1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,800 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:18,599 Speaker 1: Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Altina Shanazi has been 4 00:00:18,800 --> 00:00:21,760 Speaker 1: on my list for a while for the simple fact 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: that she spoiler alert, invented cat eye glasses. She called 6 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:30,640 Speaker 1: them harlequin glasses. It's one of those things that comes 7 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:32,839 Speaker 1: up kind of annually on her birthday, like there's been 8 00:00:32,840 --> 00:00:36,040 Speaker 1: a Google doodle about her, and people sometimes will like 9 00:00:36,479 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: to write, like a in fashion magazines and stuff a 10 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:41,680 Speaker 1: quick like the birthday of the woman who dah, And 11 00:00:41,680 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 1: I'm like, oh, that's fascinating. She sounds interesting. She's so 12 00:00:44,159 --> 00:00:47,320 Speaker 1: much more interesting than I knew, because once I dug 13 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:50,240 Speaker 1: into her story, I was really entranced by how much 14 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:53,479 Speaker 1: she had done in her life and how many historical 15 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:56,520 Speaker 1: events she bumped up against. And we're pretty lucky in 16 00:00:56,560 --> 00:00:59,279 Speaker 1: this case because she is recent enough that there are 17 00:00:59,360 --> 00:01:03,279 Speaker 1: even video interviews with her. There's an entire documentary that 18 00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:07,200 Speaker 1: was made by her grandkids. I call them grandkids. They 19 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:11,000 Speaker 1: are adults and you know, filmmakers. But yeah, I don't 20 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: want anybody to think it's like little kids that made this. 21 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:18,120 Speaker 1: They did not a kindergarten project. It is an actual film. 22 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:22,679 Speaker 1: And that's also fascinating because this is a woman who 23 00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:28,200 Speaker 1: had faults like anybody does. She made some bad decisions. 24 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:31,360 Speaker 1: In interviews, she's so casually frank about all of it. 25 00:01:32,200 --> 00:01:35,080 Speaker 1: She never seems to want to gloss over the things 26 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:38,400 Speaker 1: about her that some people would find less appealing. That's 27 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:42,240 Speaker 1: honestly quite refreshing. It's also a little wild. I just 28 00:01:42,560 --> 00:01:48,240 Speaker 1: the candor is really disarming in a way, but it's 29 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:50,520 Speaker 1: it made it all the more funny to me that 30 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: in most you know, blurbs you'll see about her, it's 31 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:56,480 Speaker 1: all about the cat eye glasses and none of the 32 00:01:56,480 --> 00:02:00,960 Speaker 1: other things, some of which are really interesting. So today 33 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:03,240 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the glasses, but we will 34 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:06,840 Speaker 1: also talk about her art that she did, the documentaries 35 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: that she worked on, her activism, her politics, and just 36 00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:14,040 Speaker 1: a whole lot more. There are a lot of husbands, 37 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: so buckle in. Yeah. I wasn't quite prepared for that 38 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:23,040 Speaker 1: part of it. Altina Sannazi was born on August fourth, 39 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:26,520 Speaker 1: nineteen oh seven, at three point fifty one Riverside Drive 40 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 1: at one hundred and seventh Street in New York City. 41 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: Her parents were Musa and Laurette Shnazi, and they already 42 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:39,360 Speaker 1: had two daughters, Victoria and Juliet. Altina's father, Musa, was 43 00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,960 Speaker 1: born in Turkya and americanized his name to Morris after 44 00:02:43,040 --> 00:02:46,959 Speaker 1: moving to the United States. Her mother had been born 45 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:50,600 Speaker 1: in what was at the time the Ottoman Empire, so 46 00:02:50,720 --> 00:02:53,119 Speaker 1: Morris had left his village at the age of fifteen 47 00:02:53,240 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: and gone to Egypt to find work. He went there 48 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 1: by cattle boats and learned about shipping. While living in Egypt, 49 00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 1: That's also where he learned about tobacco, which would become 50 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:07,720 Speaker 1: an important part of his life later on. Altina later 51 00:03:08,080 --> 00:03:12,360 Speaker 1: recounted that while in Egypt, a Greek man named Garoffalo 52 00:03:12,520 --> 00:03:16,239 Speaker 1: had taken Morris under his wing and basically raised him 53 00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:19,640 Speaker 1: as a son. When Morris was around thirty. It was 54 00:03:19,720 --> 00:03:21,919 Speaker 1: that man who told him that he really should head 55 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:26,320 Speaker 1: to the United States because of all the opportunities there. Yeah, 56 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: and I want to say, I'm not one hundred percent 57 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:34,680 Speaker 1: sure on that name of Graffalo. She says it in interviews. 58 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,280 Speaker 1: I only saw the one interview where she talked about 59 00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:40,320 Speaker 1: that man, and it's a little unclear. It's not super 60 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:43,120 Speaker 1: well enunciated, so there's a possibility that the name might 61 00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:47,400 Speaker 1: be wrong there. But Morris did emigrate at that man's 62 00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 1: urging to the United States in the late eighteen hundreds 63 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 1: and he became very wealthy. Morris's story is kind of 64 00:03:55,800 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: a storybook immigrant rags to riches tale due to disadvantaged 65 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: circumstances in his early life. He didn't have any formal education, 66 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:09,320 Speaker 1: but he was incredibly smart. He reportedly spoke eight different languages, 67 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:13,080 Speaker 1: and after he moved to the United States, he saw 68 00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:17,240 Speaker 1: a need for something. This comes with some baggage, but 69 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:22,960 Speaker 1: at the time it was very very commonplace and accepted 70 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:25,560 Speaker 1: that a lot of people smoked and they had to 71 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:29,240 Speaker 1: roll their own cigarettes. And he invented a cigarette rolling machine. 72 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:31,799 Speaker 1: And this was a completely new idea at the time. 73 00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:34,359 Speaker 1: He had just noticed that, you know, it was a 74 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:36,480 Speaker 1: big sloppy mess most of the time when people rolled 75 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:40,440 Speaker 1: their own cigarettes. So he invented this machine that would 76 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: do it for them, make it a very neat package. 77 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:47,479 Speaker 1: He patented it and it took off. His brother Saul 78 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:49,920 Speaker 1: joined him and they opened a factory at one hundred 79 00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:53,400 Speaker 1: and twentieth in Broadway, and al Tina would later estimate 80 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:56,360 Speaker 1: that the two men had become millionaires within just five 81 00:04:56,440 --> 00:04:59,080 Speaker 1: or six years of business. And that's millionaires in the 82 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:02,000 Speaker 1: very early twentieth century. So that's a lot of money, 83 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:05,760 Speaker 1: very fast. Yeah, if this were an ad for immigrating 84 00:05:05,800 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 1: to the United States, it would have results not typical 85 00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:12,120 Speaker 1: and very small. Let us under the bottom of the screen. 