1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Hey, there's a new pope. 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:22,799 Speaker 1: There is surprisingly fast. I felt it was pretty darn quick. 5 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:26,080 Speaker 1: This pope is Leo the fourteenth. That was his chosen name, 6 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:29,639 Speaker 1: and that was an interesting choice. The selection of the 7 00:00:29,760 --> 00:00:33,080 Speaker 1: name that a person takes as pope is often an 8 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:37,280 Speaker 1: indicator of that pope's intentions, and as pope, Leo the 9 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,440 Speaker 1: thirteenth was invoked in this new pope's choice of name, 10 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:45,680 Speaker 1: like specifically people speaking for the Vatican mentioned it in interviews. 11 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:48,360 Speaker 1: It seemed like as good a time as any to 12 00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:51,919 Speaker 1: look at his life because there were a lot of like, 13 00:00:51,960 --> 00:00:55,600 Speaker 1: here's what the pope's name means, and it's like WHOA. 14 00:00:56,960 --> 00:01:00,040 Speaker 1: Leo the thirteenth actually had a pretty long run. So 15 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:02,640 Speaker 1: we're obviously not going to hit a lot of the 16 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:05,960 Speaker 1: minutia of his time as pope here. And I want 17 00:01:05,959 --> 00:01:08,200 Speaker 1: to just be very clear to level set, this is 18 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:10,840 Speaker 1: not intended to be any kind of religious scholarship with 19 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:13,880 Speaker 1: regards to the Catholic faith. We're looking at his biography 20 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:17,080 Speaker 1: and how he sought to find a way forward for 21 00:01:17,160 --> 00:01:19,240 Speaker 1: the Catholic Church at a time when the world was 22 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 1: rapidly changing and the Church was often at odds with 23 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:26,679 Speaker 1: those changes, which you could be said parallels what's going 24 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 1: on now with Poplio the fourteenth. Vincenzo Jocchino Pecci was 25 00:01:31,959 --> 00:01:36,720 Speaker 1: born on March second, eighteen ten, in the Carpineto Romano 26 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:41,680 Speaker 1: municipality and Rome. This was during a period when the 27 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:45,600 Speaker 1: Papal states were occupied by the French. Napoleon had taken 28 00:01:45,680 --> 00:01:49,400 Speaker 1: control of Italy in eighteen hundred, but then had agreed 29 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:52,560 Speaker 1: through the Concorda of eighteen oh one, to allow the 30 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:57,560 Speaker 1: Roman Catholic Church and specifically the Pope, to retain control 31 00:01:57,640 --> 00:02:01,200 Speaker 1: over the Papal states of Italy. The Concordat was not 32 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:04,800 Speaker 1: just about this. It also outlined ways in which the 33 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:08,200 Speaker 1: Catholic Church would be positioned in France, and it gave 34 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 1: Napoleon a lot of power within the Church. Yeah, we 35 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: won't get into all of the shifting of how Italy 36 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:18,800 Speaker 1: once again regained control of the area, but the important 37 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:20,600 Speaker 1: thing here is that he was born in the Papal 38 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:28,239 Speaker 1: States and is considered today Italian Vincenzo's parents were Domenico 39 00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: Lodovico Pecci, a colonel, and Anna Prosperi Buzzi, and Vincenzo 40 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 1: was their sixth child. He went by his middle name, Jacquino, 41 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:39,160 Speaker 1: so that is what we will use to refer to 42 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: him going forward. His older siblings were Carlo, Anna, Maria Caterina, 43 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 1: Giovanni Battista, and Giuseppe. I will say, if you look 44 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:53,320 Speaker 1: up his biography, because a pope becomes a global figure, 45 00:02:53,400 --> 00:02:58,040 Speaker 1: you will see those names, sometimes anglicized or written completely differently, 46 00:02:58,080 --> 00:03:01,880 Speaker 1: but those are their Italian names. And when Jacquino was born, 47 00:03:01,919 --> 00:03:05,359 Speaker 1: Domenico was forty one and Anna was thirty seven. They 48 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: had been parents already for sixteen years. At that point, 49 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,519 Speaker 1: Carlo was sixteen years old, and then another child, Fernando, 50 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:16,240 Speaker 1: was born three years after Giacchino. The family was financially comfortable. 51 00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 1: The Pechies were said to have gained the favor of 52 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:22,200 Speaker 1: the papacy by standing against the Mediciese, and they had 53 00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:26,840 Speaker 1: built their family's fortunes and social standing from there. In 54 00:03:26,919 --> 00:03:30,160 Speaker 1: his early childhood, Gacquino stayed at home, but at the 55 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: age of eight he was sent along with his brother 56 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:37,200 Speaker 1: Giuseppe to be Terribo, Italy to be educated by the Jesuits. There. 57 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:40,840 Speaker 1: Giuseppe would go on to become a professor at the 58 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:45,480 Speaker 1: Jesuit Seminary, although he eventually resigned due to some disagreements 59 00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 1: with the order. It was decided early on that Jacquino 60 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:56,280 Speaker 1: would follow a life in the church. Yes, I read 61 00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:00,360 Speaker 1: one biography that made it clear that that was something 62 00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 1: his mother had wanted from day one. He next moved 63 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:07,640 Speaker 1: on to the Academy of Noble Ecclesiastics in Rome, and 64 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:10,720 Speaker 1: he studied law there and got his doctoral degree in 65 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty seven. That same year, at the age of 66 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:17,919 Speaker 1: twenty seven, he was ordained to the priesthood. He's often 67 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,159 Speaker 1: said to have been made a domestic prelate in his 68 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:24,800 Speaker 1: first year, meaning that he was given honorary inclusion in 69 00:04:24,839 --> 00:04:29,159 Speaker 1: the papal household, although that specific term didn't exist yet 70 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 1: it wouldn't until after Petchi's death, but he did have 71 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:36,320 Speaker 1: mentors and champions at very high levels of the Catholic Church, 72 00:04:36,800 --> 00:04:39,440 Speaker 1: and his initial role as a priest was working in 73 00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:42,920 Speaker 1: a diplomatic function for the papal states, so it would 74 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:45,680 Speaker 1: make sense that he would have had access to the 75 00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:49,480 Speaker 1: inner workings of the Vatican. He was made a delegate 76 00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:52,599 Speaker 1: to Benevento just a year into his career with the Church. 