WEBVTT - Selects: How Droughts Work 0:00:00.200 --> 0:00:05.080 Hi, everybody. Chuck here on a lovely Saturday morning. Cut 0:00:05.120 --> 0:00:09.760 my cup of hot tea. I'm looking out the window 0:00:10.080 --> 0:00:13.800 at a blue sky. The birds are chirping. It's all 0:00:13.840 --> 0:00:19.160 gets as far as your select mind goes. And today 0:00:19.160 --> 0:00:22.400 we're going to talk about droughts because California is in 0:00:22.400 --> 0:00:24.680 the midst of a bad one. And we talked about 0:00:24.720 --> 0:00:32.360 that and more in this episode How Droughts Work. Welcome 0:00:32.479 --> 0:00:41.640 to Stuff You Should Know, a production of I Heart Radio. Hey, 0:00:41.680 --> 0:00:44.839 and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with Charles 0:00:44.920 --> 0:00:50.000 W Chuck Bryant, and Jerry the chairs there making copies 0:00:52.000 --> 0:00:53.840 and this is stuff you should know. That was a 0:00:53.880 --> 0:00:56.520 classic skit, wouldn't you say? And that one of the 0:00:56.520 --> 0:00:59.640 only ones I liked by that guy by Rob Schneider. 0:01:00.000 --> 0:01:03.320 That wasn't the biggest fan. Uh did you see the 0:01:03.320 --> 0:01:08.360 one We're Stinging? He's like staying stingling ling ding ding 0:01:09.920 --> 0:01:13.160 making copies. Yeah, it was funny. I mean, I'm not 0:01:13.200 --> 0:01:16.040 anti Rob Schneider, but I just wasn't like, how could 0:01:16.080 --> 0:01:19.399 you be anti Rob Schneider? Honestly, nobody. It's like being 0:01:19.440 --> 0:01:22.160 mad at like a friendly horse or something. Yeah, exactly, 0:01:22.800 --> 0:01:25.240 that's stupid friendly horse. Yeah, I hate his guts. Yeah. 0:01:27.120 --> 0:01:30.680 Uh what a weird intro. Yeah, well, par for the 0:01:30.760 --> 0:01:33.200 course pretty much. My friend. Well, although his career has 0:01:33.280 --> 0:01:38.920 dried up. Oh that was good and vicious. Man. I 0:01:38.920 --> 0:01:41.280 hope he doesn't listen before we get into the whole 0:01:41.360 --> 0:01:46.080 drying up reference. Chuck, we are long, long, long overdue 0:01:46.160 --> 0:01:50.240 for giving a huge shout out to our Kiva team. Yeah, 0:01:50.240 --> 0:01:53.800 that's right. Uh several years ago, it feels like many 0:01:53.880 --> 0:01:56.640 years ago, we did a podcast on micro lending and 0:01:56.680 --> 0:01:59.160 we said, hey, let's start a Kiva team. Kiva is 0:01:59.200 --> 0:02:04.320 a international lending organization micro lending where they pair you 0:02:04.360 --> 0:02:07.120 with people. Actually they it's all over the world. Now 0:02:07.640 --> 0:02:10.280 you need money on a small basis, you loan them 0:02:10.280 --> 0:02:12.440 the money. You can get paid back and pull your 0:02:12.440 --> 0:02:14.400 money back out, or you can reloan it. And we 0:02:14.480 --> 0:02:18.399 have a very active team. And let's hear some numbers. Okay, so, um, 0:02:18.440 --> 0:02:21.720 our team captain Glenn of Glenn and Sonya team captain 0:02:21.800 --> 0:02:25.600 Fame sent us some stats recently. We have the stuff 0:02:25.639 --> 0:02:28.800 you should know. Team has eight thousand, four hundred and 0:02:28.800 --> 0:02:34.400 fifty three members as as of July thirty one. Um, 0:02:34.480 --> 0:02:36.360 how much have we loaned so far. Are you ready 0:02:36.360 --> 0:02:38.040 for this? We need a drum roll, Jerry. Can we 0:02:38.080 --> 0:02:39.800 put in some sort of drum roll effect or at 0:02:39.800 --> 0:02:47.440 Wilhelm scream or something like that. All right, Okay, that's nice, 0:02:47.639 --> 0:02:50.560 that's very good. Here we go. Three million, two hundred 0:02:50.600 --> 0:02:55.320 and fifty one thousand, twenty five dollars. Dude, that is crazy. Yep. 0:02:55.639 --> 0:02:58.280 And that's out of a hundred and seventeen thousand, five 0:02:58.360 --> 0:03:01.400 hundred and thirty nine loans, which is a total of 0:03:01.480 --> 0:03:04.520 thirteen point nine loans per member. I don't know how 0:03:04.520 --> 0:03:06.640 people are doing like nine tenths of a loan, but 0:03:06.680 --> 0:03:09.200 that's impressive in and of itself. Yeah. So what that 0:03:09.240 --> 0:03:11.760 means is