1 00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:08,840 Speaker 1: One thing that I really love about physics is that 2 00:00:08,960 --> 00:00:12,720 Speaker 1: sometimes the laws of physics don't just work, they're actually pretty. 3 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:15,560 Speaker 1: What do you mean physics can be pretty? You know? 4 00:00:15,560 --> 00:00:18,439 Speaker 1: I thought physics and science was like a hard hitting 5 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:22,560 Speaker 1: objective thing, you know, human endeavor. Absolutely, we got big tasks. 6 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:24,720 Speaker 1: We want to understand the universe and makes sense of it. 7 00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:27,040 Speaker 1: But sometimes we come up with an idea, something that 8 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,680 Speaker 1: just looks beautiful, something which is has an innate elegance 9 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: to it. You mean, like you'd see a theory walking 10 00:00:33,159 --> 00:00:35,199 Speaker 1: down the road and you'd be like, oh, man, that 11 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:38,440 Speaker 1: that theory hasn't going on. Yeah, there's some sexy the 12 00:00:38,479 --> 00:00:41,159 Speaker 1: curves in that theory. You mean like graphs though, right, 13 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:44,800 Speaker 1: Like that that kind of occurs, right, that graph is 14 00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:48,159 Speaker 1: a nice curve to look those peaks. And one of 15 00:00:48,159 --> 00:00:50,239 Speaker 1: the most controversial theories of all time, one of the 16 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: ones that gets people up in arms, is also one 17 00:00:53,080 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: that's probably survived because it's so beautiful. An alogot isn't 18 00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:00,560 Speaker 1: the theory of attraction. No, it's a theory that was 19 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:04,320 Speaker 1: once described as a piece of twenty first century physics 20 00:01:04,319 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: that had fallen by accident into the twentieth century. So 21 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:29,040 Speaker 1: it's a future Babe, future baby exactly. Hi. I'm Orge, 22 00:01:29,080 --> 00:01:32,200 Speaker 1: I'm a cartoonist and I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, 23 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:34,039 Speaker 1: and we are the authors of the book We Have 24 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:37,200 Speaker 1: No Idea, which talks about all the things we don't 25 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:39,959 Speaker 1: know about the universe and how we might hope to 26 00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:43,000 Speaker 1: one day understand them. Yeah. So, welcome to our podcast. 27 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:46,200 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explained the universe, in which we take 28 00:01:46,319 --> 00:01:49,680 Speaker 1: everything and anything in the universe and try to explain 29 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:51,000 Speaker 1: it to you in a way that makes sense and 30 00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:54,040 Speaker 1: hopefully makes you laugh to be on the program. We're 31 00:01:54,080 --> 00:02:01,960 Speaker 1: going to talk about, Oh, string the that's right, string theory. 32 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:04,520 Speaker 1: And this is a question that we've been getting from listeners. 33 00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:07,560 Speaker 1: We ask people, please send in your request for topics, 34 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:10,120 Speaker 1: and maybe more than fifty percent of the request work. 35 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:12,760 Speaker 1: Can you explain string theory? What is stringth theory? Talk 36 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:16,600 Speaker 1: about string theory more than yeah, and it's fascinating. It's 37 00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:19,000 Speaker 1: because string theory really is a part of sort of 38 00:02:19,040 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: cultural zite guys. It's like an idea that people know 39 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:24,000 Speaker 1: exists even if they don't understand it. It's a big 40 00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 1: part of that show The Big Bang Theory, right, like 41 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: the people in that show there they supposedly study string theory. 42 00:02:29,919 --> 00:02:33,400 Speaker 1: I don't know. I don't watch that show me neither, 43 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: but that's what I've been told. Your cultural advice expert 44 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:40,800 Speaker 1: has told you that this is a culturally relevant thing. Well, yeah, 45 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:42,640 Speaker 1: it's it's something people have heard about. Well have you 46 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:44,960 Speaker 1: heard about string theory before you started spending your time 47 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,040 Speaker 1: talking to physicists? Know, yeah, I've heard about it. You know. 48 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:51,080 Speaker 1: It's one of these things that you hear a lot about. 49 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:53,839 Speaker 1: It's these like crazy theory about the universe, but it's 50 00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: really and you know, you hear certain things about it, like, oh, 51 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,760 Speaker 1: everything is made out of strings, but you don't really 52 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: kind of know what it is and what does it 53 00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:04,240 Speaker 1: mean for things to be strings. You're a very visual person. 54 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:05,640 Speaker 1: What image do you get in your head if I 55 00:03:05,639 --> 00:03:07,920 Speaker 1: tell you everything is made out of strings? Do you 56 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:10,519 Speaker 1: get like a universe an idea of like a universe 57 00:03:10,520 --> 00:03:12,800 Speaker 1: where everything is crocheted out of yarn? Or how does 58 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:14,519 Speaker 1: it work? In your head? I would to just ask 59 00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:19,040 Speaker 1: what are those strings made out of? Right? Right? Of course? 60 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,040 Speaker 1: So you are a physicist at hard right, because every 61 00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:24,399 Speaker 1: question just leads to the next question. That's right, beautiful physicists, 62 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:30,320 Speaker 1: a hard supermodel on the outside. No comment. Um, but 63 00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:32,560 Speaker 1: I thought it was an interesting question to tackle because 64 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:34,720 Speaker 1: it's something everybody has heard about, but very few people 65 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,400 Speaker 1: actually understand. I think that's why people wanted us to 66 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:39,960 Speaker 1: talk about, is saying, can you make this not just 67 00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:42,240 Speaker 1: something we have heard this phrase, but something where we 68 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: can know what it means and gets an insight into 69 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: why people are spending their time doing it. Right. Yeah, So, 70 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: as usual, we went out into the street and ask 71 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,560 Speaker 1: do you know what strength theory is? Yeah? So before 72 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 1: you hear these answers, think for a moment, could you 73 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 1: define strength theory? Do you know what it is and 74 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: why it's persisted for so long. Here's what people who 75 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:04,320 Speaker 1: I asked had to say. Um, No, I have no 76 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:07,839 Speaker 1: idea what that is. No, I do not. I've heard 77 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:10,560 Speaker 1: of it. My only way of Big Bang theory Okay, 78 00:04:11,320 --> 00:04:15,760 Speaker 1: I don't know. I'm sorry. The connectedness of Adams and 79 00:04:15,920 --> 00:04:23,159 Speaker 1: sub atomic particles Okay, it's something that Sheldon worked on. Yes, Okay, 80 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:25,120 Speaker 1: So first of all, it's kind of interesting because you 81 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:28,520 Speaker 1: normally you go out into your university campus to ask people, 82 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:30,880 Speaker 1: but this time you went somewhere different. Yeah, that's right. 83 00:04:30,920 --> 00:04:33,119 Speaker 1: You see, Irvine was closed for a holiday, so instead 84 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: I went to the mall here in Irvine, the Spectrum, 85 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:38,640 Speaker 1: and I asked a bunch of random strangers, um questions 86 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:41,320 Speaker 1: about science. And again I was struck by how many 87 00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:43,640 Speaker 1: people were willing to answer my questions. I thought people 88 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 1: would say, who are you? Go away security security? Right? 