WEBVTT - From the Vault: Goblet of Eggnog 0:00:06.240 --> 0:00:09.440 Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. My name 0:00:09.520 --> 0:00:14.320 is Robert Lamb. We're mostly off this week for the holidays, 0:00:14.320 --> 0:00:16.600 so we have a vault episode for you today. This 0:00:16.680 --> 0:00:19.000 is going to be one from a few years back. 0:00:19.079 --> 0:00:22.880 This is this one originally published twelve fifteen, twenty twenty two. 0:00:23.600 --> 0:00:27.680 It is our episode on the invention of eggnock. So 0:00:27.800 --> 0:00:30.200 let's drink up. 0:00:32.040 --> 0:00:36.280 Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind, production of iHeartRadio. 0:00:41.960 --> 0:00:44.479 Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. My name 0:00:44.560 --> 0:00:48.000 is Robert Lamb and I'm Joe McCormick. It's that time 0:00:48.040 --> 0:00:51.120 of year again. And by that time, I mean it 0:00:51.159 --> 0:00:55.560 is the holidays. We're knee deep, perhaps waist deep in 0:00:55.600 --> 0:00:58.200 the holidays, and there's no going back. We might as 0:00:58.240 --> 0:01:00.520 well just push forward at this point, like it's just 0:01:00.560 --> 0:01:03.680 as much just as much effort to keep going as 0:01:03.720 --> 0:01:07.080 it would be to turn back. So once more, we 0:01:07.120 --> 0:01:09.120 have a holiday episode for you. It's actually going to 0:01:09.120 --> 0:01:14.000 be our third installment in our Holiday Invention series, where 0:01:14.040 --> 0:01:17.080 we more or less give the invention treatment to various 0:01:17.120 --> 0:01:22.480 holiday decorations, traditions, and toys. This year we're going to 0:01:22.520 --> 0:01:25.360 be looking in earnest at eggnog. 0:01:25.400 --> 0:01:28.759 Is eggnog an invention. Sure, we can stretch the definition. 0:01:28.840 --> 0:01:29.640 I think that's okay. 0:01:29.840 --> 0:01:31.920 I think so. I mean, we did an invention, a 0:01:31.959 --> 0:01:35.800 full blown invention episode about the Matai, which we you know, 0:01:36.000 --> 0:01:38.400 we had Jeff Beach bombarry on as a guest to 0:01:38.400 --> 0:01:42.360 talk about that. Eggnog is not something that occurs naturally 0:01:42.400 --> 0:01:45.959 in the world. It must be made at some point. 0:01:46.000 --> 0:01:49.240 There had to be a first or something like a first, 0:01:49.280 --> 0:01:51.800 and you know, we'll get into that. And it's one 0:01:51.840 --> 0:01:54.160 of those things that has a number of different customs 0:01:53.920 --> 0:01:57.680 and cultural details surrounding it. Now, Joe, I'm not sure 0:01:57.680 --> 0:02:00.360 what your relationship with egnog happens to be, because I 0:02:00.360 --> 0:02:02.800 don't know that we've ever really spoken about this. I 0:02:02.800 --> 0:02:07.000 don't think we've had eggnog together before, not that I recall, 0:02:07.600 --> 0:02:11.280 but my family's general approach is will generally buy a 0:02:11.320 --> 0:02:14.639 carton of almond nog each year, largely for our son 0:02:14.720 --> 0:02:16.840 because he gets super into it. And if I have 0:02:16.840 --> 0:02:20.919 a chance to visit a like an upscale cocktail place 0:02:21.000 --> 0:02:23.120 or a nice restaurant, then I will jump at the 0:02:23.160 --> 0:02:25.720 opportunity to order an eggnog if they have one on 0:02:25.760 --> 0:02:29.480 the menu. In the past I've made it down to 0:02:29.680 --> 0:02:33.200 New Orleans for the start of beach Bumberry Sippings Santa 0:02:33.280 --> 0:02:36.720 festivities at beach Bumberr's Latit Tude twenty nine. They also 0:02:36.720 --> 0:02:40.200 have pop ups all over the place, and they'll generally 0:02:40.240 --> 0:02:42.840 have at least one holiday teaki beverage on there that 0:02:43.360 --> 0:02:45.200 is at least eggnog esque. 0:02:45.360 --> 0:02:50.400 In form I'm picturing piles of crushed or pellet ice 0:02:50.560 --> 0:02:56.400 with kind of a frothy, creamy gryme about them and 0:02:56.440 --> 0:02:58.200 some nutmeg sprinkled over top. 0:02:58.639 --> 0:03:01.960 Oh yeah, the nutmeg is will discuss is pretty essential. 0:03:02.520 --> 0:03:03.880 So I did make it down there this year, but 0:03:03.919 --> 0:03:06.480 I did make it over to a tiki bar in 0:03:07.320 --> 0:03:10.400 our area, Decatur's sos t Bar, and I enjoyed a 0:03:10.400 --> 0:03:14.320 frozen take on a classic eggnog. Generally a rich drink 0:03:14.360 --> 0:03:18.240 though so once twice three times per year, Max. That's 0:03:18.240 --> 0:03:21.240 generally enough from me, uh huh. Now. Before we came 0:03:21.280 --> 0:03:23.120 in here, though, I mentioned to my wife that I 0:03:23.160 --> 0:03:25.639 was about to record the eggnog episode, and she was 0:03:25.760 --> 0:03:28.680 kind enough to provide me with an entire glass of 0:03:28.720 --> 0:03:33.320 eggnog here for me to consume during this episode. The 0:03:33.360 --> 0:03:35.560 listeners at home, you'll have to take my word for it, Joe, 0:03:35.600 --> 0:03:38.480 I think you can see it on the video feed here. 0:03:38.960 --> 0:03:41.720 Wait, is this full booze eggnog? 0:03:41.840 --> 0:03:44.640 Or well you might well presume that, but I couldn't 0:03:44.640 --> 0:03:53.920 possibly comment, Yes, creamy, rich, hint of nutmeg, beautiful. 0:03:53.960 --> 0:03:57.040 I have no eggnog in the house. A cute cute 0:03:57.160 --> 0:04:01.160 Joe Peshi and Home Alone saying eggnog, eggnog dressed as 0:04:01.200 --> 0:04:04.600 a cop like eggnog is the most disgusting substance on Earth. 0:04:05.000 --> 0:04:08.200 And you know what, as a child, that was pretty 0:04:08.280 --> 0:04:09.960 much where my head was at. I was like, yeah, 0:04:10.000 --> 0:04:13.160 Joe peshe in Home Alone is correct. I found the 0:04:13.240 --> 0:04:16.960 idea revolting, not just revolting, I think, I think I 0:04:17.080 --> 0:04:21.520 probably found it borderline nauseating to think of a drink 0:04:21.640 --> 0:04:24.920 made out of eggs. Something changed over the years. Now 0:04:24.920 --> 0:04:26.279 I find it quite delightful. 0:04:27.279 --> 0:04:28.760 So was the eggs that threw you off? 0:04:29.160 --> 0:04:30.760 Yeah, well you're gonna drink eggs? 0:04:30.760 --> 0:04:31.120 I don't know. 0:04:31.200 --> 0:04:33.599 So I think about eggs. There's something that you know, 0:04:33.680 --> 0:04:36.200 I liked eggs scrambled like they make them at the 0:04:36.200 --> 0:04:40.640 cracker barrel. You know, I'm thinking of like a thick 0:04:41.800 --> 0:04:46.760 yellow curd like substance, and always in savory context. I mean, 0:04:46.800 --> 0:04:48.880 I know, obviously now that eggs are used in all 0:04:48.960 --> 0:04:52.080 kinds of baking and sweet contexts, but that's not how 0:04:52.120 --> 0:04:53.680 I thought about them when I was a kid. So 0:04:54.000 --> 0:04:57.800 the idea of drinking a sweet egg based beverage was 0:04:58.440 --> 0:05:02.080 absolutely vile to my brain. 0:05:02.560 --> 0:05:04.679 I can understand that. I mean, especially even the name 0:05:04.920 --> 0:05:08.080 is a bit potentially off putting. It's very forward with 0:05:08.160 --> 0:05:10.679 the egg. What you were about to drink contains eggs, 0:05:11.080 --> 0:05:14.359 and then the nog also can throw one for a curve. 0:05:14.680 --> 0:05:17.320 I do like some of the archaic spellings of eggnog 0:05:17.360 --> 0:05:20.919 that I've encountered researching this episode. Oftentimes the way we 0:05:21.000 --> 0:05:24.320 encounter it now it's egg n og, but some of 0:05:24.360 --> 0:05:28.120 these other spellings will be egg n ogg. I like 0:05:28.160 --> 0:05:31.440 the double the double g's occurring in both parts of 0:05:31.480 --> 0:05:31.800 the word. 0:05:32.360 --> 0:05:34.000 That's just symmetry. That's good branding. 0:05:34.440 --> 0:05:37.960 Yes, Now, before we proceed, I guess we should go 0:05:38.000 --> 0:05:41.920 ahead and drive home exactly what eggnog is. We've alluded 0:05:41.920 --> 0:05:44.760 to it a little bit already, but technically it's a 0:05:44.800 --> 0:05:48.520 milk egg drink or a milk egg punch. And we've 0:05:48.600 --> 0:05:52.480 of course reached the points as a civilization where you 0:05:53.200 --> 0:05:57.000 can have something that is identifiable as a nog without 0:05:57.000 --> 0:05:59.919 the presence of egg or dairy. But historically this is 0:06:00.080 --> 0:06:02.240 the realm from which this beverage arises. 0:06:02.920 --> 0:06:06.159 Right, So you're you mentioned almond nog. I guess that 0:06:06.320 --> 0:06:08.440 is equivalent in the same way that you might have 0:06:08.520 --> 0:06:11.000 almond milk. It is a substitute for milk. 0:06:11.560 --> 0:06:13.760 Yeah, though, I guess it's even more like some people 0:06:13.800 --> 0:06:16.120 get up in arms, especially the dairy industry. I know 0:06:16.200 --> 0:06:19.440 about things that are not milk calling themselves milk. And 0:06:19.960 --> 0:06:22.200 even more to the point, I guess something like a 0:06:22.200 --> 0:06:24.640 soy nog or an almond nog is going to have 0:06:25.000 --> 0:06:27.920 neither eggs nor dairy, and so it is even further removed. 