people get repaid and they just kind of 0:03:12.000 --> 0:03:13.760 do what I think we do is just kind of 0:03:13.840 --> 0:03:15.960 roll that into another loan. Yeah, you relan it. They 0:03:15.960 --> 0:03:18.359 make great gifts. I think at least one person sent 0:03:18.440 --> 0:03:20.880 you to Kiva gift card to congratulate you and Emily 0:03:21.080 --> 0:03:23.919 on Ruby Rose. That's right, And that's always a nice 0:03:23.960 --> 0:03:26.040 thing you can do at holiday times or birthdays. Yep. 0:03:26.280 --> 0:03:28.760 It's whenever it's not too late to join, like we're 0:03:28.760 --> 0:03:30.680 not like, oh, you're new to the team, like it's 0:03:30.680 --> 0:03:33.720 a very supportive, great team and again, like you said, 0:03:33.840 --> 0:03:36.560 very active. You can go to kiva dot org slash 0:03:36.800 --> 0:03:40.200 teams I believe it's plural slash stuff you should know, 0:03:40.840 --> 0:03:42.840 or just search stuff you should know on kiva dot 0:03:43.000 --> 0:03:44.680 org and we'll bring up our team and you can 0:03:44.800 --> 0:03:49.480 join and be embraced by our teammates. That's right. Yeah, 0:03:49.560 --> 0:03:52.640 So thanks to Glenn and Sonia as always for nudging 0:03:52.680 --> 0:03:54.680 us in the right direction and keeping up with the stats. 0:03:55.360 --> 0:03:58.440 Big help and um and congratulations to our team on 0:03:58.520 --> 0:04:01.440 getting the three point to five million dollars and change 0:04:01.440 --> 0:04:07.520 and loans. Absolutely. Okay, So droughts, huh, Rob Snyder VA. 0:04:08.080 --> 0:04:11.960 Droughts the natural progression of things. Don't forget sting was 0:04:12.000 --> 0:04:19.760 in there. Um, all right, let's talk droughts their serious thing. Yeah, 0:04:19.800 --> 0:04:22.600 I mean it's uh, it's it's natural disaster is what 0:04:22.640 --> 0:04:25.760 it is. It is. Although so Robert Lamb wrote this 0:04:25.880 --> 0:04:29.599 article that that forms the basis of this in part. Yeah, 0:04:29.680 --> 0:04:31.960 Robert of stuff to blow your mind, Award winning stuff 0:04:32.000 --> 0:04:36.160 to blow your mind. Yeah, yeah, they wanted to ward. Congratulations. Um, 0:04:36.360 --> 0:04:40.520 the heat points out that droughts are fairly natural. There's 0:04:40.560 --> 0:04:46.200 a lot of debate over whether climate change exacerbates droughts UM. 0:04:46.279 --> 0:04:49.920 But for the most part, droughts are natural. They're seasonal, 0:04:50.000 --> 0:04:53.080 they're temporal, they come and go, or in some cases 0:04:53.120 --> 0:04:55.720 they just stay. And then you got a desert and 0:04:55.760 --> 0:04:59.839 it's it becomes a natural disaster when you apply human 0:05:00.000 --> 0:05:01.760 city to it, kind of like do you remember those 0:05:01.800 --> 0:05:05.839 overhead projectors, and they would have transparencies, so there could 0:05:05.839 --> 0:05:08.200 be like different they could overlay stuff, so so you 0:05:08.240 --> 0:05:12.880 have drought transparency and it's just whatever. But then you 0:05:12.920 --> 0:05:16.680 overlay humanity on it, and then it becomes a natural disaster. Yeah, 0:05:16.680 --> 0:05:18.479 I thought that was a pretty good point actually, when 0:05:19.360 --> 0:05:22.960 that Robert made um in and of itself. If there 0:05:23.000 --> 0:05:26.839 were no humans, that would be a drought um. The 0:05:26.920 --> 0:05:30.160 land would dry up in certain regions, Animals would leave 0:05:30.400 --> 0:05:32.560 because there's no water, but it's like who cares, you're 0:05:32.600 --> 0:05:36.680 not humans. Vegetation would die or the few animals that 0:05:36.720 --> 0:05:38.800 could stay would stay, and the few plants that could 0:05:38.839 --> 0:05:40.880 still grow would grow, and then that would just be 0:05:40.920 --> 0:05:44.080 the new ecosystem, right, and then no big whoop. Potentially, 0:05:44.120 --> 0:05:47.560 if it wasn't permanent, it would shift back and the 0:05:48.600 --> 0:05:52.279 life would come back to the area. But again humans, 0:05:52.720 --> 0:05:55.160 like you said, wouldn't give a big whoop if it 0:05:55.240 --> 0:05:59.960 wasn't for humans living everywhere, growing crops everywhere, and using 0:06:00.040 --> 0:06:03.640 tons and tons of water mostly to grow those crops. 