77 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:56,880 Speaker 1: That was essentially a governor position, and Benevento was in 78 00:04:56,960 --> 00:04:59,160 Speaker 1: what was at the time the Papal states in the 79 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,080 Speaker 1: Kingdom of Naples. This was an appointment that came with 80 00:05:03,120 --> 00:05:07,159 Speaker 1: some challenges. Benevento at the time was experiencing a large 81 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:10,200 Speaker 1: amount of crime that was being carried out largely by 82 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:13,960 Speaker 1: people in the employ of the landed gentry of Naples. Basically, 83 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:16,599 Speaker 1: they all had money and they were trying to get more, 84 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:18,920 Speaker 1: and they were willing to do illegal things to get it. 85 00:05:19,600 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 1: There was also a lot of smuggling that went through 86 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:26,680 Speaker 1: the area. But Pechi was aggressive in reforming Benevento, and 87 00:05:26,720 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: within just a few years the subsidized crime problem there 88 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:34,040 Speaker 1: had dwindled to just about nothing. After Benevetto, he was 89 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:38,400 Speaker 1: moved into the same position in Perugia, although his title 90 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:42,160 Speaker 1: remained the same. This was considered a promotion since Perugia 91 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:44,839 Speaker 1: and Umbria was at a much more important spot in 92 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:49,040 Speaker 1: the hierarchy of the Papal States. It also had its 93 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:51,920 Speaker 1: share of problems, but once again Petchi was able to 94 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: get control of the situation in time for a visit 95 00:05:55,000 --> 00:06:00,080 Speaker 1: from Pope Gregory the sixteenth, which earned him both accolades 96 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:04,920 Speaker 1: and the favor of the Pope. Jacquino continued his rapid 97 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:06,880 Speaker 1: rise through the ranks of the Church when he was 98 00:06:06,920 --> 00:06:10,680 Speaker 1: promoted to the role of Nuncio to Brussels. This was 99 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: another diplomatic position of a very high rank, and it 100 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: marked a point at which the young priest, just six 101 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:20,359 Speaker 1: years into his priesthood, was considered a career member of 102 00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:24,280 Speaker 1: the papal states government. He became an archbishop not long 103 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:26,840 Speaker 1: into his appointment in Belgium, where he spent the next 104 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:31,040 Speaker 1: three years, and those three years are considered very influential 105 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:33,360 Speaker 1: in the way Jacquino Pechi viewed the role of the 106 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:37,560 Speaker 1: Church in the modernizing world. King Leopold the First of 107 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 1: Belgium had started out on good terms with Pechi, but 108 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:46,360 Speaker 1: that shifted drastically. Unlike his predecessors and Brussels, Pecchi did 109 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:50,920 Speaker 1: not manage the careful maneuvering required to maintain the delicate 110 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 1: political balance of multiple factions that were attempting to assert 111 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:58,440 Speaker 1: power and a dispute between the Church and the monarch 112 00:06:58,480 --> 00:07:02,840 Speaker 1: over education Petchi sided with the local bishop, and in 113 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:08,000 Speaker 1: doing that he soured his relationship with Leopold. Frustrated at 114 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:12,080 Speaker 1: not having the archbishop at his command, Leopold asked Rome 115 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:16,360 Speaker 1: to recall Pechi. The church did exactly that, sending him 116 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:20,240 Speaker 1: back to Perugia, this time as a bishop. While this 117 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: move to Perugia early in his career had been a 118 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:26,560 Speaker 1: step up, in this instance it was very clearly a 119 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:31,120 Speaker 1: step down. We will talk about the ways that Petchi 120 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:34,640 Speaker 1: fell under suspicion for his views after we first take 121 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:47,320 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. When the revolutions of eighteen forty eight 122 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:50,800 Speaker 1: began around Europe, Pechy did not help his standing in 123 00:07:50,840 --> 00:07:54,640 Speaker 1: the church. So this movement, which could be a future episode, was, 124 00:07:54,720 --> 00:07:58,480 Speaker 1: in the very briefest of terms, a series of uprisings 125 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:03,160 Speaker 1: against increasingly conservative governments throughout the continent, and this was 126 00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:06,160 Speaker 1: catalyzed in the acute sense by a series of crop 127 00:08:06,200 --> 00:08:09,400 Speaker 1: failures that impacted a lot of countries and led to 128 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: food shortages. This also tied into world events that were 129 00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:16,440 Speaker 1: happening far beyond Europe. But in terms of how this 130 00:08:16,560 --> 00:08:20,520 Speaker 1: series of conflicts is Germane to Jacquino Pecci, he made 131 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:23,680 Speaker 1: the politically dangerous move of speaking out about the way 132 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:27,080 Speaker 1: the Papal States in particular handled it, although he was 133 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: also vehemently against the revolution. To make matters worse, as 134 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,360 Speaker 1: Italy was seeking to unify all of its lands under 135 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:40,840 Speaker 1: one national identity, which meant papal states being ceded to 136 00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:44,760 Speaker 1: Italian governance, Pecchi thought fighting in some of these cases 137 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:48,760 Speaker 1: was going to be counter productive. This brought a lot 138 00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:52,040 Speaker 1: of suspicion on the bishop, as church authorities started to 139 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:58,320 Speaker 1: think he was too liberal. The little hilarious uh. This 140 00:08:58,480 --> 00:09:01,280 Speaker 1: was a time of extreme shift in the Church's power, 141 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: as the vast majority of the land of the Papal 142 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:08,400 Speaker 1: States was conquered by Italy, leaving the pope only a 143 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:11,800 Speaker 