1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:12,080 --> 00:00:15,440 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:18,520 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. Today we're going to talk about 5 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:22,800 Speaker 2: Lucritia of Winchester, and we got a lot of requests 6 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:25,840 Speaker 2: to talk about her back in early twenty two after 7 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:29,880 Speaker 2: an article about her went viral and at the time, like, 8 00:00:30,520 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 2: I'll do a basic gut check to see is there 9 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:35,960 Speaker 2: gonna be enough information, And at the time it seemed 10 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:40,480 Speaker 2: like that answer might be no. But in hindsight, what 11 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:44,560 Speaker 2: was really happening was that because of this one viral article, 12 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 2: there was a bunch of newly published stuff that was 13 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:49,920 Speaker 2: all repeating the same basic points, and it just kind 14 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 2: of overwhelmed everything that was more substantive. Lcritia of Winchester 15 00:00:56,800 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 2: was one of a number of Jewish women who was 16 00:00:59,240 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 2: a major financier in medieval England, and her life also 17 00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:06,960 Speaker 2: spanned just a big part of Jewish history in England 18 00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:10,039 Speaker 2: during the Middle Ages. And if you're like, wait, Tracy, 19 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:13,400 Speaker 2: the Middle Ages lasted for like a thousand years, how 20 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:17,080 Speaker 2: can one person's life span most of it, there were 21 00:01:17,240 --> 00:01:21,560 Speaker 2: only Jewish settlements in England for a pretty brief window 22 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:24,759 Speaker 2: during that period, and that very brief window was marked 23 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:29,319 Speaker 2: with just increasing antisemitic violence and hostility, and that went 24 00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 2: on until England expelled its Jewish population in twelve ninety. 25 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:35,440 Speaker 2: So we're going to talk about her. We're also kind 26 00:01:35,480 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 2: of talking about the arc of Jewish history in medieval England. 27 00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: And we don't know exactly when the first Jewish person 28 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:47,000 Speaker 1: arrived in England, but established Jewish communities followed the Norman 29 00:01:47,080 --> 00:01:51,360 Speaker 1: conquest in the eleventh century. William, Duke of Normandy, also 30 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:55,200 Speaker 1: known as William the Conqueror, defeated English King Harold the 31 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: Second at the Battle of Hastings in ten sixty six. 32 00:01:58,960 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: We have covered that back on the show before, and 33 00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:03,680 Speaker 1: we ran it as a classic back in twenty nineteen. 34 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:08,080 Speaker 1: William was crowned as King William the First at Westminster 35 00:02:08,120 --> 00:02:12,040 Speaker 1: Abbey on Christmas Day of that year. In addition to 36 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:18,400 Speaker 1: conquering England, William essentially replaced the English aristocracy with Normans, 37 00:02:18,520 --> 00:02:21,480 Speaker 1: and he also moved Normans into high ranking church and 38 00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 1: administrative positions. A lot of England's existing merchants and other 39 00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: business people were really opposed to these changes, and that 40 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:33,679 Speaker 1: left William in need of both money and new trading partners, 41 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:38,520 Speaker 1: so he encouraged Jewish merchants, traders, and lenders from Ruon 42 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:42,760 Speaker 1: and Normandy to settle in London to fill some of 43 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 1: those needs. Once Jewish people started arriving in England about 44 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: ten seventy, they were essentially seen as the King's property. 45 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:55,120 Speaker 1: In theory, they were serving the king in exchange for 46 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 1: royal protection, but in reality that protection only existed when 47 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:01,080 Speaker 1: it suited the king. 48 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:05,200 Speaker 2: They were going to be talking a lot more about that. Initially, 49 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,560 Speaker 2: Jews were allowed to live only in London, but by 50 00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:12,000 Speaker 2: the middle of the twelfth century Jewish communities were established 51 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:15,640 Speaker 2: all over other parts of England as well. Although Jewish 52 00:03:15,639 --> 00:03:19,040 Speaker 2: people had to have permission to live or travel outside 53 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:24,000 Speaker 2: of London. These communities were generally self governing, especially in 54 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:26,600 Speaker 2: terms of anything that had to do with religion or 55 00:03:26,639 --> 00:03:30,800 Speaker 2: religious law, and they existed at the King's prerogative. This 56 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:33,280 Speaker 2: was outside of the bounds of the rest of the 57 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 2: social hierarchy. 58 00:03:35,240 --> 00:03:37,720 Speaker 1: One of the many things that the Normans did after 59 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: arriving in England was built castles, and most Jewish communities 60 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:44,760 Speaker 1: were in a city that had a royal castle. Or 61 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 1: if not a castle, at least a headquarters for the 62 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:51,880 Speaker 1: sheriff who represented the king. This proximity to the castle 63 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 1: was because of the Jewish community's relationship with the King, 64 00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 1: and the castle had a number of roles. It could 65 00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:00,800 Speaker 1: be a refuge during an outbreak of violence or some 66 00:04:00,880 --> 00:04:04,760 Speaker 1: other threat against the Jewish community, but it could also 67 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:08,839 Speaker 1: be a prison. For example, at some points, whole communities 68 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 1: were imprisoned in the castle until they paid off an 69 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:16,440 Speaker 1: enormous tax, so they were basically being held hostage. 70 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:19,559 Speaker 2: As tax was known as talage, and for most people 71 00:04:19,600 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 2: in England, the talage was something that lords imposed on 72 00:04:23,279 --> 00:04:27,040 Speaker 2: their tenants, but for Jewish communities, the talllentge was imposed 73 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:30,160 Speaker 2: directly by the king and the amount was totally up 74 00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:34,159 Speaker 2: to the king's whims. Sometimes it was truly exorbitant, and 75 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:36,400 Speaker 2: this was especially true if there was something that the 76 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:39,280 Speaker 2: King really wanted money for, like to fund a war, 77 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:42,320 Speaker 2: especially if maybe he wanted to fund a war without 78 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:46,200 Speaker 2: having to talk to Parliament about anything, or if he 79 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:49,400 Speaker 2: was trying to punish or coerce the Jewish community in 80 00:04:49,480 --> 00:04:53,479 Speaker 2: some way. In terms of language and culture, Jewish people 81 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 2: in England tended to have a lot in common with 82 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:59,719 Speaker 2: the Norman Aristocracy. Because reading from the Torah and other 83 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:03,599 Speaker 2: tech was a central part of Jewish religious practice, Jews 84 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:06,799 Speaker 2: were more likely to be literate than Christian commoners were, 85 00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:10,960 Speaker 2: regardless of how affluent their family was. As was true 86 00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:14,640 Speaker 2: of the Norman Aristocracy, most Jewish people's first language was 87 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:18,400 Speaker 2: Norman French, and most Jewish people went by French versions 88 00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:22,360 Speaker 2: of Hebrew names. Most also spoke and read Hebrew in 89 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:26,280 Speaker 2: religious contexts, and knew at least some Middle English, which 90 00:05:26,320 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 2: is what Christian commoners spoke in their day to day lives. 