0:06:03.680 --> 0:06:08.760 So we've talked about this again and again, but UM, 0:06:08.760 --> 0:06:10.920 what I saw the most recent stead I came across 0:06:12.520 --> 0:06:17.240 of the global supply of fresh water is used to 0:06:17.360 --> 0:06:23.880 irrigate crops, and that only half is reused, is captured 0:06:23.920 --> 0:06:27.359 and reused, so that means we lose a lot of 0:06:27.400 --> 0:06:32.560 water to agriculture, and and agriculture is kind of leaky, 0:06:32.839 --> 0:06:35.640 you could put it that way. Um, And the fact 0:06:35.680 --> 0:06:37.760 that we try to grow crops everywhere and use a 0:06:37.800 --> 0:06:40.600 bunch of the fresh water creates this kind of vicious 0:06:40.640 --> 0:06:46.400 cycle that exacerbates droughts or at the very least, UM 0:06:46.640 --> 0:06:50.680 makes our reliance on a climate to not be droughty 0:06:51.560 --> 0:06:57.280 really really, um, really important. I just put a lot 0:06:57.279 --> 0:07:00.320 of words together and their scents in there somewhere makes 0:07:00.400 --> 0:07:02.159 total sense. Like, just go back and listen to that 0:07:02.240 --> 0:07:05.920 last sense a few times, everybody, They will finally come through. Uh. 0:07:05.960 --> 0:07:08.560 It is serious business, though, and very sad and devastating. 0:07:08.839 --> 0:07:12.360 Between fifty and a hundred thousand people. Uh, died in 0:07:12.520 --> 0:07:15.560 two thousand eleven in East Africa with their drought. And 0:07:15.680 --> 0:07:18.440 right here in the US we have suffered through uh 0:07:18.520 --> 0:07:22.119 some pretty rough drought here in the last fifty years. Um. 0:07:22.160 --> 0:07:24.320 In two thousand twelve they said it was the worst 0:07:24.360 --> 0:07:29.480 conditions in fifty years in corn production. Uh you put 0:07:29.480 --> 0:07:31.240 a dent in corn production, that's gonna put a dent 0:07:31.320 --> 0:07:34.200 in the world markets. Well, yeah, it's a big deal. 0:07:34.320 --> 0:07:38.560 America runs on corn. Well in the world, condonuts, it's 0:07:38.600 --> 0:07:42.200 even dunkndonuts have corn in them. The world to a 0:07:42.200 --> 0:07:45.120 certain degree runs on America's corn too. Yep, you know 0:07:45.160 --> 0:07:48.320 what I mean. Yeah. And when um, something like corn, 0:07:48.360 --> 0:07:51.440 as we'll see, agriculture gets hit by drought obviously, and 0:07:51.440 --> 0:07:54.520 when it gets hit by drought, because of the globalized 0:07:54.840 --> 0:07:58.440 marketplace that we live in today, when food prices go up, 0:07:58.960 --> 0:08:01.040 some of the poorer country t get priced out of 0:08:01.080 --> 0:08:03.680 the market and they see things like food riots and 0:08:03.760 --> 0:08:06.080 starvation and all sorts of bad stuff. So droughts have 0:08:06.160 --> 0:08:09.600 like terrible effects. It's a snowball effect. And it seems 0:08:09.680 --> 0:08:11.880 like I don't I don't know if it's getting worse 0:08:11.880 --> 0:08:14.520 and if it is getting worse, worse, if it's anthropogenic 0:08:14.600 --> 0:08:18.880 or whatever, but there, Okay. Texas. In two thousand and eleven, 0:08:18.920 --> 0:08:22.760 Texas had the driest year since eight, which happened to 0:08:22.800 --> 0:08:26.240 be the year it started recording this kind of stuff, 0:08:26.760 --> 0:08:29.600 so it's it's the driest year on record for Texas. 0:08:29.760 --> 0:08:33.240 Two thirteen, California had the driest year on record thanks 0:08:33.280 --> 0:08:38.559 to the ridiculously resilient ridge UM, and Australia went through 0:08:38.559 --> 0:08:42.319 what's called the Millennium drought from two thousand nine. They 0:08:42.320 --> 0:08:45.640 had a terrible drop. They actually, like some places like 0:08:45.679 --> 0:08:50.960 Melbourne actually um figured out how to live in drought conditions, 0:08:50.960 --> 0:08:54.000 to survive and actually keep going pretty well. And a 0:08:54.000 --> 0:08:56.160 lot of people are studying what Melbourne did because they 0:08:56.160 --> 0:08:59.680 did it so well. That's because