1: tiny portion of what he had once controlled. So for 144 00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:14,720 Speaker 1: a man in the church's leadership to not take a 145 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:18,559 Speaker 1: hard stance to fight to retain that control was seen 146 00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:23,720 Speaker 1: as inherently suspicious. He did speak out against the occupation 147 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:28,760 Speaker 1: of papal land and against the Italian government secularizing aspects 148 00:09:28,840 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 1: of religious life such as marriage. Still, even though he 149 00:09:32,880 --> 00:09:37,200 Speaker 1: caused some controversy, Pecchy was not entirely disliked. In eighteen 150 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:40,320 Speaker 1: fifty three, before the church lost so much territory. He 151 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,360 Speaker 1: was promoted to the rank of cardinal, but he was 152 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:46,480 Speaker 1: still relegated to a much less important area than he 153 00:09:46,559 --> 00:09:50,640 Speaker 1: had seemed destined for in his early career. But he 154 00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:54,000 Speaker 1: didn't really treat this like a demotion. He threw himself 155 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,600 Speaker 1: into his work and he focused on the diocese that 156 00:09:56,679 --> 00:10:00,360 Speaker 1: he led. Among other efforts, he promoted a j tion, 157 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:03,960 Speaker 1: and he established a hospital, and in his spare time, 158 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:08,440 Speaker 1: Petchy engaged in his own intellectual and philosophical pursuits and 159 00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:11,360 Speaker 1: turned the decades that he spent away from Rome into 160 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:15,439 Speaker 1: a time of personal growth. One of the conclusions that 161 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:19,000 Speaker 1: Pechy came to through his self directed scholarship was that 162 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 1: the Church was hurting itself by working in opposition to 163 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: the changing world. He was interested in technology and thought 164 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 1: that an understanding of modern culture would help the Catholic 165 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:33,319 Speaker 1: Church find a point of reconciliation with it. In eighteen 166 00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:36,679 Speaker 1: seventy seven, he was named as Camerlango, which came as 167 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:40,200 Speaker 1: a surprise. Though he had not had the favor of 168 00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:43,640 Speaker 1: Pope Pious the ninth being named to this position showed 169 00:10:43,640 --> 00:10:47,360 Speaker 1: that the Pope did have some confidence in Pecchi. This 170 00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:50,240 Speaker 1: is a very important role and that it's the person 171 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:54,720 Speaker 1: who assumes the administrative responsibilities of handling things when the 172 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:59,080 Speaker 1: pope dies. This includes everything from ensuring that the body 173 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:03,600 Speaker 1: of the deceased is handled properly to making arrangements for 174 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: the conclave that selects the next pope. It seems that 175 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:11,400 Speaker 1: Pope Pious knew that a need for the camer Lingo 176 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:13,920 Speaker 1: was coming, because less than a year after having been 177 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:17,120 Speaker 1: named into that role, Pechi was called to the duties 178 00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:20,120 Speaker 1: of the job when Pope Pious the ninth died. So 179 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,240 Speaker 1: you have probably seen lots of coverage of how a 180 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:26,920 Speaker 1: conclave works between the recent Oscar winning film and the 181 00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:29,520 Speaker 1: passing of Pope Francis and the selection of Pope Leo 182 00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:32,840 Speaker 1: the fourteenth, but will do a quick refresher. So a 183 00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:36,079 Speaker 1: conclave is called after the sea is vacated by death 184 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:39,320 Speaker 1: or resignation of the previous pope. It is a gathering 185 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:42,400 Speaker 1: of cardinals at the Vatican who confer and vote on 186 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:45,960 Speaker 1: who will be the next pope. The assembled cardinals have 187 00:11:46,080 --> 00:11:49,320 Speaker 1: no contact with the outside world during the conclave, and 188 00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:52,680 Speaker 1: there is no recording of the proceedings allowed. There is 189 00:11:52,840 --> 00:11:56,440 Speaker 1: a pretty strictly regimented way in which the schedule plays out, 190 00:11:56,480 --> 00:11:59,800 Speaker 1: although most of the rules about it were not officially 191 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,679 Speaker 1: a established until well after the conclave that selected Pope 192 00:12:03,720 --> 00:12:07,480 Speaker 1: Leo the thirteenth. And here's a little surpriser in case 193 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:10,120 Speaker 1: you didn't know it. Technically a person does not have 194 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: to be a member of the priesthood to become pope. 195 00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:16,040 Speaker 1: They just have to be a baptized Catholic male. But 196 00:12:16,760 --> 00:12:19,200 Speaker 1: the last non cardinal who was chosen for the job 197 00:12:19,280 --> 00:12:21,880 Speaker 1: was Urban the sixth. That was in thirteen seventy eight 198 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:24,480 Speaker 1: during the Western Schism when the Church was split in 199 00:12:24,559 --> 00:12:27,960 Speaker 1: two and there were two competing popes in Rome and Avignon, 200 00:12:28,440 --> 00:12:31,640 Speaker 1: and spoiler alert, Urban's time on the Holy See did 201 00:12:31,640 --> 00:12:34,240 Speaker 1: not go well, so they didn't really ever go back 202 00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:38,200 Speaker 1: to that plan again. Since the fourteenth century, every pope 203 00:12:38,240 --> 00:12:41,880 Speaker 1: has come from the pool of cardinals. Once the cardinals 204 00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:45,320 Speaker 1: are assembled, a schedule of voting and discussion begins and 205 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:49,280 Speaker 1: continues until one of the possible successors receives a two 206 00:12:49,320 --> 00:12:53,120 Speaker 1: thirds majority. After each vote, the ballots are burned. That 207 00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:55,360 Speaker 1: is the smoke that everyone looks for to see if 208 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:58,280 Speaker 1: the pope has been chosen. Black, of course, means that 209 00:12:58,320 --> 00:13:01,200 Speaker 1: the two thirds majority has not been reached in white 210 00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 1: means that it has and that a new pope is selected. 