0:06:27.920 --> 0:06:31.280 But yet it's still very much in the spirit of 0:06:31.279 --> 0:06:33.840 of of the classic nog. So I think it more 0:06:33.880 --> 0:06:34.600 than qualifies. 0:06:34.839 --> 0:06:38.719 Yeah, nog is a thick, creamy, sweet drink. 0:06:39.240 --> 0:06:44.200 Yes, it's a state of mind. It's it's it's a 0:06:44.200 --> 0:06:46.440 holiday tradition. Now, one of the sources I'm going to 0:06:46.480 --> 0:06:48.839 refer back to several times in this episode is the 0:06:48.880 --> 0:06:53.960 excellent book Imbibe exclamation Point by David Wandriche, which is 0:06:54.279 --> 0:06:56.720 a text that we've referenced in the show in the past. 0:06:56.800 --> 0:06:59.800 It is one of, if not the best books you 0:06:59.839 --> 0:07:02.560 can pick up on the history of the American cocktail. 0:07:02.920 --> 0:07:05.040 This is a great book. It cites, among many others, 0:07:05.040 --> 0:07:08.400 the legendary professor Jerry Thomas, who lived eighteen thirty through 0:07:08.400 --> 0:07:11.680 eighteen eighty five, the New Orleans bartender who wrote the 0:07:12.000 --> 0:07:16.920 Seminole Bartender's Guide and helped popularize cocktail drinking in general. 0:07:18.200 --> 0:07:19.880 Were go into more depth on this in an older 0:07:19.920 --> 0:07:23.320 episode or episodes that we did together on Mixology. 0:07:23.800 --> 0:07:26.000 I think we ended up talking about absentth a lot 0:07:26.040 --> 0:07:26.440 in those. 0:07:27.400 --> 0:07:32.160 Yeah, that would make sense, And I know Jerry Thomas 0:07:32.240 --> 0:07:35.600 also comes up in the recent episode on ice the 0:07:35.640 --> 0:07:39.440 interview that I did. But according to Wondrich, basic milk 0:07:39.480 --> 0:07:42.960 punches go back to the late sixteen hundreds, and to 0:07:42.960 --> 0:07:45.480 give you an example of what a milk punch consists of. 0:07:45.520 --> 0:07:47.280 And again this is not an egg milk punch, This 0:07:47.320 --> 0:07:50.640 is just a milk punch Wondriche includes a recipe from 0:07:50.720 --> 0:07:54.680 Jerry Thomas. Jerry Thomas would have you know, brought up 0:07:54.680 --> 0:07:56.840 together a bunch of these different recipes for drinks and 0:07:57.440 --> 0:08:00.280 put them in his own book at the time. This 0:08:00.320 --> 0:08:04.680 particular recipe from Jerry Thomas calls for sugar water, brandy, rum, 0:08:04.760 --> 0:08:08.480 and shaved ice. A little nutmeg goes on top, and 0:08:09.240 --> 0:08:12.400 Wandritch includes a quote from this is an eighteen seventy 0:08:12.400 --> 0:08:15.920 three quote from the Brooklyn Eagle that states that this 0:08:16.040 --> 0:08:18.480 punch was quote the surest thing in the world to 0:08:18.520 --> 0:08:21.960 get drunk on, and so fearfully drunk that you won't 0:08:22.000 --> 0:08:24.760 know whether you are a cow, yourself or some other 0:08:24.880 --> 0:08:25.640 foolish thing. 0:08:26.120 --> 0:08:32.800 Hmmm, that's that's good. No. One thing I have to 0:08:32.840 --> 0:08:35.240 point out is that when you listed the ingredients, you 0:08:35.320 --> 0:08:37.640 did not list milk. So I assume these are the 0:08:37.679 --> 0:08:39.360 things that are added to the milk. 0:08:39.960 --> 0:08:42.280 Yes, yes, okay, yeah. The milk would would also be 0:08:42.440 --> 0:08:46.920 be an important part of this. So already we're kind 0:08:46.920 --> 0:08:49.800 of in the territory of what we think of when 0:08:49.840 --> 0:08:51.760 we think about eggnog, but of course there are no 0:08:51.880 --> 0:08:57.240 eggs there now. When it comes to eggnog itself, Thomas 0:08:57.320 --> 0:08:59.640 was very much of the opinion that eggnog was quote 0:08:59.840 --> 0:09:04.000 a beverage of American origin, and Wondrich states that quote 0:09:04.000 --> 0:09:06.560 the drink's earliest mentions come from a seventeen eighty eight 0:09:06.600 --> 0:09:10.840 Philadelphia newspaper, and all the other mentions are American and 0:09:10.920 --> 0:09:13.600 if early European travelers to the United States viewed it 0:09:13.640 --> 0:09:16.240 as one of the novelties Americans were inflicting on the 0:09:16.320 --> 0:09:18.960 art of drinking. By the eighteen sixties, it was a 0:09:19.040 --> 0:09:22.440 drink of comfortable middle age with a wide, if strictly 0:09:22.440 --> 0:09:26.520 seasonal popularity. When Thomas added that in the North quote 0:09:26.600 --> 0:09:29.040 it is a favorite of all seasons, he was certainly 0:09:29.120 --> 0:09:30.240 overstating the case. 0:09:30.840 --> 0:09:33.480 So you bring up that mention in the seventeen eighty 0:09:33.520 --> 0:09:39.199 eight newspaper, and this name drop of eggnog as a 0:09:39.280 --> 0:09:42.720 recipe is also referenced in a great source I found 0:09:42.760 --> 0:09:46.360 that was aimed at unearthing the etymological history of eggnog, 0:09:46.400 --> 0:09:49.440 because it's obvious why the word egg is in the name. 0:09:49.559 --> 0:09:53.520 There are eggs in it, but what exactly is anog? Could, 0:09:53.600 --> 0:09:57.040 as the Simpsons proposed, you equally whip up a cauldron 0:09:57.080 --> 0:09:58.120 of corn nog. 0:09:59.000 --> 0:10:01.880 Cornnog sounds a delicious like it brings to mind like 0:10:01.920 --> 0:10:03.080 corn puddings. 0:10:03.520 --> 0:10:07.400 I think it occurs in the Simpsons episode with the hurricane, 0:10:07.440 --> 0:10:10.319 when the stores are there's a run on the quickie 0:10:10.320 --> 0:10:12.280 mart and the only things left on the shelves are 0:10:12.320 --> 0:10:17.880 corn nog and wadded beef. But anyway, diving into the 0:10:17.960 --> 0:10:22.240 history and etymology of eggnog or corn nog whatever, what 0:10:22.360 --> 0:10:25.880 have you? Any nogs? My source here is a December 0:10:25.960 --> 0:10:29.480 two thousand and nine article called the Origins of Eggnog 0:10:29.800 --> 0:10:34.800 Holiday Grog by the American linguist and language columnist Ben Zimmer, 0:10:34.840 --> 0:10:37.920 who is brother of the excellent science writer Karl Zimmer, 0:10:37.920 --> 0:10:39.240 who's been a guest on the show. 0:10:39.000 --> 0:10:40.560 Before Huh Crazy. 0:10:40.640 --> 0:10:43.800 So here's what Ben Zimmer says about nog. The word 0:10:43.920 --> 0:10:48.600 nog first shows up as a regional term in England, 0:10:48.800 --> 0:10:51.800 specifically in the region of East Anglia, so it's the 0:10:52.000 --> 0:10:57.200 eastern part of the country containing Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, 0:10:58.000 --> 0:11:01.000 and it referred that term there referred to a type 0:11:01.000 --> 0:11:04.240 of beer. We know this because of a letter written 0:11:04.320 --> 0:11:08.480 from the County of Norfolk in the year sixteen ninety 0:11:08.520 --> 0:11:13.120 three by a man named Humphrey Prideaux, who described quote 0:11:13.160 --> 0:11:16.640 a bottle of old strong beer, which in this country 0:11:16.679 --> 0:11:20.959 they call nog. So nog is high gravity beer. It's 0:11:21.040 --> 0:11:24.600 strong stuff. But to take one step back, why would 0:11:24.640 --> 0:11:29.920 the East Anglians call strong beer nog. Zimmer identifies a 0:11:29.960 --> 0:11:33.400 couple of hypotheses here. One is that it comes from 0:11:33.480 --> 0:11:37.800 the word noggin, which we today think of as antiquated 0:11:37.840 --> 0:11:42.400 slang for head for your head. But before that nogin 0:11:42.480 --> 0:11:46.119 meant a small mug or a small drink of spirits. 0:11:46.320 --> 0:11:51.000 So perhaps noggin was shorter, was shortened to nog, and 0:11:51.040 --> 0:11:53.520 it came to refer to the beer inside the mug 0:11:53.640 --> 0:11:56.120 instead of the mug itself. And we do that kind 0:11:56.120 --> 0:12:00.480 of metonymy with words today like did you have one? Oh, 0:12:00.480 --> 0:12:03.240 I drank two glasses. You're not saying you literally drank 0:12:03.280 --> 0:12:06.880 the glass. The glasses mean the wine inside the glass, right. 0:12:07.480 --> 0:12:11.200 But another idea is that the word nog for strong 0:12:11.240 --> 0:12:15.880 beer comes from a Scottish word nug or nuged ale, 0:12:16.280 --> 0:12:18.960 which means ale that you heat up by sticking a 0:12:19.080 --> 0:12:22.840 hot poker in it, which is funny enough to imagine 0:12:22.880 --> 0:12:24.800 in itself, but I can also see how that would 0:12:24.840 --> 0:12:29.600 correspond to a drink with strong alcohol alcohol content, because 0:12:29.720 --> 0:12:32.440 drinks with higher alcohol content are often said to taste 0:12:32.600 --> 0:12:34.080 warm or even to burn. 0:12:34.920 --> 0:12:37.800 Hmmm, yeah, this is this is interesting. It brings to 0:12:37.840 --> 0:12:40.160 mind you the images of some of these older drinks 0:12:40.160 --> 0:12:43.560 where you'd you would you would stick the hot poker 0:12:43.640 --> 0:12:45.880 or some sort of hot metal into it. I think 0:12:45.920 --> 0:12:49.400 there's a scene in the excellent TV series The Nick 0:12:49.920 --> 0:12:52.640 where you see some of the characters getting a drink 0:12:52.679 --> 0:12:53.400 of this fashion. 