Australians are resourceful and 0:08:59.720 --> 0:09:06.200 smart people, very resourceful, you know, but not smart and smart. Okay, 0:09:06.800 --> 0:09:10.160 I wasn't saying anything. I'm just kidding, rubbing my eye. 0:09:10.160 --> 0:09:13.640 I got distracted. So uh well, we even here in 0:09:13.679 --> 0:09:17.040 Georgia we had a pretty wicked drought. Remember two or 0:09:17.080 --> 0:09:19.280 three years ago, do you remember the governor like lead 0:09:19.320 --> 0:09:22.319 a prayer circle praying for rain and it rained? Did 0:09:22.360 --> 0:09:25.800 it rain? It did rain? And uh I don't remember 0:09:25.840 --> 0:09:27.560 that part. Now. It rained, and there was a lot 0:09:27.600 --> 0:09:30.280 of hullabaloo because they were like, well he led the 0:09:30.280 --> 0:09:32.560 prayer circle on the day where they called for like 0:09:32.679 --> 0:09:37.280 nine ye did it rain? Wow? They were praying because 0:09:37.320 --> 0:09:38.800 that would be kind of cool, That would be kind 0:09:38.800 --> 0:09:41.079 of cool. I don't think that's what happened though, Um, 0:09:41.240 --> 0:09:44.080 but I do remember that. Yeah, there's nothing wrong with 0:09:44.080 --> 0:09:45.880 that praying for rain. Do your rain dance. There was 0:09:45.960 --> 0:09:50.120 talk of war between Georgia and Tennessee, and Tennessee said 0:09:51.160 --> 0:09:54.000 we have guns. Yeah, And Georgia said we have guns. 0:09:54.040 --> 0:09:57.160 We have guns too, yeah. And there's a tense standoff, 0:09:57.520 --> 0:09:59.400 and we left and went to New York City where 0:09:59.400 --> 0:10:04.280 there are no guy, we had something on the books already. Uh. 0:10:04.360 --> 0:10:07.800 So let's talk to the basics of drought. Um. Drought 0:10:07.920 --> 0:10:12.959 is obviously when it doesn't rain enough to sustain uh 0:10:13.040 --> 0:10:16.840 the ecosystem like it should. It's basically you're losing water 0:10:17.000 --> 0:10:21.160 through evaporation, which is when water vaporizes or transporation, when 0:10:21.200 --> 0:10:24.640 water moves you know, through the soil and through the 0:10:24.679 --> 0:10:28.079 plants and then leaves and it's not so useful to us, right, 0:10:28.120 --> 0:10:32.240 So you're losing water faster, faster than it's being replenished. Yeah, 0:10:32.240 --> 0:10:34.640 that is a drought. And again this is this is 0:10:35.000 --> 0:10:37.960 all viewed through the lens of humanity. Like water isn't 0:10:38.000 --> 0:10:41.800 lost when it goes through the soil, so it is 0:10:41.840 --> 0:10:44.480 to us until we get it out of an aquifer 0:10:44.520 --> 0:10:49.320 that's being replenished. UM. But it's not necessarily lost unless 0:10:49.360 --> 0:10:52.240 you really look at it through the human lens. Uh. 0:10:52.280 --> 0:10:55.360 And there are many, many factors that go into whether 0:10:55.440 --> 0:10:58.959 or not a drought occurs and how long it lasts. UM. 0:10:59.080 --> 0:11:05.960 Here are a few immediate causes. One is high pressure zones. UM. 0:11:06.000 --> 0:11:08.400 Sinking error means you get a high pressure zone, which 0:11:08.400 --> 0:11:12.400 means you have clear skies and warmer temperatures. And if 0:11:12.440 --> 0:11:17.120 that stalls over a region, then um, more water is 0:11:17.160 --> 0:11:20.360 going to evaporate. So that's gonna exacerbate the problem. That's 0:11:20.400 --> 0:11:25.120 like the ridiculously resilient ridge over California. UM. From I 0:11:25.160 --> 0:11:29.560 think two, it was just this high pressure zone that 0:11:29.760 --> 0:11:33.160 just said I'm sticking around here for a while. And 0:11:33.280 --> 0:11:35.880 not only was it did it lead to like high 0:11:35.960 --> 0:11:39.720 temperatures and low humidity because it's a high pressure zone. UM, 0:11:39.760 --> 0:11:44.960 it also blocked tropical cyclones that normally are brought to 0:11:45.120 --> 0:11:48.560 California by the westerlies. It just shot him up toward 0:11:48.640 --> 0:11:52.240 the Arctic or down towards Mexico and California for two 0:11:52.400 --> 0:11:55.840 different reasons, didn't get precipitation, and it's still in a 0:11:56.040 --> 0:11:58.880 pickle as a result. Well, usually when you have a 0:11:58.880 --> 0:12:02.360 prolonged drought, you can point to a number of factors, 0:12:02.400 --> 0:12:09.960 like the ironically a perfect storm that causes no storm. 