89 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:50,520 Speaker 1: Maybe they sense a certain beauty about you, Daniel, You're like, 90 00:04:50,560 --> 00:04:54,360 Speaker 1: who is this beautiful specimen of a person? Know? Who is? 91 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: Apparently I just don't look very threatening, you know. Um, 92 00:04:58,000 --> 00:04:59,480 Speaker 1: I look like I could could get knocked to a 93 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:03,360 Speaker 1: religious a passing breeze or something. Um. So everybody was 94 00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 1: willing to engage, which was awesome, and people had some 95 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:08,680 Speaker 1: pretty fun ideas, and everybody had heard of it. Nobody 96 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:12,119 Speaker 1: had said hell what, and your other speculation was correct. 97 00:05:12,160 --> 00:05:14,760 Speaker 1: Some people had heard of strength theory specifically because of 98 00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:18,040 Speaker 1: the Big Bang theory. So thank you Big Bang Theory. 99 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:21,120 Speaker 1: You've mined all of this juice from nerd culture and 100 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,320 Speaker 1: you have actually communicated something to the public. And congratulations. 101 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:26,599 Speaker 1: Nobody understands what string theory is, but they do understand 102 00:05:26,640 --> 00:05:29,119 Speaker 1: that it is a theory. Well, I think that show 103 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:31,960 Speaker 1: doesn't even try to explain it, right, They almost use 104 00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 1: it for the opposite effect, Like, let's depict our characterist, 105 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:40,120 Speaker 1: this impenetrable, unrelatable genius that speaks gobbling Google, so we'll 106 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,920 Speaker 1: just having to talk about strength theory and that nobody 107 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:45,240 Speaker 1: and nobody's going to understand that. So it's it's likely. 108 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:49,560 Speaker 1: So you're saying string theory represents the impenetrability of physics. 109 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:52,840 Speaker 1: I think it's more important to explain these things to 110 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:55,440 Speaker 1: people rather than just toss these words around and try 111 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:57,840 Speaker 1: to intimidate people. So yeah, I think that's what I mean. 112 00:05:57,880 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 1: It's like they use it to intimidate people about physics, Yeah, 113 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:03,800 Speaker 1: when physics is nothing but warm and cuddly and just 114 00:06:03,839 --> 00:06:06,159 Speaker 1: wants to explain the universe to you. Man, there's nothing 115 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:10,279 Speaker 1: intimidating about physics, right. It's about revealing secrets and giving 116 00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:13,920 Speaker 1: understanding and insight and appreciating beauty. And that's the thing 117 00:06:13,960 --> 00:06:17,080 Speaker 1: about string theory is it doesn't just potentially explain a 118 00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:20,159 Speaker 1: lot of things. It also offers some elegance, some gorgeousness, 119 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:23,239 Speaker 1: like a peak into what nature is doing underneath. Because 120 00:06:23,279 --> 00:06:25,520 Speaker 1: you know, you can have ugly theories and you can 121 00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: have elegant theories, you know, and you might ask the difference, 122 00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: like how what is the difference? Well, I can ask 123 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:32,680 Speaker 1: you the same question about art, right, Like I look 124 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:34,680 Speaker 1: at the Kendinsky and I say, hey, that's beautiful, and 125 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:37,160 Speaker 1: somebody else says whatever, I could do that in an afternoon. 126 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:40,680 Speaker 1: It's garbage. It's subjective, right, you can't. It's like the 127 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:42,760 Speaker 1: whole question of what is beauty is something that's very 128 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:46,920 Speaker 1: difficult to nail down. So you shouldn't judge a painting 129 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:51,360 Speaker 1: by the same metric you used to judge of physics theory. Um. 130 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: And you know, two physicists can disagree about what theory 131 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:56,839 Speaker 1: is pretty and what theories ugly. So it's it's totally subjective. 132 00:06:56,880 --> 00:07:00,159 Speaker 1: It's not an objective fish like a you know, I 133 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:04,159 Speaker 1: like this kind of theory. I like that kind of theory. Yeah, 134 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:06,120 Speaker 1: Like you know, I like theories with handcuffs in the 135 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:09,640 Speaker 1: midstet of strings, right, like my handcuff theory of the universe. 136 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:17,960 Speaker 1: That's where that's where you're going theories or yeah, okay, 137 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:21,520 Speaker 1: So let's break it down for people. What is string theory? Right? 138 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:24,720 Speaker 1: So string theory is basically is the idea that the 139 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:27,640 Speaker 1: smallest elements of matter with things that things are made 140 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: out of are not points, not particles, but instead their lines, 141 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:41,120 Speaker 1: their strings, strings of what strings of basic universe stuff? Right, So, 142 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: like the electron is is not like a little ball, 143 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:46,080 Speaker 1: and we know it's like a quantum object, which is 144 00:07:46,080 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: like a point with some kind of probability. But you're 145 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: saying if you zoom in even more, maybe you would 146 00:07:51,040 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: see a little squiggle there. Yeah, And the sort of 147 00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:56,480 Speaker 1: two ideas there. One is what is the most basic element? 148 00:07:56,520 --> 00:07:59,000 Speaker 1: And the second is is their most basic element? So 149 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: this assumes there is a most basic element. You know 150 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:03,520 Speaker 1: that you you look at something next to you, pick 151 00:08:03,560 --> 00:08:05,480 Speaker 1: up in the nearest object you have, you know, maybe 152 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:08,200 Speaker 1: it's an apple, maybe it's a platypus, maybe it's a 153 00:08:08,280 --> 00:08:10,560 Speaker 1: you know, I don't know what, and and think about 154 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: what it's made out of. It's made of molecules, right, 155 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,440 Speaker 1: Tear those apart, you get atoms. Tear those atoms apart, 156 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: you get protons and neutron's electrons. Tear those apart, you 157 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:20,640 Speaker 1: get quarks. Right, and you could keep going and eventually 158 00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: you get two smaller and smaller particles. Right. The question 159 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:26,800 Speaker 1: is do you ever get to the smallest particle. Right, 160 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,240 Speaker 1: that's one question. Is there a smallest thing? And we 161 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: covered that in a whole podcast, but here we're just 162 00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: gonna assume that there is. Right, at some point, you 163 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,120 Speaker 1: get down the most basic thing where you're not allowed 164 00:08:36,160 --> 00:08:37,920 Speaker 1: to ask what it's made out of because it's made 165 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:40,719 Speaker 1: out of the most basic universe stuff. It's like the 166 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:44,559 Speaker 1: one circle on a lego set. It's like, you can't 167 00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:48,520 Speaker 1: get any smaller than that. That's right, it's the unit exactly, 168 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:51,319 Speaker 1: And that's you might feel like that, that's frustrating. Why 169 00:08:51,320 --> 00:08:53,120 Speaker 1: can't I ask what it's made out of? You know? 170 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,000 Speaker 1: But it's also not frustrating because it would be the answer. 