us gravitationally, and that sounds like exactly like dark matter.

902
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:37,759
Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, do you want the good news first or

903
00:44:37,760 --> 00:44:38,560
Speaker 1: the bad news?

904
00:44:39,560 --> 00:44:42,560
Speaker 7: I want the news that gives me the Noble Prize.

905
00:44:42,640 --> 00:44:45,480
Speaker 1: Okay, Well, then here's the good news, and you should

906
00:44:45,480 --> 00:44:47,040
Speaker 1: go off on your trip to get the Nobel Prize

907
00:44:47,080 --> 00:44:49,960
Speaker 1: before you hear the bad news. In this case, the

908
00:44:49,960 --> 00:44:52,400
Speaker 1: good news is that you can use dark matter detectors

909
00:44:52,440 --> 00:44:54,879
Speaker 1: to look for this kind of stuff, and that there

910
00:44:55,120 --> 00:44:58,000
Speaker 1: is a detector out there. It's called the Dama experiment.

911
00:44:58,080 --> 00:45:00,719
Speaker 1: It's in Italy. And it's actually he had a very

912
00:45:00,719 --> 00:45:04,360
Speaker 1: strong signal for dark matter for like more than ten years.

913
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:07,240
Speaker 1: We're gonna do a whole episode on why nobody believes

914
00:45:07,239 --> 00:45:10,719
Speaker 1: that DAMA detected dark matter despite their amazing evidence for

915
00:45:10,760 --> 00:45:14,600
Speaker 1: a dark matter and nobody's been believing their signal. They

916
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:16,560
Speaker 1: have this very clear signal that looks like it should

917
00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:18,920
Speaker 1: be dark matter, but nobody else sees it, like other

918
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:22,279
Speaker 1: dark matter experiments don't see the same thing, and they should.

919
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:25,560
Speaker 1: But this guy in Australia has this explanation. He's like, oh, well,

920
00:45:25,560 --> 00:45:30,120
Speaker 1: maybe that's because those dark other dark matter experiments are

921
00:45:30,239 --> 00:45:34,080
Speaker 1: only sensitive to heavier versions of mirror matter, and this

922
00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:36,919
Speaker 1: one experiment in Italy is different from all the other

923
00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:39,760
Speaker 1: ways and in such a way that makes it sensitive

924
00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:43,080
Speaker 1: to mirror matter. So he thinks that this DAMA experiment

925
00:45:43,320 --> 00:45:46,560
Speaker 1: might actually be a signal of dark matter and a

926
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:49,040
Speaker 1: signal that dark matter is mirror matter.

927
00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:52,520
Speaker 7: Is this one of the ones that has like a

928
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:55,279
Speaker 7: huge vat of some noble gas sitting around waiting for

929
00:45:55,640 --> 00:45:56,799
Speaker 7: things to ping ping it.

930
00:45:56,920 --> 00:45:59,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's sort of similar. It's a slightly different setup,

931
00:46:00,120 --> 00:46:01,759
Speaker 1: which is why it's a little bit different. And we'll

932
00:46:01,760 --> 00:46:04,800
Speaker 1: dig into the details on another episode. But they have

933
00:46:04,880 --> 00:46:07,320
Speaker 1: this signature that most of the people in the community

934
00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:11,239
Speaker 1: think probably isn't dark matter, but you know, they believe it,

935
00:46:11,560 --> 00:46:14,040
Speaker 1: and their experiment is different from other experiments, and so

936
00:46:14,320 --> 00:46:16,440
Speaker 1: they try to find like a reason why only they

937
00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:19,279
Speaker 1: would see this thing that other experiments don't see, and.

938
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:21,640
Speaker 7: They're saying it could also be mirror matter, meaning that

939
00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:22,600
Speaker 7: they're both the same thing.

940
00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:25,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so Bob Foot in Australia he wrote this

941
00:46:25,320 --> 00:46:29,319
Speaker 1: paper saying, haha, maybe this explains why Doma is seeing

942
00:46:29,320 --> 00:46:32,359
Speaker 1: this weird signal and it's a discovery of mirror matter.

943
00:46:32,800 --> 00:46:35,200
Speaker 1: So that was pretty exciting for a few minutes.