0:12:10.360 --> 0:12:14.360 Another reason is um air pollution. UH. There's a decade 0:12:14.360 --> 0:12:17.840 long study completed I think in two thousand thirteen UM 0:12:17.880 --> 0:12:22.160 from the University of Maryland go terps UH and they 0:12:22.240 --> 0:12:26.200 found that air air particulate, which is pollution dusts at 0:12:26.280 --> 0:12:32.800 sulfates um produces more UH intense storms in wet areas, 0:12:33.320 --> 0:12:35.560 or it leads to more intense storms and wet areas 0:12:35.640 --> 0:12:41.240 and reduces rain and drier areas. So basically just again 0:12:41.280 --> 0:12:46.040 exacerbates whatever is normally going on there. It creates weather extremes, 0:12:46.360 --> 0:12:48.320 creates weather extremes. It's a great way to say it. 0:12:49.240 --> 0:12:55.440 That's weird though, because so particulate matter. Yeah, I'm trying 0:12:55.440 --> 0:12:57.560 to figure this out, so the they don't know. The 0:12:57.559 --> 0:13:01.439 mechanism is uncertain at this point, So there is no answer. 0:13:01.520 --> 0:13:05.240 If that was your question, I'm abandoning figuring it out. Then. Uh. 0:13:05.280 --> 0:13:09.360 And then here in the southeast one causes wind blowing 0:13:09.400 --> 0:13:11.760 inward from the ocean is usually good thing because that 0:13:11.840 --> 0:13:15.240 brings in from the Atlantic on the eastern seaboard, brings 0:13:15.240 --> 0:13:19.200 in warm, humid temperatures and uh in the summertime, and 0:13:19.240 --> 0:13:22.199 if they shift or weekend, then they're going to bring 0:13:22.240 --> 0:13:24.440 in less moisture and less rainfall. And I think that 0:13:24.559 --> 0:13:28.720 is what happened. It was a wind shift. And uh, 0:13:28.760 --> 0:13:30.520 whenever it was we had our drought, when was that 0:13:30.559 --> 0:13:35.280 was that? It may have been something like that around then. Yeah, 0:13:35.440 --> 0:13:39.480 I mean it was fairly severe. Um. I just remember 0:13:39.640 --> 0:13:42.640 all the lakes were way down and they I don't 0:13:42.640 --> 0:13:45.280 think we got to the point where they were had 0:13:45.440 --> 0:13:50.240 forced rationing, but they were advising everyone and asking everyone 0:13:50.280 --> 0:13:53.280 to be better stewards. It was a big deal. Everybody 0:13:53.400 --> 0:13:57.240 was really nervous. I think that the lake where Atlantic 0:13:57.240 --> 0:13:59.600 gets his fresh waters down like twelve feet or something 0:13:59.679 --> 0:14:05.600 like that. It there was serious stuff. Um. Did you 0:14:05.600 --> 0:14:11.040 you talked about like like changes in um in different 0:14:11.040 --> 0:14:15.960 areas from did you did you mentioned lno Nino? Do 0:14:16.000 --> 0:14:19.680 you remember that Chris Farley when he was El Nino 0:14:19.800 --> 0:14:22.320 back in the nineties. It's like, I am El Nino, 0:14:22.880 --> 0:14:27.400 which means the Nino in Spanish, so you know what 0:14:27.480 --> 0:14:29.800 that is. I sort of remember that. There's a documentary 0:14:29.800 --> 0:14:32.200 on about him now, which I'm eager to see. Oh yeah, 0:14:32.320 --> 0:14:34.080 I haven't checked out. I forgot about that. I want 0:14:34.120 --> 0:14:37.800 to see that as well. Um, so El Nino is 0:14:37.840 --> 0:14:41.640 actually um named for little baby Jesus. Did you know that? 0:14:42.280 --> 0:14:44.680 I did not know that. Yeah. Back in the sixteen hundred, 0:14:44.760 --> 0:14:50.280 Spanish fishermen um off the coast of Mexico UM named 0:14:50.280 --> 0:14:53.920 it El Nino because it was this weird arrival of 0:14:54.040 --> 0:14:56.960 really warm water in December in the winter months. So 0:14:56.960 --> 0:14:59.680 they're like, oh, well, obviously it's the Christ Child. So 0:14:59.720 --> 0:15:02.880 then aimed at El Nino. And that is when there's 0:15:03.200 --> 0:15:09.520 warmer than average water temperatures in the tropics around like 0:15:09.600 --> 0:15:14.480 basically off the coast of