171 00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: I mean, if you actually got there and you said, look, 172 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: everything in the universe is made out of this one 173 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:03,319 Speaker 1: basic thing. That's a deep insight, right, that's what we're 174 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,000 Speaker 1: going for. That's the day we wish for that we 175 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: peel back a layer of reality and see everything is 176 00:09:09,280 --> 00:09:11,120 Speaker 1: made out of this thing, because then you can ask 177 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: why this thing? What does that mean? Oh? I see? 178 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: So string theory is saying that everything electrons course, eventually, 179 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:20,360 Speaker 1: if you break them down, you'll get to this one 180 00:09:20,440 --> 00:09:22,920 Speaker 1: type of string. That's right. We think of things being 181 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:25,120 Speaker 1: made of particles, We think of them as tiny dots 182 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:28,880 Speaker 1: right in space. But string theory says they're not dots, 183 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:32,960 Speaker 1: their lines okay, and they're they're these loops and wiggles 184 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,480 Speaker 1: instead of being dots. And then everything is made out 185 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:38,679 Speaker 1: of these strings. And you might ask, well, how can 186 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:42,000 Speaker 1: you get different kinds of particles, for example, out of 187 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:46,000 Speaker 1: one kind of string? Right, And the idea there is 188 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:49,320 Speaker 1: that the strings can vibrate, the strings can wiggle, right, 189 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:51,960 Speaker 1: the reverberations in the string just like you know a 190 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,760 Speaker 1: rubber band or a string. Is it like an actual vibration, 191 00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: like it goes up and down or is it just 192 00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:00,199 Speaker 1: like the different shapes you can make with a string. Oh, 193 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:03,240 Speaker 1: I see No, it's actual motion of the string. Yeah, 194 00:10:03,480 --> 00:10:06,600 Speaker 1: And so it's different, different vibrational modes. So they get 195 00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:09,040 Speaker 1: excited and they can get into this state or that state. 196 00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:14,600 Speaker 1: As the string vibrates in different ways, it makes different particles. 197 00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:17,559 Speaker 1: So some tiny particle calling it's an electron, for example, 198 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:21,080 Speaker 1: is actually a string vibrating this way, and a cork 199 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:23,440 Speaker 1: is a string vibrating the other way. And the neutrinos 200 00:10:23,480 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: a string vibrating a third way, so the same thing 201 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:30,640 Speaker 1: with different vibrations can appear as different particles. Okay, so 202 00:10:30,679 --> 00:10:33,439 Speaker 1: it's not like different strings and a guitar. That's not 203 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:36,719 Speaker 1: what we're talking about. We're talking about one string. It's 204 00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:39,640 Speaker 1: like a one string guitar and just the different ways 205 00:10:39,679 --> 00:10:42,600 Speaker 1: in which it can vibrate that gives rise to all 206 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:45,320 Speaker 1: the different stuff we see in the universe exactly. And 207 00:10:45,400 --> 00:10:47,840 Speaker 1: like a guitar, you can pluck the string differently and 208 00:10:47,880 --> 00:10:50,839 Speaker 1: you can get different notes, right, you can if based 209 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:53,000 Speaker 1: on how fast it's vibrating and you know where you 210 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:54,640 Speaker 1: put your finger in the end, you can get different 211 00:10:54,640 --> 00:10:57,040 Speaker 1: notes out of the same string. And it's key here, 212 00:10:57,080 --> 00:10:59,840 Speaker 1: that's one string, right, it's a single string. Because we're 213 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:02,760 Speaker 1: to explain everything in the universe in terms of one object. 214 00:11:03,280 --> 00:11:04,920 Speaker 1: So we're trying to explain how you get all this 215 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:07,560 Speaker 1: complexity in terms of one thing. And that's the answer 216 00:11:07,880 --> 00:11:11,520 Speaker 1: from string theory is that the string has different modes 217 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:14,160 Speaker 1: to it to drink, can do different things. And you know, 218 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:16,920 Speaker 1: you might think that's sort of weird, Like I expect 219 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:19,280 Speaker 1: stuff if it's all made of the same thing, to 220 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:22,000 Speaker 1: be the same thing, right, Like if everything is made 221 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:24,319 Speaker 1: of the same stuff. Why is this red and that blue? 222 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:27,520 Speaker 1: And this tastes delicious and this tastes terrible, right, And 223 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:30,640 Speaker 1: it comes from the way it's vibrating. It's kind of 224 00:11:30,679 --> 00:11:32,559 Speaker 1: like maybe light. You know, a light is just made 225 00:11:32,559 --> 00:11:35,320 Speaker 1: out of one thing, photons, but depending on the frequency, 226 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:39,040 Speaker 1: then it's different colors. Yeah, exactly. And the way things 227 00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 1: move and vibrany can totally affect the way they we 228 00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:44,000 Speaker 1: perceive them. You know, think about for example, water, right, 229 00:11:44,559 --> 00:11:47,079 Speaker 1: water is made out of water molecules, but so is ice, 230 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:49,320 Speaker 1: and so is steam. Right, They're made out of the 231 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:52,559 Speaker 1: same thing, but we feel them, we experience them very 232 00:11:52,600 --> 00:11:55,600 Speaker 1: differently because of the way they're moving, right, steam and 233 00:11:55,679 --> 00:11:59,240 Speaker 1: liquid water. How the water particles moving more than an ice, right, 234 00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:01,680 Speaker 1: And so it's the most into those particles that generates 235 00:12:01,679 --> 00:12:05,400 Speaker 1: the macroscopic qualities that we used to define it. So 236 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:07,640 Speaker 1: the things we used to define the electron and things 237 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:10,040 Speaker 1: we used to define a quirk actually come just from 238 00:12:10,080 --> 00:12:13,720 Speaker 1: the vibrations of these strings. Again according to this theory. Okay, 239 00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,320 Speaker 1: so so then, but then my question is still, what 240 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:19,920 Speaker 1: are these strings made? Is it just like made out 241 00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:21,880 Speaker 1: of universe I told you? Or hey, you're not let 242 00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:23,880 Speaker 1: to ask once we get down to the lowest level, 243 00:12:24,320 --> 00:12:27,880 Speaker 1: no more questions. No, but you know what I mean, 244 00:12:27,920 --> 00:12:30,200 Speaker 1: like is it like a like a physical string or 245 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:32,360 Speaker 1: just like a mathematical string? Do you know what I mean? 246 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:36,960 Speaker 1: Like is prepare for philosophical detour here, like what's actually 247 00:12:37,080 --> 00:12:42,520 Speaker 1: vibrating like universe stuff? Yeah? Yeah, Well, because I still 248 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:45,320 Speaker 1: look in the end, all physics theories are just models. Right, 249 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:48,040 Speaker 1: you gonna ask the question is this really happening or 250 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:50,640 Speaker 1: is this just a mathematical model? In my head, I 251 00:12:50,760 --> 00:12:54,600 Speaker 1: used to do calculations and predict the results of experiments. Boom. 252 00:12:54,679 --> 00:12:57,360 Speaker 1: That is a big philosophical question, right, and there's no 253 00:12:57,400 --> 00:13:00,240 Speaker 1: way to answer that. So we think of these things 254 00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:03,560 Speaker 1: as models in our head reflect reality. Okay, you know 255 00:13:03,640 --> 00:13:05,400 Speaker 1: the top cork doesn't exist or not? Or is it 256 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:08,120 Speaker 1: is a calculation a model in my head? We could 257 00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:10,079 Speaker 1: you know, smoke banana peels and talk about that for 258 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:12,920 Speaker 1: a long time without making any progress. So this model 259 00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:16,600 Speaker 1: is just asking me to imagine that the most fundamental 260 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:18,959 Speaker 1: thing at the universe are these little strings. They can 261 00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:21,640 Speaker 1: vibrate in different ways, but then these trains can move 262 00:13:21,679 --> 00:13:24,640 Speaker 1: around and they can't be cut into pieces. Right, you 263 