86 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 1: Shanazi them built on the success of that rolling machine 87 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:19,400 Speaker 1: by manufacturing a line of cigarettes, and by the time 88 00:05:19,440 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: Altina was born, he had moved the family into a 89 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 1: twelve bedroom marble mansion. That is where Altina was born. 90 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: Morris didn't marry until he was fifty. His bride was 91 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:35,040 Speaker 1: a lot younger than he was, more than thirty years younger. 92 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:38,400 Speaker 1: The two of them had met through Laurette's father after 93 00:05:38,480 --> 00:05:42,400 Speaker 1: Morris had made a return trip to Turkya. Laurette's father 94 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:45,600 Speaker 1: said that she would have no interest in an old 95 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,640 Speaker 1: man like Morris, and the two of them are said 96 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:52,039 Speaker 1: to have just let her decide for herself. She was 97 00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: seventeen years old at that time, but Morris was handsome 98 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:59,520 Speaker 1: and dashing, and apparently he really won her over. Obviously, 99 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: there were all there's some power politics and dynamics in 100 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:06,360 Speaker 1: play here. The two of them got married in Turkey 101 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:08,560 Speaker 1: and then traveled to the United States, and it was 102 00:06:08,720 --> 00:06:12,800 Speaker 1: for Laurette that he built this mansion. It was designed 103 00:06:12,839 --> 00:06:16,920 Speaker 1: by the same architect who built Carnegie Hall. But while 104 00:06:16,960 --> 00:06:20,559 Speaker 1: this seemed like a good match initially, the marriage turned 105 00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:24,159 Speaker 1: out to be mostly unhappy. Morris was not faithful to 106 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:27,400 Speaker 1: his wife, but he was also very jealous because she 107 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:32,000 Speaker 1: was very young and pretty. Lorette lived a unique life. 108 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:34,640 Speaker 1: She had everything she could ever want, but she didn't 109 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:38,040 Speaker 1: really have her own freedom. She could, for example, charge 110 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:41,279 Speaker 1: any purchase she might need, but she wasn't allowed to 111 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: carry cash. Altina later described her mother as being like 112 00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: a prisoner. Lorette did not particularly care for that giant 113 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:53,239 Speaker 1: house and lavish life. It all felt like too much 114 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: for her, and at one point, Lorette in an effort 115 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: to kind of get away from it, although sort of 116 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:01,359 Speaker 1: this is a weird way to get away from a 117 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:05,720 Speaker 1: life of luxury, she rented an entire floor of the 118 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: Plaza hotel for an entire year and took Altina and 119 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:13,840 Speaker 1: her two older sisters with her to try to get 120 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 1: a taste of independence. I mean, I would love to 121 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:21,000 Speaker 1: do that, but I don't think I would feel like 122 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:25,559 Speaker 1: I was getting away from my beings of an over 123 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: overblown life at that point. My read on that was 124 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:31,400 Speaker 1: that it more gave her a break from the day 125 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 1: to day of her marriage, more so than the expanse 126 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: and luxury of the mansion. Yeah. I think she really 127 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: did just want to not deal with her husband for 128 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:46,280 Speaker 1: a minute. Yeah, although it was his money paying for 129 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:50,160 Speaker 1: the entire whole floor of the hotel. Oh. Yeah. So 130 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:53,520 Speaker 1: in her early years, Altina, who went by Tina, had 131 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:57,120 Speaker 1: private tutors providing her education. Then she went to the 132 00:07:57,120 --> 00:07:59,840 Speaker 1: horse Man School until it was time to start high school. 133 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: In the early nineteen twenties, she was enrolled at the 134 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:07,520 Speaker 1: Dana Hall School, that's a private all girls school in Wellesley, Massachusetts. 135 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:10,800 Speaker 1: While there, she was active in a lot of school groups, 136 00:08:10,840 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: but none of them really hinted at the art career 137 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:17,760 Speaker 1: that she would eventually choose. She was part of the 138 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:21,600 Speaker 1: Athletic Association and the varsity hockey team, the French Club, 139 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:25,360 Speaker 1: and the Christian Association. And that one's a little odd 140 00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:28,720 Speaker 1: because Altina was Jewish. She was one of the school's 141 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:33,000 Speaker 1: only Jewish students, and she generally hid that fact. So 142 00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 1: her membership in the Christian Association might have just been 143 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:39,440 Speaker 1: an effort to try to blend in. She mentioned that 144 00:08:39,520 --> 00:08:43,000 Speaker 1: she always felt isolated there and noted in a later 145 00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:46,640 Speaker 1: interview quote it was high Episcopalian and I was the 146 00:08:46,679 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 1: token Jew there. Nonetheless, she seems to have been well liked. 147 00:08:51,520 --> 00:08:54,120 Speaker 1: She was the class vice president in her junior and 148 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:58,480 Speaker 1: senior years. When Altina graduated from high school in nineteen 149 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:00,960 Speaker 1: twenty four, she went to Pair and she spent some 150 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: time there with her older sister, and it's there that 151 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:07,440 Speaker 1: she first began to study art. But she still didn't 152 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:09,480 Speaker 1: think art was really going to be anything for her 153 00:09:09,559 --> 00:09:13,440 Speaker 1: other than a hobby. While she acknowledged that she had 154 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:16,200 Speaker 1: in her younger years thought about being an artist, she 155 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: also noted that quote, sometimes I thought I wanted to 156 00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:22,680 Speaker 1: be a scientist. What she knew she did not want 157 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: was to only be a housewife and mother. After returning 158 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:31,160 Speaker 1: to New York, she started studying at the Art Students League. 159 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,600 Speaker 1: This organization also came up in our recent two parter 160 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,880 Speaker 1: on Wanda Gog. Although Shnazi was there more than a 161 00:09:38,920 --> 00:09:42,600 Speaker 1: decade after Gog was, we didn't really talk about this 162 00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:46,320 Speaker 1: school in the earlier Wanda Gog episode, but it does 163 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,920 Speaker 1: merit some backstory. The Art Students League of New York 164 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:53,280 Speaker 1: was formed in eighteen seventy five. It was an association 165 00:09:53,440 --> 00:09:57,040 Speaker 1: formed by art students from the National Academy of Design 166 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 1: after the Academy stopped classes for a real organization during 167 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 1: a tumultuous time. The students, with no study options available, 168 00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:09,079 Speaker 1: formed the League quote having for its objects the attainment 169 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:12,840 Speaker 1: of a higher development in art studies, the encouragement of 170 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:16,440 Speaker 1: a spirit of unselfish and true friendship among its members. 