211 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:08,440 Speaker 1: In addition to being camer Lango, Petchi emerged as a 212 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:12,240 Speaker 1: front runner to succeed Pious the Ninth. He was not 213 00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 1: the prior Pope's personal pick, that was Cardinal Bilio, but 214 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:19,640 Speaker 1: he had plenty of detractors. On the flip side was 215 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:24,840 Speaker 1: liberal Cardinal Francie. In this mix, Pecchi was considered a moderate, 216 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:29,040 Speaker 1: and the cardinals from outside of Italy really rallied around him. 217 00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:31,640 Speaker 1: They noted that because he had been living outside of 218 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:35,240 Speaker 1: Rome for three decades at that point, he was unlikely 219 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:38,640 Speaker 1: to be burdened by any kinds of machinations or gossip 220 00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:42,640 Speaker 1: or influence efforts that had been playing out at the Vatican. 221 00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:46,520 Speaker 1: He also had really gained a lot of respect for 222 00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:51,160 Speaker 1: having devoted himself to his work in Perusia. There was 223 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:54,440 Speaker 1: one major factor working against him, and that was that 224 00:13:54,480 --> 00:13:57,800 Speaker 1: he had a long history of health problems. There were 225 00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:00,880 Speaker 1: concerns that he did not have the stress to lead, 226 00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:04,319 Speaker 1: or that he would not live long enough to accomplish 227 00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:08,520 Speaker 1: much if he were elected. Despite these concerns, though Petcha 228 00:14:08,559 --> 00:14:11,240 Speaker 1: carried out the needed two thirds of the votes on 229 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:14,960 Speaker 1: the third round on the morning of February twentieth. The 230 00:14:15,120 --> 00:14:18,320 Speaker 1: conclave had convened late on the eighteenth, and it was 231 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,000 Speaker 1: the shortest time for a papal election at that point 232 00:14:22,040 --> 00:14:26,400 Speaker 1: in history. Leo the thirteenth took his papal name in 233 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:30,480 Speaker 1: reference to his Leo predecessor, Leo the twelfth. This was 234 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,320 Speaker 1: also an interesting choice, as Leo the twelfth, who was 235 00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:36,720 Speaker 1: pope from eighteen twenty three to eighteen twenty nine, was 236 00:14:36,720 --> 00:14:40,320 Speaker 1: pretty ruthless. He was elected in the backlash to his 237 00:14:40,440 --> 00:14:46,360 Speaker 1: liberal predecessor, Pious the seventh. Leo the twelfth was an authoritarian, 238 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:49,560 Speaker 1: but he did eventually recognize that there needed to be 239 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:53,040 Speaker 1: a way to work with opponents instead of always being 240 00:14:53,080 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: in conflict. This was not that dissimilar from Pious the ninth, 241 00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:01,480 Speaker 1: who Leo the thirteenth was replacing. Leo the twelfth was 242 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:05,000 Speaker 1: also a proponent of education, which Leo the thirteenth wished 243 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:08,440 Speaker 1: to also champion as a cause. The news of the 244 00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:11,320 Speaker 1: new pope was covered around the world. In the US, 245 00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:14,200 Speaker 1: the Chicago Tribune ran coverage of it that took up 246 00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:16,880 Speaker 1: two thirds of a page in a Sunday paper that 247 00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:21,360 Speaker 1: only ran sixteen pages. Readers could learn all about the 248 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:24,000 Speaker 1: new pope, from his life story to the details of 249 00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:28,320 Speaker 1: the conclave. Similarly, The New York Times dedicated two full 250 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:31,840 Speaker 1: front page columns to news of the new pope and 251 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:35,840 Speaker 1: information about the previous pope. Leo I wanted to include 252 00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:38,040 Speaker 1: that because it's clear that this is not a new thing. 253 00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 1: Where we all go, what is his name? What was 254 00:15:39,680 --> 00:15:41,560 Speaker 1: the previous one that was named that? Like, what's going 255 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:44,360 Speaker 1: on here? That's how it's always been handled in the press. 256 00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:48,680 Speaker 1: From the outset. Leo the thirteenth found himself the leader 257 00:15:48,760 --> 00:15:51,040 Speaker 1: of a Catholic church at a time when there was 258 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:53,880 Speaker 1: a lot of push and pull regarding the church's place 259 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:57,520 Speaker 1: in a modernizing world. In the book History of the Church, 260 00:15:57,640 --> 00:16:01,400 Speaker 1: The Church and the Industrial Age, published in nineteen authors 261 00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:04,920 Speaker 1: Hubert Jendon and John Patrick Dolan described the conflict this 262 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:08,520 Speaker 1: way quote. The problem of relations between the Church and 263 00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 1: the post revolutionary world articulated itself most strongly in the 264 00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:18,640 Speaker 1: Holy City. Festive illuminations stood in contrast to protest demonstrations. 265 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 1: Popelia the thirteenth actually had his coronation in the Sistine Chapel, 266 00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:26,400 Speaker 1: rather than the custom of having the ceremony in Saint 267 00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:29,360 Speaker 1: Peter's because there was believed to be a very real 268 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,400 Speaker 1: danger to those present and the authorities didn't feel like 269 00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:36,960 Speaker 1: they could guarantee security. Next we will talk about encyclicals 270 00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:40,320 Speaker 1: and how Leo the thirteenth wrote a lot of them, 271 00:16:40,840 --> 00:16:43,520 Speaker 1: but first we will hear from some sponsors that keep 272 00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:56,160 Speaker 1: stuff you miss in history class. Going throughout his time 273 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:59,080 Speaker 1: as Pope, Leo the thirteenth became well known for the 274 00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:02,720 Speaker 1: contents of his in cyclical letters, so that just means 275 00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:05,400 Speaker 1: letters that are sent to all of the church's bishops, 276 00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,000 Speaker 1: which often are about the church's official position on a 277 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,800 Speaker 1: given topic or issue. The first encyclical was written in 278 00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:17,040 Speaker 1: seventeen forty by Pope Benedict the fourteenth. Not all popes 279 00:17:17,080 --> 00:17:21,320 Speaker 1: write them. For example, Pope John Paul, who was pope 280 00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 1: briefly in nineteen seventy eight, did not write any, but 281 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:27,600 Speaker 1: most popes in the last century and change have written 282 