91 00:05:29,839 --> 00:05:32,480 Speaker 2: Some may have known a bit of Latin as well. 92 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:36,120 Speaker 2: At this point, Yiddish existed as a language, but it 93 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:39,440 Speaker 2: was mainly being spoken in central and Eastern Europe, not 94 00:05:39,560 --> 00:05:43,480 Speaker 2: as far west as England. In France, we have evidence 95 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:47,640 Speaker 2: to suggest that Jewish people in England observed Jewish dietary laws, 96 00:05:47,680 --> 00:05:50,240 Speaker 2: and there were Kosher butchers and bakers working in a 97 00:05:50,279 --> 00:05:54,000 Speaker 2: lot of Jewish communities. These communities also typically had a 98 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:56,719 Speaker 2: synagogue and a mikvah or a ritual bath for the 99 00:05:56,760 --> 00:06:01,479 Speaker 2: community's use. Sometimes the synagogue was its own free standing building, 100 00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:04,960 Speaker 2: usually located somewhere unobtrusive and out of the way for 101 00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:09,160 Speaker 2: both safety and privacy. Sometimes in smaller communities it was 102 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:12,599 Speaker 2: more like a room in someone's home. Either way, though 103 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:16,039 Speaker 2: the synagogue was at the center of religious and community life. 104 00:06:16,440 --> 00:06:19,320 Speaker 1: As far as we know, Jews and Christians in medieval 105 00:06:19,360 --> 00:06:24,159 Speaker 1: England wore similar clothing, although eventually there was one key difference. 106 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:28,720 Speaker 1: Starting in twelve seventeen, Jews were required to wear a 107 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,360 Speaker 1: badge called a tabula, in the shape of two stone tablets, 108 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:36,680 Speaker 1: symbolic of the stone tablets bearing the ten commandments described 109 00:06:36,720 --> 00:06:40,359 Speaker 1: in the Torah and the Christian Bible. This followed a 110 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:43,760 Speaker 1: decree from the Fourth lateran council which Pope Innocent the 111 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:47,599 Speaker 1: Third had convened two years before, and this decree ordered 112 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: that Jews living in Christian nations had to be visually 113 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:55,320 Speaker 1: distinguished in some way. Some other countries also did this 114 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,440 Speaker 1: with a badge, and others required Jewish people to wear 115 00:06:58,440 --> 00:07:02,679 Speaker 1: a pointed or conical hat for a time, though, wealthy 116 00:07:02,800 --> 00:07:05,800 Speaker 1: Jews in England could pay a fine to be exempted 117 00:07:05,839 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 1: from this requirement, sometimes paying for their whole community to 118 00:07:09,720 --> 00:07:10,360 Speaker 1: be exempt. 119 00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:13,360 Speaker 2: By the end of the twelfth century, there were more 120 00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:17,080 Speaker 2: than twenty Jewish communities in England, they had a combined 121 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:21,520 Speaker 2: total of about five thousand people, so for comparison, England's 122 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:26,920 Speaker 2: total population was roughly five million people. There were limits 123 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:30,760 Speaker 2: on which professions Jewish people were allowed to pursue, but 124 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:36,400 Speaker 2: there were Jewish butchers, bakers, teachers, doctors, midwives, and scribes. 125 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 2: Since Jewish people were more likely to be literate than 126 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 2: Christians of the same status, Jewish scribes tended to be 127 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:47,480 Speaker 2: in really high demand. But the job that was most 128 00:07:47,520 --> 00:07:51,440 Speaker 2: associated with Jewish people in England was lending. There were 129 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:55,320 Speaker 2: ten or fifteen very affluent Jewish families that were basically 130 00:07:55,360 --> 00:08:00,440 Speaker 2: banking families, working as financiers, investors, and business people, and 131 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 2: sometimes essentially serving as the King's personal lender. England's wealthiest 132 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 2: Jewish lenders could arrange the funds to pay for things 133 00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:14,040 Speaker 2: like fully outfitted ships and newly constructed buildings. But outside 134 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:16,920 Speaker 2: of these few families, most lenders were working on a 135 00:08:17,040 --> 00:08:21,760 Speaker 2: much smaller scale, making small loans to ordinary people. Many 136 00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:24,160 Speaker 2: were going to roll that was more comparable to kind 137 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 2: of being a pawnbroker today. One reason why Jewish people 138 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:32,080 Speaker 2: were associated with lending in England and in a lot 139 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:35,440 Speaker 2: of the rest of Europe has to do with religious law. 140 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 2: The Books of Exodus, Deuteronomy, and Ezekiel are part of 141 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:41,199 Speaker 2: both the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible. If you're 142 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:45,200 Speaker 2: not familiar, those contain the same books in the Hebrew 143 00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:47,160 Speaker 2: Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, but 144 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:50,679 Speaker 2: in a different order, and the interpretations vary a little bit. 145 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,720 Speaker 2: These include scriptures that prohibit the charging of interest to 146 00:08:55,760 --> 00:08:59,680 Speaker 2: people in need, as well as charging interest to one's brother. 147 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:04,079 Speaker 2: They're varying opinions on how to translate and interpret the 148 00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:08,320 Speaker 2: word brother, but during the medieval period, Jewish leaders generally 149 00:09:08,400 --> 00:09:12,280 Speaker 2: interpreted this as a prohibition on Jewish people charging interest 150 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:16,920 Speaker 2: to other Jews, but Christian leaders in the medieval period 151 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:22,440 Speaker 2: viewed charging interest to anyone as usury because charging interest 152 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:26,280 Speaker 2: was seen as avarice and that was a sin. I 153 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:29,520 Speaker 2: really don't feel qualified to get into all the theological 154 00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:33,319 Speaker 2: nuances here, but many Muslims also viewed and still view 155 00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:37,440 Speaker 2: all forms of interest as usury. So in a lot 156 00:09:37,520 --> 00:09:40,920 Speaker 2: of places during the medieval period, Jewish lenders filled part 157 00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:44,520 Speaker 2: of the gap between religious prohibitions on usury and the 158 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 2: realities of living in a society that used money. To 159 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:51,439 Speaker 2: be really clear, though Jewish lenders were not filling all 160 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:54,920 Speaker 2: of that gap. There were Christians who loaned money and 161 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 2: charged interest in spite of the religious prohibitions against it, 162 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:02,280 Speaker 2: and there were Christian military orders, including the Knights Templar 163 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:07,079 Speaker 2: and those essentially worked as banks. When Lucretia of Winchester 164 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:10,920 Speaker 2: was living, Italian lenders were also becoming well established all 165 00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:14,680 Speaker 2: over Western Europe, generally known as Lombards, even though they 166 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:20,480 Speaker 2: were not necessarily from Lombardy. In other words, even in England, 167 00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:24,800 Speaker 2: where the king's policies were really pushing them toward working 168 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:28,560 Speaker 2: as lenders, most Jewish people were not lending money, and 169 00:10:28,679 --> 00:10:32,520 Speaker 2: most people lending money weren't Jewish. The idea of the 170 00:10:32,679 --> 00:10:37,479 Speaker 2: quote Jewish money lenders was really rooted in prejudicial stereotypes, 171 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:42,000 Speaker 2: like just the word money lenders is loaded with connotations 172 00:10:42,040 --> 00:10:46,680 Speaker 2: that doesn't apply to a word like financier or banker, 173 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:52,120 Speaker 2: which was basically the same thing. This association between Jewish 174 00:10:52,120 --> 00:10:55,760 Speaker 2: people and lending also led to a lot of backlash 175 00:10:55,920 --> 00:10:59,280 Speaker 2: because of the connection to something that other religions saw 176 00:10:59,360 --> 00:11:04,160 Speaker 2: as sinful, and because as a whole, working as lenders 177 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,080 Speaker 2: meant that a lot of Jewish communities were relatively wealthy. 