171 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:20,559 Speaker 1: The imparting of a valuable knowledge pertaining to art, as 172 00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:24,520 Speaker 1: acquired by any of the members. The accumulation of works 173 00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:27,559 Speaker 1: and books of art, and such properties as will best 174 00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:31,400 Speaker 1: advance the interests of the members. Mutual help and study, 175 00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: and sympathy and practical assistance if need be in times 176 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:38,880 Speaker 1: of sickness and trouble. From that beginning, the Art Students 177 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: League of New York has persisted, and it's become a 178 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:45,840 Speaker 1: school where both professionals and amateur's study art. It continues 179 00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:49,439 Speaker 1: through to today. Shnazi's time at the Art Students League 180 00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:53,600 Speaker 1: was defined by two teachers. First German artist George Gross, 181 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:57,880 Speaker 1: who she later described as inspiring but not necessarily a 182 00:10:57,880 --> 00:11:00,360 Speaker 1: good teacher. She said that he didn't really teach any thing. 183 00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:03,800 Speaker 1: He would become very important in her later life, though. 184 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:07,280 Speaker 1: The other was fellow student Howard Warshaw, who she said 185 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:11,080 Speaker 1: actually taught her a great deal about painting and technique. 186 00:11:11,559 --> 00:11:15,080 Speaker 1: At twenty one, Altina's life changed in multiple ways, and 187 00:11:15,080 --> 00:11:17,880 Speaker 1: we will talk about them after we pause for a 188 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:31,920 Speaker 1: sponsor break. In nineteen twenty eight, Altina's father died. He 189 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:34,880 Speaker 1: was wealthy and important enough that there were many mentions 190 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:37,960 Speaker 1: in the paper about the estate that he left behind. 191 00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:42,040 Speaker 1: Morris Shnazi had set aside three hundred thousand dollars for 192 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:45,600 Speaker 1: Jewish and Christian hospitals in the US, and one point 193 00:11:45,679 --> 00:11:49,360 Speaker 1: three million dollars to establish and maintain a hospital for 194 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:53,319 Speaker 1: the poor in Turkya. That was a bequeathment that Altina's mother, 195 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:57,840 Speaker 1: Laurette oversaw personally. She traveled to Turkia, saw the hospital 196 00:11:57,880 --> 00:12:01,920 Speaker 1: get built, and then administered the upkeep money from there. 197 00:12:02,960 --> 00:12:06,480 Speaker 1: The rest of his considerable estate, ranging from about three 198 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:09,640 Speaker 1: point five to seven million, depending on the source that 199 00:12:09,679 --> 00:12:14,520 Speaker 1: you read, was distributed among Lorette, Altina, Victoria, and Juliet 200 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:18,760 Speaker 1: so at this point Altina was kind of set for life. 201 00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:22,080 Speaker 1: The same year that Morris died, Altina got married to 202 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: designer and architect Marris B. Sanders. They had met at 203 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:28,800 Speaker 1: a party while he was still a student. She also 204 00:12:28,920 --> 00:12:31,880 Speaker 1: had a French suitor who wanted to marry her, and 205 00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: she choked about flipping a coin to make the decision 206 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:38,480 Speaker 1: between the two of them. However, she arrived at it. 207 00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: She decided to marry Sanders, and for a moment, it 208 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:43,680 Speaker 1: really seemed like the two of them were the it 209 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:47,720 Speaker 1: couple of the New York design scene. Their apartment was 210 00:12:47,760 --> 00:12:51,080 Speaker 1: the Penthouse at five point forty four East eighty sixth Street, 211 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:54,640 Speaker 1: and it was featured in Architecture magazine not long after 212 00:12:54,679 --> 00:12:58,600 Speaker 1: their wedding. But later in life, Altina noted that they 213 00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:02,200 Speaker 1: were really both to young, explaining quote, we really didn't 214 00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:05,680 Speaker 1: know each other at all. They welcomed their first child, 215 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:09,199 Speaker 1: a son named Dennis, on January twenty first, nineteen twenty nine. 216 00:13:09,920 --> 00:13:13,240 Speaker 1: They had a second son, Terry, on December thirtieth, nineteen 217 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:16,680 Speaker 1: thirty one. But this was not a happy time in 218 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:20,680 Speaker 1: her life. Morris was not a great husband, and Altina 219 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:24,280 Speaker 1: felt very lonely. She would later write of this time quote, 220 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:27,520 Speaker 1: I have three strong currents running in my life. One 221 00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:31,760 Speaker 1: A strong sex drive in curiosity, it cannot be that 222 00:13:31,840 --> 00:13:35,040 Speaker 1: this is the only man I will know too. A 223 00:13:35,120 --> 00:13:39,080 Speaker 1: strong creative drive that kept pushing me to inventions, creations, 224 00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:43,839 Speaker 1: writing objects, et cetera. Three a strong attachment to my 225 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:47,920 Speaker 1: two children. Dennis was like a rooster and Terry was 226 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:52,240 Speaker 1: soulful and shy. After four years of marriage, al Tina 227 00:13:52,280 --> 00:13:55,760 Speaker 1: filed for divorce on the grounds of extreme cruelty and 228 00:13:55,840 --> 00:14:00,160 Speaker 1: insulting treatment. Her divorce attorney, Mac Brandwin would become i'm 229 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:04,360 Speaker 1: an important figure in her life for many years. As 230 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,080 Speaker 1: this divorce played out, there were rumors that her ex 231 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,640 Speaker 1: husband was very angry and might become violent, so she 232 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:14,480 Speaker 1: took the boys and went to Europe. This early nineteen 233 00:14:14,559 --> 00:14:18,200 Speaker 1: thirties crossing of the Atlantic was made aboard a German ship, 234 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,760 Speaker 1: and Altina later told the story of several conversations aboard 235 00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:27,560 Speaker 1: where people engaged her in discussions about the issue of 236 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:32,080 Speaker 1: the so called Jewish question. It was the ongoing debate 237 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:34,920 Speaker 1: about the status that Jews should have in Germany, and 238 00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:38,960 Speaker 1: it was of course obviously stoked by anti Semitism. The 239 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:42,760 Speaker 1: people asking Altina about it. Clearly did not know that 240 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:46,440 Speaker 1: she was Jewish. Yes, she tells one story where she 241 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:48,400 Speaker 1: was talking to a woman that she met on board, 242 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:50,560 Speaker 1: and she was like, she seemed very lovely, and we 243 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: were having a lovely conversation, and then she asked me 244 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:55,800 Speaker 1: about the Jewish question, and then I realized I didn't 245 00:14:55,880 --> 00:14:58,120 Speaker 1: like her at all, and she's so matter of fact 246 00:14:58,120 --> 00:15:02,560 Speaker 1: about it. Once the divorce was settled, though, and Shnazi 247 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 1: was back in New York, she took a job as 248 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:09,000 Speaker 1: a window dresser, working under Peter Copeland, who designed windows 249 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:12,600 Speaker 1: for retailers on Fifth Avenue. To be clear, she didn't 250 00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:14,280 Speaker 1: really need to take this job. Like I said, she's 251 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:16,440 Speaker 1: kind of set for life, but she also did not 252 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:18,680 Speaker 1: want to be idle, and she wanted to do things. 253 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,240 Speaker 1: Window trimming gave her a sense of usefulness, and this 254 00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:25,800 Speaker 1: was really the beginning of considering art as a career. 