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Speaker 1: Welcome to How Stuff Works. Now. I'm your host, Lauren Vogelbaum,

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Speaker 1: a researcher and writer. Here at How Stuff Works. Every

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Speaker 1: week I've been bringing you three stories from our team

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Speaker 1: about the weird and wondrous advances we've seen in science, technology,

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Speaker 1: and culture. However, I've got sad news for you today.

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Speaker 1: This is going to be our final week as our

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Speaker 1: producers at How Stuff Works are preparing to launch new projects,

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Speaker 1: which we are as excited about as we are sad

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Speaker 1: about losing this show. This final week, we're answering a

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Speaker 1: few questions that had is curious. If intimate contact can

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Speaker 1: spread disease, then why don't any diseases increase or sex drive?

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Speaker 1: And unrelated, why is Wednesday spelled so differently from how

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Speaker 1: it's pronounced? But first, managing editor Alison louder Milk and

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Speaker 1: our freelance writer Laurie L. Dove dive into a different

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Speaker 1: historical slash cultural question. Why in these our modern times

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Speaker 1: do British lawyers still wear powdered wigs? When was the

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Speaker 1: last time you saw a lawyer or a judge wearing

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Speaker 1: a powdered wig in a US courtroom? Probably never, except

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Speaker 1: perhaps for one of those historic reenactments in England. Though

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Speaker 1: whigs remain an important part of formal courtroom attire for

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Speaker 1: judges and barristers, the term there for lawyers. Many of

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Speaker 1: the judges and barristers who wear wigs in courts say

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Speaker 1: the headpiece, also known as a prug, brings a sense

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Speaker 1: of formality and solemnity to proceedings. Kevin Newton, a Washington,

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Speaker 1: d c. Base lawyer who studied law at the University

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Speaker 1: of London, told How Stuff Works that wigs are an

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Speaker 1: emblem of anonymity, an attempt to distance the wearer from

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Speaker 1: personal involvement in a way to visually draw on the

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Speaker 1: supremacy of the law. In fact, whigs are so much

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Speaker 1: a part of British criminal courts that if a barrister

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Speaker 1: doesn't wear a wig, it's seen as an insult to

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Speaker 1: the court, and not just any wig will do. Barristers

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Speaker 1: must wear a wig slightly frizzed at the ground, with

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Speaker 1: horizontal curls on the sides, and it also features two

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Speaker 1: long strips of hair that hang down below the hairline

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Speaker 1: on your neck and they support a looped curl at

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Speaker 1: each end. Different types of lawyers have distinctions in the

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Speaker 1: style of wig. A judge's wig is similar but more innate.

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Speaker 1: Most wigs are made of white horse hair, but as

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Speaker 1: a wig yellows with age, it takes on a coveted

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Speaker 1: patina that conveys experience. Corsair might not seem like a

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Speaker 1: particularly precious material, but when you pair specialty hair with

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Speaker 1: an age old craft of styling, sewing, and gluing, the

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Speaker 1: resulting wigs aren't cheap. A judge's full length wig can

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Speaker 1: cost more than three thousand dollars, while the shorter ones

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Speaker 1: worn by barristers cost more than five dollars. But why

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Speaker 1: did powdered wigs come on the fashion scene in the

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Speaker 1: first place. Why top one's head with an itchy, sweat

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Speaker 1: inducing mass of artificial curls. Blame it on syphilis. Wigs

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Speaker 1: began to catch on in the late sixteenth century, when

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Speaker 1: more Europeans were contracting the STD. Syphilis wouldn't have widespread

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Speaker 1: treatment the form of antibiotics until the twentieth century, courtesy

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Speaker 1: of Sir Alexander Fleming and penicillin. So back then, people

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Speaker 1: of syphilis were plagued by rash's blindness, dementia, open sores,

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Speaker 1: and hair loss. The hair loss was particularly problematic in

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Speaker 1: social circles. Long hair was all the rage, and premature

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Speaker 1: balding was a dead giveaway that someone had contracted syphilis. Plus,

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Speaker 1: wiggs were a big help to people with lice. After all,

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Speaker 1: it was much more difficult to treat and pick through

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Speaker 1: the hair on one's head than it was to just

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Speaker 1: sanitize a wig. No one arguably had a bigger influence

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Speaker 1: on British wigs than Louis the fourteenth of France. During

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Speaker 1: his reign from sixteen forty three to seventeen fifteen, the

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Speaker 1: sun King disguised his prematurely balding scalp, which historians believe

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Speaker 1: was caused by syphilis, by wearing a wig. In doing so,

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Speaker 1: he started a trend that was widely followed by the

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Speaker 1: European upper and middle classes, including his cousin Charles the Second,

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Speaker 1: the King of England, also rumored to have contracted syphilis,

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Speaker 1: who reigned from sixteen sixty to sixteen eighty five. Although

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Speaker 1: aristocrats and those who wished to remain in good social

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Speaker 1: standing were quick to don a wig, English courtrooms were

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Speaker 1: slower too. In the early sixteen eighties, judicial portraits still

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Speaker 1: showed a natural no wig look. By sixteen eighty five, however,

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Speaker 1: full shoulder length wigs had become part of the proper

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Speaker 1: court dress. Over time, wiggs fell out of fashion with

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Speaker 1: society as a whole. During the reign of England's King

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Speaker 1: George the Third from seventeen sixty to eighteen twenty, only

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Speaker 1: a few war wigs, mostly bishops, coachmen and those in

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Speaker 1: the legal profession, and the courts kept at it for

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Speaker 1: hundreds of years more. It wasn't until two thousand seven

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Speaker 1: when new dress rules finally did away with barrister wigs well.

