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Speaker 1: Now here's a highlight from coast to coast AM on iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: Doctor Leue, what would you say about artificial intelligence? Is

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Speaker 2: it dangerous or beneficial or both?

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Speaker 3: Well, George, I think it's both. I mean, let's think

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Speaker 3: about this in your life. Do you know intelligent people

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Speaker 3: that are both harmful and helpful to you?

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Speaker 2: I would probably say in deep thought.

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Speaker 3: Yes, yeah. And so if we think about it that way,

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Speaker 3: it's a tool like anything else, right, whether fossil fuels,

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Speaker 3: for example, they're great, they have done tremendous good to

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Speaker 3: our society, but we also see that there is some

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Speaker 3: harm if you use them unwisely, and if you want,

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Speaker 3: you can even make bombs out of it, which would

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Speaker 3: be terrible. But it really varies on how you use it.

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Speaker 3: And so right now, a lot of my artificial intelligence

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Speaker 3: colleagues are saying, be careful when we build some thing

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Speaker 3: that is AI based that can work faster than our

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Speaker 3: human minds can, Let's be sure that we set it

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Speaker 3: on the right path before we let it go without

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Speaker 3: any restriction.

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Speaker 2: Explain Charles Schrodinger's cat.

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Speaker 3: Okay, Schrodinger's Cat is one of the great stories of

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Speaker 3: quantum physics and it's history. It probably is the best

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Speaker 3: known sort of thought experiment about quantum physics and this

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Speaker 3: concept called quantum entanglement. Imagine if this is what Erwin

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Speaker 3: Schrodeger said to Albert Einstein back in nineteen thirty something.

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Speaker 3: Imagine if there were a cat in a box, and

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Speaker 3: this is an air tight box, and inside that box

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Speaker 3: there's a capsule of poison, and that poison will be

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Speaker 3: released only if a certain atomic effect happens, like one

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Speaker 3: atomic decay or something like that. Now, physicists can predict

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Speaker 3: when a lot of atomic decays can happen on average,

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Speaker 3: how long it would take. That's called a half life.

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Speaker 3: But in any given particle, we cannot know whether or

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Speaker 3: not this thing is going to decay today or tomorrow

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Speaker 3: or in a few seconds. So what Schurgeger said was,

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Speaker 3: if you put this cat in this box and you

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Speaker 3: don't open the box, you don't know whether or not

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Speaker 3: that atomic decay occurred, and therefore you don't know whether

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Speaker 3: that cat has been poisoned or not. Is that cat

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Speaker 3: dead or alive? You can't tell until you open the box.

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Speaker 3: Before the box is opened, the cat could be alive

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Speaker 3: or it could be dead. Mathematically, it could even be

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Speaker 3: alive and dead at the same time. Sixty percent alive,

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Speaker 3: forty percent dead. Who knows. And this is the thought

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Speaker 3: process that Schurteger presented to Einstein and to others to say,

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Speaker 3: this is how quantum physics is fundamentally different from classical physics.

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Speaker 2: Why is physics so fascinating.

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Speaker 3: Terms because it really provides an insight to everything around us. Originally,

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Speaker 3: right when physics was first being thought about, guys like Aristotle,

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Speaker 3: right the ancient Greeks are trying to figure out why

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Speaker 3: things move, why things fall, and they came up with ideas,

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Speaker 3: but they didn't know how to really explore those ideas.

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Speaker 3: They sounded good, but they didn't know how to test them.

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Speaker 3: And then it took a thousand plus years before people

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Speaker 3: whom we call scientists today in the Arab world, in

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Speaker 3: the European world, in the Asian world. Galileo Galilei, well

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Speaker 3: known guy from the fifteen hundreds and sixteen hundred in Italy,

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Speaker 3: was really the one who wrote down sort of this

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Speaker 3: is how I am studying the universe, not just thinking

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Speaker 3: about it, but exploring it by experimentation and by testing

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Speaker 3: it and figuring out whether something not necessarily is right,

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Speaker 3: but whether it's wrong and so over time. I think

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Speaker 3: physics fascination is that it gives us a chance to

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Speaker 3: test things, not just guess at things, but really help

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Speaker 3: us know what's there. And once you test them and

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Speaker 3: figure out what's not right, you can slowly reveal what's right.

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Speaker 3: And from there we can build on that and work

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Speaker 3: further and further till today we can use quantum physics

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Speaker 3: to make things like computers and cell phones, and use

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Speaker 3: general relativity to make GPS systems and things like that.

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Speaker 3: That's really pretty cool.

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Speaker 2: I always qualify this statement by saying, if you can

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Speaker 2: take God out of the equation for a moment, how

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Speaker 2: did this universe get to be so magnificent in the

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Speaker 2: form that it is. I mean, it's truly remarkable.