255 00:15:26,680 --> 00:15:29,400 Speaker 1: In this job, she also rubbed shoulders with well known 256 00:15:29,480 --> 00:15:33,160 Speaker 1: artists Salvador Dali. When Dali got a contract to design 257 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:37,160 Speaker 1: a window for the luxury department store Bonwit Teller, Altina 258 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:40,400 Speaker 1: worked with him on the project. This was not a 259 00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:43,720 Speaker 1: project that resulted in a lifelong friendship or a collaboration. 260 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:46,360 Speaker 1: The whole thing went sort of terribly, although it doesn't 261 00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:48,800 Speaker 1: sound like that had anything to do with Shannazi's work. 262 00:15:49,160 --> 00:15:52,120 Speaker 1: The store management just did not like Dalli's concept and 263 00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,880 Speaker 1: they tried to change things. Dali apparently had a very 264 00:15:55,920 --> 00:16:01,640 Speaker 1: passionate reaction, and somehow window glass ended up broken. During 265 00:16:01,680 --> 00:16:05,040 Speaker 1: this period in her life, Altina started an affair with 266 00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:09,320 Speaker 1: her attorney mac Branwin. She would reflect years later quote 267 00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:13,280 Speaker 1: it set up in me a very big conflict. It 268 00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:15,960 Speaker 1: wasn't so much that this man had been her divorce attorney. 269 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,000 Speaker 1: It was that Max's wife was her friend. She didn't 270 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,440 Speaker 1: want to be a mistress, and she wanted him to 271 00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:25,960 Speaker 1: leave his wife. He didn't, but the affair continued. Whilst 272 00:16:25,960 --> 00:16:29,000 Speaker 1: talking about it in a twenty fourteen documentary directed by 273 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:33,240 Speaker 1: her grandson Peter Sanders, Altina sort of coolly and matter 274 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:36,880 Speaker 1: of factly discussed that her sex drive was just too 275 00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:40,680 Speaker 1: powerful to override it. As a divorced woman who had 276 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:43,320 Speaker 1: her own money and a staff to look after her children, 277 00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:46,560 Speaker 1: Shanazi was free to cultivate the life that she wanted 278 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:50,040 Speaker 1: in Manhattan. Her home was very open and her social 279 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:54,160 Speaker 1: circle was artsy and fun. She hosted sketch classes once 280 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:57,000 Speaker 1: a week and people would sometimes just drop in for dinner. 281 00:16:57,680 --> 00:16:59,840 Speaker 1: Her son Terry later said, quote, I grew up to 282 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,960 Speaker 1: looking every family on Thursday night had a nude in 283 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:06,000 Speaker 1: the living room, referring to the nude models who would 284 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,720 Speaker 1: come and sit for the sketch class. And now we 285 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:11,919 Speaker 1: get to the story of the glasses. This is a 286 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:14,960 Speaker 1: story that gets told a number of different ways. One 287 00:17:15,040 --> 00:17:17,359 Speaker 1: is that she had to work on a window display 288 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:20,879 Speaker 1: for an optician. Another is that while she was working 289 00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:24,400 Speaker 1: on one window, she saw another one nearby that featured 290 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: women's glasses. A newspaper account from nineteen thirty nine had 291 00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:32,200 Speaker 1: kind of a wild story, quote, the glasses were born 292 00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,919 Speaker 1: the day Altina s. Sander went to a bridge party 293 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:39,000 Speaker 1: and found that her esthetic sense was offended by the 294 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,480 Speaker 1: glasses her friends wore. But the way she told the story, 295 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:45,199 Speaker 1: she was not at work when inspiration struck, and she 296 00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:48,119 Speaker 1: was certainly not at a bridge party. Here is her 297 00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:51,200 Speaker 1: account quote and then one day I was walking from 298 00:17:51,240 --> 00:17:53,960 Speaker 1: a movie with some guy I don't remember his name, 299 00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:56,800 Speaker 1: and I passed a shop an optician, and I saw 300 00:17:56,840 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: this oil painting with glasses glued onto the face, and 301 00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:04,320 Speaker 1: I thought, that is really so ugly. And then Dorothy 302 00:18:04,359 --> 00:18:07,240 Speaker 1: Parker was writing verses men never make passes at girls 303 00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:10,600 Speaker 1: who wear glasses, and I felt, well, something better could 304 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,119 Speaker 1: be done than just these awful glasses that looked like 305 00:18:13,160 --> 00:18:16,200 Speaker 1: the time of Benjamin Franklin. And then I thought, well, 306 00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:18,560 Speaker 1: what's good? What would be good on the face? And 307 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:21,920 Speaker 1: I thought of a mask, a harlequin mask. They're really 308 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:25,520 Speaker 1: beautiful on a face. She had been in Venice during 309 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:29,160 Speaker 1: Carnival and the imagery of the harlequin mask had really 310 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,520 Speaker 1: stuck with her, so she started playing with that shape 311 00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: and papercut, and then she had prototypes made. When she 312 00:18:35,359 --> 00:18:38,760 Speaker 1: thought she had the design just right, Shanazi thought she 313 00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:41,800 Speaker 1: was onto something with these glasses, and she started to 314 00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 1: approach I wear companies with this design. She later recounted 315 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:49,480 Speaker 1: being told, quote, well, when we're ready to sell glasses 316 00:18:49,480 --> 00:18:52,760 Speaker 1: to lunatic asylums, we'll let you know. But Altina was 317 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:56,439 Speaker 1: not dissuaded, and she eventually approached a shop in Manhattan 318 00:18:56,760 --> 00:19:00,560 Speaker 1: called lou Jeans. Initially, this meeting, which was what the 319 00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:03,520 Speaker 1: shop's head salesman, looked like a bus just like every 320 00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:07,159 Speaker 1: other meeting but by pure happenstance, the owner of the 321 00:19:07,240 --> 00:19:10,760 Speaker 1: shop happened to walk through as their meeting was concluding, 322 00:19:11,359 --> 00:19:14,920 Speaker 1: and he saw the photos of Shnazi's prototype, and he 323 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:17,920 Speaker 1: saw the potential, and he spoke with her about her 324 00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:20,000 Speaker 1: new style of glasses, and then at the end of 325 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:23,879 Speaker 1: that conversation he asked to be the exclusive distributor of 326 00:19:23,920 --> 00:19:28,879 Speaker 1: the design. She took that deal. Mister Luzhin was wise 327 00:19:28,960 --> 00:19:32,280 Speaker 1: to do so. The new Harlequin glasses, as they were called, 328 00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:36,840 Speaker 1: became very popular, very quickly. Their rise to prominence was 329 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:39,160 Speaker 1: helped by the fact that a lot of high profile 330 00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:44,119 Speaker 1: people were early adopters of Shnazi's glasses design. Claire booth 331 00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:46,359 Speaker 1: Loose is often said to have bought one of the 332 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:50,480 Speaker 1: first pairs. Peggy Guggenheim wore them. Soon they were getting 333 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:54,000 Speaker 1: write ups in magazines, and this was really a huge moment. 334 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:57,720 Speaker 1: Glasses for women up to that point had been seen 335 00:19:57,760 --> 00:19:59,919 Speaker 1: as kind of a curse. They were not designed for 336 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:04,040 Speaker 1: or anything other than utility. It was sort of universally 337 00:20:04,080 --> 00:20:08,200 Speaker 1: acknowledged that they would never look good on basically anybody. 338 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:13,119 Speaker 1: But with Shanazi's innovation, glasses had become a fashion accessory. 339 00:20:13,840 --> 00:20:17,320 Speaker 1: The ad campaigns for the glasses really reflected this shift. 340 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:21,320 Speaker 1: One magazine ad read quote, be glad you wear glasses. 