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Speaker 1: For the most part, wigs were no longer required during

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Speaker 1: family or civil court appearances, or when appearing before the

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Speaker 1: Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Whigs, however, remain in

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Speaker 1: use in criminal cases in the UK and Ireland, judges

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Speaker 1: continued to wear wigs until two thousand eleven, when the

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Speaker 1: practice was discontinued. In England and other former English and

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Speaker 1: British colonies like Jamaica, for instance, which ditched the wigs

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Speaker 1: in two thousand thirteen, lawyers and judges now only wear

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Speaker 1: wigs for ceremonies. The habit persists, though perhaps for symbolic reasons.

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Speaker 1: After all. Adherence to tradition is a powerful human trait.

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Speaker 1: And by the way, before all that wigging out of

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Speaker 1: her wigs started in the seventeenth century, British lawyers had

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Speaker 1: a dress code that would seem positively moderate. They're expected

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Speaker 1: to appear in court with short hair and neatly trimmed beards.

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Speaker 1: Next up, staff editor eas Jeff Coote and our freelancer

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Speaker 1: justicalin Shields explore the biological reasons why, despite the ways

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Speaker 1: in which contagion works, humans are not sex zombies. Diseases

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Speaker 1: are just like the rest of us. They get out

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Speaker 1: there every day and hustle. But pathogen's job is to infect,

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Speaker 1: and if it fails to consistently establish footholes and new hosts,

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Speaker 1: it doesn't survive, and like the rest of us, diseases

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Speaker 1: need to have off to compete. Every so often, a

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Speaker 1: pathogen happens across a great news strategy for infecting a

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Speaker 1: bunch of people. Take rabies, for example. The virus developed

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Speaker 1: a way to affect this host behavior so that the

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Speaker 1: host is highly motivated to transmit the virus to somebody

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Speaker 1: else through biting the living crap out of them. That

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Speaker 1: seems like a winning strategy. So why don't all pathogens

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Speaker 1: influence their host behavior in a way that will make

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Speaker 1: them want to get really close to another potential host. Why,

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Speaker 1: for instance, don't sexually transmit infections boost our sex job

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Speaker 1: to guarantee transmission. Well, it's a great premise for a

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Speaker 1: trashy made for TV science fiction movie, But with turning

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Speaker 1: hosts into sex zombies necessarily make the disease any more successful. Possibly,

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Speaker 1: but from a disease transmission perspective, pathogens are also like

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Speaker 1: everybody else and that they can't really choose how they evolve.

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Speaker 1: Though boosting sex jobs could be helpful, it wouldn't necessarily

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Speaker 1: enact the right mutations to change the host behavior. There

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Speaker 1: are very few mechanisms to make that happen. Like rabies,

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Speaker 1: the pathogen could alter the function of its host nervous

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Speaker 1: system by infecting nervous tissue, or it could manipulate the

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Speaker 1: endocrine system by messing with hormones or a combination of

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Speaker 1: the two. But assuming any of this actually happened, it

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Speaker 1: would also be important for the mutation not to damage

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Speaker 1: other crucial functions of the pathogen or host in the process,

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Speaker 1: because detrimental mutations don't last in the long run. There's

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Speaker 1: also the small matter of virulence. From a pathogen's perspective,

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Speaker 1: there's a delicate balance between how infectious your host is

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Speaker 1: and how long they can stay contagious. Diseases like ebola

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Speaker 1: aren't necessarily great as spreading because they kill people very quickly.

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Speaker 1: Going all scorched earth in terms of virulence results in

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Speaker 1: a host who is too incapacitated and dies too quickly

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Speaker 1: to go out to the bars to find somebody to

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Speaker 1: take home to their sick bed. So a disease that

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Speaker 1: makes people horny may be too intense on the brain

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Speaker 1: and cause an early death for the host. That means

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Speaker 1: the disease would always barely stay afloat within a community,

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Speaker 1: because it would probably manage to infect only one other

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Speaker 1: animal before its host does. For all the virulence of

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Speaker 1: a bowla in West Africa, it only succeeds in infecting

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Speaker 1: one and a half more people for every person who

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Speaker 1: comes down with it. On the other hand, for every

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Speaker 1: person who gets the measles virus, fifteen others could be

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Speaker 1: infected before the first person gets better or dies. Even

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Speaker 1: though manufacturing sex zombies is a cool idea, many animals,

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Speaker 1: particularly humans, are pretty good at spotting abnormal social behavior.