178 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:11,959 Speaker 2: This didn't necessarily extend to the wealth of any individual person, though, 179 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:15,920 Speaker 2: like an individual Jewish person might be about as wealthy 180 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:18,880 Speaker 2: as their Christian neighbor, but like as a group, they 181 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:22,360 Speaker 2: tended to be affluent. This also circles back to the 182 00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:26,360 Speaker 2: community's relationship with the king, like if the king was 183 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:29,920 Speaker 2: facing opposition from the nobility over some issue, he might 184 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,640 Speaker 2: cancel all their outstanding loans from Jewish lenders it was 185 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 2: completely within his power to do that, or the king 186 00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 2: might help pay for a war by canceling the debts 187 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:43,160 Speaker 2: of nobles who agreed to serve, rather than directly paying 188 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:47,199 Speaker 2: them for their service. Although a series of English kings 189 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:51,480 Speaker 2: basically used Jewish lenders as their own personal bank, whether 190 00:11:51,559 --> 00:11:55,480 Speaker 2: they repaid those loans that could be totally arbitrary. And 191 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:58,760 Speaker 2: that brings us to the life of Lucritia of Winchester, who, 192 00:11:58,840 --> 00:12:02,880 Speaker 2: among other things, the personal financier to King Henry the Third. 193 00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 2: We'll talk more about her after a sponsor break. We 194 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:20,200 Speaker 2: don't know exactly when Lcriicia of Winchester was born, but 195 00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 2: it was probably in the very early twelve hundreds. At 196 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:27,200 Speaker 2: one point she's referred to as Lcarica of Canterbury, so 197 00:12:27,679 --> 00:12:30,440 Speaker 2: she might have been born there. I also found a 198 00:12:30,440 --> 00:12:34,200 Speaker 2: source that her father may have been Lombard of Winchester, 199 00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:37,559 Speaker 2: suggesting maybe she really was born in Winchester. Other sources 200 00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:41,520 Speaker 2: that her father's name was Isaac was all very unclear. 201 00:12:42,240 --> 00:12:46,679 Speaker 1: Regardless of where she was born, Lucrisia eventually wound up 202 00:12:46,679 --> 00:12:49,080 Speaker 1: living in Winchester, which was home to one of England's 203 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:53,439 Speaker 1: largest and most affluent Jewish communities. A Jewish visitor from 204 00:12:53,559 --> 00:12:57,400 Speaker 1: France described the city as quote the Jerusalem of Jews. 205 00:12:57,480 --> 00:13:01,440 Speaker 1: In those parts. Most Jewish pele in Winchester lived around 206 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:04,360 Speaker 1: what was then known as Shoemaker Street, sharing the same 207 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:09,360 Speaker 1: neighborhood with Christian merchants, goldsmith's and other business people. Shoemaker 208 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:13,280 Speaker 1: Street later became known as Jewbree Street, which is what 209 00:13:13,360 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: it is still named today. 210 00:13:15,440 --> 00:13:19,240 Speaker 2: When Lucretia was born, John known as John Lackland, was 211 00:13:19,320 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 2: King of England. In twelve ten, he ordered the arrest 212 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 2: of England's entire Jewish population and commanded them to turn 213 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:29,800 Speaker 2: over all of their wealth to him. So this was 214 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:32,680 Speaker 2: something that she lived through when she was still a child. 215 00:13:33,360 --> 00:13:36,000 Speaker 2: She also would have lived through the First Baron's War, 216 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:39,400 Speaker 2: which started in twelve fifteen. This is a civil war 217 00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:43,320 Speaker 2: that started out as an uprising of landowners against the king. 218 00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,800 Speaker 2: The barons sought help from France, and Louis, son of 219 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:51,199 Speaker 2: French King Philip the Second, captured Winchester and a lot 220 00:13:51,240 --> 00:13:54,640 Speaker 2: of the surrounding area, temporarily taking control of roughly half 221 00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 2: of England. This is something else she would have lived through. 222 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:01,440 Speaker 2: This war ended in twelve seventeen, when Lucretia was probably 223 00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:05,560 Speaker 2: in her mid teens. So in twelve sixteen, as this 224 00:14:05,679 --> 00:14:09,600 Speaker 2: war was ongoing, King John died of dysentery and his 225 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:13,640 Speaker 2: nine year old son, Henry the Third succeeded him. Henry 226 00:14:13,640 --> 00:14:17,720 Speaker 2: the Third reigned until twelve seventy two, and Henry's overall 227 00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:22,000 Speaker 2: attitude toward the Jewish population is encapsulated in his Statute 228 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:26,720 Speaker 2: of Jewry in twelve fifty three. Quote All Jews, wheresoever 229 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:29,200 Speaker 2: they may be, in the realm, are of right under 230 00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:32,240 Speaker 2: the tutelage and protection of the King. Nor is it 231 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,240 Speaker 2: lawful for any of them to subject himself to any 232 00:14:35,360 --> 00:14:39,480 Speaker 2: wealthy person without the King's license. Jews and all their 233 00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:43,120 Speaker 2: effects are the King's property and if anyone withhold their 234 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,160 Speaker 2: money from them, let the king recover it as his own. 235 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:52,880 Speaker 2: Henry often referred to the Anglo Jewish population as my Jews, 236 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:56,400 Speaker 2: and one of his most important sources of royal funds 237 00:14:56,480 --> 00:15:00,640 Speaker 2: was the talages paid by the Jewish community. At some point, 238 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:05,160 Speaker 2: probably sometime between twelve fifteen and twelve twenty, Lcartia married 239 00:15:05,160 --> 00:15:09,240 Speaker 2: a businessman and financier named Abraham. They had three sons, 240 00:15:09,480 --> 00:15:13,600 Speaker 2: Isaac known as Cockrell, Lombard, and Baruch known as Benedict. 241 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:19,080 Speaker 2: They may have also had a daughter called Bilia. Some sources, though, 242 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:22,840 Speaker 2: conclude that Bilia was a daughter in law. A lot 243 00:15:22,880 --> 00:15:27,200 Speaker 2: of stuff is not totally clearly documented. In twelve twenty five, 244 00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:31,520 Speaker 2: Abraham and five other Jewish men in Winchester were accused 245 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:35,080 Speaker 2: of murdering a Christian child. This was part of a 246 00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 2: pattern of ritual murder allegations, also known as the blood libel, 247 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:44,400 Speaker 2: so false accusations of Jewish people murdering Christian children as 248 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:47,000 Speaker 2: part of a ritual or to use their blood for 249 00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:49,800 Speaker 2: ritual purposes. Although there were. 250 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:53,840 Speaker 1: Earlier precursors, the first such accusation is generally noted as 251 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:57,280 Speaker 1: happening in Norwich, England, in eleven forty four, after a 252 00:15:57,320 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: boy named William was found stabbed to death. The Jewish 253 00:16:01,040 --> 00:16:04,160 Speaker 1: population of Norwich took refuge in the castle as their 254 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:08,400 Speaker 1: entire community was threatened in retaliation for a crime they 255 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:09,200 Speaker 1: did not commit. 