341 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:25,160 Speaker 1: Wear Harlequins. No longer is the girl who wears glasses 342 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:29,400 Speaker 1: doomed to look owlish, bookish or just plain dull flattering. 343 00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:32,520 Speaker 1: Harlequins are so gay and debonair. They give your very 344 00:20:32,560 --> 00:20:36,560 Speaker 1: spirits a lift. Remember it is Harlequin's exclusive design that 345 00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:39,240 Speaker 1: makes the difference. Look for the tag on the frame. 346 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:43,359 Speaker 1: In nineteen thirty nine, Shannazi won the Lord and Taylor 347 00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:48,120 Speaker 1: Annual American Design Award. While she certainly could have stayed 348 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 1: in the eyeglass game for the rest of her life 349 00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:53,159 Speaker 1: at the top of her game, after winning this award, 350 00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:56,439 Speaker 1: Shannazi decided to sell the company and get out of 351 00:20:56,480 --> 00:21:01,120 Speaker 1: the industry altogether. Many years later, after Altina's death, her 352 00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,840 Speaker 1: granddaughter said of this choice quote, she could have been 353 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:07,639 Speaker 1: one of the wealthiest women in the country, if not 354 00:21:07,880 --> 00:21:10,720 Speaker 1: the world, if she had stayed in that business. She 355 00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:14,520 Speaker 1: never loved the business of a business. She loved the art. 356 00:21:15,359 --> 00:21:18,159 Speaker 1: Altina Shnazi was a person at this point of wealth 357 00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:21,120 Speaker 1: and importance, living a very successful life in New York 358 00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:24,840 Speaker 1: as a designer of the new Sheikh glasses that everyone 359 00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:28,200 Speaker 1: seemed to want. And then World War II broke out 360 00:21:28,359 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 1: and she actually used that success to help others. When 361 00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:34,679 Speaker 1: a friend asked her if she would sign affidavits that 362 00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:37,040 Speaker 1: could be used to get people out of Europe, she 363 00:21:37,160 --> 00:21:40,680 Speaker 1: readily agreed and estimated that she signed thirteen of them. 364 00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:44,560 Speaker 1: These affidavits were required for people to immigrate. It basically 365 00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:47,520 Speaker 1: was a document that vouched for the person named as 366 00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:50,120 Speaker 1: being of good character, and it said that the signer 367 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:53,040 Speaker 1: would look after the person coming over so that they 368 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:56,479 Speaker 1: would not become a burden. So to sign more than 369 00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:59,320 Speaker 1: a dozen of them was actually a pretty significant act, 370 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:02,120 Speaker 1: and it was because of that act that she met 371 00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:05,480 Speaker 1: Eric Barrett, a doctor she had signed an affidavit for. 372 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:08,440 Speaker 1: When he got to the United States, he phoned her 373 00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:11,760 Speaker 1: and said, Madam, I have arrived. Up to this point, 374 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,760 Speaker 1: Altina was still in her relationship with her lawyer Mac Brandwin, 375 00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:19,680 Speaker 1: who was still married to her close friend, but Eric 376 00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:23,440 Speaker 1: started visiting her, and she later described their growing acquaintance 377 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: as quote eating away at her connection to Mac. Eric was, 378 00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:31,320 Speaker 1: by all accounts a very kind and sweet man. He 379 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:34,520 Speaker 1: was a great piano player in addition to being incredibly smart, 380 00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:38,640 Speaker 1: and Altina fell very hard for him. But not long 381 00:22:38,720 --> 00:22:41,919 Speaker 1: into their relationship, while he was working in a tuberculosis 382 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:46,040 Speaker 1: hospital in New England, he came down with tuberculosis himself, 383 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:48,520 Speaker 1: and the two of them didn't see each other for 384 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:52,280 Speaker 1: two years. But then Eric wrote to Altina and he 385 00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:54,840 Speaker 1: told her that his health had actually improved, and he 386 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:57,919 Speaker 1: asked if she wanted him back in her life, and 387 00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:02,359 Speaker 1: she absolutely did. The pair got married soon after. She 388 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:05,879 Speaker 1: worried she would later confess about possible transmission of the 389 00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:09,560 Speaker 1: disease to herself or, more concerningly, to her boys, but 390 00:23:10,080 --> 00:23:14,640 Speaker 1: none of them ever contracted tuberculosis. Eric had spent time 391 00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,680 Speaker 1: working at a hospital in Los Angeles, and he fell 392 00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:20,760 Speaker 1: in love with California. When he returned to New York, 393 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:23,960 Speaker 1: he pitched the idea to Altina that they should move there, 394 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:26,560 Speaker 1: and she went for it. They bought a house in 395 00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:29,719 Speaker 1: Coldwater Canyon with a view of the city, though there 396 00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 1: were ongoing issues with Eric's health and Altina needing to 397 00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:36,159 Speaker 1: learn to keep house after having had a staff her 398 00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: whole life. She later described this period as peaceful and 399 00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:43,440 Speaker 1: one of the nicest times in her life. She wanted 400 00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:45,720 Speaker 1: to really focus on her art. So one of the 401 00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:48,800 Speaker 1: rooms in the California house was made into a studio 402 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:51,720 Speaker 1: with a sign on the door that read, do not 403 00:23:51,920 --> 00:23:55,560 Speaker 1: come in unless there's a catastrophe. She would say that 404 00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:57,960 Speaker 1: she wanted to have just three hours a day to 405 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:01,639 Speaker 1: herself without interruption, that she really did work very hard 406 00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:05,800 Speaker 1: for a brief time. Altina actually started a factory to 407 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:10,280 Speaker 1: make sunglasses in her signature Harlequin shape in La According 408 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:12,840 Speaker 1: to a story that she later told, her employees were 409 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:15,679 Speaker 1: a mix of black and white workers, and there was 410 00:24:15,760 --> 00:24:19,800 Speaker 1: tension when some of the white employees made the racist 411 00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:24,080 Speaker 1: complaint about sharing a bathroom with her black coworkers. Shanazi 412 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:27,159 Speaker 1: solution was simple, the black employees could just use the 413 00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:31,280 Speaker 1: executive bathroom that only she used. She reportedly, though, closed 414 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:34,639 Speaker 1: the factory after realizing once again she really hated all 415 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:37,240 Speaker 1: the day to day aspects of running a business. There's 416 00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 1: a secondary funny story involving the mob that I will 417 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:44,760 Speaker 1: tell on Friday. Okay, in a moment, we'll talk about 418 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:48,720 Speaker 1: Shanazi's connection to the McCarthy era Red Scare, but first 419 00:24:48,800 --> 00:25:00,920 Speaker 1: we will pause for a sponsor break. As we've mentioned 420 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:03,640 Speaker 1: on the show before, in the nineteen forties and nineteen fifties, 421 00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:06,880 Speaker 1: the Red Scare was a blaze in the US. Altina 422 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:09,680 Speaker 1: described this as a very bad time when, according to 423 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:15,760 Speaker 1: McCarthy quote, everybody was a communist. Ten Hollywood screenwriters Alva Bessie, 424 00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:20,560 Speaker 1: Herbert Bieberman, Lester Cole, Edward Dimitrix, Ring Lardner Junior, John 425 00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:25,320 Speaker 1: Howard Lawson, Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott, and Dalton 426 00:25:25,359 --> 00:25:29,720 Speaker 1: Trumbo had all refused to answer questions before Congress after 427 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,000 Speaker 1: having been subpoenaed by the House on American Activities Committee. 