0:12:53.720 --> 0:12:58.120 M Okay, So so far, we've got the idea that 0:12:58.160 --> 0:13:00.520 you start with either a little mug called a noggin 0:13:00.880 --> 0:13:02.920 or a type of beer warmed with a hot poker 0:13:02.960 --> 0:13:05.600 called a nug And somehow one of these terms gets 0:13:05.600 --> 0:13:09.040 poured it over into this East Anglian word nog, which 0:13:09.080 --> 0:13:12.680 means strong beer. But how does that actually get connected 0:13:12.720 --> 0:13:16.040 to the sweet, milky, eggy drink we are familiar with. 0:13:16.800 --> 0:13:19.080 We don't know for sure, but the link in the 0:13:19.160 --> 0:13:22.800 chain seems to be alcohol. Because while you can buy 0:13:23.000 --> 0:13:26.200 kid friendly nog in the dairy issle these days, everything 0:13:26.240 --> 0:13:29.760 I've been reading suggests that early eggnog was boozy. That 0:13:29.960 --> 0:13:33.040 was a primary characteristic of what the noog was. It 0:13:33.120 --> 0:13:34.600 had a lot of alcohol in it. 0:13:35.080 --> 0:13:38.480 Yeah, absolutely, that's exactly what I saw in all of 0:13:38.520 --> 0:13:42.320 my research. Nobody's talking about eggnog is something that is 0:13:42.520 --> 0:13:45.079 then spiked. It is inherently spiked. 0:13:45.240 --> 0:13:50.680 And Zimmer reports that a Maryland clergyman named Jonathan Bouchet 0:13:51.440 --> 0:13:54.640 is alleged to have written the first known reference to 0:13:54.679 --> 0:13:58.760 eggnog and a poem in seventeen seventy five, but this 0:13:58.880 --> 0:14:01.760 poem was not published until about thirty years later, so 0:14:01.760 --> 0:14:04.120 we don't know when it was actually written for sure. 0:14:04.920 --> 0:14:07.360 But the relevant section of the poem goes like this, 0:14:08.160 --> 0:14:12.199 fog DRAMs in the morn or better still eggnog. This 0:14:12.240 --> 0:14:15.560 is nog with two g's at night hot suppings and 0:14:15.600 --> 0:14:20.000 at mid day grog my palate can regale. So you 0:14:20.040 --> 0:14:23.840 see the context here is fully alcoholic grog refers to 0:14:24.440 --> 0:14:28.440 a spirit or alcoholic beverage. Then there's that line, fog 0:14:28.520 --> 0:14:32.920 DRAMs in the morn or better still eggnog. A dram 0:14:33.120 --> 0:14:36.440 usually refers to a small drink of whiskey, and according 0:14:36.440 --> 0:14:41.120 to Miriam Webster, fog DRAMs are quote DRAMs resorted to 0:14:41.280 --> 0:14:45.160 on the pretense of their protecting from the danger of fog. 0:14:48.840 --> 0:14:51.400 I'm sorry, boss, I had to have another whiskey before 0:14:51.440 --> 0:14:53.560 work or the fog could have killed me on the 0:14:53.560 --> 0:14:53.960 way here. 0:14:54.560 --> 0:14:57.440 All right, Well, yeah, this is making sense. Is an 0:14:57.480 --> 0:15:00.320 early morning drink though, because you get your your fog 0:15:00.320 --> 0:15:03.320 protection you get a couple of eggs in there, maybe 0:15:03.360 --> 0:15:07.720 you know this is a breakfast that you're drinking down exactly. 0:15:08.800 --> 0:15:13.000 So Bouchet may have written that in seventy seventy five. 0:15:13.040 --> 0:15:15.280 It's hard to say for sure, but according to Zimmer, 0:15:15.280 --> 0:15:19.400 the earliest at rock solid references to eggnog where we 0:15:19.560 --> 0:15:22.200 know the date of their publication, appear in a handful 0:15:22.240 --> 0:15:24.760 of newspapers in the year seventeen eighty eight, as you 0:15:24.800 --> 0:15:28.840 mentioned earlier. Now one is a March seventeen eighty eight 0:15:28.880 --> 0:15:32.600 report in the New Jersey Journal, which and I love 0:15:32.680 --> 0:15:35.640 that this is what some newspaper articles consisted of at 0:15:35.640 --> 0:15:39.120 the time. It says, a young man with a cormorant 0:15:39.200 --> 0:15:43.560 appetite meaning like gluttonous, A young man with a cormorant 0:15:43.600 --> 0:15:49.440 appetite voraciously devoured last week at Connecticut Farms thirty raw eggs, 0:15:49.600 --> 0:15:52.840 a glass of eggnog, and another of brandy sling. 0:15:53.480 --> 0:15:55.720 Yeah, is this what newspapers were back in the day. 0:15:56.000 --> 0:15:57.960 Did you have like a gluttony page where you're like, 0:15:58.000 --> 0:16:00.000 what's everybody overeating in New Jersey? 0:16:00.080 --> 0:16:03.760 Stop the presses. We've got to get this story, this 0:16:03.800 --> 0:16:07.880 hot story about the guy who ate thirty eggs in there. Okay, 0:16:07.920 --> 0:16:10.600 so whatever eggnog is at the time, he had some 0:16:11.640 --> 0:16:15.160 Another article is from October seventeen eighty eight in the 0:16:15.320 --> 0:16:19.840 Independent Gazetteer of Philadelphia, where a writer was complaining about 0:16:19.840 --> 0:16:23.520 an upset stomach and wrote, quote, when wine and beer, 0:16:23.720 --> 0:16:27.400 punch and eggnog meat instantly ensues. 0:16:26.960 --> 0:16:29.920 A quarrel, there's wisdom to that. I think. 0:16:30.480 --> 0:16:33.600 Yeah, I've only ever heard the liquor before beer kind 0:16:33.640 --> 0:16:35.520 of thing. I've never heard it taken out to four 0:16:35.560 --> 0:16:38.080 different things with like punch and eggnog in there. 0:16:38.640 --> 0:16:42.000 You know, we were looking back at a time when 0:16:42.080 --> 0:16:45.760 drinking was a little more robust throughout the country. I think. 0:16:46.280 --> 0:16:50.400 Yeah. So anyway, yeah, I love the fact that newspapers 0:16:50.440 --> 0:16:53.000 not only used to report on what some guy aded 0:16:53.080 --> 0:16:55.600 a form, but also what gave me an upset tummy. 0:16:57.720 --> 0:17:01.960 So it sounds like an alcohol beverage known as eggnog 0:17:02.200 --> 0:17:05.080 was in common parlance in the colonies and the young 0:17:05.240 --> 0:17:09.960 United States in the late eighteenth century. But Zimmer also 0:17:10.040 --> 0:17:13.520 documents how an early example of eggnog was associated with 0:17:13.640 --> 0:17:17.679 Christmas celebration by citing a piece in the Virginia Chronicle 0:17:18.320 --> 0:17:22.520 from January seventeen ninety three, which reads as follows. On 0:17:22.680 --> 0:17:27.879 last Christmas Eve, several gentlemen met at Northampton Courthouse and 0:17:27.920 --> 0:17:32.040 spent the evening in mirth and festivity when eggnog was 0:17:32.080 --> 0:17:35.520 the principal liquor used by the company. After they had 0:17:35.560 --> 0:17:38.879 indulged pretty freely in this beverage, a gentleman in the 0:17:38.920 --> 0:17:41.280 company offered a bet that not one of the party 0:17:41.320 --> 0:17:47.040 could write four verses extempore, which should be rhyme and sence. Okay, 0:17:47.040 --> 0:17:49.119 He's like, we're so drunk, I bet none of you 0:17:49.680 --> 0:17:53.240 can write four lines of poetry that will make sense 0:17:53.280 --> 0:17:55.680 and rhyme. So what did they come up with? While 0:17:55.720 --> 0:18:01.080 one guy belts out the following, 'tis eggnog, whose golden 0:18:01.119 --> 0:18:05.919 streams dispense far richer treasures to the Ravish sense, the 0:18:06.040 --> 0:18:11.280 muse from wine derives a transient glare, but Eggnog's drafts 0:18:11.400 --> 0:18:16.760 afford her solid fare. So move over, wine. The muses 0:18:16.920 --> 0:18:19.600 are no longer interested in you now they will only 0:18:19.640 --> 0:18:22.600 be singing to people who are chug and agnog. 0:18:23.119 --> 0:18:26.560 Eggnog doesn't seem to have a personification, though, like there's 0:18:26.600 --> 0:18:28.400 no like satyr of eggnog. 0:18:28.680 --> 0:18:30.400 Right the Dionysus of eggnog. 0:18:30.800 --> 0:18:34.520 Yeah, I suppose it's you know, he was before its time. 0:18:34.720 --> 0:18:37.639 I think he would have approved of egnog, especially based 0:18:37.680 --> 0:18:40.000 on these historical references to agnog. 0:18:40.560 --> 0:18:43.240 So do we know exactly what they were putting in 0:18:43.359 --> 0:18:46.680 eggnog at the time. Well, there's a book from seventeen 0:18:46.840 --> 0:18:50.960 ninety nine called Travels through the States of North America 0:18:51.000 --> 0:18:53.359 and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada during the 0:18:53.440 --> 0:18:56.360 years seventy ninety five, ninety six and ninety seven by 0:18:56.400 --> 0:19:01.160 an Irish writer and explorer named Isaac Weld, And this 0:19:01.520 --> 0:19:04.200 passage actually reminds me of earlier when you were citing 0:19:04.200 --> 0:19:07.840 I think David Wondrich who said that sometimes people from 0:19:07.880 --> 0:19:12.480 Europe might encounter eggnog and think, oh, you know, what 0:19:12.600 --> 0:19:16.880 crimes they're committing against drinking culture here in the Americas. 