00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:30,680 Speaker 1: at least a couple of them. They have been favored 283 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:33,959 Speaker 1: by some popes because they create an official record, whereas 284 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:38,240 Speaker 1: personal letters would not. The recently deceased Pope Francis wrote 285 00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:41,040 Speaker 1: just four of them, including one about climate change and 286 00:17:41,080 --> 00:17:46,000 Speaker 1: conservation in twenty fifteen, but Pope Leo the thirteenth loved 287 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:49,639 Speaker 1: and encyclical according to the Pew Research Center as of 288 00:17:49,680 --> 00:17:52,639 Speaker 1: twenty fifteen, so they wrote this rite before that Climate 289 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,440 Speaker 1: Change in cyclical from Francis. Leo the thirteenth had written 290 00:17:56,960 --> 00:18:01,040 Speaker 1: ninety in cyclicals, which made up a full one third 291 00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:04,560 Speaker 1: of the total number issued by all popes. So he 292 00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:08,359 Speaker 1: clearly saw this means of communication as a very effective tool. 293 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:10,480 Speaker 1: And so we're going to take a look at his 294 00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:13,400 Speaker 1: papacy by talking about just a few of the key ones. 295 00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:18,480 Speaker 1: The first of his encyclicals, on the Evils of Society, 296 00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:22,879 Speaker 1: outlines the many issues readily seen in the world at 297 00:18:22,880 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 1: the time of the writing, which was in eighteen seventy eight, 298 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:30,160 Speaker 1: not long after Leo the thirteenth became pope. He notes 299 00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:33,919 Speaker 1: the various problems the world faces, how there's bloodshed and 300 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:38,280 Speaker 1: civil strife all around, and the reason for this letter 301 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:42,240 Speaker 1: is the lack of religious devotion. Leo wrote, quote, now, 302 00:18:42,280 --> 00:18:45,320 Speaker 1: the source of these evils lies chiefly. We are convinced 303 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:49,960 Speaker 1: in this that the Holy and venerable authority of the Church, 304 00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:55,120 Speaker 1: which in God's neighborls mankind, upholding and defending all lawful 305 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:59,159 Speaker 1: authority has been despised and set aside. The enemies of 306 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:02,720 Speaker 1: public order, being fully aware of this, have thought nothing 307 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:07,199 Speaker 1: better suited to destroy the foundations of society than to 308 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,840 Speaker 1: make an unflagging attack upon the Church of God, to 309 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:16,199 Speaker 1: bring her into discredit and odium by spreading infamous calumnies 310 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:22,080 Speaker 1: and accusing her of being opposed to genuine progress. As 311 00:19:22,119 --> 00:19:24,879 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century came to a close, Pope Leo the 312 00:19:24,920 --> 00:19:28,359 Speaker 1: thirteenth chose to address what many perceived as a growing 313 00:19:28,480 --> 00:19:33,720 Speaker 1: problem for the Catholic Church, and that was Americanism. This ideology, 314 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:38,000 Speaker 1: which actually remains controversial today, embraces the idea that social 315 00:19:38,040 --> 00:19:40,919 Speaker 1: mores of the Church need to change and adapt with 316 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:43,840 Speaker 1: the social changes of the world, rather than create a 317 00:19:43,920 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: division or gap that could lose followers. A lot of 318 00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:50,440 Speaker 1: the language around this effort for reform in the eighteen 319 00:19:50,560 --> 00:19:55,120 Speaker 1: nineties invoked the phrase greater liberty, suggesting that Catholics might 320 00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:57,679 Speaker 1: have more freedom in the ways they conducted their daily 321 00:19:57,760 --> 00:20:02,880 Speaker 1: lives than old world Catholicism might allow. Leo the thirteenth 322 00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:07,760 Speaker 1: response to Americanism was contained in his writing Testam benevolentier Nostre. 323 00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:12,760 Speaker 1: It was not favorable. This is a letter that is 324 00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:16,520 Speaker 1: addressed to the Archbishop of Baltimore at the time, James Gibbons, 325 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:20,040 Speaker 1: but as an encyclical copies were also sent to every 326 00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:24,280 Speaker 1: bishop in the US. It's a long document, but in 327 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:27,680 Speaker 1: it he sums up the issue quote. The underlying principle 328 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:30,680 Speaker 1: of these new opinions is that, in order to more 329 00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:34,160 Speaker 1: easily attract those who differ from her, the Church should 330 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:37,199 Speaker 1: shape her teachings more in accord with the spirit of 331 00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:41,159 Speaker 1: the age, and relax some of her ancient severity, and 332 00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:46,000 Speaker 1: make some concessions to new opinions. Many think that these 333 00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:49,359 Speaker 1: concessions should be made not only in regard to ways 334 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,959 Speaker 1: of living, but even in regard to doctrines which belong 335 00:20:53,080 --> 00:20:56,399 Speaker 1: to the deposit of the faith. They contend that it 336 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:59,320 Speaker 1: would be opportune, in order to gain those who differ 337 00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:03,359 Speaker 1: from us, to omit certain points of her teaching which 338 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:07,119 Speaker 1: are of lesser importance, and to tone down the meaning 339 00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:12,040 Speaker 1: which the Church has always attached to them. So Leo 340 00:21:12,160 --> 00:21:14,439 Speaker 1: the thirteenth makes the case that there is just no 341 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:17,679 Speaker 1: way that the Church can soften any of its doctrines 342 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:20,679 Speaker 1: in the pursuit of more followers, stating, quote, let it 343 00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:23,920 Speaker 1: be far from anyone's mind to suppress for any reason 344 00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:28,000 Speaker 1: any doctrine that has been handed down. Such a policy 345 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:31,440 Speaker 1: would tend rather to separate Catholics from the Church than 346 00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:35,000 Speaker 1: to bring in those who differ. There is nothing closer 347 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,280 Speaker 1: to our heart than to have those who are separated 348 00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:39,919 Speaker 1: from the fold of Christ returned to it, but in 349 00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:44,040 Speaker 1: no other way than the way pointed out by Christ. 