428 00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:36,600 Speaker 1: They were held in contempt, blacklisted, and they got the 429 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:40,800 Speaker 1: nickname the Hollywood ten. Director John Barry, who went by Jack, 430 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:43,720 Speaker 1: made a documentary about these men that was sympathetic to 431 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:47,480 Speaker 1: their situation, and soon he too was on the list 432 00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:50,480 Speaker 1: to be called before the committee, but he dodged the 433 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:55,200 Speaker 1: subpoena by hiding in Altina and Eric's guesthouse. They kept 434 00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:58,040 Speaker 1: their friend hidden until one night he just left quietly 435 00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,280 Speaker 1: and made his way to Europe. Eric's health concerns had 436 00:26:02,320 --> 00:26:06,359 Speaker 1: a fresh ray of hope when streptomycin was introduced as 437 00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:09,720 Speaker 1: a treatment for tuberculosis. He went to the Mayo clinic 438 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:13,119 Speaker 1: for treatment, and initially it was a huge help, but 439 00:26:13,280 --> 00:26:15,919 Speaker 1: over time he built up a resistance to the drug 440 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:19,640 Speaker 1: and his health started to decline. He died in nineteen 441 00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:22,800 Speaker 1: fifty eight, after which Altina said, quote, the world sort 442 00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:27,119 Speaker 1: of fell apart. She met Charles Carey, who went by Charlie, 443 00:26:27,160 --> 00:26:30,040 Speaker 1: a few months after losing Eric, and at the time 444 00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:32,879 Speaker 1: he had just started all of the proceedings of getting 445 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:36,360 Speaker 1: a divorce. In an interview in the documentary that We've 446 00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,520 Speaker 1: Restaurenced a couple of times, Charlie actually started crying while 447 00:26:39,560 --> 00:26:43,000 Speaker 1: relaying a story about Altina caring for him. During this 448 00:26:43,080 --> 00:26:46,040 Speaker 1: time when they had just met, she had kind of 449 00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:49,440 Speaker 1: negotiated with his landlord to be let into his apartment, 450 00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:51,919 Speaker 1: which she wasn't supposed to have access to, but it 451 00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:55,800 Speaker 1: was so she could supply his kitchen with groceries. Charlie 452 00:26:55,880 --> 00:26:59,840 Speaker 1: eventually moved into Altina's house. His job was in political science, 453 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:03,199 Speaker 1: so their social group became this very curious mix of 454 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:07,159 Speaker 1: artists and people in politics. Soon the two of them 455 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,520 Speaker 1: were married. Altina was not in love with Charlie, although 456 00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:14,080 Speaker 1: she did like him. She became depressed in their marriage, 457 00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:16,800 Speaker 1: and this was a period when she painted a lot. 458 00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:22,240 Speaker 1: Her work during this third marriage is vibrant and surrealist. Eventually, 459 00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:24,879 Speaker 1: she found new projects and new media to work in 460 00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:28,400 Speaker 1: which kept her occupied. One of them was moving into 461 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:32,720 Speaker 1: the world of film. She got permission from George Gross, 462 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:35,080 Speaker 1: her teacher from back in New York, to make a 463 00:27:35,119 --> 00:27:39,879 Speaker 1: film about his experiences in Nazi Germany. The resulting film, 464 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:44,680 Speaker 1: titled Interregnum, was nominated for an Academy Award. She also 465 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:48,959 Speaker 1: started volunteering as an art therapist at synanon To, an 466 00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:51,880 Speaker 1: addiction treatment facility in Los Angeles that has its own 467 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:53,680 Speaker 1: wild story. If you want to look it up, there's 468 00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:57,399 Speaker 1: a recent documentary about it kinda turned into a cult. 469 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:02,760 Speaker 1: As for Shnazi's involvement, she and a close friend worked 470 00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:05,639 Speaker 1: alongside the people who were getting treatment there. She painted 471 00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:09,000 Speaker 1: a huge mural in the facility's open space, and then 472 00:28:09,359 --> 00:28:12,959 Speaker 1: she worked alongside residence to create a second large mural. 473 00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,440 Speaker 1: She also became invested in the work of Martin Luther 474 00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:20,320 Speaker 1: King Junior. She and her husband Charlie met doctor King 475 00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:22,360 Speaker 1: and a lot of the people in his inner circle 476 00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:25,000 Speaker 1: with a proposal that they would like to make a 477 00:28:25,040 --> 00:28:28,040 Speaker 1: documentary about the civil rights work that he was doing. 478 00:28:28,920 --> 00:28:31,600 Speaker 1: King went for this idea and promised to do anything 479 00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:35,240 Speaker 1: he could to help them. Writer John Killens signed on 480 00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:38,200 Speaker 1: to write the script. He lived with Charlie and Altina 481 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:41,160 Speaker 1: while he wrote, and was picked up by the police 482 00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,040 Speaker 1: several times while they were in their upscale neighborhood just 483 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:47,640 Speaker 1: because he was black. This film never got made though 484 00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:50,440 Speaker 1: there was a lack of funding. Nobody really wanted to 485 00:28:50,440 --> 00:28:53,200 Speaker 1: touch the subject matter because it was so devisive, and 486 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:56,560 Speaker 1: then doctor King was assassinated and the project fell apart. 487 00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:01,080 Speaker 1: Altina's activism continued when it came to the recent podcast 488 00:29:01,120 --> 00:29:04,280 Speaker 1: topic the Vietnam War. She and her husband Charlie were 489 00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:07,880 Speaker 1: both vehemently and very vocally against the war, and they 490 00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:10,320 Speaker 1: actually took out an ad in the New York Times 491 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:14,320 Speaker 1: that was like a large statement against the war. This 492 00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:17,880 Speaker 1: was really risky, particularly for Charles Carey because of his 493 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:21,880 Speaker 1: political science career. The Bear moved to Washington, d c. 494 00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:24,680 Speaker 1: In the nineteen seventies when Carrie got a job in 495 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:28,720 Speaker 1: the State Department. With her life uprooted, Altina once again 496 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:32,000 Speaker 1: threw herself into her art, and she started a series 497 00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:36,040 Speaker 1: of sculptures that have become iconic. She called these sculptures 498 00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:40,000 Speaker 1: characters because they are sculpted portraits in the form of 499 00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:43,520 Speaker 1: chairs and benches. She would make plaster casts of the 500 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:46,560 Speaker 1: sitters and then make a mold and make castings from that, 501 00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:49,160 Speaker 1: so that she could use the cast of one model 502 00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:53,840 Speaker 1: multiple times with different changes to sculpt and paint. In 503 00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:57,440 Speaker 1: a nineteen seventy eight radio interview, Altina said she had 504 00:29:57,440 --> 00:30:01,600 