0:19:17.800 --> 0:19:19.840 And I wonder if there's a little bit of that 0:19:19.920 --> 0:19:22.280 kind of raised eyebrow going on in this passage. But 0:19:22.640 --> 0:19:25.200 we'll see what you think. So Weld is writing about 0:19:25.200 --> 0:19:29.479 a stop at an inn near Baltimore, Maryland, where he writes, quote, 0:19:29.960 --> 0:19:32.560 several travelers had stopped at the same house that I 0:19:32.680 --> 0:19:34.600 did the first night I was on the road, and 0:19:34.640 --> 0:19:38.359 we all breakfasted together preparatory to setting out the next morning. 0:19:38.960 --> 0:19:42.720 The American travelers, before they pursued their journey, took a 0:19:42.760 --> 0:19:46.880 hearty draft each. According to custom of eggnog, a mixture 0:19:46.920 --> 0:19:52.320 composed of new milk, eggs, rum, and sugar beat up together. 0:19:53.160 --> 0:19:57.760 So eggnog it should be heavy, sweet, exploding with alcohol, 0:19:58.000 --> 0:20:00.840 drunk in large quantities in the morning before setting out 0:20:00.880 --> 0:20:03.280 on a long journey. 0:20:03.760 --> 0:20:06.159 Yeah, this is I mean it really it forces you 0:20:06.240 --> 0:20:08.840 to rethink egnog because I think a lot of people 0:20:08.840 --> 0:20:12.960 are probably like like me, You grew up exposed to again, 0:20:13.000 --> 0:20:15.880 the grocery store eggnog, and there's this kind of sense 0:20:15.920 --> 0:20:18.760 that eggnog is this drink for everybody. Eggnog's this drink 0:20:18.800 --> 0:20:22.760 for kids. And as you get older, then you're perhaps 0:20:22.760 --> 0:20:25.679 in a situation where you can have the eggnog with 0:20:25.720 --> 0:20:29.879 something added to it, eggnog plus you know, if you like. 0:20:30.400 --> 0:20:35.240 But this is but the historical truth of eggnog is no, 0:20:35.400 --> 0:20:38.640 this is the thing that the really drunken adults are 0:20:38.720 --> 0:20:40.720 having sometimes first thing in the morning. 0:20:41.400 --> 0:20:45.720 Also regarding famous eggnog recipes from the early days of 0:20:46.880 --> 0:20:51.200 the United States, there is a famous recipe for eggnog 0:20:51.280 --> 0:20:55.680 that is alleged to come from George Washington's kitchen papers. 0:20:55.720 --> 0:20:58.960 You'll find this if you google George Washington's egnog. I've 0:20:58.960 --> 0:21:01.919 seen some serious day out cast upon its origins, like 0:21:01.960 --> 0:21:06.680 whether it was actually Washington's. But according to the Farmer's Almanac, 0:21:06.760 --> 0:21:10.240 this famous recipe goes as follows. It's one quart cream, 0:21:10.600 --> 0:21:15.240 one quart milk, one dozen tablespoons sugar, one pint brandy, 0:21:15.560 --> 0:21:18.720 half a pint rye whiskey, half a pint Jamaica rum, 0:21:18.960 --> 0:21:22.439 and a quarter pint sherry. And then you mix the liquor, 0:21:23.480 --> 0:21:26.280 separate the yolks in the whites of twelve eggs, add 0:21:26.280 --> 0:21:29.840 sugar to the beaten yolks. Mix well. Then you add 0:21:29.920 --> 0:21:33.119 milk and cream, slowly beating, beat the whites of the 0:21:33.160 --> 0:21:37.080 eggs until stiff peaks form, then fold slowly into the mixture. 0:21:37.359 --> 0:21:39.119 Then you let it sit in a cool place for 0:21:39.160 --> 0:21:45.320 several days. Then quote taste frequently. And I could be wrong, 0:21:45.359 --> 0:21:48.080 but I believe this is the recipe that our colleague, 0:21:48.359 --> 0:21:51.840 our colleague Alex Williams uses when he makes his famous 0:21:52.160 --> 0:21:54.919 eggnog for all of our coworkers. 0:21:55.359 --> 0:21:58.480 Yes, it definitely is This is definitely the recipe he 0:21:58.480 --> 0:22:01.480 would use, and it is quite lightful. But yeah, I 0:22:01.560 --> 0:22:05.320 encountered the same thing. Looking at the actual history of this, 0:22:05.400 --> 0:22:10.480 there's some doubt as to whether George Washington actually serve this. 0:22:11.640 --> 0:22:13.480 And then there are some accounts that say, well, it 0:22:13.520 --> 0:22:17.280 looks like maybe there's evidence that eggnog was served at 0:22:17.280 --> 0:22:21.439 Mount Vernon, But as far as the precise recipe, I 0:22:21.480 --> 0:22:23.240 don't know that there's a lot of data to back 0:22:23.280 --> 0:22:26.880 that up. Yeah, though we will have we will touch 0:22:26.920 --> 0:22:30.560 on at least one former US president who did have 0:22:30.600 --> 0:22:33.720 a recipe for egnog and did serve it and drink it. 0:22:34.160 --> 0:22:36.560 All right, all this being said, before we proceed with eggnog, 0:22:36.720 --> 0:22:40.399 I think we can at least consider the possibility of 0:22:40.720 --> 0:22:44.880 predecessors that, Yes, even if egnog is something that emerges 0:22:45.320 --> 0:22:49.720 in North America, there are at least things not unlike 0:22:49.800 --> 0:22:53.440 egnog that one can encounter, say in at least late 0:22:53.520 --> 0:22:55.959 medieval and post medieval Europe. 0:22:56.400 --> 0:22:59.199 Oh, yes, some gorgeous textures to imagine. 0:22:59.640 --> 0:23:01.720 Yes, let's go back to the late Middle Ages and 0:23:01.760 --> 0:23:06.800 drink some hard milk. So European holiday traditions, which of 0:23:06.840 --> 0:23:10.879 course inform holiday traditions and Colonial America and beyond are 0:23:10.920 --> 0:23:14.399 a mix of Christian traditions, more ancient traditions, and a 0:23:14.400 --> 0:23:18.280 great deal of regional variability. I was, in fact just 0:23:18.359 --> 0:23:23.159 researching the Hooden or Hoden Horse of Kent for the 0:23:23.200 --> 0:23:25.920 Monster Facts series, and I think that's a great example 0:23:25.960 --> 0:23:30.160 of this. It brings to mind various costume street wandering 0:23:30.200 --> 0:23:35.040 traditions as well as caroling and was sailing. Wassaile, of course, 0:23:35.119 --> 0:23:38.119 is a door to door ritualistic and communal hot drink 0:23:38.400 --> 0:23:42.960 that typically contained mulled cider ale or wine and spices. 0:23:44.400 --> 0:23:48.320 But then there is the tradition of the passet posset 0:23:48.560 --> 0:23:53.160 the passet. Yes, The Smithsonian magazine website has a nice 0:23:53.240 --> 0:23:56.960 article about this titled Past the Posset colon the Medieval 0:23:56.960 --> 0:24:00.760 Eggnog by Lisa Brahman, and according to this article, it 0:24:00.800 --> 0:24:04.280 apparently dates back to late medieval Europe, and it looks 0:24:04.359 --> 0:24:07.399 like some of the examples come to us from the 0:24:07.400 --> 0:24:11.760 post medieval world and beyond. Anyway, the passet itself is 0:24:11.800 --> 0:24:14.680 a drinking vessel, as Brayman points out, and you see 0:24:15.000 --> 0:24:18.600 mention of it even in Shakespeare's Macbeth, in which lady 0:24:18.600 --> 0:24:22.760 Macbeth poisons the posets of the guards outside Duncan's quarters. 0:24:23.200 --> 0:24:24.480 Oh I forgot about that. 0:24:25.280 --> 0:24:28.239 I had as well. When the author here brings it up, 0:24:28.280 --> 0:24:30.640 I'm like, oh, yeah, I do remember that line vaguely. 0:24:30.680 --> 0:24:34.959 But you encounter so many archaic courts if you're reading 0:24:35.040 --> 0:24:39.280 or performing Shakespeare that you can't stop to wonder. Overall, 0:24:39.480 --> 0:24:42.200 it's enough to be like, okay, this means drinking vessel. Okay, 0:24:42.240 --> 0:24:45.040 what's the next strange word that doesn't quite register for me? 0:24:45.160 --> 0:24:48.119 Let me translate that one in my head. But this 0:24:48.200 --> 0:24:51.320 is You can actually look up examples of this vessel 0:24:51.400 --> 0:24:56.280 online the pauset, this posset, and you'll find that some 0:24:56.400 --> 0:24:58.960 of the main examples of this it looks curiously like 0:24:59.040 --> 0:25:03.159 an ornate tea pot with handles on both sides, a 0:25:03.320 --> 0:25:06.600 wide lidded aperture at the top, with a with a 0:25:07.280 --> 0:25:10.399 with a lid on top, and the stem for it, 0:25:10.520 --> 0:25:12.960 you know, like that like a t kettle. It feeds 0:25:12.960 --> 0:25:15.520 from the bottom of the vessel rather than from the 0:25:15.600 --> 0:25:17.119 middle or the top of the vessel. 0:25:17.520 --> 0:25:17.960 Mm hmm. 0:25:18.480 --> 0:25:21.040 The reason for this design, according to Brayman, is that 0:25:21.400 --> 0:25:24.359 you can drink directly from the stem to get at 0:25:24.400 --> 0:25:27.280 the liquid contents of the of the of the liquid 0:25:27.320 --> 0:25:30.360 it contains, but also you can take the lid off 0:25:30.400 --> 0:25:32.680 the top and go at the top of it with 0:25:32.800 --> 0:25:37.359 a spoon, because basically you're gonna have a mixture of things. 