Mexico, right, and those warm 0:15:14.560 --> 0:15:18.480 the air and create wetter than average conditions in some 0:15:18.520 --> 0:15:20.800 parts of the US and other parts of the world, 0:15:21.000 --> 0:15:24.720 and drier than average conditions in the other parts. And 0:15:24.720 --> 0:15:27.800 then there's the reverse of that, La Nina. That's right, 0:15:28.200 --> 0:15:31.360 and that's colder than average temperatures. So those places that 0:15:31.440 --> 0:15:34.840 normally get wetter than normal and drier than normal or 0:15:34.920 --> 0:15:38.880 flip flopped. But either way you get extreme weather events 0:15:38.960 --> 0:15:43.480 like floods and droughts from this. And they aren't exactly 0:15:43.560 --> 0:15:50.720 certain what creates this, just that they're pretty sure it's natural. Yeah, well, 0:15:50.760 --> 0:15:54.080 actually they do have a decent idea. Um, in two 0:15:54.120 --> 0:15:57.640 thousand three, something happened, which the same thing happened in 0:15:57.680 --> 0:15:59.960 the nineteen fifties when we suffered a pretty bad drought 0:16:00.040 --> 0:16:03.000 in the US. Uh, there were there are two ocean 0:16:03.040 --> 0:16:08.200 cycles that basically flip flopped, the Pacific Decadal oscillation and 0:16:08.240 --> 0:16:13.160 the Atlantic multi decadal oscillation. And these things flip back 0:16:13.200 --> 0:16:16.680 and forth basically over time, and they cause either more 0:16:16.800 --> 0:16:20.000 rain or less rain. And the p d O is 0:16:20.000 --> 0:16:22.920 what causes the shift in those surface ocean temperatures. So 0:16:23.080 --> 0:16:27.040 what what causes the shift the Pacific decatal oscillation? Okay, 0:16:27.080 --> 0:16:30.080 so but what caused these things to flip flop? Well, 0:16:30.120 --> 0:16:34.880 they just flip flop periodically over over time. Basically, UM, 0:16:35.040 --> 0:16:37.400 I don't buy that. They're like something makes those things 0:16:37.440 --> 0:16:40.800 flip flop. Well yeah, maybe, so, I don't know. I mean, 0:16:40.840 --> 0:16:43.120 that's what I want to answers. Some people probably say 0:16:43.120 --> 0:16:45.480 that's just the cycle of nature. I guess, so that's 0:16:45.480 --> 0:16:47.400 a cop out. But they say that every twenty to 0:16:47.520 --> 0:16:50.960 thirty years, Uh, this is going to happen. And when 0:16:51.000 --> 0:16:56.240 you combine them with with other factors, is it basically 0:16:56.320 --> 0:16:59.680 gives everything a boost. Is and that's what creates al 0:16:59.760 --> 0:17:02.280 nine or n Yeah, that's what they think. It's more 0:17:02.320 --> 0:17:06.040 like it works in concert with Elena and Lennia. So 0:17:06.200 --> 0:17:09.399 these things have happened at the same time, which is 0:17:09.480 --> 0:17:11.960 the reason California is in such a droute right now. 0:17:12.160 --> 0:17:14.000 So you have the warrn p d O plus Lenno 0:17:14.080 --> 0:17:16.560 means it's going to be wetter and cooler. Uh p 0:17:16.720 --> 0:17:22.359 d O plus Lninia equals dryer and uh Laninia is 0:17:22.400 --> 0:17:24.840 influenced by the trade winds basically blowing on top of 0:17:24.880 --> 0:17:26.880 the water. I think you already said that. You're right. 0:17:27.000 --> 0:17:29.520 It just like circulates that water and the deep water 0:17:29.600 --> 0:17:34.119 comes up to the surface. Chili, Yeah, from chili or 0:17:34.160 --> 0:17:39.840 it's chili water chili water, so um, chuck. There's different 0:17:40.080 --> 0:17:44.520 categories or people love to categorize stuff, right and um, 0:17:44.560 --> 0:17:48.639 there's actually different categories of the categories for droughts. I 0:17:48.720 --> 0:17:50.199 thought that was kind of interest, a little bit of 0:17:50.200 --> 0:17:53.280 a brain buster. But um, you can kind of subdivide 0:17:53.280 --> 0:17:58.200 the categories for droughts into um, geographical or seasonal descriptions 0:17:58.720 --> 0:18:02.800 and then descriptions of drought severity. Right, So with a 0:18:02.920 --> 0:18:06.439 geographical or seasonal description, it's kind of like, here's an area, 0:18:06.840 --> 0:18:10.000 and this is the kind of drought conditions you can expect. 