Speaker 1: gotten the idea after looking at photograph by Henri Cartier Bresson, 505 00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:04,440 Speaker 1: who had taken pictures of chairs as they were used 506 00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:08,920 Speaker 1: in various social settings. The first set of these characters 507 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,240 Speaker 1: were displayed at the Touchstone Gallery in Washington, d C. 508 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:15,440 Speaker 1: But she continued to make them for years after that. 509 00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:18,720 Speaker 1: Throughout her art career she had often gone just by 510 00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:22,200 Speaker 1: the name Altina, and though the harlequin frames had made 511 00:30:22,240 --> 00:30:24,720 Speaker 1: her well known in the nineteen thirties, she had a 512 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:28,440 Speaker 1: second huge surge of name recognition in the late nineteen 513 00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:33,240 Speaker 1: seventies because of these characters. She appeared on television regularly, 514 00:30:33,360 --> 00:30:37,160 Speaker 1: including on Good Morning America, where she famously said quote, 515 00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,200 Speaker 1: I don't know who decreed that art should just be 516 00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: something you nail up on a wall. In July of 517 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:48,160 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty, a refugee from Cuba named Celestino Miranda arrived 518 00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:51,400 Speaker 1: in the US. He was an artist and he was 519 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:54,680 Speaker 1: hired along with his friend Fernando, to help Altina with 520 00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:57,800 Speaker 1: her sculptures because she was quite a petite woman. She 521 00:30:57,840 --> 00:31:00,719 Speaker 1: was getting older and these casts were often very heavy, 522 00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:05,960 Speaker 1: and she and Tino really hit it off. Eventually, after 523 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:08,320 Speaker 1: they had visited Santa Fe briefly on a work trip, 524 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:11,320 Speaker 1: Altina asked him to move to Santa Fe permanently with 525 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,360 Speaker 1: her as her assistant, for the rate of one thousand 526 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:17,080 Speaker 1: dollars a week, and he said he would think about it, 527 00:31:17,160 --> 00:31:21,360 Speaker 1: and they continued working together in Washington, d c. Altina 528 00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:23,720 Speaker 1: was still married to Charlie, but one night, when he 529 00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:26,800 Speaker 1: was in La on business, she asked Tino to spend 530 00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,920 Speaker 1: the night. In his retelling of it, he didn't get 531 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:33,960 Speaker 1: her message. Initially, he thought she was just afraid to 532 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,360 Speaker 1: be alone in the house without her husband and that 533 00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:40,200 Speaker 1: he would be sleeping in the maid's room, but Altina 534 00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,560 Speaker 1: clarified that she was interested in him romantically. Before long, 535 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:47,480 Speaker 1: Charlie and Altina were divorced and she married for a 536 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:51,560 Speaker 1: fourth time in nineteen eighty one to Celestino Miranda. This 537 00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:54,760 Speaker 1: was scandalous to a lot of people that Shannazi knew 538 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:57,880 Speaker 1: and socialized with, aside from the fact that she had 539 00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:00,400 Speaker 1: had an affair and left her husband for her lover, 540 00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:03,560 Speaker 1: because there was a concern that this much younger man 541 00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:07,400 Speaker 1: who really had nothing in terms of finances, was just 542 00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:11,120 Speaker 1: marrying her for her money and social standing. Not long 543 00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:15,120 Speaker 1: after they married, Tina was diagnosed with cancer. It was 544 00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:17,720 Speaker 1: at this point that they finally moved to New Mexico 545 00:32:17,840 --> 00:32:21,480 Speaker 1: permanently for his health. He would later recount that she 546 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:24,960 Speaker 1: let him get all kinds of animals, which he believed 547 00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:28,400 Speaker 1: cured him. Al Tina did too, and she made a 548 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:32,000 Speaker 1: lot of artwork about their farm. They also continued to 549 00:32:32,080 --> 00:32:36,080 Speaker 1: collaborate on sculpture. While people might have doubted the reasons 550 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:38,440 Speaker 1: that the two of them married each other, they clearly 551 00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:42,760 Speaker 1: had found a unique compatibility as artists, and this created 552 00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:46,120 Speaker 1: a very deep bond between them. A lot of the 553 00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:49,600 Speaker 1: benches still in this character style that they made together 554 00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:52,680 Speaker 1: during this time featured couples. Yeah, some of those pieces 555 00:32:52,720 --> 00:32:57,840 Speaker 1: are really quite beautiful. Her son Dennis died suddenly of 556 00:32:57,880 --> 00:33:00,840 Speaker 1: a heart attack in nineteen eighty seven, and that was 557 00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:04,400 Speaker 1: a terrible shock to Altina. She told friends that she 558 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:08,080 Speaker 1: felt paralyzed, and that's something that has echoed in Tino's 559 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:12,080 Speaker 1: later account, where he describes her as never having cried 560 00:33:12,360 --> 00:33:16,680 Speaker 1: and said that she kept everything inside. In nineteen ninety five, 561 00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:20,960 Speaker 1: Altina Shenazi published her autobiography The Road I Have Traveled. 562 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: I could not get my hands on a copy of 563 00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:27,680 Speaker 1: this book. It is kind of rare. There was nothing 564 00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:29,360 Speaker 1: I could get that wasn't going to take like a 565 00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:33,600 Speaker 1: month to come from like Europe, even though it was 566 00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:36,400 Speaker 1: a US publication, there just aren't many copies floating around. 567 00:33:37,320 --> 00:33:40,840 Speaker 1: That one bit that we read earlier about the three 568 00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:43,600 Speaker 1: currents of her life is from it, but it is 569 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:45,920 Speaker 1: from her reading aloud from it that I got that. 570 00:33:46,840 --> 00:33:50,480 Speaker 1: On the evening of August nineteenth, nineteen ninety nine, Altina 571 00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,920 Speaker 1: told Tino that she just thought her dinner was digesting poorly. 572 00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:57,360 Speaker 1: She died later that night at the age of ninety two. 573 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:00,920 Speaker 1: In her write up about Altina after her death, her 574 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:05,360 Speaker 1: granddaughter Victoria R. Sanders, who produced the documentary that we've 575 00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:09,360 Speaker 1: mentioned a few times, told a newspaper reporter quote, the 576 00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:12,040 Speaker 1: thing about my grandmother was she was not like anybody 577 00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:15,880 Speaker 1: else's grandmother or mother for that matter. She looked twenty 578 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:20,560 Speaker 1: years younger. She was inquisitive, vibrant, anything was possible. She 579 00:34:20,719 --> 00:34:25,719 Speaker 1: was always working on some new project. That's how Tina Shnazi. 580 00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:28,759 Speaker 1: I love her. I have so many things to say 581 00:34:28,760 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: about her. On Okay Friday, I have, you know, mixed things. 