0:25:37.400 --> 0:25:39.960 You're gonna have a fluid beneath and kind of a 0:25:41.000 --> 0:25:46.600 chonky chonky, creamy perhaps cheesy layer at the top. 0:25:47.680 --> 0:25:51.080 So this is like, it's like a curdled milk drink 0:25:51.200 --> 0:25:55.840 that has that has cheesy, floaty solid bits on the 0:25:55.920 --> 0:25:57.160 top you want to get with a spoon. 0:25:57.960 --> 0:26:01.840 Yes, the way that Brayman describes it as quote both 0:26:01.880 --> 0:26:04.280 a drink and a dessert with a layer of thick, 0:26:04.359 --> 0:26:09.720 sweet gruel floating above the liquid. Okay, so okay. On 0:26:09.800 --> 0:26:13.399 one hand, I realized that could potentially be interpreted as gross. 0:26:14.040 --> 0:26:16.280 But on the other hand, I think it's not that 0:26:16.440 --> 0:26:19.359 different from a lot of sort of frothy dessert things 0:26:19.400 --> 0:26:23.119 we have today. I think about certain milkshakes, certain smoothies, 0:26:23.640 --> 0:26:28.760 certainly especially the older school cappuccinos, where the foam cap 0:26:28.920 --> 0:26:31.520 on top was maybe a little firmer, and you might 0:26:31.600 --> 0:26:33.719 have to go at that with a spoon as opposed 0:26:33.720 --> 0:26:36.800 to drinking it. So I kind of reject the idea 0:26:36.880 --> 0:26:42.440 that this potential hygiene issues aside of late medieval ages, 0:26:43.359 --> 0:26:45.560 I don't think this is necessarily that gross of an 0:26:45.640 --> 0:26:48.000 idea that you could have some sort of like a 0:26:48.240 --> 0:26:51.000 thick portion on the top of your beverage that requires 0:26:51.080 --> 0:26:53.360 a spoon. It's just like a little different to imagine 0:26:53.680 --> 0:27:00.119 this bizarre container for its consumption. Though nowadays I do 0:27:00.160 --> 0:27:01.359 want to point out we do have things like the 0:27:01.440 --> 0:27:04.760 spoon straw, which is like a plastic usually like a 0:27:04.800 --> 0:27:08.880 plastic straw and spoon combined so that you can do both. 0:27:08.920 --> 0:27:10.919 They did not have this technology in the late medieval 0:27:10.960 --> 0:27:13.760 period to my knowledge. Therefore they had to use a posset. 0:27:14.160 --> 0:27:16.520 Well, you know, it is the same principle as a straw, 0:27:16.640 --> 0:27:18.840 which I don't find unusual. But I have to say, 0:27:18.920 --> 0:27:22.000 it is funny to imagine somebody like drinking out of 0:27:22.080 --> 0:27:23.520 the stem of a tea kettle. 0:27:24.320 --> 0:27:27.439 Yeah. Yeah, it does seem like you might burn your 0:27:27.520 --> 0:27:33.600 mouth with this. So recorded recipes, many of these came later. 0:27:33.680 --> 0:27:35.960 I believe they called if you were going to fill 0:27:36.040 --> 0:27:38.000 the pauset, it would call for a great deal of 0:27:38.080 --> 0:27:41.240 egg and cream. They might also call for beer, sugar, 0:27:41.560 --> 0:27:45.000 and also thickening agents such as bread, biscuits, oatmeal, and 0:27:45.080 --> 0:27:48.880 almond paste. In some cases, the upper portions are said 0:27:48.920 --> 0:27:52.320 to take on a cheesey quality, which actually brings to 0:27:52.400 --> 0:27:55.600 mind modern cheese milk tea drinks, which are quite delightful. 0:27:56.080 --> 0:27:57.840 If you haven't had one, I know this is something 0:27:57.880 --> 0:28:00.520 that can be kind of hard to imagine. Why should 0:28:00.560 --> 0:28:05.200 my milk tea taste like cheese? Well, it's it's not 0:28:05.280 --> 0:28:09.159 what you're imagining if you're imagining something that turns your stomach. 0:28:09.200 --> 0:28:11.480 It's not like cheddar cheese on the top of your tea. 0:28:11.560 --> 0:28:17.040 It's something sweetier and creamier, but with that slight cheesy 0:28:17.280 --> 0:28:23.000 twist to it, not like provolone right right now. I 0:28:23.040 --> 0:28:26.880 should also mentioned there are more contemporary pauset dishes, such 0:28:26.920 --> 0:28:29.600 as you often see recipes for something called a lemon pauset, 0:28:30.080 --> 0:28:32.760 but this seems somewhat more refined compared to what is 0:28:32.840 --> 0:28:35.920 described here. This is not something you drink out of 0:28:35.960 --> 0:28:38.720 a strange tea kettle. It's something you spoon out of 0:28:38.720 --> 0:28:43.120 a dish. But is it eggnog? Well, in many ways, 0:28:43.120 --> 0:28:46.040 if not most ways, no, But it also sounds like 0:28:46.120 --> 0:28:48.480 the sort of thing that if you were a time 0:28:48.560 --> 0:28:54.240 traveler from an eggnog having culture and you went back 0:28:54.360 --> 0:28:56.800 to the late medieval ages and you're like, where's my eggnog? 0:28:56.920 --> 0:28:58.840 And people are like, what are you talking about? You 0:28:58.960 --> 0:29:01.800 might cover the posset and be like, oh, well this 0:29:01.920 --> 0:29:04.680 will work, this will do. Now my holiday is complete. 0:29:05.120 --> 0:29:08.720 Yeah, it's a liquidy egg and milk or egg and 0:29:08.840 --> 0:29:09.840 cream type thing. 0:29:10.440 --> 0:29:14.520 Right, And I think it's not crazy to imagine that 0:29:14.920 --> 0:29:17.200 this sort of precedent for this sort of drink and 0:29:17.320 --> 0:29:20.520 the sort of taste sensations that it brings about, that 0:29:20.640 --> 0:29:23.200 this could feed into the very American traditions that would, 0:29:23.200 --> 0:29:26.200 according to Thomas, bring about the American eggnog. 0:29:26.920 --> 0:29:30.200 So I assume after we get out of this early 0:29:30.320 --> 0:29:34.920 period where mentions are scarce and don't really explain much 0:29:34.920 --> 0:29:37.960 about eggnog except like the Irish guy who's clearly not 0:29:38.120 --> 0:29:40.959 familiar with it, we get into a period where there 0:29:41.040 --> 0:29:44.560 is more extensive writing on eggnog, maybe like in actual 0:29:44.640 --> 0:29:45.640 cookery manuals. 0:29:46.200 --> 0:29:49.520 Yeah. Yeah, there's a lot more material once you were 0:29:49.600 --> 0:29:53.160 a certain point. And wonderch has a whole chapter on 0:29:53.320 --> 0:29:56.920 egg drinks in his book im Vibe. As he writes it, 0:29:56.960 --> 0:29:59.680 there quote neither punches nor part of the lineage of 0:29:59.720 --> 0:30:03.160 cock tails, and this is also somewhat how Jerry Thomas 0:30:03.240 --> 0:30:05.320 and the people of his day would have classified them. 0:30:06.480 --> 0:30:08.680 One of the things that really amazed me about all this, though, 0:30:08.840 --> 0:30:12.240 is that Wondridge points out that egg drinks were once 0:30:12.320 --> 0:30:16.000 far more common and kind of a daily affair, but 0:30:16.120 --> 0:30:19.360 that few survive today. This kind of comes back to 0:30:19.400 --> 0:30:22.880 your example earlier about egg nog for breakfast, why not perfect, 0:30:23.360 --> 0:30:27.400 keep the fog away, etc. Now, now I should point 0:30:27.400 --> 0:30:28.840 out this is the two thousand and seven books, so 0:30:28.880 --> 0:30:31.120 I'm not sure if we've seen anything in the way 0:30:31.160 --> 0:30:34.480 of a resurgence of egg drinks. It might be the case, though, 0:30:35.360 --> 0:30:37.760 given the spirit of cocktail making and it's tend to 0:30:38.280 --> 0:30:41.920 re explore older fashions and even remake them with modern twists. 0:30:42.800 --> 0:30:45.600 I don't feel like it's tremendously uncommon to find at 0:30:45.680 --> 0:30:48.200 least a single egg drink on a fancy cocktail menu, 0:30:48.640 --> 0:30:50.600 though to be sure, you probably won't find them on 0:30:50.760 --> 0:30:53.280 just random restaurant cocktail menus, Like I don't know if 0:30:53.360 --> 0:30:56.000 Chili's offers an egg drink. 0:30:57.480 --> 0:30:59.720 I'm trying to think, what are the standard egg drinks 0:30:59.760 --> 0:31:02.880 other well, I guess there are like drinks I don't 0:31:02.960 --> 0:31:06.320 usually get, but like, aren't there like sours and fizzes 0:31:06.440 --> 0:31:08.960 and stuff that have that have egg whites in them. 0:31:09.640 --> 0:31:13.520 Yeah. Wondred points out that the major survivors include the 0:31:13.600 --> 0:31:16.800 nineteenth century Tom and Jerry drink. This would be not 0:31:16.880 --> 0:31:20.680 getting into the proportions, but it's like sugar, eggs rum, cinnamon, cloves, allspice. 0:31:21.200 --> 0:31:24.479 There's the sherry flip, which is basically egg, sugar and sherry, 0:31:25.160 --> 0:31:27.760 and he discusses his elsewhere in the book. But of 0:31:27.800 --> 0:31:30.280 course there's the Ramos gin Fizz, which is pretty famous 0:31:30.520 --> 0:31:34.560 New Orleans drink that contains gin, simple syrup, lemon juice, 0:31:34.720 --> 0:31:37.600 lime juice, egg white, heavy cream, orange flower water, and 0:31:37.640 --> 0:31:41.240 club soda. It's one that famously requires a great deal 0:31:41.280 --> 0:31:45.160 of shaking. You may receive a dirty look from the 0:31:45.240 --> 0:31:47.720 bartender when you order it because of all the shaking 0:31:47.760 --> 0:31:49.520 it's going to require. Sometimes they are to pass it 0:31:49.600 --> 0:31:52.360 off to another bartender to continue shake shaking it. But 0:31:52.600 --> 0:31:56.240 it is also a delightful drink. But yeah. He Wonderage 0:31:56.280 --> 0:31:59.600 points out though that even though we only have so 0:31:59.680 --> 0:32:02.760 many drinks that kind of survived, there was this time 0:32:03.400 --> 0:32:09.200 where where egg based drinks. Egg egg based alcoholic drinks 0:32:09.640 --> 0:32:12.360 were consumed on pretty much a daily basis and were 0:32:12.440 --> 0:32:17.160 as popular as eggnog drinks are during the holiday year round. 