0:18:10.840 --> 0:18:14.439 So there is a permanent drout, which is basically what 0:18:14.480 --> 0:18:16.000 you think of with the desert. It's a place that 0:18:16.080 --> 0:18:21.680 gets a minimal amount of precipitation and it never catches 0:18:21.760 --> 0:18:26.520 up to the amount of evaporation or transporation. That's right, right, 0:18:26.560 --> 0:18:29.440 So that's just it's just always dry there. Permanent drought. 0:18:29.520 --> 0:18:32.360 It's an arid climate air climate. Uh. And then next 0:18:32.440 --> 0:18:35.320 you have seasonal drought, which is like a drought comes 0:18:35.400 --> 0:18:40.399 dry conditions come on a predictable UM calendar. Yeah, like 0:18:40.400 --> 0:18:44.359 the dry season or the wet season in the country. Uh, 0:18:44.400 --> 0:18:48.880 those two are pretty standard. Um, no big surprises there. 0:18:49.640 --> 0:18:52.160 But the next couple, Um, you almost said no big 0:18:52.160 --> 0:18:54.920 whoop again almost did you saw that? My mouth went? 0:18:57.040 --> 0:19:01.560 Unpredictable drought is when there are irregular dry spells where 0:19:01.560 --> 0:19:05.280 it's usually humid or rainy, um and then invisible drought. 0:19:05.400 --> 0:19:07.400 I'd never heard of that. I think that's fascinating. That's 0:19:07.440 --> 0:19:10.359 when it is raining and you think, how can we 0:19:10.400 --> 0:19:13.160 be in a drought because it's raining, It just means 0:19:13.200 --> 0:19:16.000 it's it's too hot probably and it's not raining enough 0:19:16.040 --> 0:19:19.600 because too much evaporation and transpirations going on, so it's 0:19:19.600 --> 0:19:22.440 invisible to the naked eye. It's like being skinny fat 0:19:22.880 --> 0:19:24.800 to where you like you'r thin on the outside, but 0:19:24.840 --> 0:19:27.040 your liver's got a ton of fat all over it. Oh. 0:19:27.080 --> 0:19:28.560 I thought you're gonna talk about the people that have 0:19:28.640 --> 0:19:30.719 like really thin faces, but from the nick down they 0:19:30.720 --> 0:19:34.800 have weight. No, I hate those people. Oh chuck, you're 0:19:34.840 --> 0:19:38.400 going to get some mail for that now. I hate 0:19:38.400 --> 0:19:40.040 those people. I'm jealous of those people because I have 0:19:40.080 --> 0:19:42.359 a big, fat face. Like there's no picture I can say. 0:19:42.400 --> 0:19:44.800 I could show my legs or my arms, and people say, 0:19:44.840 --> 0:19:49.120 what a thin guy. You know, I think you look great, 0:19:49.280 --> 0:19:51.560 but everything from my nose to my waist gives me away. 0:19:51.600 --> 0:19:53.280 I'm gonna do that. I canna start posting pictures of 0:19:53.320 --> 0:19:56.639 my legs in my arms, like Danny DeVito. He always 0:19:56.680 --> 0:19:58.800 does the troll foot that has still have a nice, small, 0:19:59.000 --> 0:20:02.439 tiny butt too. We've all noticed. I'm gonna take pictures 0:20:02.440 --> 0:20:07.360 of that. It's the talk of the office. Um, everyone's 0:20:07.400 --> 0:20:10.440 pictures of yourself. Everyone's body is fine. I'm not body shaming, 0:20:10.600 --> 0:20:12.800 all right, that's good. What I'm saying is I'm jealous 0:20:12.840 --> 0:20:14.879 of people with thin faces. I got you, all right, 0:20:15.359 --> 0:20:18.960 So we got we got one category down, which describes 0:20:19.000 --> 0:20:22.879 like a region in area, although invisible drought doesn't really 0:20:23.000 --> 0:20:26.960 fit into that. But what als Okay? Um, the next 0:20:27.160 --> 0:20:32.360 group of categories, um man, I sound like we're we're 0:20:32.480 --> 0:20:36.280 using an overhead projector this is this dry? It's appropriately 0:20:36.359 --> 0:20:39.240 dry for the drought episode. Well, you have to go 0:20:39.280 --> 0:20:41.040 through these, you know, it's part of it. Okay, So 0:20:41.119 --> 0:20:44.440 the other these these categories make sense to me. They 0:20:44.520 --> 0:20:47.480 described like the severity of a drought, right, and you 0:20:47.520 --> 0:20:49.679 can pretty much go from one to the other and 0:20:49.720 --> 0:20:53.440 it makes sense. So like a meteorological drought, it basically 0:20:53.480 --> 