256 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 2: Lcaricia's husband, Abraham, and two other men were found guilty 257 00:16:14,080 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 2: of these allegations, and normally the punishment would have been hanging, 258 00:16:17,920 --> 00:16:21,920 Speaker 2: but there's no actual record of Abraham being hanged. There's 259 00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:25,280 Speaker 2: actually no further record of him at all. But in 260 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:28,600 Speaker 2: twelve thirty four, which is the first written record we 261 00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:32,040 Speaker 2: have of Lcaricia, she's described in a way that makes 262 00:16:32,080 --> 00:16:35,680 Speaker 2: it clear that she was a widow. We don't really know. 263 00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: How Lcarsia supported herself and her children after Abraham's death. 264 00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:43,120 Speaker 1: All of his assets were confiscated after his conviction, but 265 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:46,640 Speaker 1: it is possible that their original marriage contract had set 266 00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:49,400 Speaker 1: aside money for her in the event of Abraham's death. 267 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:53,720 Speaker 1: This was a common provision in Jewish marriage contracts. It's 268 00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:57,240 Speaker 1: also possible that she was supported by Abraham's colleagues or 269 00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:01,360 Speaker 1: others in the Jewish community. While we don't. 270 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:04,360 Speaker 2: Know what her original source of funds was, we do 271 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:08,080 Speaker 2: know that Lucretia made wise use of those funds. By 272 00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:10,640 Speaker 2: the end of the twelve thirties, she had become one 273 00:17:10,680 --> 00:17:13,919 Speaker 2: of the biggest financiers in Winchester, and by the twelve 274 00:17:13,920 --> 00:17:18,080 Speaker 2: forties she was independently wealthy. In twelve thirty nine, the 275 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:21,000 Speaker 2: Royal Council demanded a talage of a third of all 276 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:25,440 Speaker 2: the chattels or tangible property of England's Jewish community, including 277 00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:29,560 Speaker 2: the value of outstanding loans, ultimately calling for a total 278 00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:34,440 Speaker 2: of twenty thousand marks. This was a truly enormous sum, 279 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:37,760 Speaker 2: especially considering that, with only a couple of exceptions, the 280 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 2: talage had been between two thousand and three thousand marks 281 00:17:41,119 --> 00:17:45,040 Speaker 2: per year over the previous two decades. A mark was 282 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,280 Speaker 2: two thirds of a pound, which would be very approximately 283 00:17:48,480 --> 00:17:52,080 Speaker 2: five hundred British pounds or six hundred thirty six American 284 00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 2: dollars in today's money. So this talage was worth millions 285 00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:00,600 Speaker 2: and millions of dollars. Yeah, that's when I put very 286 00:18:00,640 --> 00:18:05,080 Speaker 2: approximately in italics here, because like it's almost impossible to 287 00:18:05,119 --> 00:18:08,440 Speaker 2: make an actual comparison, and it's complicated by the fact 288 00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 2: that like a mark, what wasn't really a currency that 289 00:18:12,520 --> 00:18:14,960 Speaker 2: people went around buying things with it was more a 290 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 2: figure used to calculate things like uh, so yeah, this 291 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:22,480 Speaker 2: was an enormous amount of money, and people started trying 292 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:24,960 Speaker 2: to collect the money to pay it in late twelve 293 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:29,080 Speaker 2: thirty nine and early twelve forty. By September, though only 294 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 2: one thousand marks had been collected. Records of loans by 295 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:37,119 Speaker 2: Jewish lenders were kept in both Hebrew and Latin and 296 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:41,080 Speaker 2: locked chests that were known as arcae, and at various 297 00:18:41,119 --> 00:18:44,199 Speaker 2: points the king ordered those chests to be closed so 298 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,120 Speaker 2: that the royal authorities could like tally up the value 299 00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:50,199 Speaker 2: of all the bonds that were in there, adjust the 300 00:18:50,240 --> 00:18:54,400 Speaker 2: total do if they needed to this uh. Sealing these 301 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:58,520 Speaker 2: up basically froze the ability for anybody to make new 302 00:18:58,680 --> 00:19:01,879 Speaker 2: loans or to collect on existing loans, and then that 303 00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:03,639 Speaker 2: made it harder for people to try to get the 304 00:19:03,680 --> 00:19:07,000 Speaker 2: money together to pay this talent. During all of this, 305 00:19:07,119 --> 00:19:11,000 Speaker 2: the King also ordered a census of England's Jewish population. 306 00:19:12,119 --> 00:19:15,680 Speaker 1: Finally, in January of twelve forty one, the King ordered 307 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:19,520 Speaker 1: the Sheriff of Northamptonshire to quote cause to come before 308 00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,760 Speaker 1: us at Worcester on the Sunday next before Ash Wednesday. 309 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:26,160 Speaker 1: Six of the wealthier and more powerful of our Jews 310 00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:29,560 Speaker 1: of Northampton, and from each town in Shire in which 311 00:19:29,640 --> 00:19:32,800 Speaker 1: Jews dwell one or two Jews according to their numbers. 312 00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:36,080 Speaker 1: If the sheriff did not do this quote, we will 313 00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:39,360 Speaker 1: so aggrieve you in consequence by your body and by 314 00:19:39,359 --> 00:19:42,560 Speaker 1: your chattels, that you will forever feel our hand to 315 00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:43,960 Speaker 1: grieve you immoderately. 316 00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:47,600 Speaker 2: So this meeting was called. It became known as the 317 00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:51,200 Speaker 2: Worcester Parliament, and more than one hundred Jewish delegates met 318 00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:54,520 Speaker 2: to figure out how to pay this talent. The results 319 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:58,159 Speaker 2: of this meeting also illustrate how much the Jewish community's 320 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:00,960 Speaker 2: wealth was really concentrated, with it just a few people. 321 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:06,320 Speaker 2: Three men together paid more than half of the total amount. 322 00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:09,679 Speaker 2: They were Aaron of York, Leo of York, and David 323 00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:14,120 Speaker 2: of Oxford. Lecarica, interestingly, was one of the wealthiest people 324 00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:17,600 Speaker 2: in Winchester at this point, but for unclear reasons, she 325 00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:21,199 Speaker 2: is not listed in the detailed accounts of how this 326 00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:24,240 Speaker 2: talent was actually paid, aside from ten pounds that she 327 00:20:24,240 --> 00:20:26,120 Speaker 2: paid in twelve thirty nine, So it's like we don't 328 00:20:26,160 --> 00:20:29,439 Speaker 2: know if did she contribute to it or these records 329 00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:31,000 Speaker 2: complete unclear. 