582 00:34:33,480 --> 00:34:37,040 Speaker 1: I have listener mail. Okay, it's about strawberries. We have 583 00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:39,200 Speaker 1: gotten a lot of listener mail about strawberries. I'm kind 584 00:34:39,200 --> 00:34:41,839 Speaker 1: of surprised at how much. I don't know why, since, yeah, 585 00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:44,319 Speaker 1: we talked about how very popular they are, but this 586 00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:47,560 Speaker 1: one cracked me up so hard and I loved it. 587 00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:51,400 Speaker 1: So this is from our listener Reagan, who notes that 588 00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:54,080 Speaker 1: it's pronounced like Megan, but as Tracy and I know 589 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,280 Speaker 1: that we both know people who would say it Megan, 590 00:34:56,640 --> 00:35:02,080 Speaker 1: so I'm hoping Reagan is correct. Uh. Reagan writes, Hi, 591 00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:04,600 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy, I am a longtime listener who finally 592 00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:07,680 Speaker 1: feels as though I have a worthy enough reason to email. 593 00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:11,440 Speaker 1: Your episode on strawberries was instantly exciting to me. I 594 00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:13,480 Speaker 1: took a screenshot of the episode and sent it to 595 00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:17,399 Speaker 1: my husband, who loves strawberries. He eats them every day. 596 00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:21,880 Speaker 1: Rainer shine summer or winter. However, as the episode progressed, 597 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,920 Speaker 1: I discovered more than one coincidence that tickled both me 598 00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,040 Speaker 1: and my husband. I was listening to the episode as 599 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 1: I was getting ready for bed, when, right before an 600 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:33,600 Speaker 1: ad break, you teased about the spycraft portion happening in Chile. 601 00:35:34,640 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 1: With face wash still on my face, I ran to 602 00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:39,560 Speaker 1: the living room to tell my husband that the Strawberry 603 00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:43,120 Speaker 1: spycraft was happening in Chile. Why would this piece of 604 00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:46,920 Speaker 1: information warrant such a response, you ask, Well, my husband's 605 00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:50,360 Speaker 1: father is an immigrant from Chile. How exciting. I returned 606 00:35:50,360 --> 00:35:53,239 Speaker 1: to my nighttime routine, satisfied with all the excitement for 607 00:35:53,280 --> 00:35:56,560 Speaker 1: the evening. Oh boy, was I wrong. The excitement was 608 00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,680 Speaker 1: far from over. Once back from the ad break, you 609 00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:02,960 Speaker 1: don't keeper into Frasier's journey to Chile. When I heard 610 00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:05,840 Speaker 1: you say that he landed in Concepcion, Chile, I nearly 611 00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:08,479 Speaker 1: fell over. That is the exact town where my father 612 00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:11,120 Speaker 1: in law was born and raised. Once again, I ran 613 00:36:11,160 --> 00:36:14,960 Speaker 1: to tell my husband about this coincidence. What are the odds? Okay? 614 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,600 Speaker 1: So now I was one hundred percent convinced the coincidences 615 00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:21,520 Speaker 1: were over for the evening. Again, I was wrong. Dushane 616 00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:25,480 Speaker 1: presented King Louis the fifteenth the successful Chilean strawberries on 617 00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:29,239 Speaker 1: July sixth, which happens to be my husband's birthday. Then 618 00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:33,080 Speaker 1: you shared that Dushane first noticed success with Chilean strawberries 619 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,480 Speaker 1: on June sixth, which happens to be my birthday. Now 620 00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:38,160 Speaker 1: by this point I was already in bed, so I 621 00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:40,920 Speaker 1: did not run to tell my husband these coincidences. However, 622 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:43,800 Speaker 1: I did tell him the next day. We were so tickled. 623 00:36:44,120 --> 00:36:46,520 Speaker 1: I hope you both are also tickled to know how 624 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,400 Speaker 1: one episode contained so much excitement for me and my husband. 625 00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:53,560 Speaker 1: We both attended your live show at the Indiana Historical 626 00:36:53,600 --> 00:36:56,920 Speaker 1: Society when you discussed Gene Stratton Porter. I work at 627 00:36:56,960 --> 00:36:58,839 Speaker 1: the ISHS and I am the co host on our 628 00:36:58,880 --> 00:37:02,200 Speaker 1: institutional podcast, so I couldn't miss the opportunity to see 629 00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,640 Speaker 1: you two live. You bring so much learning, laughter and 630 00:37:04,680 --> 00:37:07,560 Speaker 1: excitement into my life and my husband's. Because I often 631 00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,520 Speaker 1: share a synopsis of each episode with him, I gladly 632 00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:14,760 Speaker 1: share pat Tax. These are our two kiddies, Trot who's 633 00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:18,560 Speaker 1: black and white, and Evy Dilute Calico. We're obsessed with them. 634 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:21,600 Speaker 1: Trot is wacky and silly. As you can see, he 635 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:24,960 Speaker 1: has a little mustache. His favorite toys are clothes hangers, 636 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:29,120 Speaker 1: eyeglasses stolen from mom and Dad's nightstand, Maddy Grass style beads, 637 00:37:29,120 --> 00:37:32,160 Speaker 1: and anything he can rummage from the basement to bring upstairs. 638 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:36,200 Speaker 1: Honorable mentions of basement offerings are Alan wrenches, work gloves, 639 00:37:36,239 --> 00:37:39,440 Speaker 1: and parts to our shop back our evy girl is 640 00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:42,880 Speaker 1: much less flamboyant with her silliness. She's sweet and beautiful 641 00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:45,960 Speaker 1: and everything is on her terms. She'll squeak at you 642 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,400 Speaker 1: if she wants attention. Otherwise, you are permitted to bask 643 00:37:49,440 --> 00:37:52,000 Speaker 1: in her beauty from an arm's length, the way she 644 00:37:52,120 --> 00:37:55,120 Speaker 1: loves playing with strings, forehead scratches, and napping on her 645 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:58,560 Speaker 1: heated blanket. Evie is a massive fan of the birdcam 646 00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:01,080 Speaker 1: on YouTube. Thanks for all you do to brighten the 647 00:38:01,120 --> 00:38:04,120 Speaker 1: world is your work and simply by being yourself. Sincerely, Reagan, 648 00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:07,880 Speaker 1: This is so darling. Okay listen, Trot is cute and 649 00:38:07,920 --> 00:38:10,640 Speaker 1: he looks diabolical, which is exactly my flavor of cat 650 00:38:11,640 --> 00:38:15,000 Speaker 1: is also gorgeous. Thank you for sharing this. I just 651 00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:18,840 Speaker 1: love the idea of one episode hitting so many unique 652 00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:23,800 Speaker 1: notes of someone's life. Yeah, a strawberries. I think in 653 00:38:24,560 --> 00:38:26,960 Speaker 1: honor of all of this, you should get a strawberry 654 00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:31,359 Speaker 1: cake and just giggle. How many coincidences you have? Reagan? Yeah? 655 00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,600 Speaker 1: Mostly I just want to eat strawberry cake and bring 656 00:38:34,640 --> 00:38:38,360 Speaker 1: people into my web of strawberry cake evil. I just 657 00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:41,600 Speaker 1: love it. I like knowing that things resonate with people 658 00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:43,680 Speaker 1: in fun ways, and also that it brings joy and 659 00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:47,319 Speaker 1: laughter and giggles. We all need more of that. If 660 00:38:47,320 --> 00:38:49,120 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us with joy, laughter 661 00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:52,120 Speaker 1: and giggles or otherwise, or if you like many people 662 00:38:52,160 --> 00:38:55,279 Speaker 1: want to write to us about strawberry information, there's gonna 663 00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:58,719 Speaker 1: be more strawberry emails read. I promise you. Uh. You 664 00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:02,319 Speaker 1: can do that at history at iHeartRadio dot com. You 665 00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,840 Speaker 1: can also subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app, 666 00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:14,279 Speaker 1: or anywhere you listen to your favorite podcasts. Stuff you 667 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,440 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For 668 00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:21,959 Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 669 00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:24,120 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.