944
00:46:37,640 --> 00:46:41,560
Speaker 7: But but somebody found an error.

945
00:46:41,680 --> 00:46:44,080
Speaker 1: Well, it's a little bit unlikely because we know that

946
00:46:44,239 --> 00:46:47,080
Speaker 1: dark matter, if it exists, is cold, right, it's not

947
00:46:47,239 --> 00:46:50,080
Speaker 1: fast moving. It tends to poke around the universe, it

948
00:46:50,080 --> 00:46:53,759
Speaker 1: doesn't zip around, whereas mirror matter, if it's real and

949
00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,279
Speaker 1: it really is a mirror of everything we know, should

950
00:46:56,360 --> 00:46:59,680
Speaker 1: have similar properties to our matter. It should there should

951
00:46:59,680 --> 00:47:03,239
Speaker 1: be real saivistic elements of it. And so already we

952
00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:06,000
Speaker 1: think like, well, mirror matter doesn't really fit the same

953
00:47:06,040 --> 00:47:08,360
Speaker 1: profile as dark matter. What we know about dark matter

954
00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:11,640
Speaker 1: doesn't really mimic everything we know about the standard model.

955
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:13,920
Speaker 1: It seems like it should be heavier and slower.

956
00:47:14,280 --> 00:47:15,560
Speaker 7: Mirror matter is too hot for.

957
00:47:15,640 --> 00:47:19,960
Speaker 1: Dark matter, exactly. Everybody looks better in the mirror, right.

958
00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:24,640
Speaker 7: Everyone looks hotter. Yeah. Well, but I guess, I mean,

959
00:47:24,680 --> 00:47:28,799
Speaker 7: are you saying that dark matter is significantly colder in

960
00:47:28,880 --> 00:47:30,040
Speaker 7: general than we are?

961
00:47:30,280 --> 00:47:35,359
Speaker 1: Yes? Absolutely, m I see. Yeah. And then the other

962
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:38,440
Speaker 1: thing is that was fifteen years ago, and since then

963
00:47:38,520 --> 00:47:41,400
Speaker 1: there's been a lot more experiments looking for dark matter

964
00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:44,960
Speaker 1: and cross checking the DOMA experiment, and if mirror matter

965
00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:47,759
Speaker 1: was making a signal in the domain experiment, we would

966
00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:51,040
Speaker 1: have seen it in some of these other experiments CDMs

967
00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:51,720
Speaker 1: and xenon.

968
00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:53,640
Speaker 7: And it's not as special anymore.

969
00:47:53,719 --> 00:47:56,279
Speaker 1: Yeah. So there was a brief window, you know, when

970
00:47:56,320 --> 00:47:59,320
Speaker 1: the experiments looked like they might support this crazy idea

971
00:47:59,680 --> 00:48:01,200
Speaker 1: and that it was exciting for a few minutes, but

972
00:48:01,239 --> 00:48:02,680
Speaker 1: it sort of fell apart, all.

973
00:48:02,640 --> 00:48:07,320
Speaker 7: Right, So not a lot of support experimentally for this idea.

974
00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:10,440
Speaker 7: Are there any other ways that we could find mirror matter?

975
00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:14,239
Speaker 1: Well, the other things we could do gravitationally are trying

976
00:48:14,280 --> 00:48:17,879
Speaker 1: to look for its effects, you know, astronomically, because it

977
00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:21,040
Speaker 1: might be that mirror matter isn't like diffuse and spread

978
00:48:21,040 --> 00:48:23,120
Speaker 1: out the way dark matter is. It really does have

979
00:48:23,239 --> 00:48:26,400
Speaker 1: interactions that can form interesting structures. Like there could be

980
00:48:26,680 --> 00:48:29,400
Speaker 1: mirror stars out there. There could be mirror galaxies and

981
00:48:29,480 --> 00:48:32,480
Speaker 1: mirror planets, right, and so that could be exciting.

982
00:48:32,680 --> 00:48:35,160
Speaker 7: Would we be able to see them? Could they still

983
00:48:35,320 --> 00:48:38,480
Speaker 7: spit out, you know, photons or do they spit out mirror.