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Speaker 1: Just like you probably know to avoid a rabbit dog

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Speaker 1: if you saw one, you likely also give a wide

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Speaker 1: birth to a sex zombie at the end of a

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Speaker 1: bar riddled with cupid blue. Finally, this week, Step editor

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Speaker 1: Christopher Hassiotis and our freelance writer Loreal dev again dig

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Speaker 1: into a bit of etymology because of that silent D

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Speaker 1: in Wednesday. Most Americans don't pronounce the first D in Wednesday,

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Speaker 1: but there it is, setting pretty so what gives, Well,

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Speaker 1: that's a question for the Ages the Middle Ages to

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Speaker 1: be exact. The Medieval period, also called the Middle Ages,

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Speaker 1: is a time in European history that stretches from the

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Speaker 1: fifth to the fifteenth century CE. It's also a time

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Speaker 1: that had great influence over the dialects that would eventually

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Speaker 1: form our modern English language. American English is rooted in

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Speaker 1: ancient European languages. As far back as the fifth century.

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Speaker 1: Several related Germanic dialects were introduced to Anglo Saxon realms

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Speaker 1: in what is now Scotland. As people interacted, languages fused,

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Speaker 1: and a dialect known as Old English emerged. This borrowed language,

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Speaker 1: which sprung from many roots continued to transform over the centuries.

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Speaker 1: It later took on the influence of Romance languages, which

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Speaker 1: sprung from Latin, as well as a version of the French,

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Speaker 1: which spoken by Viking raiders who conquered areas of England.

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Speaker 1: By the eleventh century, this new variety of English became

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Speaker 1: known as Middle English. Even now, language continues to change

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Speaker 1: and adapt because of the influences of a variety of

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Speaker 1: cultures and developments. The Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, for instance,

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Speaker 1: recently up to its content count by more than one

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Speaker 1: thousand words, adding specimens like binge, watch, photo bomb, and truther.

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Speaker 1: The word wednesday has adapted over time too. Its origin

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Speaker 1: lies in Old English's Germanic languages, where it emanated from

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Speaker 1: the word Wooden's degg. Throughout Old English and Middle English,

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Speaker 1: it remained in homage to the Anglo Saxon god Woden

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Speaker 1: and the Germanic god Woden. You may be more familiar

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Speaker 1: with the Norse equivalent Odin, recently prominently featured in the

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Speaker 1: movie adaptations of Marvel's Thor comics. Woden was a powerful god,

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Speaker 1: one who created the human race. He also represented poetry

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Speaker 1: and the arts, but instigated battles and wars. He can

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Speaker 1: be compared in some aspects with the ancient Roman deity Mercury,

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Speaker 1: who is a messenger to the gods. The Germanic god

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Speaker 1: Woden is to a certain degree comparable to Mercury, which

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Speaker 1: is why Wednesday in Romance languages mercureti in French, Mercolelli

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Speaker 1: in Italian, and Miracolis in Spanish. Now, as Wodenes dagg

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Speaker 1: moved from Old English to Middle English, its spelling and

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Speaker 1: pronunciation changed. Wednesday is just one example of words like

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Speaker 1: February or Ptarmigan, where letters appear in the words spelling

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Speaker 1: but not in its pronunciation. The curious case of America's

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Speaker 1: silent D doesn't extend to parts of England, Scotland, and India,

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Speaker 1: for instance, where many people enunciate the letter though some don't.

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Speaker 1: Language is tricky. While there's no specific moment that can

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Speaker 1: pinpoint the fading away of Wednesday's D in spoken American English,

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Speaker 1: and no reason why. Though an oceanic divide seems to

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Speaker 1: have spurred language's evolution, the erosion of a pronounced letter

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Speaker 1: over time isn't all that uncommon phonologically speaking. When that

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Speaker 1: happens to a letter in the interior of a word.

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Speaker 1: It's called syncope. You may be feel you're with. Syncope

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Speaker 1: is a poetic device going or a river instead of over,

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Speaker 1: and you may not even notice it. In some common

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Speaker 1: words that would sound odd with every letter enunciated. Chocolate

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Speaker 1: has a central oh that's not fully pronounced, and Christmas

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Speaker 1: sounds more like a celebration of someone called Chris, though

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Speaker 1: it celebrates a figure known as the Christ. That's why

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Speaker 1: people don't eat chocolate on Christmas Day, even though when

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Speaker 1: it falls on a Wednesday, the Woden's Day. Wednesday anyway,

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Speaker 1: the middle of the week. That's our show for this

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Speaker 1: week and forever. Thank you so much for tuning in

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Speaker 1: and writing in over the past year. We've been so

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Speaker 1: honored by your support. Thanks as well to our producer

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Speaker 1: Dylan Fagin, our editorial liaison Allison Loudermilk, and all of

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Speaker 1: our hosts and writers whose work we've been lucky to feature.

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Speaker 1: Their work is also featured on other podcasts in the

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Speaker 1: House to Works Family, look us up sometime. If you'd

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Speaker 1: like to get in touch, you can still eternally send

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Speaker 1: us an email at now po cast at how stuff

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Speaker 1: works dot com, and of course, for lots more stories

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Speaker 1: like these, head on over to our home planet, how

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Speaker 1: stuff works dot com MHM