00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:27,160 Speaker 1: can't get anything smaller than a string. It's the most 264 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:29,960 Speaker 1: basic unit. Like, there's something about the stuff of the 265 00:13:30,040 --> 00:13:33,560 Speaker 1: universe that is just you can't vibrate or do things 266 00:13:33,559 --> 00:13:36,520 Speaker 1: shorter than these little strings. Yeah, exactly. Or thinking about 267 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:38,000 Speaker 1: it from the other direction, you know, how do you 268 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,679 Speaker 1: make a universe? Well, you start with a huge pile 269 00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:43,600 Speaker 1: of tiny strings, and then the way those strings interact 270 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:46,040 Speaker 1: gives you all sorts of interesting structure. But that's what 271 00:13:46,120 --> 00:13:49,280 Speaker 1: you start from, right, that's the universe's initial condition is 272 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:51,400 Speaker 1: like a huge pile of strings. And these trains can 273 00:13:51,440 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: move around space. Yeah, they move and they interact with 274 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:56,959 Speaker 1: each other, right, and that's where all interesting stuff. But 275 00:13:57,080 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: are these related to the quantum fields? How does that 276 00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:02,599 Speaker 1: really fields? Yeah? So everything we'd be built out of 277 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:05,760 Speaker 1: these strings, including all the particles and all the forces. 278 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:09,000 Speaker 1: And that's actually why string theory is so popular because 279 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:12,080 Speaker 1: string theory, we think, can explain some of the mysteries 280 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:14,320 Speaker 1: of quantum fields and some of the mysteries of how 281 00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:16,439 Speaker 1: to bring gravity into the fold and describe it in 282 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:18,559 Speaker 1: terms of a quantum field. So the short answer to 283 00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 1: your question is, all the quantum fields arise from these 284 00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:26,360 Speaker 1: string interactions. All these fields, all these particles just come 285 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:29,800 Speaker 1: from this one string guitar being plugged the different frequencies. 286 00:14:30,920 --> 00:14:34,080 Speaker 1: That's right. So while you're imagining a single string guitar 287 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:49,760 Speaker 1: of the universe, let's take a quick break. All right. So, um, 288 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:53,360 Speaker 1: that's that's a crazy concept to ask people to digest. 289 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,440 Speaker 1: But let's assume that that's the theory. Um, why who 290 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:58,400 Speaker 1: came up with this and why do we think it's 291 00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,040 Speaker 1: a good theory about the universe? Yes, the string theories 292 00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:02,720 Speaker 1: had a lot of people contribute to it. It's sort 293 00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:04,800 Speaker 1: of an old theory that started out trying to explain 294 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:07,280 Speaker 1: something else and then was tossed aside when it didn't work, 295 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:10,320 Speaker 1: and it was later picked up again, um and reused 296 00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:14,560 Speaker 1: two as a theory of everything. And this sort of 297 00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:18,040 Speaker 1: idea of string theory is to take a different approach 298 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:20,360 Speaker 1: to solving this question of what is the universe made 299 00:15:20,360 --> 00:15:24,000 Speaker 1: out of? As an experimentalist, my approaches take something concrete, 300 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: break it into pieces, gets smaller and smaller and smaller. 301 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:29,560 Speaker 1: You know, as you discover new stuff, you're revealing secrets 302 00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:31,720 Speaker 1: to the universe, and just keep going until you get 303 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: to the smallest bit. Sort of via top down approach, right, 304 00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:37,600 Speaker 1: This idea is different. This is sort of a bottom up. 305 00:15:37,680 --> 00:15:40,400 Speaker 1: They say, let's just start at the very bottom. Let's 306 00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:43,160 Speaker 1: go to the most basic element and try to explain 307 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,120 Speaker 1: the universe from the start. You know, if a hypothesize 308 00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:48,440 Speaker 1: the universe has made of strings, can we put them 309 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: together in a way that explains the universe and describes 310 00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 1: everything we see around us? But I guess how did 311 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: someone even think of using strings? How do you make 312 00:15:57,480 --> 00:15:59,640 Speaker 1: a lot of things out of one thing? And a 313 00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:02,520 Speaker 1: little ring that vibrates different ways is one way to 314 00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:04,960 Speaker 1: get a lot of things out of one simple thing? 315 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 1: Is that kind of the origins of it? Yeah, exactly, 316 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:11,520 Speaker 1: you should imagine. Physicists are basically random, terrible idea generators, 317 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:14,680 Speaker 1: and most of those just don't work. So at some 318 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:17,400 Speaker 1: point somebody's like fed up with thinking about the universe 319 00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:19,360 Speaker 1: in terms of particles, and they're like, well, what if 320 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:21,120 Speaker 1: they're not you know, what if they're not dots, Let's 321 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:23,680 Speaker 1: just try it with lines. Does that work? You know? 322 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:26,720 Speaker 1: And basically every idea that you can imagine, somebody has 323 00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:28,680 Speaker 1: tried to make that work as a theory and everything, 324 00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:31,360 Speaker 1: and usually given up after about two seconds because the 325 00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:34,040 Speaker 1: theory of everything based out of little puppies or whatever 326 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:36,720 Speaker 1: doesn't work. It's very hard to make that put together. 327 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 1: But like they maybe they say, what if there's just 328 00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:41,520 Speaker 1: one particle that makes up everything, how would you how 329 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:43,600 Speaker 1: would you explain how this one particle can turn into 330 00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:46,280 Speaker 1: other things? And so that's kind of difficult maybe, But 331 00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 1: a string, you can imagine it vibrating or moving in 332 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: different ways to give rise to different particles, right, yeah, exactly. 333 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:55,160 Speaker 1: And people were playing with it and like, what can 334 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 1: we do with this? And they try, like I said, 335 00:16:57,040 --> 00:16:59,360 Speaker 1: they try to use it to solve other problems. Specifically, 336 00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:02,160 Speaker 1: they try to under stand the strong nuclear force using strings, 337 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:04,879 Speaker 1: and it didn't work. And then later somebody else said, Hi, 338 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:07,600 Speaker 1: I heard about this idea of strings. I wonder if 339 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:09,640 Speaker 1: I can use that to solve this other problem, which 340 00:17:09,680 --> 00:17:12,600 Speaker 1: is why can't we get gravity to play well with 341 00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:15,440 Speaker 1: the other forces. You know, if you want to understand 342 00:17:15,520 --> 00:17:17,440 Speaker 1: the way the universe works, you have to try to 343 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:19,920 Speaker 1: explain everything in terms of one theory, right, to bring 344 00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:22,359 Speaker 1: it all together into a single explanation, because that's a 345 00:17:22,359 --> 00:17:24,600 Speaker 1: big problem right now in physics, right, Like it's like 346 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:28,040 Speaker 1: marrying quantum physics with gravity. That's right. It's a marriage 347 00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:30,920 Speaker 1: we've been trying to arrange forever, but the two participants 348 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:33,520 Speaker 1: just do not want to do not want to play 349 00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:37,159 Speaker 1: along exactly. They don't pressure. Yeah, So we have these 350 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:40,760 Speaker 1: sort of two towering achievements of physics. On one hand, 351 00:17:40,840 --> 00:17:43,760 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics, right, a revelation about a hundred years old. 352 00:17:43,760 --> 00:17:46,560 Speaker 1: It tells us that the universe is very different from 353 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:49,080 Speaker 1: the way we thought it was, that there's uncertainty, that 354 00:17:49,119 --> 00:17:52,760 Speaker 1: there's fuzziness, a limited amount of knowledge we can actually 355 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:56,199 Speaker 1: obtain about the universe. And it's most specifically that the 356 00:17:56,280 --> 00:17:59,600 Speaker 1: universe is quantized, it's broken up into discreete little chunks. 