0:32:18.120 --> 0:32:23.040 So just imagine, imagine a world in which eggnog is 0:32:23.120 --> 0:32:26.360 stocked at the grocery store year round to meet people's 0:32:26.400 --> 0:32:30.800 demand for it, and everybody's having it boozed up. Not 0:32:30.960 --> 0:32:32.640 that they bought it at the grocery store, they made it. 0:32:33.040 --> 0:32:33.720 You get my point. 0:32:34.440 --> 0:32:37.800 That's that sounds like a magical time, a very rich, 0:32:38.400 --> 0:32:38.920 rich time. 0:32:39.360 --> 0:32:43.560 Yeah, But as Paul Clark points out in the Imbibed 0:32:43.640 --> 0:32:49.200 magazine article, elements egg cocktails, changing tastes and salmonella scares 0:32:49.480 --> 0:32:52.120 pretty much chased raw eggs out of the bar. And 0:32:52.200 --> 0:32:54.280 this would be kind of this would be the reason 0:32:54.360 --> 0:32:57.400 that only so many egg drinks kind of survived this 0:32:57.600 --> 0:33:00.800 period of time in which, on one hand, yet changing taste. 0:33:00.840 --> 0:33:03.400 You can imagine, perhaps you know, there are new fads 0:33:03.800 --> 0:33:08.520 in cocktails, new ingredients are more readily available for cocktails, 0:33:09.080 --> 0:33:11.600 and then there's this whole issue of salmonella. 0:33:12.040 --> 0:33:15.120 Salmonella concerns, of course, remain relevant to this day, and 0:33:15.240 --> 0:33:16.960 we'll come back to those in just a few minutes. 0:33:17.600 --> 0:33:17.680 Now. 0:33:17.760 --> 0:33:19.320 Wondrich also points out there was a great deal of 0:33:19.360 --> 0:33:22.280 variation when it came to eggnog recipes, which I imagine 0:33:22.360 --> 0:33:24.520 is going to be the case with any popular drink, 0:33:24.640 --> 0:33:28.240 even if the recipe isn't secret. See the Invention episode 0:33:28.280 --> 0:33:30.440 we did about the my Tie for examples of this. 0:33:30.640 --> 0:33:33.520 On both counts. If the recipe is secret, people are 0:33:33.520 --> 0:33:35.880 going to try and recreate it, and even if the 0:33:35.960 --> 0:33:38.480 secret is if there's no secret, if the recipe is 0:33:38.520 --> 0:33:41.560 well known, you're going to end up having deviations anyway. 0:33:42.120 --> 0:33:45.560 For instance, anywhere you go today the my Thie recipe, 0:33:45.720 --> 0:33:48.080 there's no telling what a restaurant will actually serve you 0:33:48.160 --> 0:33:52.800 if you order a my Tie, even though the original 0:33:52.880 --> 0:33:55.320 recipe is very well known at this point, or it's 0:33:55.480 --> 0:33:58.040 very easily obtained if you have a desire to seek 0:33:58.080 --> 0:34:03.600 it out. But these regional differences in eggnog, this would 0:34:03.640 --> 0:34:07.400 really make people emotional. A Wondred show points out this 0:34:07.520 --> 0:34:11.239 account where there's a judge who encountered eggnog in an 0:34:11.280 --> 0:34:14.960 inn and it didn't have whiskey enough in it, and 0:34:15.080 --> 0:34:16.759 therefore there was this huge altercation. 0:34:17.400 --> 0:34:20.120 Oh yeah, I mean again, going back to stories about ends, 0:34:20.200 --> 0:34:21.960 you don't say what time of day this is, But 0:34:22.040 --> 0:34:24.919 this eggnog might have been his morning eggnog, which sets 0:34:24.960 --> 0:34:26.800 the tone for the entire day. It's like, you know, 0:34:26.840 --> 0:34:28.680 if you don't get your coffee right in the morning, 0:34:28.800 --> 0:34:29.919 that's bad news. 0:34:30.600 --> 0:34:34.120 Yeah. If I don't get my heavily alcoholic eggnog in 0:34:34.160 --> 0:34:38.000 the morning, I'm no good now. Sometimes those regional differences, though, 0:34:38.040 --> 0:34:40.560 are going to be entirely based on what is available 0:34:40.640 --> 0:34:43.560 to you, And a great example of this is the 0:34:43.840 --> 0:34:48.040 Texian version of eggnog. He includes the recipe in the 0:34:48.120 --> 0:34:53.080 book Is It Stems? It Stems from General Thomas Green 0:34:53.160 --> 0:34:56.000 of the Army of the Texas Republic from eighteen forty three. 0:34:56.640 --> 0:35:00.920 The recipe serves about one hundred and sixty for seven 0:35:01.120 --> 0:35:05.920 gallons of mez cow, seven gallons of donkey milk, thirty 0:35:06.120 --> 0:35:09.040 dozen eggs, and a large loaf of sugar. 0:35:11.680 --> 0:35:13.560 I love that sugar used to come in loaves. 0:35:14.040 --> 0:35:16.080 Yeah, well, if you're making eggnog for one hundred and 0:35:16.120 --> 0:35:19.080 sixty and a number of these recipes do call for 0:35:19.360 --> 0:35:23.600 large vats of eggnog, but this is quite a lot. 0:35:23.680 --> 0:35:26.640 I mean, seven gallons of mezcal, seven gallons of donkey milk. 0:35:26.840 --> 0:35:29.000 I've never tasted donkey milk. I don't even know what 0:35:29.120 --> 0:35:29.719 that would be like. 0:35:30.400 --> 0:35:33.400 I again two thousand and seven book, but Wondrich mentioned 0:35:33.480 --> 0:35:35.640 that donkey milk was becoming popular at the time in 0:35:35.760 --> 0:35:39.399 Europe due to this. I supposely it had some health 0:35:39.560 --> 0:35:42.480 advantages to it. I don't know if that's true. I 0:35:42.520 --> 0:35:45.600 don't know if it's still popular as an alternative milk. 0:35:45.600 --> 0:35:48.120 I don't think I've seen it in myself in health 0:35:48.160 --> 0:35:50.279 fied stores. But then again, I'm not really in the 0:35:50.360 --> 0:35:55.160 market for donkey milk anyway. Well, Wondrich roughly translates the 0:35:55.200 --> 0:35:59.000 recipe for modern drinkers in that book. He of course 0:35:59.040 --> 0:36:01.239 says you can use cow mil instead of donkey milk, 0:36:02.239 --> 0:36:05.120 and he also recommends grating a little chocolate on top. 0:36:06.719 --> 0:36:10.680 So Jerry Thomas apparently chronicled six different eggnog recipes, and 0:36:10.800 --> 0:36:13.560 wonder Wich includes recipes for three of them in his book. 0:36:14.040 --> 0:36:17.279 Roughly speaking, these are the contents of these three that 0:36:17.360 --> 0:36:21.200 he shares. There's Baltimore eggnog, eggs sugar, nutmeg, brandy or 0:36:21.320 --> 0:36:25.839 rum wine, egg whites and milk. There's eggnog individual, which 0:36:25.920 --> 0:36:30.000 calls for sugar, cold water, egg cognac, Santa Cruz, rum 0:36:30.160 --> 0:36:35.320 and milk. And then there's General Harrison's agnog. This is 0:36:35.600 --> 0:36:39.080 ninth American President, William Henry Harrison, and this was said 0:36:39.080 --> 0:36:43.080 to be one of his favorites. It called for egg sugar, 0:36:43.400 --> 0:36:47.520 hard cider, and lumps of ice. Important to note here 0:36:47.760 --> 0:36:50.719 that cider drinking was part of his brand. His whole 0:36:51.200 --> 0:36:54.200 image that he tried to put out was like, I'm 0:36:54.239 --> 0:36:56.800 not really at home in this old Washington environment. I 0:36:56.960 --> 0:36:58.440 just want to sit on the porch and drink some 0:36:58.600 --> 0:37:02.760 hard cider. Won't you have some of my hard cider 0:37:02.840 --> 0:37:05.319 based aggnog and vote for me? Yeah? 0:37:05.400 --> 0:37:08.120 That was him saying like, I'm just a you know, 0:37:08.200 --> 0:37:11.440 a hard working frontiersman. I'm not one of these elites. 0:37:11.920 --> 0:37:15.680 Yeah, but I don't know. I mean, I appreciate hard cider, 0:37:16.239 --> 0:37:18.840 but this sounds horrific. I don't think I would I 0:37:18.880 --> 0:37:21.920 would want any part of this. So General Harrison, no, 0:37:22.040 --> 0:37:22.279 thank you. 0:37:23.040 --> 0:37:26.239 General Harrison also died about some like thirty days into 0:37:26.320 --> 0:37:30.800 his first presidential term. Yeah, he's the one who he 0:37:30.880 --> 0:37:34.040 didn't really make it very far. And their speculation about 0:37:34.080 --> 0:37:36.560 why he died, but one of them is that he 0:37:36.680 --> 0:37:41.800 may have succumbed to the fact that the water supply 0:37:42.040 --> 0:37:44.919 at the White House at the time was heavily contaminated 0:37:44.960 --> 0:37:45.880 with raw sewage. 