350 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:49,880 Speaker 1: Toward the end, he flatly denounces Americanism. Quote from the foregoing, 351 00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:53,240 Speaker 1: it is manifest, beloved son, that we are not able 352 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:56,520 Speaker 1: to give approval to these views, which, in their collective sense, 353 00:21:56,560 --> 00:22:00,120 Speaker 1: are called by some Americanism. If this is to be 354 00:22:00,240 --> 00:22:04,159 Speaker 1: so understood, the doctrines which have been adverted to above 355 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,199 Speaker 1: are not only indicated, but exalted. There can be no 356 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:12,680 Speaker 1: manner of doubt that our venerable brethren, the bishops of America, 357 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:16,440 Speaker 1: would be the first to repudiate and condemn it as 358 00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:20,399 Speaker 1: being most injurious to themselves and to their country, For 359 00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:23,320 Speaker 1: it would give rise to the suspicion that there are 360 00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:26,920 Speaker 1: among you some who conceive and would have the Church 361 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:30,520 Speaker 1: in America to be different from what it is in 362 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,520 Speaker 1: the rest of the world. So this was a hot 363 00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,800 Speaker 1: button issue and The reason this idea of some Catholics 364 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,000 Speaker 1: wanting to appeal to a wider range of followers had 365 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:43,560 Speaker 1: gained so much attention is tied to the loss of 366 00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,080 Speaker 1: political power for the Church. So starting in the late 367 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: eighteenth century, Catholicism had started losing a lot of its 368 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:55,560 Speaker 1: political power. But as various countries changed their religious affiliations, 369 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,280 Speaker 1: and as the papal states had been taken over by Italy, 370 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: it became an increasing concern that the Church was going 371 00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:04,720 Speaker 1: to need to bolster its standing in its numbers somehow, 372 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:08,439 Speaker 1: and the Church recognized well before Leo's time is Pope 373 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: that tying so much of their identity and power to 374 00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:15,040 Speaker 1: being the national religion for various countries was only going 375 00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:19,000 Speaker 1: to become problematic, and for some that meant they needed 376 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:21,879 Speaker 1: to reform to gain numbers at the individual level in 377 00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:25,359 Speaker 1: an effort to regain some of that lost dominance. But 378 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:28,840 Speaker 1: as Leo's letter indicated, the Holy See was not in 379 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:33,280 Speaker 1: agreement with that. There was also ongoing work on Leo's 380 00:23:33,359 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: part to reconcile the ideas of the Church with philosophy 381 00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:40,560 Speaker 1: and science. As early as eighteen seventy nine, Leo was 382 00:23:40,640 --> 00:23:46,520 Speaker 1: writing about this potential reconciliation, suggesting that philosophy could actually 383 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:51,320 Speaker 1: enhance faith. In an encyclical titled on the Restoration of 384 00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:56,480 Speaker 1: Christian Philosophy, he wrote of science, quote, Divine providence itself 385 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:59,920 Speaker 1: requires that in calling back the people to the paths 386 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 1: of faith and salvation, advantage should be taken of human science, 387 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:10,879 Speaker 1: also unapproved and wise practice, which history testifies was observed 388 00:24:10,960 --> 00:24:14,800 Speaker 1: by the most illustrious fathers of the Church. In that 389 00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:17,879 Speaker 1: same in cyclical, he wrote of philosophy quote, In the 390 00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:21,760 Speaker 1: first place, philosophy, if rightly made use of by the 391 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:25,480 Speaker 1: wise in certain way, tends to smooth and fortify the 392 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: road to true faith, and to prepare the souls of 393 00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:33,000 Speaker 1: its disciples for the fit reception of revelation, for which 394 00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:36,119 Speaker 1: reason it is well called by ancient writers, sometimes a 395 00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:40,359 Speaker 1: stepping stone to the Christian faith, sometimes the prelude and 396 00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:45,320 Speaker 1: help of Christianity, sometimes the Gospel teacher. The writing of 397 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:49,080 Speaker 1: Leo the thirteenth that has gotten the most attention recently 398 00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:52,360 Speaker 1: is his work Rerum Novarum, which he wrote in May 399 00:24:52,359 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: of eighteen ninety one. So that name literally translates from 400 00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,520 Speaker 1: the Latin to new things, but it has often been 401 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:03,680 Speaker 1: translated into English ra as revolutionary change. And this was 402 00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:06,879 Speaker 1: an open letter with the heading Rights and Duties of 403 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:11,439 Speaker 1: Capital and Labor. And this document opens with this paragraph quote, 404 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,840 Speaker 1: that the spirit of revolutionary change, which has long been 405 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:17,959 Speaker 1: disturbing the nations of the world, should have passed beyond 406 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:20,679 Speaker 1: the sphere of politics and made its influence felt in 407 00:25:20,720 --> 00:25:25,440 Speaker 1: the cognate sphere of practical economics. Is not surprising. The 408 00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:29,359 Speaker 1: elements of the conflict now raging are unmistakable in the 409 00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:33,960 Speaker 1: vast expansion of industrial pursuits and the marvelous discoveries of science. 