330 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:35,480 Speaker 1: We don't know exactly when David of Oxford and Lcarica 331 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:38,480 Speaker 1: of Winchester met, but it may have been connected to 332 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:42,720 Speaker 1: all the activity around trying to pay this talent. David 333 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:44,959 Speaker 1: was probably in his fifties and was one of the 334 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:48,040 Speaker 1: wealthiest and most influential Jewish men in all of England, 335 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,520 Speaker 1: and Lcaricia was probably in her thirties and was one 336 00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:55,439 Speaker 1: of England's wealthiest and most influential Jewish women. So it 337 00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:58,280 Speaker 1: makes sense that they might have had some things in common, 338 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,679 Speaker 1: or that they might have wanted to combine their financial 339 00:21:01,680 --> 00:21:06,719 Speaker 1: assets through a marriage. But also David was already married 340 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:10,760 Speaker 1: to a woman named Muriel. David and Muriel didn't have 341 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:14,520 Speaker 1: any children, and it's possible that David used this as 342 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:18,520 Speaker 1: a justification to divorce her. When a Jewish person died, 343 00:21:19,080 --> 00:21:21,879 Speaker 1: a third of their estate went to the crown, but 344 00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:25,439 Speaker 1: if they had no heir, then the Crown got all 345 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:29,600 Speaker 1: of the estate. So David may have wanted to try 346 00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:32,560 Speaker 1: to make sure that part of his wealth stayed within 347 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:36,200 Speaker 1: the Jewish community rather than all of it being forfeited 348 00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:39,720 Speaker 1: to the king, by divorcing his wife and ideally having 349 00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:43,560 Speaker 1: a child with someone else. Although divorce was not particularly 350 00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:47,000 Speaker 1: common or accepted in Jewish communities at the time, there 351 00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:50,400 Speaker 1: was an established process for how it was handled through 352 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:54,359 Speaker 1: a bait din or Jewish court. Depending on how large 353 00:21:54,359 --> 00:21:57,000 Speaker 1: a Jewish community was, the court might be made up 354 00:21:57,040 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 1: of rabbis and lay people, or it could be a 355 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:03,480 Speaker 1: panel of rabbis. Only the husband was the one who 356 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:06,000 Speaker 1: had to bring the matter before this panel, But the 357 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:08,320 Speaker 1: custom at the time was that the wife had to 358 00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:12,359 Speaker 1: consent to the divorce, so David initially went to the 359 00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:16,680 Speaker 1: baate Din in England, which approved the divorce. But Muriel 360 00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 1: either didn't consent to the divorce at all or didn't 361 00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:23,760 Speaker 1: consent to this settlement that she was given, so she 362 00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:26,399 Speaker 1: and some of her supporters, one of whom may have 363 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:30,160 Speaker 1: been her brother, went to the bake Din in Paris, 364 00:22:30,280 --> 00:22:33,640 Speaker 1: kind of as an appeal. The Jewish community in England 365 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:36,560 Speaker 1: had a lot of connections to the Jewish community in France. 366 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:38,960 Speaker 1: We talked in the beginning about how these are mostly 367 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:42,000 Speaker 1: folks who had come from France to settle in England, 368 00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:44,760 Speaker 1: and in general, the Jewish community in France was seen 369 00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:48,800 Speaker 1: as having like more experienced, more knowledge, and greater authority. 370 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:52,720 Speaker 1: David apparently dealt with this by taking the matter to 371 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,639 Speaker 1: the King, Henry the third issued a decree that rabbis, 372 00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:59,960 Speaker 1: regardless of whether they lived in England or France, could 373 00:23:00,280 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: not force David to quote, take or hold any woman 374 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:07,280 Speaker 1: to wife accept at his own free will, and this 375 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:12,080 Speaker 1: also wound up having much wider ramifications. Henry also demanded 376 00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:15,600 Speaker 1: that Muriel and her supporters explain why they had gone 377 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,760 Speaker 1: to a French court to try to overrule an English one, 378 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 1: and he banned the convening of Jewish courts in England. 379 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:26,000 Speaker 1: This ban, though does not appear to have been strictly enforced. 380 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:31,200 Speaker 1: David's divorce was completed in twelve forty two, and he 381 00:23:31,359 --> 00:23:35,159 Speaker 1: and Lcaricia married sometime after that. They had a son together, 382 00:23:35,320 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: named a Cher, also known as Sweetmen. Some sources describe 383 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,959 Speaker 1: a share in Sweetman as two different people, but that 384 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:47,480 Speaker 1: actually seems unlikely because David died in February of twelve 385 00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:51,280 Speaker 1: forty four, so he and Lcaricia were married for less 386 00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: than two years. It is possible that she could have 387 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,640 Speaker 1: been pregnant when he died, but if she had been, 388 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:03,440 Speaker 1: this probably have been mentioned somewhere, especially for reasons we're 389 00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:05,119 Speaker 1: going to talk about in a bit, and it just 390 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:08,480 Speaker 1: it wasn't. We don't know much about what happened to 391 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:11,879 Speaker 1: Muriel after the divorce was finalized. She doesn't seem to 392 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:15,800 Speaker 1: have remarried, and the written record suggests that she struggled financially. 393 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:20,879 Speaker 1: Among other things, there's documentation of an unpaid talent. The 394 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:25,680 Speaker 1: last written references to Muriel are from twelve fifty three. First, 395 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:27,840 Speaker 1: she was ordered to repair the house that she had 396 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:30,080 Speaker 1: been living in, which she had gotten as part of 397 00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:33,439 Speaker 1: the divorce settlement. Then the house was turned over to 398 00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:37,760 Speaker 1: Licarica and a share. We don't really know what happened here. 399 00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:40,920 Speaker 1: It's possible that Muriel lost the house because she hadn't 400 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:45,600 Speaker 1: made the required repairs, or even that she died. We'll 401 00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,960 Speaker 1: get to what happened to Lcaricia and the rest of 402 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:51,800 Speaker 1: her family after David's death after another quick sponsor break. 403 00:25:01,560 --> 00:25:05,639 Speaker 1: After David of Oxford died in twelve forty four, Lcarta 404 00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:08,600 Speaker 1: was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and there are 405 00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:12,520 Speaker 1: several possible explanations for this. Some sources describe it as 406 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:16,119 Speaker 1: an almost routine part of the assessment process when a 407 00:25:16,160 --> 00:25:19,720 Speaker 1: Jewish person was inheriting a really large estate. Since a 408 00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:22,120 Speaker 1: third of that estate was supposed to go to the king. 409 00:25:23,119 --> 00:25:25,600 Speaker 1: Others make it sound like an effort to make sure 410 00:25:25,640 --> 00:25:29,960 Speaker 1: that Lucartia couldn't interfere with that assessment process or remove 411 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: any of David's property before. 412 00:25:31,560 --> 00:25:35,040 Speaker 2: It was assessed. It's also possible that she was basically 413 00:25:35,080 --> 00:25:38,280 Speaker 2: being held hostage to try to keep the Jewish community 414 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 2: in line. While all of this was going. 415 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,119 Speaker 1: On, six Jewish men were appointed by the king to 416 00:25:44,240 --> 00:25:48,080 Speaker 1: oversee Lcarica's business affairs while she was in the tower. 