0:37:46.600 --> 0:37:50.360 Huh interesting. I had a whole tangent for this episode 0:37:50.400 --> 0:37:54.000 about twelfth US President Zachary Taylor, who fell ill with 0:37:54.080 --> 0:37:56.759 a fatal illness on July fourth of eighteen fifty after 0:37:56.840 --> 0:38:01.760 a DC fundraiser that he had tended where he quote 0:38:01.880 --> 0:38:05.680 drank freely of iced water and chilled milk. According to 0:38:06.800 --> 0:38:10.400 biographer K. Jack Bauer in the book Zachary Taylor's Soldier, 0:38:10.480 --> 0:38:15.880 Planter Statesman of the Old Southwest. So I've seen this 0:38:16.000 --> 0:38:19.480 described as copious amounts of cherries and iced milk. Apparently 0:38:19.840 --> 0:38:23.480 he preferred drinking chilled milk. That was his thing. That 0:38:23.560 --> 0:38:26.279 was the hardest drink that Zachary Taylor was known to 0:38:26.480 --> 0:38:30.840 imbibe himself. But I cut most of this out because 0:38:30.960 --> 0:38:33.560 he wasn't drinking, as far as I can tell, a 0:38:33.760 --> 0:38:37.440 cherry chilled milk concoction. It was just chilled milk and 0:38:37.480 --> 0:38:39.080 then also a lot of cherries. 0:38:39.520 --> 0:38:41.320 And probably plenty of raw sewage. 0:38:50.600 --> 0:38:51.640 Is it time for salmonella? 0:38:51.960 --> 0:38:55.839 Oh yeah, that's a great transition. So eggs and salmonilla. 0:38:56.000 --> 0:39:01.359 Salmonilla remains probably the main reason we have reservations about 0:39:01.560 --> 0:39:06.360 raw egg based food and drinks today. Salmonella is a 0:39:06.600 --> 0:39:11.360 genus of bacteria named not after salmon the fish, but 0:39:11.520 --> 0:39:16.160 after an American veterinarian named Daniel Elmer Salmon. Though it 0:39:16.239 --> 0:39:19.040 was not discovered by him, it was named after him 0:39:20.040 --> 0:39:25.400 basically because a species of Salmonella was discovered by an 0:39:25.440 --> 0:39:30.320 assistant in a lab who worked for salmon. The assistant's 0:39:30.400 --> 0:39:32.960 name was Theobald Smith, but of course the boss gets 0:39:33.000 --> 0:39:37.400 all the glory. Some zero types of salmonella are responsible 0:39:37.520 --> 0:39:41.839 for really serious and historically significant diseases, such as typhoid fever, 0:39:42.640 --> 0:39:46.640 but multiple types of salmonilla will result in infections of 0:39:46.680 --> 0:39:51.560 the intestinal tract, so salmonilla infection or salmonellosis, is one 0:39:51.600 --> 0:39:56.880 of the most common food born illnesses, often characterized by fever, diarrhea, 0:39:57.040 --> 0:40:02.880 severe stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, and headache. And because salmonella 0:40:03.040 --> 0:40:06.560 is often transmitted through the fecal oral route, the risk 0:40:06.640 --> 0:40:09.880 of contracting it is higher when people don't have access 0:40:09.920 --> 0:40:14.160 to clean drinking water and effective sewage disposal. Though salmonella 0:40:14.239 --> 0:40:18.280 can also be transmitted between animals and humans, so animal 0:40:18.400 --> 0:40:22.680 vectors such as eggs from infected chickens can be a 0:40:22.800 --> 0:40:27.040 major source of salmonellosis in humans as well. Now, on 0:40:27.080 --> 0:40:29.360 the other hand, one thing to remember is that most 0:40:29.600 --> 0:40:33.640 eggs are fine. Most eggs are not infected with salmonilla. 0:40:34.440 --> 0:40:37.319 I don't know what the exact proportion is, but one 0:40:37.400 --> 0:40:40.520 figure I saw kicking around from the two thousands was 0:40:40.600 --> 0:40:45.400 a CDC estimate that roughly one in every twenty thousand 0:40:45.560 --> 0:40:49.120 chicken eggs in the United States was contaminated. That number 0:40:49.239 --> 0:40:51.920 may be different today. If so, it's probably somewhat lower 0:40:52.000 --> 0:40:55.800 than that. But you know, I'm not saying you should 0:40:55.880 --> 0:40:58.399 go about eating raw eggs. There is definitely risk there, 0:40:58.480 --> 0:41:01.560 but also like the odds are pretty low that any 0:41:01.640 --> 0:41:05.040 given egg is going to make you sick. Also, eggs 0:41:05.080 --> 0:41:08.040 are fine if you cook them to the proper temperature 0:41:08.440 --> 0:41:11.480 for the proper time. One hundred and sixty degrees fahrenheit 0:41:11.640 --> 0:41:16.120 will kill just about anything instantly. Also, you know, even 0:41:16.160 --> 0:41:19.040 lower temperatures, if held for a sufficient amount of time, 0:41:19.120 --> 0:41:23.520 will be enough to basically sterilize eggs. This is you 0:41:23.600 --> 0:41:26.040 can look up charts on the amount of time eggs 0:41:26.120 --> 0:41:28.520 need to spend at a certain temperature in order to 0:41:28.560 --> 0:41:33.560 make them safe. However, eggnog is traditionally not made with 0:41:33.800 --> 0:41:37.040 eggs that are cooked at all, but rather with raw ones. 0:41:37.800 --> 0:41:42.040 So is there any risk, Well, yes, obviously if you 0:41:42.120 --> 0:41:45.480 are just drinking raw eggs straight up, there is some 0:41:45.880 --> 0:41:50.359 risk of salmonilla infection. One example of this, I mean 0:41:50.400 --> 0:41:53.080 it happens all the time, but one example one case 0:41:53.120 --> 0:41:56.800 study I dug up with an interesting secondary finding. This 0:41:57.000 --> 0:41:59.960 is a study published in the Lancet in nineteen seven 0:42:00.880 --> 0:42:05.000 by Steer at All called person to person spread of 0:42:05.120 --> 0:42:11.400 Salmonella typhimurium after a hospital common source outbreak. So the 0:42:11.440 --> 0:42:15.799 abstract reads, in September nineteen seventy three, diarrhea caused by 0:42:15.880 --> 0:42:20.680 Salmonella typhemurium developed in thirty two people in a main hospital. 0:42:21.160 --> 0:42:26.360 Both epidemiological and microbiological evidence indicated that raw egg beaten 0:42:26.440 --> 0:42:31.640 in milk for eggnog was responsible for the infection. However, 0:42:32.080 --> 0:42:35.640 six patients and eight employees had not had eggnog, and 0:42:35.760 --> 0:42:39.040 their illness developed after the source of infection had been 0:42:39.120 --> 0:42:43.040 recognized and removed. Most of these people had had direct 0:42:43.200 --> 0:42:47.680 contact with an infected patient and presumably acquired the infection 0:42:48.160 --> 0:42:51.440 by person to person spread. It's concluded that person to 0:42:51.520 --> 0:42:56.080 person spread of Salmonilla typhemurium can occur in hospitals and 0:42:56.160 --> 0:42:59.440 can be a hazard to patients and staff. So initially 0:42:59.520 --> 0:43:02.560 a bunch of people in a hospital got salmonella from 0:43:02.680 --> 0:43:06.960 drinking eggnog, but then those people gave secondary infections to 0:43:07.120 --> 0:43:11.040 others who didn't even touch the nog. Also, I wanted 0:43:11.080 --> 0:43:14.120 to share another medical journal article I found just because 0:43:14.239 --> 0:43:17.080 I thought it was very weird. This is called Eyelid 0:43:17.320 --> 0:43:22.840 absess in an eggnog Drinker by Marcus and Wolverson, published 0:43:22.920 --> 0:43:26.840 in the British Medical Journal nineteen eighty nine. Short story 0:43:26.960 --> 0:43:29.040 is a seventy two year old man showed up at 0:43:29.040 --> 0:43:32.400 a hospital in England with a huge abscess swelling on 0:43:32.560 --> 0:43:37.040 his left upper eyelid, which they eventually determined had spread 0:43:37.120 --> 0:43:40.320 to an infection of the bone in his forehead, the 0:43:41.160 --> 0:43:44.080 bone above where his eye was. So he was put 0:43:44.160 --> 0:43:47.440 under general anesthesia and the absess was drained. They did 0:43:47.520 --> 0:43:49.760 a culture of the pus and it revealed the presence 0:43:49.960 --> 0:43:54.600 of a type of salmonella. They eventually did another procedure 0:43:54.719 --> 0:43:57.719 to take care of the swelling in the bones of 0:43:57.840 --> 0:44:00.920 the face, and he eventually made a full recovery. The 0:44:01.080 --> 0:44:05.520 man had no gastrointestinal symptoms, and the authors say that 0:44:05.680 --> 0:44:09.960 there had been recent cases of salmonilla infection related to eggs, 0:44:10.440 --> 0:44:12.440 so they asked him about his diet, and here I'm 0:44:12.440 --> 0:44:16.080 going to read from the case report. His diet consisted 0:44:16.120 --> 0:44:18.800 of West Indian and European food, but he said that 0:44:18.880 --> 0:44:22.279 he cooked all eggs well. When he was seen in 0:44:22.360 --> 0:44:26.839 the outpatient department, he was specifically asked if he drank eggnog, 0:44:27.280 --> 0:44:31.000 and he then admitted drinking it frequently, using a recipe 0:44:31.080 --> 0:44:36.319 of raw eggs, brandy, sugar, milk, and vanilla essence. Now, 0:44:36.480 --> 0:44:38.920 the authors say they could find no previous evidence of 0:44:39.040 --> 0:44:43.200 this particular type of salmonella causing an eyelid absess, but 0:44:43.680 --> 0:44:47.640 that there are other known cases of this bacterial infection 0:44:48.600 --> 0:44:52.200 spreading from a gut infection originally to a secondary infection 0:44:52.360 --> 0:44:55.320 elsewhere in the body, such as in the bones, especially 0:44:55.440 --> 0:44:59.840 the long bones, especially in patients with underlying medical conditions 0:45:00.080 --> 0:45:04.360 and in patients over seventy years of age. And finally, 0:45:04.440 --> 0:45:07.280 the author's write quote from nineteen eighty one to nineteen 0:45:07.360 --> 0:45:11.640 eighty six, the proportion of salmonilla infections caused by salmonella, 0:45:11.760 --> 0:45:14.480 and then they're talking about a specific type here. Salmonella 0:45:14.600 --> 0:45:19.040 in teriditis rose from eleven percent to twenty eight percent. 