357 00:18:00,640 --> 00:18:03,639 Speaker 1: And on the other hand, we have gravity and general relativity, 358 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 1: which is an incredibly successful theory that describes the motion 359 00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:10,920 Speaker 1: of planets around stars and black holes and all sorts 360 00:18:10,920 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 1: of crazy stuff and time dilation in the way space 361 00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,000 Speaker 1: and time are connected, all this incredible stuff. But it 362 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:20,440 Speaker 1: assumes the universe is not quantum mechanical, right. It assumes 363 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:23,879 Speaker 1: that that energy can be subdivided into arbitrarily small bits, 364 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:26,480 Speaker 1: and you can have an infinite number of locations and 365 00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:29,680 Speaker 1: an infinite amount of information. Right, And so the two 366 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:32,320 Speaker 1: theories are not consistent, and most of the time they're 367 00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:35,480 Speaker 1: talking about different stuff so they don't overlap. Sometimes, like 368 00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:37,640 Speaker 1: when you're talking about a black hole, then the two 369 00:18:37,680 --> 00:18:40,159 Speaker 1: give you very different stories. Okay, so, how is strength 370 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:44,919 Speaker 1: theory able to marry gravity and quantum mechanics? Right, So 371 00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:48,080 Speaker 1: that is exactly the right question. How does string theory 372 00:18:48,119 --> 00:18:51,520 Speaker 1: allow us to bring together quantum mechanics and gravity? Well 373 00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:53,879 Speaker 1: to understand that, you really have to understand why we 374 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:57,080 Speaker 1: failed without string theory. And the problem is that when 375 00:18:57,119 --> 00:18:59,920 Speaker 1: you bring together quantum mechanics and gravity, you get lots 376 00:18:59,920 --> 00:19:03,320 Speaker 1: of infinities. Right. A theory doesn't work when it can't 377 00:19:03,359 --> 00:19:05,840 Speaker 1: predict the results of experiments. So if you ask a 378 00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:08,720 Speaker 1: theory what happens when I smash two particles together, it 379 00:19:08,720 --> 00:19:12,280 Speaker 1: should give you a reasonable answer. If the answer is infinity, 380 00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:14,879 Speaker 1: or you know, nothing will happen or something, then it 381 00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:17,120 Speaker 1: doesn't make any sense. It has to give physical answers, 382 00:19:17,119 --> 00:19:19,800 Speaker 1: and infinity is not a physical answer. The problem is 383 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:23,080 Speaker 1: when you try to bring gravity into quantum mechanics, you 384 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:26,520 Speaker 1: get lots of these infinities. And the infinities come because 385 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:29,240 Speaker 1: of the point particles, because you're trying to treat these 386 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:32,000 Speaker 1: objects as if they're just dots in space, and that 387 00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:34,000 Speaker 1: leads to lots of craziness. You know, how do you 388 00:19:34,040 --> 00:19:36,159 Speaker 1: have mass in a tiny little dot in space that 389 00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:39,359 Speaker 1: has infinite density? Right now? We have lots of other 390 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:43,480 Speaker 1: theories that do play well with quantum mechanics. Electromagnetism, for example, 391 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:46,439 Speaker 1: very happily married with quantum mechanics. And the reason that 392 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:49,320 Speaker 1: works is that we have tricks to hide those infinities. 393 00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,959 Speaker 1: We can bundle up those infinities that that pop up 394 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:54,280 Speaker 1: in the from the point particles in various other ways 395 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:58,320 Speaker 1: mathematical tricks. Those tricks don't work for gravity because gravity 396 00:19:58,359 --> 00:20:00,879 Speaker 1: is very different from the other forces. The strength of 397 00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:03,720 Speaker 1: the force grows with the energy of the object, right, 398 00:20:04,080 --> 00:20:06,600 Speaker 1: So in this case, when an object has more and 399 00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:09,720 Speaker 1: more energy, it feels more and more gravity, right because 400 00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:12,480 Speaker 1: gravity is proportional amount of energy in an object. So 401 00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:15,320 Speaker 1: the typical tricks we use to hide those infinities under 402 00:20:15,359 --> 00:20:19,399 Speaker 1: the rug that works for quantum electrodynamics doesn't work for 403 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:22,480 Speaker 1: gravity when we try to do quantum gravity. So how 404 00:20:22,520 --> 00:20:25,040 Speaker 1: does string theory to solve that problem? Simple? It just 405 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:28,280 Speaker 1: says there are no points. It says at the smallest scale, 406 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:31,119 Speaker 1: you don't have to worry about dealing with gravity a 407 00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:34,040 Speaker 1: tiny points because there are none because that it's smallest scale. 408 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:37,159 Speaker 1: The universe is not made of points but strings, and 409 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:39,560 Speaker 1: so it's a nice way to sort of circumvent that problem. 410 00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:43,040 Speaker 1: And that's why string theory can bring together quantum mechanics 411 00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:45,960 Speaker 1: and gravity so nicely. And I got people excited, and 412 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:48,119 Speaker 1: that's where the beauty was. People were like, wow, and 413 00:20:48,119 --> 00:20:51,000 Speaker 1: it's beautiful. There's like these strings floating around. You get 414 00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:53,399 Speaker 1: these membranes and its It seemed really cool to people. 415 00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:59,320 Speaker 1: So you said something interesting, which was that people thought 416 00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:02,480 Speaker 1: that dringth theory was beautiful and elegance. So can you 417 00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:04,919 Speaker 1: try to explain like why people thought that, Like is 418 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:08,639 Speaker 1: it simple or is it just it's so open ended 419 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 1: or it just seems to be working or it doesn't 420 00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:14,800 Speaker 1: fall into the ugliness of other theories. I think people 421 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:16,800 Speaker 1: just have fun working with it, you know. I think 422 00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:20,320 Speaker 1: it's I think it stimulates people's imaginations can have fun, 423 00:21:20,440 --> 00:21:23,000 Speaker 1: and physicists can have fun. Yeah, and you know, when 424 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:26,320 Speaker 1: you do string theory, you write down these diagrams, and 425 00:21:26,359 --> 00:21:29,720 Speaker 1: instead of these diagrams being lines with swils, that diagrams 426 00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:32,600 Speaker 1: are like loops, and they have sheets to and to 427 00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:35,159 Speaker 1: connect them, you know, membranes, and you get to think 428 00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,560 Speaker 1: about these high dimensional surfaces and people have a lot 429 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:41,679 Speaker 1: of fun with them, and it's been so invigorating for 430 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:45,560 Speaker 1: physicists that's actually led to a lot of good results 431 00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:49,880 Speaker 1: just in mathematics, Like mathematicians have learned about things from 432 00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:52,440 Speaker 1: the things that physicists have done while exploring its string theory, 433 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:55,720 Speaker 1: and so it's it's stimulated. The whole field of mathematics 434 00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:58,960 Speaker 1: and mathematics is about the beauty and interconnectedness of numbers. 