417 00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:50,800 Speaker 1: Her son, a Cher, would have been a baby, so 418 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,879 Speaker 1: he may have been in the tower with her, but 419 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:57,560 Speaker 1: we don't really know. Lacrisia was imprisoned for about seven months, 420 00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 1: and there's no record of her being pregnant or given 421 00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:02,480 Speaker 1: birth in the tower, which is part of why some 422 00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:05,760 Speaker 1: scholars have concluded that a Share and Suiteman were the 423 00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:11,960 Speaker 1: same person. Ultimately, Licorica seems to have negotiated a deal 424 00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:16,920 Speaker 1: regarding her inheritance. She paid the crown five thousand marks 425 00:26:16,960 --> 00:26:20,919 Speaker 1: to keep control of David's whole estate, including all of 426 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,600 Speaker 1: his outstanding loans, rather than just the two thirds of 427 00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:28,240 Speaker 1: it that was normally how things were handled. About four 428 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:31,159 Speaker 1: thousand marks of that payment was used to build a 429 00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:35,040 Speaker 1: new shrine to Edward, the confessor at Westminster Abbey at 430 00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:37,920 Speaker 1: the time was considered the patron saint of England. This 431 00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:40,480 Speaker 1: shrine was kind of one of the King's pet projects. 432 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:44,440 Speaker 1: She also paid an inheritance tax of twenty five hundred pounds, 433 00:26:45,160 --> 00:26:48,600 Speaker 1: and she was exempt from future talages as long as 434 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:51,560 Speaker 1: she paid the crown twenty four marks a year. As 435 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:54,639 Speaker 1: we said earlier, really hard to try to convert a 436 00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:59,080 Speaker 1: medieval currency amount to modern equivalents, but one source that 437 00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:03,280 Speaker 1: I read approximated that five thousand marks was about two 438 00:27:03,359 --> 00:27:07,120 Speaker 1: point five million pounds or roughly four million American dollars. 439 00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:12,080 Speaker 1: This was a ton of money, but it also does 440 00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:15,119 Speaker 1: not seem to come even close to like a whole 441 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:19,240 Speaker 1: third of David's estate. After being released from the tower 442 00:27:19,320 --> 00:27:23,720 Speaker 1: in September of twelve forty four, Lcaricia kept expanding her business, 443 00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 1: traveling all over England to do so. Her clients included 444 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:30,480 Speaker 1: the King and members of the royal family, as well 445 00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:34,320 Speaker 1: as members of the aristocracy and the Catholic Church. She 446 00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:38,560 Speaker 1: also made loans to landowners, farmers, and other less affluent people. 447 00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:42,080 Speaker 1: She met with the King regularly, most often when he 448 00:27:42,160 --> 00:27:46,399 Speaker 1: was in Winchester. She became so prominent that her sons 449 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:50,400 Speaker 1: were often referred to as son of Lacriicia, rather than 450 00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:54,280 Speaker 1: by their father's names. This was most striking for a Share, 451 00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:57,399 Speaker 1: since his father, David, had been even more prominent and 452 00:27:57,520 --> 00:27:58,879 Speaker 1: powerful than his mother. 453 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,640 Speaker 2: A lot of the records that we have of Lecaricia's 454 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:06,640 Speaker 2: later life come from financial and court records. There are 455 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:10,480 Speaker 2: court records in which she sued other people for unpaid debts, 456 00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:13,800 Speaker 2: and records in which she was the one who was sued. 457 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:18,000 Speaker 2: Some of these cases sound really dramatic. For example, in 458 00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:23,280 Speaker 2: about twelve fifty Sir Thomas Charlcoate died after drowning in 459 00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:27,520 Speaker 2: a lake on his property, and he had alone from Lcarica. 460 00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:31,960 Speaker 2: Still outstanding. By law, Licarica was allowed to keep control 461 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,800 Speaker 2: of his estate and earn income from it for a 462 00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:38,480 Speaker 2: year and a day, but in twelve fifty three his son, 463 00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,760 Speaker 2: who was also named Thomas, took her to court because 464 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,360 Speaker 2: she had exceeded that time by at least two years. 465 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 2: Lecarica then claimed that the younger Thomas had killed his father, 466 00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:52,920 Speaker 2: or at least arranged his death. Lecarica was held in 467 00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:55,400 Speaker 2: the Tower of London while this trial was going on, 468 00:28:55,440 --> 00:28:57,719 Speaker 2: which was one of at least four times that she 469 00:28:57,840 --> 00:28:58,440 Speaker 2: was imprisoned. 470 00:28:58,440 --> 00:28:58,680 Speaker 1: There. 471 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,720 Speaker 2: When the court we weren't found in Thomas's favor, saying 472 00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:06,120 Speaker 2: that Lucretia had to vacate this property, she went to 473 00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:09,840 Speaker 2: the King about it. The King ordered a retrial, mandated 474 00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:12,760 Speaker 2: that Lucritia could not be penalized any further, and set 475 00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:16,040 Speaker 2: her fine at half a mark. There's not a lot 476 00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:17,280 Speaker 2: of money in this context. 477 00:29:18,320 --> 00:29:21,440 Speaker 1: Also in twelve fifty three, Henry the third issued a 478 00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: new statute of the Jewry, the one that we read 479 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:28,200 Speaker 1: from earlier on in the show. This statute ordered that 480 00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:31,440 Speaker 1: no new synagogues be built, and that Jewish people could 481 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:34,120 Speaker 1: only remain in England if they served the King in 482 00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:38,080 Speaker 1: some way. A number of its provisions were focused on 483 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: separating Jews from Christians and making Jewish people less visible 484 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:46,120 Speaker 1: in English society. Like Jewish people had to be quiet 485 00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:49,120 Speaker 1: in their synagogues so that Christians would not hear them. 486 00:29:50,040 --> 00:29:54,080 Speaker 1: Relationships between Jews and Christians were forbidden, and Jews were 487 00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:57,320 Speaker 1: forbidden to have Christian wet nurses working in their homes. 488 00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:01,080 Speaker 1: In practice, this law all also seems to have ended 489 00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 1: the custom of allowing Jewish people to pay to be 490 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:08,200 Speaker 1: exempt from wearing the tabula. Around this same time, Henry 491 00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:12,880 Speaker 1: the third also started routinely demanding higher talages, in part 492 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:16,240 Speaker 1: because the Worcester Parliament in twelve forty one had documented 493 00:30:17,080 --> 00:30:19,600 Speaker 1: just how affluent some members of the community were. 494 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:24,960 Speaker 2: Jewish people in their communities had always faced prejudice, persecution, 495 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:28,760 Speaker 2: and at some points violence in England, and this really 496 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:32,760 Speaker 2: increased in the mid thirteenth century. This included Jewish people 497 00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:36,760 Speaker 2: being falsely accused of crimes. In twelve fifty eight, another 498 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:40,480 Speaker 2: lender named Billia of Bedford gave Lecaricia a gold ring 499 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:44,000 Speaker 2: to give to the king as a gift. This ring disappeared, 500 00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:48,840 Speaker 2: and Lecaricea's neighbor, Ivetta, accused her of stealing it. It 501 00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:51,880 Speaker 2: turned out that Ivetta herself was the one who had 502 00:30:51,920 --> 00:30:56,120 Speaker 2: taken it. The Second Baron's War started in twelve sixty 503 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:59,959 Speaker 2: four and continued for three years. Like the First Baron's War, 504 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:02,320 Speaker 2: this was a civil war that grew out of an 505 00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:06,200 Speaker 2: uprising of barons against the king in many areas. The 506 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:09,520 Speaker 2: barons and their allies saw Jews as agents of the King, 507 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:12,920 Speaker 2: and some people use this as a justification for persecution 508 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:18,240 Speaker 2: and violence, which became even more widespread. People also stole 509 00:31:18,440 --> 00:31:22,280 Speaker 2: or destroyed the ark containing all the loan documentation, meaning 510 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:26,560 Speaker 2: that lenders had no way to recoup their money. Shortly 511 00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 2: after the Second Barons War ended, Lcaricia's son Benedict was 512 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:33,520 Speaker 2: elected to the Merchant's Guild, making him the first and 513 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:37,120 Speaker 2: only Jewish person in medieval England to become a guildsman. 