1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: in history today. Heads up that you also might hear 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,039 Speaker 1: two different hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. With that said, 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: on with the show. Welcome to this Day in History 5 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 1: Class from how Stuff Works dot com and from the 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: desk of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,759 Speaker 1: show where we explore the past one day at a 8 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:28,200 Speaker 1: time with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:28,200 --> 00:00:31,159 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and 10 00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:36,000 Speaker 1: it's September. Suleiman the Great lay siege to Vienna on 11 00:00:36,040 --> 00:00:40,040 Speaker 1: this day in nine. Suliman was the tenth sultan of 12 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:43,879 Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire, was a major political power stretching all 13 00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:46,599 Speaker 1: the way from the Balkans to North Africa, and Suleiman 14 00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:49,440 Speaker 1: was extremely well educated. He was a poet and a 15 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 1: goldsmith in addition to being the head of state. He 16 00:00:52,479 --> 00:00:55,320 Speaker 1: became sultan after the death of his father in fifteen twenty, 17 00:00:55,480 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 1: when he was about twenty six. So the Moon immediately 18 00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: proved himself as a capable military leader after becoming sultan, 19 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:07,720 Speaker 1: in a series of ongoing campaigns against the neighboring Christian 20 00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:11,160 Speaker 1: Powers and the Mediterranean area and in central Europe. This 21 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:14,640 Speaker 1: included taking the island of Rhodes, something the Ottoman Empire 22 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:17,800 Speaker 1: had tried and failed to do back in fourteen eighty. 23 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:20,720 Speaker 1: In August of fifteen twenty six, his forces moved into 24 00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:24,920 Speaker 1: south central Hungary and in the ensuing battle, Hungarian King 25 00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:29,160 Speaker 1: Louis the Second was killed. Two different men lay claim 26 00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:32,000 Speaker 1: to the Hungarian throne. After this. There was the Archduke 27 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:34,759 Speaker 1: of Austria, Ferdinand, the first of the House of Habsburg. 28 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:38,440 Speaker 1: There was also Janos Zapolia, also known as Lord John 29 00:01:38,480 --> 00:01:43,320 Speaker 1: of Transylvania. Suleman favored John over Ferdinand, and he recognized 30 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:47,280 Speaker 1: John as the ruler of Hungary, although essentially as his vassal. 31 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 1: And then, because of his opposition to Ferdinand and to 32 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:55,560 Speaker 1: the House of Habsburg, he invaded Vienna in fifty nine. 33 00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:59,040 Speaker 1: You know, it was the capital of the Habsburg Austrian Empire. 34 00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:01,760 Speaker 1: Unlike so many of his earlier campaigns, though this one 35 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: was not an immediate success. A hundred and fifty thousand 36 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:08,959 Speaker 1: Turks left Ottoman Bulgaria and started moving towards Vienna, but 37 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:13,240 Speaker 1: they ran into so many difficulties along the way. Some 38 00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:16,840 Speaker 1: of the roots were completely impassable because of flooding. The 39 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:19,920 Speaker 1: camels that were being used as pack animals weren't adapted 40 00:02:19,960 --> 00:02:22,359 Speaker 1: to this kind of weather. A lot of them got 41 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:26,120 Speaker 1: sick and died. People got sick and died to disease 42 00:02:26,240 --> 00:02:31,400 Speaker 1: was just rampant through his military force. Their gunpowder became soaked, 43 00:02:31,480 --> 00:02:35,799 Speaker 1: their artillery became water logged, and there were ongoing floods 44 00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: which threatened to just wash the men and their equipment 45 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:43,720 Speaker 1: away and which destroyed the available crops. There are reports 46 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:46,840 Speaker 1: of the men spending the nights in trees to try 47 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:49,600 Speaker 1: to weather all of this. The people of Vienna knew 48 00:02:49,639 --> 00:02:52,680 Speaker 1: that an attack was coming. They were terrified already before 49 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:55,639 Speaker 1: the Ottoman army got there. And when the Ottoman army 50 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:58,360 Speaker 1: did arrive at the outskirts of Vienna in late September, 51 00:02:58,520 --> 00:03:02,639 Speaker 1: their attack was horrified. They beheaded the men they captured, 52 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:06,560 Speaker 1: and the enslaved the women and children. As more troops arrived, 53 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:10,040 Speaker 1: Suleiman sent enslaved messengers into Vienna to make its citizens 54 00:03:10,040 --> 00:03:13,800 Speaker 1: and offer if they converted to Islam and surrendered, no 55 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:16,600 Speaker 1: one would be harmed, but without a surrender there would 56 00:03:16,600 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: be a blood bath. As the Ottoman army began the siege. 