435 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:00,680 Speaker 1: They don't care if it actually just scribes anything in 436 00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:03,639 Speaker 1: the real world, right, It's about these abstract ideas and 437 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:06,359 Speaker 1: how they come together. And one of the lead physicists 438 00:22:06,359 --> 00:22:08,760 Speaker 1: who works on string theories name is Ed Witten. He 439 00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:11,639 Speaker 1: won what's basically the Nobel Prize for math, which is 440 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:13,840 Speaker 1: the Field Medal, which is even harder to win than 441 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:16,119 Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize because they only give it every two years, 442 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:18,960 Speaker 1: and he's a physicist, and he won the top prize 443 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:22,880 Speaker 1: in mathematics for advances in string theory, which tells you that, 444 00:22:22,920 --> 00:22:26,199 Speaker 1: like there's a huge amount of mathematical machinery that's been 445 00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:29,400 Speaker 1: invented here. And these folks they love it like it's 446 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:32,120 Speaker 1: a it's fascination for them. It's a there's a deep 447 00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: pleasure in manipulating these equations and in thinking about it. Oh, 448 00:22:35,880 --> 00:22:38,159 Speaker 1: usually it's the other way around, Like usually you guys 449 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,960 Speaker 1: have to come over the theory and convince mathematicians that 450 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:45,200 Speaker 1: this is something fundamental here. It seems to be coming 451 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:47,400 Speaker 1: from the other way. It's like, here's something that even 452 00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:51,000 Speaker 1: mathematicians I think might be fundamental about the universe. Well, 453 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,320 Speaker 1: I don't know if mathematicians think it's fundamental about the universe. 454 00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:56,480 Speaker 1: They just think it helps solve interesting problems. They're like, oh, 455 00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: this is a cool tool. It can solve some problems 456 00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:00,240 Speaker 1: in math, or it gives us a new way to 457 00:23:00,280 --> 00:23:03,359 Speaker 1: think about mathematical problems. You know, And anytime you get 458 00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:05,600 Speaker 1: a new tool, it's fascinating. And you imagine, for example, 459 00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:08,400 Speaker 1: you're an artist and somebody invents a new musical instrument 460 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:10,639 Speaker 1: and you're like, oh, cool, what can I use this for. 461 00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:12,320 Speaker 1: I can invent a new kind of music. I can 462 00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:14,360 Speaker 1: have a new kind of rhythm or a new kind 463 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:16,600 Speaker 1: of song. Or in the same way, you create a 464 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:18,840 Speaker 1: new physics theory, a new basic object you get to 465 00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,359 Speaker 1: play with. It's exciting. He gives you things to play 466 00:23:21,359 --> 00:23:24,440 Speaker 1: with and ideas to try. And so like this is 467 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:27,520 Speaker 1: a said, hey, look I have a one string guitar, 468 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:32,639 Speaker 1: and were like, whoa, I can play the whole universe 469 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:35,840 Speaker 1: on that thing. But you know, string theory has a 470 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:37,720 Speaker 1: lot of people who love it and adherence and a 471 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:39,479 Speaker 1: lot of people in departments who are working on it. 472 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:41,040 Speaker 1: But there are also a lot of people who don't 473 00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:43,560 Speaker 1: like string theory. It's got sort of a backlash as well. 474 00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:45,840 Speaker 1: Any you know, you've made it as a physics theory 475 00:23:46,119 --> 00:23:51,280 Speaker 1: when you have haters, right, physics haters physics. All right, 476 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:53,919 Speaker 1: let's get into it, but first let's take a quick break. 477 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:09,120 Speaker 1: Al Right, So, strength theory has its haters, people who 478 00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:11,600 Speaker 1: don't think it's all that or who think it might 479 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,320 Speaker 1: be wrong, or maybe it's not all that beautiful. So 480 00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:17,560 Speaker 1: what are some of the arguments against string theory. Yes, 481 00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:20,840 Speaker 1: so I would say there's really two categories of attacks 482 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:24,200 Speaker 1: people make against string theory. One is there's just too 483 00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:26,720 Speaker 1: many of them, and the other is that we can't 484 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:30,679 Speaker 1: test it. Too many stringth theories, too many string theories. 485 00:24:30,680 --> 00:24:35,200 Speaker 1: It's not a singular concept, you know, stringth theory, it's 486 00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:43,880 Speaker 1: actually string theories. I remember loctrology, string theories, string theories. 487 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:46,159 Speaker 1: There are a lot of There are a lot of 488 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:47,920 Speaker 1: these things. There's lots of ways that you can put 489 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:50,399 Speaker 1: it together, lots of different ways you can shape the string, 490 00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:51,960 Speaker 1: and lots of ways you can have them interact with 491 00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:54,959 Speaker 1: each other. And um, you know we were saying earlier, 492 00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,479 Speaker 1: you'd like a simple theory. You'd like to make your 493 00:24:57,560 --> 00:24:59,840 Speaker 1: choices for how you build the theory, not the arbitrary 494 00:25:00,160 --> 00:25:02,760 Speaker 1: will be forced by the mathematical construction, you know, like 495 00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:04,920 Speaker 1: why is there a three here? It's the only way 496 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:07,480 Speaker 1: that it works. So we have a theory where there 497 00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:09,080 Speaker 1: are lots of ways it could work. Then you have 498 00:25:09,119 --> 00:25:11,760 Speaker 1: a question like which way do we choose? And that's 499 00:25:11,760 --> 00:25:14,040 Speaker 1: the problem with string theory. There's lots of ways to 500 00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:17,400 Speaker 1: build one. They all have the same basic idea, right, 501 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:19,560 Speaker 1: which is the universe made out of little strings and 502 00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:22,160 Speaker 1: everything comes out of the way vibrates. But you're saying, 503 00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:25,159 Speaker 1: there's a lot of options after that basic concept, like 504 00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,960 Speaker 1: how do they how do these strings interact or what 505 00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:33,040 Speaker 1: do they sound like? Or exactly? Um, and the reason 506 00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:36,800 Speaker 1: is that you can't make string theory work in four dimensions. Right, 507 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:40,320 Speaker 1: Our universe that we experience has four dimensions, is three 508 00:25:40,359 --> 00:25:43,040 Speaker 1: dimensions of motion x, y z and then one dimension 509 00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:46,040 Speaker 1: of time, So we live in four dimensions. But strings, 510 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:47,640 Speaker 1: for they get them, to get them to have these 511 00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:51,120 Speaker 1: mathmatical properties that we want to unify quantum mechanics and gravity, 512 00:25:51,280 --> 00:25:53,880 Speaker 1: they have to operate in more dimensions for the math 513 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:57,720 Speaker 1: works like the dimension in which they're vibrating kind of thing, 514 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:00,720 Speaker 1: and then are four just the ones where it's moving 515 00:26:00,760 --> 00:26:03,440 Speaker 1: around it. In some theories, yes, they vibrate in those 516 00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:05,480 Speaker 1: other dimensions, and that changes how we see them in 517 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:07,520 Speaker 1: these dimensions. But there's a lot of different kinds of 518 00:26:07,560 --> 00:26:10,159 Speaker 1: string theory, and so that's not a general statement. And 519 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:12,520 Speaker 1: some of them are eleven dimensional theories and some of 520 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,919 Speaker 1: them are twenty six dimensional theories. Right, And so the 521 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:18,879 Speaker 1: ideas these strings are vibrating these other dimensions, but we 522 00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:21,400 Speaker 1: don't see those other dimensions, like I don't I can't 523 00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:24,320 Speaker 1: move in twenty six dimensions. How can you say that 524 00:26:24,359 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: your theory, which has twenty six dimensions explains my four 525 00:26:27,359 --> 00:26:31,440 Speaker 1: dimensional universe. So to answer that, to solve that problem. 