514 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,280 Speaker 2: This also made him a full citizen of England, and 515 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:43,760 Speaker 2: Christians in Winchester rioted over it to the point that 516 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,480 Speaker 2: the king had to dispatch guards to try to protect 517 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:50,680 Speaker 2: the Jewish community. Lcritia was probably in her sixties as 518 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:54,320 Speaker 2: all this was happening. One court document in twelve seventy 519 00:31:54,440 --> 00:31:57,400 Speaker 2: describes her as failing to appear when she was summoned, 520 00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,760 Speaker 2: saying she was too ill to leave her home. In 521 00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:04,240 Speaker 2: twelve seventy two, Henry the Third died and was succeeded 522 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:08,720 Speaker 2: by Edward the First. While Henry's attitudes toward Jewish people 523 00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:12,480 Speaker 2: had been fickle and self serving, and increasingly stringent in 524 00:32:12,560 --> 00:32:17,320 Speaker 2: later years, Edward was devoutly Christian and took an immediate 525 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 2: anti Jewish stance. He ordered a talage of a third 526 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,680 Speaker 2: of all Jewish assets, and in twelve seventy five he 527 00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:29,520 Speaker 2: authorized towns around England to start expelling their Jewish populations. 528 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:33,320 Speaker 2: He also issued a new statute of Jewry that barred 529 00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:37,800 Speaker 2: Jewish financiers from charging interest. This also specified that the 530 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,840 Speaker 2: amount repaid could not be more than the original amount 531 00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:44,520 Speaker 2: of the loan, so, for example, lenders couldn't use late 532 00:32:44,560 --> 00:32:48,120 Speaker 2: fees to try to deter people from missing payments. And 533 00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:52,680 Speaker 2: this statute also replaced the tabula with a yellow badge 534 00:32:53,280 --> 00:32:56,120 Speaker 2: in twelve seventy seven, So just about two years after that, 535 00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,680 Speaker 2: Lucaricia was murdered in her home along with her made 536 00:32:59,680 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 2: out of Bicton. Lcaricia's daughter or possibly daughter in law, Bellia, 537 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:08,479 Speaker 2: found them stabbed to death. Authorities treated this as a 538 00:33:08,560 --> 00:33:12,040 Speaker 2: robbery gone wrong, and they focused mainly on the goods 539 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:15,360 Speaker 2: that had been removed from the house. That part was 540 00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,960 Speaker 2: really not uncommon, like the fact that Jewish people's goods 541 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,000 Speaker 2: were described as the king's goods meant that a lot 542 00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:22,880 Speaker 2: of times, if a Jewish person was the victim of 543 00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:25,480 Speaker 2: a crime, the only thing people were really focused on 544 00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:28,800 Speaker 2: was the king getting his property back. There's a lot 545 00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:32,080 Speaker 2: of speculation though about whether this was really a hate crime. 546 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:37,320 Speaker 2: Lcarica was extremely wealthy and prominent. One of her sons 547 00:33:37,480 --> 00:33:40,720 Speaker 2: was the only Jewish guildsman in the country and had 548 00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:43,520 Speaker 2: been named as cheater for the Jewish community and keeper 549 00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:46,880 Speaker 2: of the Queen's Gold. Alice of Bichden was a Christian, 550 00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:49,320 Speaker 2: so it was illegal for her to have been working 551 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:53,720 Speaker 2: in Lcarice's home. This crime also happened in broad daylight, 552 00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:55,800 Speaker 2: so it may have been meant as some kind of 553 00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:58,440 Speaker 2: threat or warning to the rest of the Jewish community. 554 00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:02,960 Speaker 2: Some ask sspects of this crime are weird and confusing. 555 00:34:03,680 --> 00:34:07,200 Speaker 2: Lcarice's house was supposed to be sealed up until assessors 556 00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:10,839 Speaker 2: could go through all her assets, but two of Benedict's 557 00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:13,200 Speaker 2: sons were accused of breaking in with the help of 558 00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:15,960 Speaker 2: two of the sheriff's men and stealing much of what 559 00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:20,440 Speaker 2: was inside. The sheriff himself was initially accused as well, 560 00:34:20,760 --> 00:34:23,359 Speaker 2: but he apparently proved that he was in London. 561 00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:26,880 Speaker 1: At the time. One of Benedict's sons, Abraham, had already 562 00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,000 Speaker 1: been accused of other crimes. But we really don't know 563 00:34:30,080 --> 00:34:32,440 Speaker 1: what was going on here or why two of the 564 00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:35,960 Speaker 1: sheriff's men may have been involved, the fact that these 565 00:34:35,960 --> 00:34:39,440 Speaker 1: were Benedict's sons also reflected not just on him, but 566 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:41,279 Speaker 1: on the entire Jewish community. 567 00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:46,400 Speaker 2: A saddler named Ralph of Chisol was accused of the murder, 568 00:34:46,440 --> 00:34:49,960 Speaker 2: but he had fled from Winchester. He was outlawed, but 569 00:34:50,040 --> 00:34:53,600 Speaker 2: he was never tried for the crime. Laricia's sons, a 570 00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:56,640 Speaker 2: Share and Cockrell, thought this man was a scapegoat, and 571 00:34:56,680 --> 00:34:59,600 Speaker 2: they tried to bring charges against two other men who 572 00:34:59,640 --> 00:35:03,040 Speaker 2: they thought were more likely culprits. There's no record of 573 00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:06,799 Speaker 2: anybody ever being tried or punished for this, though, a 574 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:11,360 Speaker 2: year after Lcaricia's death, Benedict was charged with coin clipping. 575 00:35:12,239 --> 00:35:14,600 Speaker 2: At the time, coins were made from pure metal, so 576 00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:18,320 Speaker 2: people could shave or clip small pieces from their edges 577 00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:21,439 Speaker 2: to melt down for profit, and it seems that both 578 00:35:21,520 --> 00:35:24,760 Speaker 2: Christians and Jews did this in roughly the same proportions, 579 00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:28,480 Speaker 2: but Jewish people were accused and convicted of it far 580 00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:33,719 Speaker 2: more often. Benedict's arrest was part of an enormous crackdown 581 00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:38,799 Speaker 2: on coinclipping. It is likely that coinclipping really was on 582 00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:42,359 Speaker 2: the rise. Edward the First's predecessors had really set up 583 00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:46,000 Speaker 2: a system that encouraged Jewish people to work as lenders, 584 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:49,840 Speaker 2: but then Edward had made it impossible to actually earn 585 00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:54,160 Speaker 2: a living that way. But this crackdown was effectively a pogrom. 