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Speaker 3: It is, and it's so remarkable it exceeds our human

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Speaker 3: ability to understand it so far. Right, The reason we

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Speaker 3: keep making so many discoveries in physics today and in

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Speaker 3: astronomy and talking about the origins of the universe and

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Speaker 3: so forth, is indeed that it's so much more complicated

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Speaker 3: than us because we were built inside it. Right, If

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Speaker 3: you take the basic laws of physics, as we understand

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Speaker 3: them right now, and just add all the matter and

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Speaker 3: the energy that we have in the universe and give

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Speaker 3: it space and give it time. Then it organizes itself

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Speaker 3: just in ways that we can't even begin to imagine,

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Speaker 3: the ways that we have been able to imagine already

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Speaker 3: explain amazing things like the Earth, the Sun, our galaxy, life,

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Speaker 3: we humans, and then there's still more to discover every

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Speaker 3: time because of the strategy of looking at things that

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Speaker 3: we can show are wrong, testing our hypotheses and ideas,

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Speaker 3: and then we can slowly figure out what's right by

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Speaker 3: proving that thing is wrong. That's really I think why

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Speaker 3: it's so cool. It's just the amount of time that

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Speaker 3: we've had to allow all these things to organize, and

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Speaker 3: that complexity has led to all these amazing things.

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Speaker 2: Do you think do you believe there's an intelligence behind it?

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Speaker 3: There is no evidence. People have looked really hard to

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Speaker 3: see if an intelligence is necessary to do this, and

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Speaker 3: it turns out that at the moment, despite looking for it,

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Speaker 3: there is no concrete need for that intelligence behind it

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Speaker 3: for all this stuff to happen. We used to think

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Speaker 3: that it had to, but as we go further, we

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Speaker 3: see that those unknown things that we thought, oh, surely

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Speaker 3: must have been the hand of some divine or some superintelligence.

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Speaker 3: Turns out that it just happens naturally, and it can

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Speaker 3: happen naturally. This has been a question from a law

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Speaker 3: a long time ago. It was a very famous quote.

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Speaker 3: I don't know if this story is apocryphal or real,

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Speaker 3: but Napoleon once asked his favorite scientist, a guy named Lejandre, said, uh,

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Speaker 3: do you think there is a god? And he said

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Speaker 3: Legendre said, as of this moment, I have as yet

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Speaker 3: no need for that hypothesis. Interesting take, Yeah, I think so.

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Speaker 3: And there's no thing that says that an super intelligent

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Speaker 3: creature or a god, or many gods for that matter,

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Speaker 3: does not exist. Right, We just haven't been able to

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Speaker 3: show that it's necessary.

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Speaker 2: How did it start?

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Speaker 3: How did all the whole universe start?

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Speaker 2: Yeah?

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Speaker 3: Well, therein lies a fascinating question too. We can figure

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Speaker 3: out by going backwards in time from our current universe

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Speaker 3: and the way that it has developed, that at about

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Speaker 3: thirteen point eight billion years ago years as measured by

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Speaker 3: a total number of seconds, right, not by the number

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Speaker 3: of times Earth has gone around the Sun, because the

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Speaker 3: Earth hasn't been around that long right, If you count

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Speaker 3: backwards thirteen point eight billion years ago, our universe should

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Speaker 3: have been far smaller than any subatomic particle that exists today.

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Speaker 3: We're talking a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of.

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Speaker 2: An inch, smaller than microscopic.

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Speaker 3: That's right, far smaller than any mine.

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Speaker 2: Amazing.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, And so how it got from that point to

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Speaker 3: our present day. We have a pretty good sense based

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Speaker 3: on the physics that we've been able to understand up

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Speaker 3: to this point, the astronomical observations, the theoretical work that

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Speaker 3: we've been working on. That that's pretty good. But below that,

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Speaker 3: how it got to that point in the first place

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Speaker 3: is the subject of a lot of controversy, in part

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Speaker 3: because we can't design an experiment yet to prove that

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Speaker 3: our idea is wrong.

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Speaker 2: We can't duplicate it.

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Speaker 3: Nuts, right, it's only happened once before. The cool thing

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Speaker 3: about we can't duplicate it, George, what you mentioned is

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Speaker 3: that one of the hypotheses about how the universe got

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Speaker 3: to the way it was involves a kind of expansion

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Speaker 3: of the universe that happened after it first began to exist.

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Speaker 3: There's this thing called inflation, all right, Not inflation like

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Speaker 3: economic inflation, but inflation, like space gets blown upward like

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Speaker 3: a balloon, it balloons outward and a huge, massively fast

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Speaker 3: expansion doesn't pop, but it just grows so fast that

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Speaker 3: all future expansion depends on how that inflation happened. So

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Speaker 3: the thing is, if that kind of inflation is true,

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Speaker 3: then there's nothing that stops it from happening again and

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Speaker 3: again and again, but just in an environment and in

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Speaker 3: a way that we can't detect. So if inflation happens,

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Speaker 3: there is this hypothesis that there's this thing called eternal

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Speaker 3: inflation where a nearly infinite are certainly a huge number

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Speaker 3: of these universal bubbles can pop up and we could

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Speaker 3: just be existing in one of them, while there are

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Speaker 3: a multitude of such inflationary bubbles all around us and

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Speaker 3: we can't interact with them.

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Speaker 2: Do we know why a jump started, though.