526 00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:33,840 Speaker 1: They have to roll up those other dimensions and tuck 527 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:36,159 Speaker 1: them away and make them small, to make them like hidden, 528 00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:39,239 Speaker 1: kind of like too small to the experience in our 529 00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:41,560 Speaker 1: everyday lives. Yeah, which is why you don't see them 530 00:26:41,640 --> 00:26:44,240 Speaker 1: or experience them or see them in physics experiments. And 531 00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:47,199 Speaker 1: there's lots of different ways to do that, because twenty 532 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,600 Speaker 1: six dimensions a lot of freedom, and so you can 533 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:51,760 Speaker 1: organize that in lots of different ways, and there's you 534 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 1: can make choices, and you have to make choices. How 535 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:56,280 Speaker 1: do you take this twenty six dimensional theory boil it 536 00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,000 Speaker 1: down to four dimensions. Turns out there's like ten to 537 00:26:59,080 --> 00:27:02,720 Speaker 1: the five hundred different ways to organize that, which is 538 00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:05,680 Speaker 1: a lot of different choices, different flavors of stringth theory, 539 00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:08,399 Speaker 1: or different choices you can make different flavors. You went 540 00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:10,880 Speaker 1: to the ice cream shop for string theory, and they 541 00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,439 Speaker 1: have ten to the five hundred different flavors. And if 542 00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:15,480 Speaker 1: you want a sample of each one, you're not even 543 00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:17,360 Speaker 1: going to order. You're gonna be full before you leave. 544 00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:20,040 Speaker 1: Ten to the five. Thing about what that number is? 545 00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:23,680 Speaker 1: Right for scale, there's like ten to the ninety particles 546 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:26,320 Speaker 1: in the universe, So it's the problem in strength theories 547 00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:29,919 Speaker 1: said all of these strength theories would work. Is that 548 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,720 Speaker 1: kind of the problem yes, um, yeah, And that thing 549 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:35,199 Speaker 1: that gets into the second criticism, which is, you know, 550 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:37,680 Speaker 1: can we test string theory. We can only see the 551 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:39,639 Speaker 1: universe down to a certain scale so far. I mean 552 00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:41,840 Speaker 1: we use large the large Hadron collider, and we smash 553 00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:44,560 Speaker 1: particles together, we get down to distances of like ten 554 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:49,040 Speaker 1: to the minus twenty meters, right, really really small distances. 555 00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:50,960 Speaker 1: So all the string theories, the ten of the five 556 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:53,960 Speaker 1: hundred string theories, they all can explain things that happened 557 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:56,480 Speaker 1: that we've seen so far, all of them right. To 558 00:27:56,560 --> 00:27:59,359 Speaker 1: distinguish between them, we need to look much deeper. Oh 559 00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:02,600 Speaker 1: I see. So like mathematically there's a whole bunch of 560 00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,679 Speaker 1: possible ones, but experimentally we can't test which one is 561 00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,760 Speaker 1: right exactly. And that's the problem because strings, if they exist, 562 00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:13,800 Speaker 1: we think they're about ten to the minus thirty five 563 00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:17,160 Speaker 1: meters in size, which is super duper tiny. And maybe 564 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:19,280 Speaker 1: you're thinking, I don't know, we can see down to 565 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:21,960 Speaker 1: ten to the minus twenty meters. How much smaller is 566 00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:25,199 Speaker 1: tend of the minus thirty five they're basically it's just 567 00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:29,280 Speaker 1: tiny it's much much smaller. It's ten to the fifteen 568 00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:31,960 Speaker 1: times smaller, right, And to give you a sense of scale, 569 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:34,520 Speaker 1: like the solar system is about ten to the fifteen 570 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:37,760 Speaker 1: meters across. It's a big difference, you know, if you 571 00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:39,880 Speaker 1: could see only solar system size stuff, where if you 572 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:43,120 Speaker 1: could see like one meter size stuff. So strings are 573 00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: really really tiny, which is why we're not anywhere close 574 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:49,160 Speaker 1: to seeing them. Doesn't the theory have also ways in 575 00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:51,920 Speaker 1: which it kind of builds up to our world? It does, 576 00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:54,920 Speaker 1: but you can't distinguish between those theories. Um, they all 577 00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:57,600 Speaker 1: predict the same thing, and they're also competing theories. You know, 578 00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:01,800 Speaker 1: there's a theory of quantum loops you not strings, but loops, right, 579 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,080 Speaker 1: that also explains quantum gravity. And we can't distinguish between 580 00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:08,680 Speaker 1: the various string theories and this theory of quantum loops 581 00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:11,719 Speaker 1: because we can't see small enough yet, right. And so 582 00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:14,560 Speaker 1: it's a criticism of this whole bottom up approach. Right, Yeah, cool, 583 00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:16,959 Speaker 1: you started at the bottom, but you haven't built up 584 00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:19,400 Speaker 1: far enough for us to test your theory. Is this 585 00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:23,760 Speaker 1: just mathematical masturbation or you're actually doing something useful? Right? 586 00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:26,960 Speaker 1: So sometimes people argue like, Okay, string theories nice, but 587 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,920 Speaker 1: it's not physics, it's math because it can't be tested. 588 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:33,040 Speaker 1: But that's but then that's what they need to do. 589 00:29:33,160 --> 00:29:35,600 Speaker 1: They need to build up their math to sort of 590 00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,360 Speaker 1: our scale in our world. But you're saying that's really difficult. Absolutely, 591 00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:41,520 Speaker 1: it's difficult because they've got a long ways to go. 592 00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:43,440 Speaker 1: They have to go from ten to the minus thirty 593 00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 1: five up to ten to the minus twenty. It's a 594 00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:49,120 Speaker 1: tall mountain to climb. And they've been working on it 595 00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:51,120 Speaker 1: for twenty years. And you know, like with any theory 596 00:29:51,160 --> 00:29:54,760 Speaker 1: that had um fanfare and and excitement around it twenty 597 00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:57,160 Speaker 1: years ago, Um, they're gonna be people who say, oh, 598 00:29:57,200 --> 00:30:00,040 Speaker 1: you failed if you haven't succeeded yet, right, and so 599 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:01,880 Speaker 1: people who just sort of impatient. Are we ever going 600 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:04,040 Speaker 1: to get there? Is string theory ever going to provide 601 00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:06,320 Speaker 1: something we can actually test or these guys just gonna 602 00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:08,640 Speaker 1: be twiddling around on chalkboards for the next two years. 