410 00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:38,320 Speaker 1: In the changed relations between masters and workmen, in the 411 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,760 Speaker 1: enormous fortunes of some few individuals and the utter poverty 412 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:47,240 Speaker 1: of the masses, the increased self reliance and closer mutual 413 00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:51,439 Speaker 1: combination of the working classes, as also finally, in the 414 00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:56,119 Speaker 1: prevailing moral degeneracy. The momentous gravity of the state of 415 00:25:56,160 --> 00:26:00,679 Speaker 1: things now obtaining fills every mind with painful apprehension. Wise 416 00:26:00,760 --> 00:26:05,960 Speaker 1: men are discussing it, Practical men are proposing schemes, popular meetings, 417 00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:10,560 Speaker 1: legislatures and rulers of nations are all busied with it. Actually, 418 00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,560 Speaker 1: there is no question which has taken deeper hold on 419 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:18,000 Speaker 1: the public mind. From there, Leo the thirteenth walks through 420 00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:22,480 Speaker 1: the issues of economic disparity and suffering, and noted quote, 421 00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:25,919 Speaker 1: that some opportune and remedy must be found quickly for 422 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:30,159 Speaker 1: the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority 423 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:34,320 Speaker 1: of the working class. For the ancient workingmen's guilds were 424 00:26:34,359 --> 00:26:38,879 Speaker 1: abolished in the last century, and no other protective organization 425 00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:42,600 Speaker 1: took their place. He also states his issues with various 426 00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:47,160 Speaker 1: reform movements and notes that the contentions of socialism quote 427 00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:51,280 Speaker 1: are so clearly powerless to end the controversy, that where 428 00:26:51,320 --> 00:26:54,800 Speaker 1: they carried into effect, the working man himself would be 429 00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:59,840 Speaker 1: among the first to suffer. They are moreover emphatically unjust, 430 00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:03,760 Speaker 1: for they would rob the lawful possessor, distort the functions 431 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:07,000 Speaker 1: of the state, and create utter confusion in the community. 432 00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:11,400 Speaker 1: But then he does make the case for labor unions, 433 00:27:11,480 --> 00:27:14,199 Speaker 1: writing quote to sum up, then we may lay it 434 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:17,200 Speaker 1: down as a general and lasting law, that working men's 435 00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:21,600 Speaker 1: associations should be so organized and governed as to furnish 436 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:24,679 Speaker 1: the best and most suitable means for attaining what is 437 00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:28,199 Speaker 1: aimed at, that is to say, for helping each individual 438 00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:32,119 Speaker 1: member to better his condition to the utmost in body, soul, 439 00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,880 Speaker 1: and property. It is clear that they must pay special 440 00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:38,840 Speaker 1: and chief attention to the duties of religion and morality, 441 00:27:39,119 --> 00:27:42,200 Speaker 1: and that social betterment should have this chiefly in view. 442 00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:46,760 Speaker 1: Otherwise they would lose wholly their special character and end 443 00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,679 Speaker 1: by becoming little better than those societies which take no 444 00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,760 Speaker 1: account whatever of religion. What advantage can it be to 445 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,560 Speaker 1: a workingman to obtain by means of a society material 446 00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:01,480 Speaker 1: well being if he endangers his soul lack of spiritual food. 447 00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:06,000 Speaker 1: So the legacy of Poplio the thirteenth isn't exactly as 448 00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: open minded in all aspects of his philosophy as some 449 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:14,960 Speaker 1: accounts might make it seem. He didn't exactly make a 450 00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:18,160 Speaker 1: lot of change within the Church, although he certainly inherited 451 00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,719 Speaker 1: it at a time when change was all around it. 452 00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:23,640 Speaker 1: In a lot of ways, he was a staunch defender 453 00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:27,320 Speaker 1: of the Church's traditions, even when those traditions had lost 454 00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,639 Speaker 1: their cultural relevancy in the eyes of a lot of Christians. 455 00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:33,640 Speaker 1: But he was also a scholar, and he was able 456 00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:36,320 Speaker 1: to view the world through that lens, which meant that 457 00:28:36,359 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 1: he could be open minded when seeking for a relationship 458 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:44,280 Speaker 1: between the Church and a changing world, and he recognized 459 00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:47,440 Speaker 1: that not everyone in the world was or ever would 460 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:51,080 Speaker 1: be Catholic. He was willing to develop relationships with non 461 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:54,760 Speaker 1: Catholic and even non Christian countries, and he was able 462 00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:57,400 Speaker 1: to wield a great deal of political power because of 463 00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:00,960 Speaker 1: his ability to connect with a wide range of leaders. 464 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:05,080 Speaker 1: In the early spring of nineteen oh three, Leo the 465 00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:09,280 Speaker 1: thirteenth twenty five year Jubilee was celebrated, something that most 466 00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:12,040 Speaker 1: people had never expected of a man that was perceived 467 00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:15,880 Speaker 1: as being extremely frail when he first became pope. Pope 468 00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:20,000 Speaker 1: Leo the thirteenth died on July twentieth, nineteen oh three. 469 00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:23,920 Speaker 1: He had developed pneumonia earlier in the month and never recovered. 470 00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:26,640 Speaker 1: As he neared the end of his life, he told 471 00:29:26,720 --> 00:29:30,320 Speaker 1: the Secretary of Apostolic Briefs, Cardinal Mackie, quote, I am 472 00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:33,760 Speaker 1: near the end. I do not know if all I 473 00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,320 Speaker 1: have done has been good, but I have obeyed my 474 00:29:36,480 --> 00:29:40,920 Speaker 1: conscience and our holy faith. In the book History of 475 00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:43,040 Speaker 1: the Church The Church in the Industrial Age, which we 476 00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:45,760 Speaker 1: mentioned earlier in this episode, there is a really great 477 00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:49,960 Speaker 1: passage in the description of his time as Pope which 478 00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:52,680 Speaker 1: I think sums things up nicely, so that is where 479 00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:55,960 Speaker 1: we will lead it leave it. It is quote Pope Leo 480 00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:59,120 Speaker 1: the thirteenth led the Catholic Church into a world which 481 00:29:59,120 --> 00:30:02,920 Speaker 1: had risen from real with an attitude which can only 482 00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:08,200 Speaker 1: adequately be termed optimistic. He attempted to reconcile an uncompromised 483 00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:13,200 