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Speaker 3: That's something we don't know yet. The current hypotheses vary widely,

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Speaker 3: and again the problem is that they can work out

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Speaker 3: the math. My colleagues who are doing this sort of

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Speaker 3: theoretical cosmology stuff, but there's no experiment yet that can

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Speaker 3: show that their math is wrong or right. One really

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Speaker 3: promising idea, which I think is kind of cool is

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Speaker 3: to imagine that our space time, our universe here, which

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Speaker 3: has the dimensions of length with height and time time,

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Speaker 3: is actually like a four dimensional projection of something that's

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Speaker 3: a five dimensional shape or structure. Okay, have you ever

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Speaker 3: played with soap bubbles and like taken two bubbles and

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Speaker 3: pushed them close together, and then they kind of combine

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Speaker 3: and they form a little skin between the two of them.

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Speaker 2: Not many years, yeah, one though, Yeah right?

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Speaker 3: It actually physics teaching physics in part gives me excuse

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Speaker 3: to play with bubble bath the way that I used

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Speaker 3: to when I was a kid. Right, you can imagine

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Speaker 3: taking three dimensional bubbles and making them come in contact

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Speaker 3: with each other, and then they create a two dimensional

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Speaker 3: skin in between them. Right. That skin lasts for a

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Speaker 3: period of time, depending on how long the bubbles last,

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Speaker 3: and they form the skin when they come in contact. Now,

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Speaker 3: imagine if two five dimensional structures they're currently called membranes,

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Speaker 3: if they come in contact, then they would create a

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Speaker 3: skin between them. But instead of going from three to

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Speaker 3: two dimensions as in the soap bubble analogy, it would

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Speaker 3: go from five to four dimensions. And so our four

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Speaker 3: dimensional space time may be the consequence of the contact

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Speaker 3: between two five dimensional membranes, and when that happened, that

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Speaker 3: was when the universe, as we understand that this four

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Speaker 3: dimensional space time first began to exist. We just don't

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Speaker 3: have the experiments or the observations yet that can prove

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Speaker 3: or disprove this mathematically really interesting hypothesis.

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Speaker 2: What is the possibility that we may be living in

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Speaker 2: a holographic universe?

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Speaker 3: Ah, A holographic universe, for all intents and purposes, is

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Speaker 3: an idea that suggests that we see three dimensions and

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Speaker 3: observe three dimensions, but all of our information is preserved

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Speaker 3: in two dimensions. It's kind of like the holograms on

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Speaker 3: our debit cards, right, even though they're flat, it looks

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Speaker 3: like there is a three dimensional object in there because

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Speaker 3: the information for the three dimensional object is preserved in

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Speaker 3: two dimensions. So could we be in a holographic universe? Possibly?

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Speaker 3: We have to try to prove or disprove that though,

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Speaker 3: and that's the problem. We can't design an experiment yet

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Speaker 3: that allows us to understand whether or not we are

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Speaker 3: all projected on say two dimensional space that has time,

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Speaker 3: But we think we're in a three dimensional space because

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Speaker 3: that's what we see, or the other way around. We

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Speaker 3: are two dimensional or projected on the three, or four

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Speaker 3: dimensionals projected on the three. These kinds of projection ideas

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Speaker 3: could work and mathematically, but we don't have experiments that

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Speaker 3: can confirm them yet.

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Speaker 2: This is dramatic stuff. Charles is that it's a lot

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Speaker 2: of fun.

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Speaker 3: I really like thinking about them and telling this with people.

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Speaker 3: It's fun stuff.

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Speaker 2: Tell us about the title of your book, The Handy

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Speaker 2: Quantum Physics answer Book.

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Speaker 3: Okay, well, you see, I use quantum physics in my

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Speaker 3: research all the time. I'm an astronomer, right, Like I

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Speaker 3: said earlier. I study galaxies when they're crashing into each other.

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Speaker 3: I study the super massive black holes that are inside them.

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Speaker 3: I study the star formation history of the universe, things

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Speaker 3: like that. So I use quantum physics every day, but

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Speaker 3: I don't actually conduct research in the debts and the

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Speaker 3: details of quantum physics. Right. So I wanted to show

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Speaker 3: everybody who wanted to be curious about it what quantum

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Speaker 3: physics specifically is like on a regular basis. You know,

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Speaker 3: you look for handy books or handy guides to things

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Speaker 3: when you want to know stuff that's cool, but you

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Speaker 3: don't need necessarily to get into the weeds right. And

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Speaker 3: so that's what the Handy Quantum Physics answer Book is

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Speaker 3: a out. You want to know a little bit about quantum,

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Speaker 3: you want to know a lot about quantum. Here it is.

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Speaker 3: But it's not written in a way that's for the

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Speaker 3: technical people or for the researchers. It's for you and me.

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Speaker 3: We're just taking all the cool ideas and concepts that

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Speaker 3: have been expressed through mathematics and through physical research and

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Speaker 3: just giving it for all of us to be able

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Speaker 3: to use and to enjoy.

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Speaker 1: Listen to more Coast to Coast AM every weeknight at

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Speaker 1: oneam Eastern, and go to Coast to coastam dot com

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Speaker 1: for more