57 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:22,360 Speaker 1: They used the cannons that they had been able to 58 00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:25,520 Speaker 1: salvage from all the wet weather when they started digging 59 00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: trenches that they planned to use to position explosives that 60 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:32,800 Speaker 1: were meant to destroy the city walls and been These 61 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 1: accounts described the actions of the Ottoman Army as just brutal, 62 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:42,040 Speaker 1: but on September, a cold front moved in, bringing yet 63 00:03:42,320 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 1: more endless rain and frigid weather. In early October, Vienna 64 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,880 Speaker 1: deployed troops to attack the tunnelers, who were still trying 65 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:53,760 Speaker 1: to work their way under the city walls to plant explosives. 66 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:57,480 Speaker 1: They took the Ottoman Army by surprise and did manage 67 00:03:57,520 --> 00:03:59,840 Speaker 1: to stop that tunneling, but it was at a cost 68 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:03,720 Speaker 1: of many many lives. After having been thwarted by the 69 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:07,040 Speaker 1: weather and thwarted in the tunneling plan, the Ottoman Army 70 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 1: planned one final last ditch assault on Vienna on October twelfth, 71 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:16,280 Speaker 1: and their attempt to storm the city completely failed. At 72 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:18,680 Speaker 1: this point, the Ottoman Army was almost out of food, 73 00:04:18,839 --> 00:04:21,360 Speaker 1: and over the next two nights they killed all of 74 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:23,920 Speaker 1: their prisoners of war at their camps outside of Vienna 75 00:04:23,960 --> 00:04:28,640 Speaker 1: before turning around to march back home, and their retreat 76 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:32,120 Speaker 1: was deadly as well, with more and more of them 77 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:36,719 Speaker 1: dying along the way. Although su Leban failed to take Vienna, 78 00:04:36,839 --> 00:04:39,920 Speaker 1: he did cause enough problems for the Habsburgs that he 79 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: was able to keep John of Transylvania as his vassal 80 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:45,479 Speaker 1: King and Hungary. You can learn more about all this 81 00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:48,440 Speaker 1: in the July seven episode of Stuff You Missed in 82 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:50,839 Speaker 1: History Class, and you can subscribe to This Day in 83 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:53,800 Speaker 1: History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else 84 00:04:53,800 --> 00:04:57,719 Speaker 1: you get your podcasts. Tomorrow, we have an unconventional woman 85 00:04:57,880 --> 00:05:09,400 Speaker 1: and an aircraft that may fly or it may not. Hi. 86 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:13,479 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in History Class, 87 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:16,440 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers a little bit more about history 88 00:05:16,880 --> 00:05:31,720 Speaker 1: every day. The day was September nine. Earl Rudolph Powell, 89 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: better known as Bud Powell, was born in New York City. 90 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: Pale was instrumental in the development of modern jazz music. 91 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:43,159 Speaker 1: Though he died when he was just forty one years old, 92 00:05:43,480 --> 00:05:47,400 Speaker 1: his accomplishments as a jazz soloists greatly contributed to the 93 00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:52,880 Speaker 1: growth of bebop musical talent ran in Pale's family. His grandfather, 94 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:57,280 Speaker 1: father and siblings were all musicians. His father was a 95 00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:01,600 Speaker 1: stride pianist. Stride was a jazz piano style that developed 96 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:06,240 Speaker 1: as the popularity of ragtime was dying down. Stride pianists 97 00:06:06,440 --> 00:06:09,239 Speaker 1: played the melody with the right hand while the left 98 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:12,599 Speaker 1: hand alternates between a single note and a chord played 99 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:15,719 Speaker 1: in octave or more higher. The left hand had to 100 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:20,040 Speaker 1: go greater distances on the keyboard, often very quickly, and 101 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:24,800 Speaker 1: improvisation was more important than it had previously been. When 102 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:28,359 Speaker 1: Paul was a child, his father began teaching him classical music. 