984
00:48:38,239 --> 00:48:40,600
Speaker 1: Photos They spit out mirror photons only for the mirror

985
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:43,880
Speaker 1: astronomers to write mirror papers about it and win mirror Nobel Prizes.

986
00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:47,200
Speaker 1: But of course we might be able to see their

987
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:50,279
Speaker 1: effects gravitationally. But you know, these are not studies where

988
00:48:50,320 --> 00:48:53,319
Speaker 1: you're like looking for individual particles of mirror matter, but

989
00:48:53,360 --> 00:48:58,640
Speaker 1: you're like looking for distortions in cosmic gravitational fields. You know,

990
00:48:58,680 --> 00:49:02,200
Speaker 1: we talked on the podcast for about weird gravitational anomalies

991
00:49:02,200 --> 00:49:05,160
Speaker 1: in the universe, like the Great Attractor, a strange source

992
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:08,600
Speaker 1: of localized gravity somewhere beyond the Milky Way that we

993
00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:11,800
Speaker 1: can't explain in terms of the stuff that we see.

994
00:49:12,280 --> 00:49:14,560
Speaker 1: So that's the kind of thing that you might try

995
00:49:14,560 --> 00:49:17,200
Speaker 1: to explain using like mirror galaxies.

996
00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:21,440
Speaker 7: Oh, but I guess at the mirror at the galaxy level,

997
00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:24,800
Speaker 7: it's sort of maybe indistinguishable from dark matter.

998
00:49:24,880 --> 00:49:27,759
Speaker 1: Maybe, yeah, except that dark matter tends to clump with

999
00:49:27,880 --> 00:49:31,600
Speaker 1: normal matter. Dark matter normal matter tend to overlay each other.

1000
00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:33,719
Speaker 1: In fact, the reason you have normal matter where it

1001
00:49:33,800 --> 00:49:36,560
Speaker 1: is is because there's dark matter there, like pulling it together.

1002
00:49:36,840 --> 00:49:38,719
Speaker 7: So then are you saying that there could be a

1003
00:49:39,160 --> 00:49:43,880
Speaker 7: mirror planet like right now in our Solar system spinner

1004
00:49:44,080 --> 00:49:47,239
Speaker 7: and around our Sun. We just can't see it, but

1005
00:49:47,320 --> 00:49:49,760
Speaker 7: we might feel it gravitationally. Is that kind of the idea.

1006
00:49:49,840 --> 00:49:51,399
Speaker 1: That's kind of the idea. I mean, I never thought

1007
00:49:51,440 --> 00:49:53,240
Speaker 1: about it in terms of like a whole mirror planet

1008
00:49:53,320 --> 00:49:56,160
Speaker 1: in our Solar system. That's pretty awesome. And I'm right

1009
00:49:56,160 --> 00:49:58,160
Speaker 1: now writing that down for an idea for a science

1010
00:49:58,200 --> 00:50:02,239
Speaker 1: fiction novel which somebody should write. That's pretty cool. I

1011
00:50:02,280 --> 00:50:05,480
Speaker 1: was more thinking about like entire mirror galaxies separated from ours.

1012
00:50:05,480 --> 00:50:08,719
Speaker 1: But no, you're right. I mean, if our matter feels gravity,

1013
00:50:08,760 --> 00:50:10,640
Speaker 1: it could pull on this stuff, and so our sun

1014
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:13,520
Speaker 1: could have a mirror planet surrounding it. And in fact,

1015
00:50:13,880 --> 00:50:17,640
Speaker 1: Bob Foot from Melbourne claims that some weird things in

1016
00:50:17,680 --> 00:50:20,600
Speaker 1: the Solar System support the existence of mirror.

1017
00:50:20,280 --> 00:50:23,919
Speaker 7: Matter, huh, like that there could be mirror asteroids kind

1018
00:50:23,920 --> 00:50:27,319
Speaker 7: of in the in how all of the things in

1019
00:50:27,360 --> 00:50:28,720
Speaker 7: our solar system move around.

1020
00:50:28,840 --> 00:50:31,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, and he's looked at some like craters on some

1021
00:50:31,719 --> 00:50:34,560
Speaker 1: things in the Solar system and claimed that they can't

1022
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:38,080
Speaker 1: be explained using normal impacts from normal asteroids. You would

1023
00:50:38,120 --> 00:50:41,920
Speaker 1: need a mirror asteroid to explain it. And I'm pretty.