586 00:35:55,000 --> 00:36:00,600 Speaker 2: England's entire Jewish population was imprisoned. Three times more Christian 587 00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:04,359 Speaker 2: than Jews were accused of coinclipping, but ten times more 588 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:08,640 Speaker 2: Jews than Christians were executed. At this point, the Jewish 589 00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:12,440 Speaker 2: population of England was only about three thousand people, and 590 00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:17,879 Speaker 2: it's estimated that three hundred or ten percent were executed 591 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:23,080 Speaker 2: for suspicion of coinclipping. One of these was Lcarica's son Benedict, 592 00:36:23,120 --> 00:36:26,040 Speaker 2: who was executed in twelve eighty This. 593 00:36:26,239 --> 00:36:30,359 Speaker 1: Was not the last time England imprisoned its entire Jewish population. 594 00:36:31,080 --> 00:36:33,759 Speaker 1: In twelve eighty seven, the king imposed a tallage of 595 00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:38,120 Speaker 1: twelve thousand marks and imprisoned the whole community after only 596 00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:42,560 Speaker 1: five thousand pounds of it was raised. Lcoricia's son A Sher, 597 00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:46,719 Speaker 1: was imprisoned at Winchester Castle and scratched graffiti into the 598 00:36:46,760 --> 00:36:50,560 Speaker 1: wall there in Hebrew, which was discovered in the seventeenth century. 599 00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:54,520 Speaker 1: Only a piece of the inscription survived, which noted the 600 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:57,960 Speaker 1: date that everyone had been imprisoned by referencing the scripture 601 00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:00,680 Speaker 1: that had been read for the Sabbath that week. Along 602 00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:02,879 Speaker 1: with I A Share inscribed this. 603 00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:08,480 Speaker 2: In twelve ninety England expelled its entire Jewish population at 604 00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,600 Speaker 2: that point, numbering about two thousand people. A share in 605 00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:16,400 Speaker 2: any of Licoricea's other surviving children and grandchildren were driven 606 00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:19,759 Speaker 2: from England. At this time. People were allowed to take 607 00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,640 Speaker 2: their possessions with them, but their houses and anything they 608 00:37:22,680 --> 00:37:26,279 Speaker 2: couldn't carry was forfeited to the king. Although they were 609 00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:29,400 Speaker 2: supposed to be allowed safe passage, a lot of people 610 00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:33,480 Speaker 2: still faced violence as they tried to leave, including multiple 611 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:38,520 Speaker 2: truly horrifying accounts of ship passengers being left to drown 612 00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:42,160 Speaker 2: as they tried to get to continental Europe. This was 613 00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:46,160 Speaker 2: the first of a series of expulsions all across Europe, 614 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:49,400 Speaker 2: including from Spain in fourteen ninety two. We covered that 615 00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:53,720 Speaker 2: expulsion on the show before The prohibition on Jewish people 616 00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:57,960 Speaker 2: in England remained in place until sixteen fifty seven. 617 00:37:58,840 --> 00:38:02,160 Speaker 1: The Licorica of Winch Appeal is a charity that was 618 00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:06,040 Speaker 1: established in twenty seventeen to educate the public about the 619 00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:10,560 Speaker 1: medieval Jewish community in Winchester. The organization raised funds for 620 00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:12,640 Speaker 1: a life size statue of Lcaricia. 621 00:38:13,719 --> 00:38:17,279 Speaker 2: This statue is now complete. It is a thing that 622 00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:20,440 Speaker 2: prompted these articles that went viral last year. In this statue, 623 00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:23,880 Speaker 2: she's walking along with a young a share She's holding 624 00:38:23,960 --> 00:38:26,439 Speaker 2: his hand and carrying a talig roll. In the other 625 00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:30,759 Speaker 2: he has a dradal. This statue was sculpted by Ian 626 00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:34,359 Speaker 2: Rank Broadly and it was unveiled on Jury Street in 627 00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:38,640 Speaker 2: Winchester on February tenth of twenty twenty two. King Charles 628 00:38:38,640 --> 00:38:41,080 Speaker 2: the Second, who at the time was still Prince Charles, 629 00:38:41,239 --> 00:38:43,560 Speaker 2: was supposed to be part of this unveiling, but he 630 00:38:43,640 --> 00:38:46,880 Speaker 2: had COVID so he had to visit about a month later. 631 00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:51,600 Speaker 2: The Lecarica of Winchester Appeal also commissioned a book which 632 00:38:51,640 --> 00:38:54,520 Speaker 2: came out in twenty twenty two as well. That's titled 633 00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:59,440 Speaker 2: Lecarica of Winchester, Power and Prejudice in Medieval England, and 634 00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:01,279 Speaker 2: that's by Rebecca Abrams. 635 00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:04,120 Speaker 1: Do you have listener mail today? 636 00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:07,399 Speaker 2: I do have some listener mail. This listener mail goes 637 00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:11,080 Speaker 2: back to our Square Dancing episodes. This person signed their 638 00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:15,120 Speaker 2: message as Annex eight thousand and said hello you briefly 639 00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:18,000 Speaker 2: mentioned that in the Caribbean, there are variations on the 640 00:39:18,080 --> 00:39:21,960 Speaker 2: quadrill as well as ring dances and colin response. In fact, 641 00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:25,440 Speaker 2: in the nineteen fifty something emerged that has become a 642 00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:28,880 Speaker 2: present day Cuban version of square dancing that has spread 643 00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:31,480 Speaker 2: through the US and beyond. We dance it here in 644 00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:35,880 Speaker 2: Los Angeles. It's called ruete that's wheel dancing, and it 645 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:39,560 Speaker 2: started in the pre revolutionary casinos of Havana. While this 646 00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:42,840 Speaker 2: particular dance is clearly modern, it likely has some connection 647 00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:46,080 Speaker 2: to those earlier influence you mentioned. It has a caller 648 00:39:46,280 --> 00:39:50,000 Speaker 2: who tells the group as a whole which passos to dance. 649 00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:53,719 Speaker 2: Usually a retta group will develop its own passos as 650 00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:56,080 Speaker 2: it develops its own identity. The music is better than 651 00:39:56,080 --> 00:40:00,120 Speaker 2: square dancing music. Two. There are then some links to 652 00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:02,799 Speaker 2: learn more about this, and then on a related note, 653 00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,360 Speaker 2: the Cuban mambo is a descendant of the English country 654 00:40:05,440 --> 00:40:08,240 Speaker 2: dance as well. Thank you so much for this email. 655 00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:10,799 Speaker 2: I did not know that. Apologies for me not being 656 00:40:10,840 --> 00:40:15,360 Speaker 2: able to say read it very well. I feel like 657 00:40:15,440 --> 00:40:20,600 Speaker 2: I have lost some rolling my ursibility from my childhood. Uh. 658 00:40:21,080 --> 00:40:24,520 Speaker 2: And also I've I don't know, I stumbled over that. 659 00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:26,200 Speaker 2: So thank you so much. I did not know any 660 00:40:26,239 --> 00:40:28,160 Speaker 2: of this and if you would like to send us 661 00:40:28,160 --> 00:40:30,000 Speaker 2: a note about this or any other podcast, We're a 662 00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:34,240 Speaker 2: history podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. We're all over social media. 663 00:40:34,440 --> 00:40:36,719 Speaker 2: Miss in History. That's where you'll find out Facebook and 664 00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:42,880 Speaker 2: our Pinterest and our x thing and Instagram. That's the 665 00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:46,440 Speaker 2: other one. You can subscribe to our show also on 666 00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:51,160 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app, or wherever you like to get your podcasts. 667 00:40:55,040 --> 00:40:58,160 Speaker 2: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 668 00:40:58,520 --> 00:41:01,919 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeart heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 669 00:41:02,040 --> 00:41:05,240 Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.