103 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,720 Speaker 1: At age fifteen, he dropped out of de Witt Clinton 104 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:36,120 Speaker 1: High School to pursue his passion playing the piano. He 105 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:40,320 Speaker 1: began playing at clubs in Coney Island and Harlem. In 106 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:43,440 Speaker 1: the mid nineteen forties. Paal met the Loneous Monk, a 107 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:47,920 Speaker 1: jazz pianist and composer at Minton's Playhouse in Harlem, and 108 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:52,080 Speaker 1: Monk became a mentor to him. Powell became a regular 109 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:55,320 Speaker 1: feature at Minton's Playhouse, known for its role in the 110 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 1: development of modern jazz and jam sessions with people like 111 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:04,479 Speaker 1: Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Kenny Clark. Powell also toured 112 00:07:04,520 --> 00:07:08,760 Speaker 1: and recorded with trumpeter Coody Williams's orchestra. He recorded with 113 00:07:08,880 --> 00:07:13,320 Speaker 1: tenor saxophonist Dexter Gordon, and he played on Charlie Parker's 114 00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:18,600 Speaker 1: Savoy sessions. He recorded the five volume The Amazing but Powell. 115 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:24,040 Speaker 1: In the nineteen forties and nineteen fifties, influenced by Art Tatum, 116 00:07:24,120 --> 00:07:28,640 Speaker 1: Charlie Parker, Billy Kyle, and Felonious Monk, Paw emerged as 117 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:32,200 Speaker 1: a leading figure in bebop. He found a lot of 118 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: success as a pianist, though Black audiences were not initially 119 00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: completely receptive to modern jazz in the nineteen forties, still, 120 00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: Pale faced physical and mental struggles. He spent time in 121 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: a psychiatric hospital from nineteen forty seven to nineteen forty 122 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: eight after getting in a fight at a bar. At 123 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:56,600 Speaker 1: Creedmore State Hospital, he received electro convulsive therapy. After he 124 00:07:56,680 --> 00:08:00,320 Speaker 1: was released from the hospital, he was placed in convalescent care, 125 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:04,800 Speaker 1: which was basically parole. Paul returned to music, but he 126 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 1: spent a lot of time from nineteen fifty one to 127 00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty three institutionalized. After he was arrested on a 128 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:15,840 Speaker 1: drug charge in February of nineteen fifty three, the State 129 00:08:15,840 --> 00:08:19,400 Speaker 1: of New York declared him incompetent and incapable of handling 130 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:24,080 Speaker 1: his own money. Oscar Goodstein, Powell's manager and owner of 131 00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:28,520 Speaker 1: Berland Nightclub, became his committee and began managing his money. 132 00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: Goodstein got Pal steady work, but Pal was still struggling 133 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,920 Speaker 1: with his mental health. His relationships with his colleagues were deteriorating. 134 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:41,760 Speaker 1: In the late nineteen fifties, after spending more time in 135 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:45,600 Speaker 1: the hospital, Paul moved to Paris with all Tva Edwards, 136 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,880 Speaker 1: and he soon began playing in France and touring throughout Europe. 137 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:53,720 Speaker 1: Edwards and a friend, Francis Poldra, looked out for Pal 138 00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:57,800 Speaker 1: while in Europe, but he was deeply affected by his alcoholism, 139 00:08:57,840 --> 00:09:02,840 Speaker 1: mental illness, and medication. In nineteen sixty three, he contracted 140 00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:06,960 Speaker 1: to berculosis. Back in New York, musicians put together a 141 00:09:06,960 --> 00:09:10,640 Speaker 1: benefit concert to help him with medical expenses. In nineteen 142 00:09:10,679 --> 00:09:14,840 Speaker 1: sixty four, he moved back to the US. He continued 143 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:18,120 Speaker 1: to play the piano, and his return was celebrated, though 144 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:22,880 Speaker 1: his performances did not get rape reviews. His music suffered 145 00:09:22,920 --> 00:09:25,920 Speaker 1: as his health declined, and he missed some of his 146 00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:31,200 Speaker 1: performances On July thirty one, nineteen sixty six, he died 147 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 1: of health complications. His pioneering work in bebop continued to 148 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:41,319 Speaker 1: influence later musicians like Bill Evans, Cecil Taylor, and Horace Silver. 149 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:45,559 Speaker 1: I'm Eve, Jeffcode, and hopefully you know a little more 150 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:48,840 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. If you have 151 00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:52,319 Speaker 1: any burning questions or comments to tell us, you can 152 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:56,600 Speaker 1: find us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at T d 153 00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,440 Speaker 1: i HC podcast. They thank you for joining me today. 154 00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:16,400 Speaker 1: See you same place, same time tomorrow. For more podcasts 155 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:18,400 Speaker 1: from My Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, 156 00:10:18,480 --> 00:10:21,120 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.