Speaker 1: tradition with the modern spirit. There we go. That is 484 00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:18,240 Speaker 1: Pope Leo tweak talk about a lot behind the scenes, 485 00:30:18,480 --> 00:30:22,640 Speaker 1: guess and listener mail I do. This is a listener 486 00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:25,560 Speaker 1: mail that is in reference to our recent episode on 487 00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:28,600 Speaker 1: the Meiji Shrine. It's from our listener Brian, who writes, Hello, 488 00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:31,000 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy. I have been a longtime listener, but 489 00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:33,320 Speaker 1: I have never felt I could offer enough to write in. 490 00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:35,560 Speaker 1: You know what, You don't have to ever feel like 491 00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 1: you owe us anything. If you just want to write 492 00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,080 Speaker 1: and say hey, people can don't feel obligated to have 493 00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: a thing. Brian writes, I am an Australian working in 494 00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:46,280 Speaker 1: Japan as an English instructor and have a deep love 495 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:49,520 Speaker 1: for Japanese history and culture. The festivals are some of 496 00:30:49,560 --> 00:30:53,440 Speaker 1: the most fun, chaotic events you will ever attend. Unfortunately, 497 00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:56,200 Speaker 1: there has been a bit of poor behavior by tourists 498 00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:59,120 Speaker 1: at shrines as of late, with one tourist carving their 499 00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:02,400 Speaker 1: name into the tour eGate at Meiji Shrine and others 500 00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:05,640 Speaker 1: doing pull ups on the gates at other shrines. The 501 00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:10,520 Speaker 1: way I blanched when I first read this email, Brian continues, Holly, 502 00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:13,240 Speaker 1: I actually live near where Star Wars celebration was held 503 00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:15,520 Speaker 1: and had many friends come to Japan for it, so 504 00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:17,600 Speaker 1: I'm glad you had a great time. If you get 505 00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:19,360 Speaker 1: a chance to come back. There is a district in 506 00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:22,680 Speaker 1: Tokyo called Nippori, but it is also called Fabric Town. 507 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:26,000 Speaker 1: It has many shops selling fabric buttons, buckles and other 508 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:28,120 Speaker 1: things related to sewing, which I know is right up 509 00:31:28,160 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 1: your alley. It is also where I work. Well see 510 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:34,160 Speaker 1: you soon, Brian. He continue is I don't have my 511 00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 1: own pets, so I am including pictures of my nephew Dmitri. 512 00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:39,520 Speaker 1: He is a big Russian blue who loves chicken so 513 00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,280 Speaker 1: much he has taught himself how to undo cling wrap 514 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:46,320 Speaker 1: and even open cooler boxes. Eski's in Australia. Love the 515 00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:49,800 Speaker 1: work and the different views you provide. He also writes, PS, 516 00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:51,840 Speaker 1: thank you for the message about working on the weekends, 517 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:53,440 Speaker 1: as I am one of those people that has to 518 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:57,760 Speaker 1: work weekends. This cat is so funny to me. There's 519 00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:00,680 Speaker 1: one particular picture of the cat stand on the counter 520 00:32:01,240 --> 00:32:04,800 Speaker 1: rifling through the cupboard, and it fills my soul with 521 00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:07,440 Speaker 1: bliss because I've had cats that do that and they're 522 00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:11,240 Speaker 1: terribly naughty. But I just adore it. Thank you so much, Brian. 523 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:15,320 Speaker 1: I'm horrified that people are misbehaving. It shrines, as I 524 00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:17,120 Speaker 1: said in our behind the scenes, and I think during 525 00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:20,000 Speaker 1: the episode, I found that visit incredibly moving. Yeah, and 526 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:23,560 Speaker 1: really lovely. So it troubles me that people behave like jerks. 527 00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:27,719 Speaker 1: Stop it. But thank you for writing us and sharing that. 528 00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:31,200 Speaker 1: And also I had heard whispers about fabric Town, but 529 00:32:31,280 --> 00:32:36,200 Speaker 1: I was scared. Oh yeah, listen. I did Russian nesting 530 00:32:36,240 --> 00:32:38,920 Speaker 1: suitcases where I pack one suitcase and put it inside 531 00:32:38,960 --> 00:32:42,000 Speaker 1: other suitcases. But even so, we were pushing the limit 532 00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:46,680 Speaker 1: when we actually checked our bags. Yeah. Yeah, got on 533 00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:48,800 Speaker 1: the flight, and I didn't want to make it any scarier. 534 00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:51,520 Speaker 1: My bigger thing was not even the flight. It was 535 00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:54,400 Speaker 1: the car ride from the hotel to the airport because 536 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,880 Speaker 1: there were three of us and we all had multiple things. Yeah, 537 00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,200 Speaker 1: and it had been dicey coming in before, or the 538 00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:03,800 Speaker 1: Russian nesting suitcases had exploded, right, So I was like, 539 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:06,000 Speaker 1: I don't think this is the trip to go to Fabrictown. 540 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:09,560 Speaker 1: But next time I'll just show up with nothing but 541 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:13,160 Speaker 1: one pair of pants and a dream. Yeah. Buy everything 542 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:18,240 Speaker 1: in Fabrictown, wash everything in the sink every night. Yeah. 543 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:20,120 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, you can 544 00:33:20,240 --> 00:33:24,040 Speaker 1: do that at History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. If 545 00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:25,920 Speaker 1: you haven't subscribed to the show and you think that 546 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 1: sounds like a good time, you can do that really 547 00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:32,520 Speaker 1: easily on the iHeart app, or you can also do 548 00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:35,360 Speaker 1: that wherever else you listen to podcasts. It's super easy, peasy. 549 00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,800 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 550 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:48,760 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 551 00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,840 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.