1024
00:50:41,680 --> 00:50:45,880
Speaker 7: Skeptical about and glass everywhere, and they're like, like, it

1025
00:50:45,960 --> 00:50:47,280
Speaker 7: has to be a mirror collision.

1026
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:51,000
Speaker 1: I'm pretty skeptical of that because you know, mirror objects

1027
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:54,000
Speaker 1: wouldn't collide with normal objects the normal way, right, They

1028
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:57,200
Speaker 1: don't feel electromagnetism or the strong force, so they would

1029
00:50:57,200 --> 00:50:59,319
Speaker 1: mostly just pass through each other and affect each other

1030
00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:02,480
Speaker 1: just gravity nationally, So you can't really have like impact

1031
00:51:02,560 --> 00:51:04,879
Speaker 1: sites or collisions in that same way. You can only

1032
00:51:04,880 --> 00:51:08,440
Speaker 1: feel a gravitational tug. So that would be pretty spectacular.

1033
00:51:08,520 --> 00:51:10,759
Speaker 1: But I'm not sure I buy that argument all.

1034
00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:13,920
Speaker 7: Right, But it sounds like a pretty interesting idea, And again,

1035
00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:17,360
Speaker 7: I think it really taps into again this whole feeling

1036
00:51:17,360 --> 00:51:20,680
Speaker 7: that maybe there's a whole universe out there that's kind

1037
00:51:20,719 --> 00:51:23,279
Speaker 7: of on top of us, but maybe unreachable. You know,

1038
00:51:23,400 --> 00:51:24,759
Speaker 7: all these ideas are fascinating.

1039
00:51:24,920 --> 00:51:27,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, that reason and this idea may be wrong or

1040
00:51:27,880 --> 00:51:30,920
Speaker 1: maybe right, but it's definitely true that there is stuff

1041
00:51:30,960 --> 00:51:33,120
Speaker 1: out there that we don't understand. That there's a whole

1042
00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:36,359
Speaker 1: invisible universe of stuff going on that if we could

1043
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:38,080
Speaker 1: tap into it and figure it out, would give us

1044
00:51:38,080 --> 00:51:40,759
Speaker 1: a sense of context, you know, like where which part

1045
00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:42,799
Speaker 1: of the puzzle are we in. It's like when you're

1046
00:51:42,840 --> 00:51:44,680
Speaker 1: doing a puzzle and you're just working on a time

1047
00:51:44,719 --> 00:51:46,200
Speaker 1: a little bit and you don't even really know like

1048
00:51:46,200 --> 00:51:48,000
Speaker 1: where does this go? Is this part of that foot

1049
00:51:48,080 --> 00:51:50,160
Speaker 1: or is this part of the person's face. That's where

1050
00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:52,080
Speaker 1: we are in physics, and we have no idea where

1051
00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:54,640
Speaker 1: our little piece fits in. We know that the puzzle

1052
00:51:54,719 --> 00:51:57,080
Speaker 1: is huge and we've only tapped into a little bit

1053
00:51:57,080 --> 00:51:59,400
Speaker 1: of it, and so this is temptation will be like,

1054
00:51:59,440 --> 00:52:01,400
Speaker 1: well maybe this fits on over here, maybe this is

1055
00:52:01,520 --> 00:52:04,040
Speaker 1: other part over there. And so it's definitely a good

1056
00:52:04,040 --> 00:52:06,799
Speaker 1: idea to look for weirdnesses in what we see and

1057
00:52:06,880 --> 00:52:09,640
Speaker 1: try to reflect it into the larger context. I think

1058
00:52:09,800 --> 00:52:12,160
Speaker 1: that's definitely a good way forward. I'm not sure about

1059
00:52:12,160 --> 00:52:14,839
Speaker 1: this particular theory, but you know, I'm definitely a fan

1060
00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:15,920
Speaker 1: of this kind of idea.

1061
00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:18,920
Speaker 7: I like what you did there, Daniel, you said, reflected.