0:20:57.720 says that you know, this week, well, this this time 0:20:57.840 --> 0:21:01.440 last year, we had about an inch and a half 0:21:01.440 --> 0:21:04.639 more rain than we got this year so far. No 0:21:04.720 --> 0:21:09.680 big whoop, no big whoop. Yeah. Basically, my brother in law, 0:21:10.040 --> 0:21:13.720 also named Josh, would notice this kind of thing because 0:21:13.720 --> 0:21:15.800 he's a little bit of a weather bug. Yeah that 0:21:15.920 --> 0:21:19.000 I like weather bugs. Okay, well you would like Josh, 0:21:19.119 --> 0:21:21.639 and he's one of the few things a few people 0:21:21.720 --> 0:21:24.760 besides like maybe a meteorologist who would notice this, which 0:21:24.800 --> 0:21:27.199 is why it's called the meteorological trought. That's right, Like 0:21:27.280 --> 0:21:29.960 you would have to be really paying attention to even 0:21:30.000 --> 0:21:33.840 notice this. That's right. Okay, that's stage one. Yes. Stage 0:21:33.880 --> 0:21:37.439 two is an agricultural drought, and that is when you're 0:21:37.480 --> 0:21:40.600 talking about crops, and agriculture is going to be one 0:21:40.600 --> 0:21:44.080 of the first industries parts of the world affected by 0:21:44.119 --> 0:21:48.680 drought obviously, so this is when farmers are starting to notice. 0:21:48.880 --> 0:21:51.280 You might hear a news blurb or two if there 0:21:51.280 --> 0:21:54.280 had been drought in the news, but it still hasn't 0:21:54.320 --> 0:21:57.000 Like you're not walking around the streets talking about it yet. No, 0:21:57.280 --> 0:22:00.240 just farmers and Josh are speaking to one another about 0:22:00.280 --> 0:22:04.200 the drought. That's right. What's next, Josh, the hydrological drought. 0:22:04.240 --> 0:22:06.920 This is when like we start to notice, and that's 0:22:06.920 --> 0:22:09.440 when you're like, hey, man, I went to my lake 0:22:09.480 --> 0:22:12.880 house this weekend and it's all ugly. Yeah, like clay 0:22:12.920 --> 0:22:16.680 red muddy junk. Everywhere. I can see the submerged buildings. 0:22:18.880 --> 0:22:21.840 The underwater cities are visible, like in lakelan near You 0:22:21.840 --> 0:22:25.040 know there's a town down there. Oh yeah, yeah, you 0:22:25.080 --> 0:22:27.280 didn't know that. I don't think. So there is a 0:22:27.320 --> 0:22:29.400 town down there. And when Lake Laner gets low enough 0:22:29.560 --> 0:22:31.600 you can see it. You can see a Gulf seventies 0:22:31.640 --> 0:22:34.520 six sign sticking up out of the lake. Wow. Yeah, 0:22:34.600 --> 0:22:37.240 like the old like ball one that's orange with the 0:22:37.240 --> 0:22:41.000 blue seventy. What was the town m like some part 0:22:41.000 --> 0:22:44.040 of Buford or something. I guess yea. Interesting. You didn't 0:22:44.040 --> 0:22:46.520 know there's a town in under lakelan Ear No, I 0:22:46.560 --> 0:22:51.040 didn't didn't that Creepsville about creepy. It's creepy. I think 0:22:51.040 --> 0:22:53.480 it's cool. I mean if there were people living down 0:22:53.480 --> 0:22:57.840 there with gills, that would be creepy. So the point is, Chuck, 0:22:58.119 --> 0:23:01.560 that we notice the people with skills. Notice if everybody 0:23:01.560 --> 0:23:04.280 starts to notice the hydrological drought, it's like the talk 0:23:04.320 --> 0:23:07.600 of town um. And then the next step is where 0:23:07.600 --> 0:23:11.560 it gets really really bad socioeconomic drought. This is when 0:23:11.920 --> 0:23:15.680 the government tends to step in and say you who 0:23:15.720 --> 0:23:20.600 have odd number um, addresses can water on Tuesday's Thursdays. 0:23:20.920 --> 0:23:25.040 Those of you with even addresses can water on Monday Wednesdays, 0:23:25.480 --> 0:23:29.480 or it can flip flop. It depends on your local government. True, 0:23:31.080 --> 0:23:33.920 isn't that set in stone, right? But the point is is, Um, 0:23:34.200 --> 0:23:37.120 there are now restrictions taking place, There are now things 0:23:37.160 --> 0:23:39.960 being enforced. The people are are being asked to cut back, 0:23:40.600 --> 0:23:42.920 and and the reason why it's because there you're we're 0:23:42.920 --> 0:23:46.000