603 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,000 Speaker 1: But I think the problem is maybe it seems kind 604 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,600 Speaker 1: of random that you would think that the universe is 605 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:17,400 Speaker 1: made out of little strings, and that you would just 606 00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:20,120 Speaker 1: come up with this concept out of the blue and say, hey, 607 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:22,640 Speaker 1: let's dedicate twenty thirty years of a lot of people's 608 00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:26,920 Speaker 1: time to investigating this idea. You know what, it was 609 00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:29,000 Speaker 1: totally random. They just opened the dictionary and picked a 610 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:31,600 Speaker 1: random or and said, let's make it into this theory 611 00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:37,120 Speaker 1: out of ice cream. No, as I said before, it's 612 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:40,160 Speaker 1: a bit random, but it works. You know, mathematically, hangs together, 613 00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:42,760 Speaker 1: and a lot of theories don't. You can't build a 614 00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:45,000 Speaker 1: theory of the universe out of ice cream or out 615 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:49,400 Speaker 1: of puppies triangles. You couldn't make it work. Oh man, 616 00:30:49,480 --> 00:30:51,240 Speaker 1: we never thought that. I that's what I mean. Have 617 00:30:51,320 --> 00:30:54,840 Speaker 1: you thought about all the possible shapes stick figures. I'll 618 00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:56,600 Speaker 1: be right back. Hold on, I'm gonna try and invent 619 00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:58,200 Speaker 1: trying the theory right now. I'll get back to you. 620 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:01,960 Speaker 1: Stigure theory. Why not the x K C D theory 621 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:07,840 Speaker 1: of the universe? How could we c string theory? Well, 622 00:31:07,880 --> 00:31:10,080 Speaker 1: one thing is you could build a super duper collider 623 00:31:10,120 --> 00:31:12,360 Speaker 1: the size of the solar system and and see things. 624 00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:15,920 Speaker 1: That's small, but that's the gazillion dollar solution. The other 625 00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:18,479 Speaker 1: things you could try to be really clever and find 626 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,600 Speaker 1: some unique prediction of string theory that we could see 627 00:31:21,760 --> 00:31:25,160 Speaker 1: in our experiments. Something which would only be true if 628 00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:28,040 Speaker 1: strings were happening at the lowest level, right, Because in 629 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,480 Speaker 1: physics we don't always need to see things directly in 630 00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:33,360 Speaker 1: order to prove that they exist or believe that they exist. 631 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:37,240 Speaker 1: You can kind of infer information or Yeah, a lot 632 00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:40,000 Speaker 1: of our stuff is a lot of indirect information pointing 633 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,560 Speaker 1: in the same place. Right, Like, when you solve a murder, 634 00:31:42,720 --> 00:31:45,080 Speaker 1: you don't need to see the murder on video to 635 00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:47,040 Speaker 1: prove that somebody did it. You know, you have evidence 636 00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:49,760 Speaker 1: from blood spatter and from DNA and from you know, 637 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:54,040 Speaker 1: other circumstantial evidence builds a solid case. It was Mr 638 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:59,200 Speaker 1: Green with the string in the dining room solved. That's right, 639 00:32:01,240 --> 00:32:03,760 Speaker 1: We we have solved the mystery. Today on the podcast, 640 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:07,680 Speaker 1: all Right, what do you think the future holds for 641 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:10,280 Speaker 1: a string theory? Do you think it's it's promising or 642 00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:13,080 Speaker 1: are people starting to lose faith? I think it's gonna 643 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:15,760 Speaker 1: oscillate back and forth. I think people will lose faith 644 00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,840 Speaker 1: for a while. It's gonna vibe rate exactly, it's gonna 645 00:32:18,880 --> 00:32:21,800 Speaker 1: wiggle and jiggle, it's gonna lose. You know, it's popular 646 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:24,000 Speaker 1: right now and for a while. Everybody who's aplanning grad 647 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:26,040 Speaker 1: school and physics wanted to do string theory because they 648 00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:28,120 Speaker 1: heard about Brian Green's book and they heard about a 649 00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:30,600 Speaker 1: big bank theory and it was popular. And then there's 650 00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:32,640 Speaker 1: a bit of a backlash now, so fewer people are 651 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:35,840 Speaker 1: getting excited about string theory, fewer physics departments are hiring 652 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:39,160 Speaker 1: strength theorists. But it's a promising candidate, and we don't 653 00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,120 Speaker 1: have that many promising candidates for the theory of everything. 654 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:45,120 Speaker 1: So it'll stick around and people will come up with 655 00:32:45,160 --> 00:32:47,320 Speaker 1: great ideas and then everybody get excited again, like, oh 656 00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:49,000 Speaker 1: my gosh, look this guy came up with a cool 657 00:32:49,040 --> 00:32:52,080 Speaker 1: way to make stringth theory. Do this new thing. So 658 00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:54,080 Speaker 1: we will go back and forth. Um, I don't know 659 00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:55,920 Speaker 1: if we'll every be able to test it as a 660 00:32:55,960 --> 00:32:58,920 Speaker 1: theory that we will require a real moment of insight 661 00:32:59,680 --> 00:33:02,240 Speaker 1: to how to find some unique property of string theory 662 00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:04,600 Speaker 1: that we can see. Well, I personally hope you guys 663 00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:08,440 Speaker 1: figure it out and you know, stop stringing us along. 664 00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:12,080 Speaker 1: You don't like that we're just in our offices, you know, 665 00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:17,960 Speaker 1: drawing things on the chalkboard, going that's right. I thought 666 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,040 Speaker 1: if anybody a cartoonists would appreciate, you know, enjoying the 667 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:24,600 Speaker 1: beauty of diagrams and uh, you know, doodles and stuff 668 00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:26,200 Speaker 1: like that, because that's in the end what we're doing. 669 00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:29,120 Speaker 1: We're like trying to do the universe into into understanding. 670 00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:33,000 Speaker 1: We'll remember, I'm a musician, not a cartoonist. Oh I 671 00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:38,360 Speaker 1: forgot that. Yes, um, maybe you could sing something, go ahead, Yeah, 672 00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:39,800 Speaker 1: I think us sing us to your theory of the 673 00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:44,720 Speaker 1: universe materia. I'm on the edge of my scene. You'll 674 00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:46,880 Speaker 1: be running away from your seat if you hear me singing. 675 00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:50,760 Speaker 1: But alright, cool, that's a really great overview of the 676 00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:53,240 Speaker 1: string theory, right, That's that's part of this quest to 677 00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:55,840 Speaker 1: kind of find out what the universe is actually made 678 00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:59,640 Speaker 1: of at the deepest level. Yeah. Absolutely, And so thanks 679 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:01,680 Speaker 1: everybody listening, and I hope that we've explained to you 680 00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:13,239 Speaker 1: finally what is string theory? Keep plugging way. If you 681 00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:16,239 Speaker 1: still have a question after listening to all these explanations, 682 00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:19,280 Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. 683 00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:22,120 Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 684 00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:25,600 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or email us at 685 00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:37,320 Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.