1062
00:52:20,160 --> 00:52:21,680
Speaker 1: I reflected on that joke for a while.

1063
00:52:24,600 --> 00:52:27,960
Speaker 7: All right, Well, hopefully that will get everyone to think

1064
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:30,680
Speaker 7: a little bit about all of these amazing symmetries we

1065
00:52:30,760 --> 00:52:33,799
Speaker 7: have and all of the amazing asymmetries that we have

1066
00:52:33,880 --> 00:52:35,680
Speaker 7: in our universe, because you know, there has to be

1067
00:52:35,880 --> 00:52:40,239
Speaker 7: kind of a reason for these weird, unexplained patterns in

1068
00:52:40,280 --> 00:52:40,880
Speaker 7: our universe.

1069
00:52:41,440 --> 00:52:44,240
Speaker 1: That's right, and anybody out there could be the person

1070
00:52:44,239 --> 00:52:46,640
Speaker 1: who figures it out. We joke around a little bit

1071
00:52:46,680 --> 00:52:48,800
Speaker 1: about how this's just one guy in Australia, but you know,

1072
00:52:48,840 --> 00:52:52,000
Speaker 1: it only takes one person to have an idea and

1073
00:52:52,040 --> 00:52:54,920
Speaker 1: to change the world, and for that to be correct.

1074
00:52:55,080 --> 00:52:58,160
Speaker 1: Einstein was just one guy, you know, Maxwell was just

1075
00:52:58,239 --> 00:53:00,400
Speaker 1: one guy. All these people who can try red to

1076
00:53:00,480 --> 00:53:03,200
Speaker 1: science they had an idea and they propagated it forward.

1077
00:53:03,480 --> 00:53:05,920
Speaker 1: And so that could be bob Foot in Australia, or

1078
00:53:05,920 --> 00:53:07,920
Speaker 1: it could be you, or it could be your kids.

1079
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:10,480
Speaker 1: So everybody out there should be thinking deeply about the

1080
00:53:10,560 --> 00:53:14,200
Speaker 1: universe and trying to understand the whole context of our lives.

1081
00:53:14,840 --> 00:53:17,799
Speaker 7: Yeah, so all of you thinking about physics. Look in

1082
00:53:17,800 --> 00:53:20,719
Speaker 7: the mirror and raise your right hand or your left

1083
00:53:20,719 --> 00:53:23,520
Speaker 7: hand and help us figure all this stuff out.

1084
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:24,200
Speaker 1: Well.

1085
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,319
Speaker 7: We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See

1086
00:53:27,360 --> 00:53:27,919
Speaker 7: you next time.

1087
00:53:36,360 --> 00:53:39,160
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explain

1088
00:53:39,239 --> 00:53:43,239
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1089
00:53:43,239 --> 00:53:47,400
Speaker 1: from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

1090
00:53:47,440 --> 00:54:00,919
Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop

1091
00:54:00,960 --> 00:54:02,880
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

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00:54:03,040 --> 00:54:05,960
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

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00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:09,319
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

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00:54:09,360 --> 00:54:12,440
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

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00:54:12,440 --> 00:54:16,040
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy

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00:54:16,080 --> 00:54:20,200
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

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00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:24,719
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

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00:54:24,760 --> 00:54:28,880
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you asdairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

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Speaker 1: to learn more.

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Speaker 2: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio

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Speaker 2: Music Festival, preceded by Capital.

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Speaker 3: W The biggest headliners in live music will be taking

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Speaker 3: over to mobile Arena, Las.

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Speaker 4: Vegas lost some special surprises of moments you are not

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Speaker 4: going to want to miss.

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Speaker 5: Stream only on Hulu the iHeartRadio Music Festival and listen

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Speaker 5: on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events of the year.

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Speaker 6: This Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern

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Speaker 6: seven thirty fift Hi.

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Speaker 13: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

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Speaker 13: hit the number one science podcast in America. I'm a

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Speaker 13: neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the

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Speaker 13: three pound universe in our heads. Join me weekly to

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Speaker 13: explore the relationship between your brain and your life, because

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Speaker 13: the more we know about what's running under the hood,

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Speaker 13: better we can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos

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Speaker 13: with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

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Speaker 13: wherever you get your podcasts.