0:45:19.400 --> 0:45:22.760 This rise was due mainly to a rise in phage 0:45:22.880 --> 0:45:26.640 type four infections. Transmission of this phage type has been 0:45:26.680 --> 0:45:30.120 increasingly associated with poultry, and it is now known to 0:45:30.160 --> 0:45:36.080 be transmitted in eggs. Egg born Salmonilla in teroditis is 0:45:36.200 --> 0:45:39.280 destroyed by thorough cooking. The raw egg in the eggnog 0:45:39.400 --> 0:45:43.440 may have been the vehicle of infection. Unless specifically asked for, 0:45:44.000 --> 0:45:48.120 a history of eggnog drinking may not emerge on dietary questioning. 0:45:49.680 --> 0:45:52.160 But okay, now, I'm sure a lot of people out 0:45:52.160 --> 0:45:56.560 there are wondering, Wait a minute. Okay, Obviously, you know 0:45:56.680 --> 0:45:59.120 you mix up a bunch of raw eggs and you 0:45:59.360 --> 0:46:02.399 just drink that, that definitely is putting you at risk. 0:46:02.719 --> 0:46:06.000 But if you put alcohol in the eggnog, surely that 0:46:06.080 --> 0:46:06.719 would be safe. 0:46:06.840 --> 0:46:06.960 Right. 0:46:07.120 --> 0:46:09.120 Doesn't alcohol kill germs? 0:46:09.880 --> 0:46:13.080 Yeah? And we're talking a lot of alcohol in some 0:46:13.200 --> 0:46:14.040 of these recipes. 0:46:14.600 --> 0:46:19.040 Now, frustratingly, I have not been able to put together 0:46:19.239 --> 0:46:23.600 a very clear answer on the exact relationship between alcohol 0:46:23.719 --> 0:46:27.160 content and raw egg safety. Instead, I've sort of assembled 0:46:27.239 --> 0:46:31.200 some different conflicting data points, but I'll share a few 0:46:31.239 --> 0:46:35.279 of the results I came across. So one thing I 0:46:35.360 --> 0:46:38.000 found is a study in the International Journal of Food 0:46:38.080 --> 0:46:43.440 Microbiology published in nineteen ninety called survival of pathogenic microorganisms 0:46:43.520 --> 0:46:47.320 in an eggnog like product containing seven percent ethanol. This 0:46:47.520 --> 0:46:51.439 is by notermans at all, so this is a lab test. 0:46:51.600 --> 0:46:55.640 They say, let's make some boozy eggnog and directly inject 0:46:55.719 --> 0:47:00.239 pathogenic microorganisms in there and see what happens. They say 0:47:00.560 --> 0:47:05.399 a liquor consisting of whole egg sacros meaning sugar twenty 0:47:05.480 --> 0:47:11.680 five percent and ethanol of seven percent was artificially contaminated 0:47:11.800 --> 0:47:19.800 with Salmonella teriditis, salmonilla, typhomurium, Staphylococcus aureus, three different strains 0:47:19.960 --> 0:47:25.520 Basillus sirius, and Listeria, and they say, after three weeks 0:47:25.560 --> 0:47:29.840 of incubation at twenty two degrees celsius, twenty two degrees 0:47:29.880 --> 0:47:34.400 celsius is about seventy one degrees fahrenheit room temperature, the 0:47:34.520 --> 0:47:39.800 numbers of salmonilla, Staphylococcus aureus, and of the Listeria species 0:47:39.840 --> 0:47:42.879 they use decreased by more than three log base ten 0:47:43.080 --> 0:47:45.920 units and if I understand correctly, I believe that's a 0:47:46.040 --> 0:47:50.320 ninety nine point nine percent reduction in the number of 0:47:50.440 --> 0:47:53.719 bacteria units. There they say under such conditions, however, the 0:47:53.920 --> 0:47:58.600 total number of micro organisms increased three log ten units. 0:47:59.239 --> 0:48:01.759 Then they say had four degrees celsius. So I think 0:48:01.760 --> 0:48:06.640 this would be simulating refrigerator temperatures. The decrease of pathogenic 0:48:06.719 --> 0:48:10.200 microorganisms was much slower, and a decrease of three log 0:48:10.239 --> 0:48:14.920 based ten units was observed only after seven weeks of incubation. 0:48:15.760 --> 0:48:20.279 So this study finds eggnog without alcohol incubated at room temperature. Yeah, 0:48:20.320 --> 0:48:24.239 that's you allow populations of salmonilla and staff to explode. 0:48:24.960 --> 0:48:27.840 But in this study, the presence of seven percent straight 0:48:27.920 --> 0:48:31.960 ethanol significantly reduced the amount of salmonilla staff in listeria 0:48:32.400 --> 0:48:34.960 over the course of three weeks at room temperature and 0:48:35.080 --> 0:48:38.120 over the course of seven weeks at fridge temperature. However, 0:48:38.400 --> 0:48:40.480 other microorganisms can grow. 0:48:41.080 --> 0:48:43.799 I'm pretty sure this recipe for egnog that they used 0:48:43.920 --> 0:48:47.480 is the doctor cushion catheter, right, recipe for agnog with 0:48:47.560 --> 0:48:48.960 all of these added diseases. 0:48:50.760 --> 0:48:55.239 M you can just imagine Christopher Lee drooling over it. Well, 0:48:55.280 --> 0:49:00.480 the Stanton twins dance, but the amount of alcohol clearly matters. 0:49:01.440 --> 0:49:05.960 One highly cited informal experiment. This was not published in 0:49:06.040 --> 0:49:08.000 a scientific journal as far as I can tell, but 0:49:08.080 --> 0:49:12.600 it was done and reported on by NPR for Science Friday. 0:49:12.680 --> 0:49:15.839 It was done in the late two thousands by microbiologists 0:49:16.040 --> 0:49:20.840 at the at Rockefeller University named Vince Faschetti and Raymond 0:49:21.080 --> 0:49:24.960 Schuck and it was covered on Science Friday. And apparently 0:49:25.400 --> 0:49:28.640 these researchers used a recipe that the staff at the 0:49:28.760 --> 0:49:31.719 university would make every year, which originally traced back to 0:49:31.840 --> 0:49:36.239 the great American microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield. So this is her 0:49:36.440 --> 0:49:41.080 original eggnog recipe. She had worked at Rockefeller University decades earlier. 0:49:41.160 --> 0:49:44.239 Apparently they're still making her eggnog years after she passed away. 0:49:45.520 --> 0:49:49.720 And the recipe includes raw eggs, but also cream, sugar, 0:49:49.840 --> 0:49:53.440 and a lot of hard liquor. The liquors in this 0:49:53.640 --> 0:49:57.320 version are bourbon and rum. NPR reported that the alcohol 0:49:57.719 --> 0:50:01.920 concentration of the final drink was about twenty percent, and 0:50:02.040 --> 0:50:03.439 the way they would do it is every year they'd 0:50:03.480 --> 0:50:06.839 make it before Thanksgiving and then enjoy it around Christmas time, 0:50:06.920 --> 0:50:10.480 so it had an incubation period in the refrigerator of 0:50:10.600 --> 0:50:15.040 about six weeks. So for this experiment, the researchers made 0:50:15.080 --> 0:50:18.560 their usual knog, but they deliberately spiked it once again 0:50:18.600 --> 0:50:21.120 with salmonilla. They just you can watch a video of this. 0:50:21.239 --> 0:50:26.360 They're just injecting this orange juice into the eggs. It's disgusting, 0:50:27.680 --> 0:50:29.759 they say. They put in the amount of salmonella you 0:50:29.760 --> 0:50:34.319 would expect from including about somewhere between one and ten 0:50:34.560 --> 0:50:39.400 contaminated eggs, and then they took samples at various stages 0:50:39.440 --> 0:50:43.239 of preparation and incubation to see what grew over the 0:50:43.320 --> 0:50:47.000 course of the next three weeks. So egg plus salmonilla 0:50:47.080 --> 0:50:51.120 with no alcohol, that's just it formed a solid mat 0:50:51.360 --> 0:50:55.600 of salmony. Just huge boom, millions of bacteria. Disgusting. 0:50:56.160 --> 0:50:57.840 You can need your spoon and your poset for that 0:50:57.960 --> 0:50:58.719 one ugh. 0:50:59.600 --> 0:51:03.520 Egg plus salmonella plus alcohol with the sample taken immediately 0:51:03.640 --> 0:51:08.360 after mixing give you a modest reduction, but still plenty 0:51:08.400 --> 0:51:11.359 of salmonilla growth. This would still absolutely make you sick. 0:51:12.280 --> 0:51:16.200 Egg plus salmonella plus alcohol, but one day after mixing, 0:51:16.719 --> 0:51:20.040 still plenty of salmonilla, but less than the one taken 0:51:20.160 --> 0:51:24.919 right after mixing. One week later, there was noticeably less 0:51:25.000 --> 0:51:27.799 bacterial growth, but they said still probably enough to make 0:51:27.840 --> 0:51:31.080 you sick. But then the sample from three weeks later 0:51:31.400 --> 0:51:36.400 there's nothing, no bacterial growth at all. So somewhere between 0:51:36.800 --> 0:51:41.240 one week and three weeks this batch went from biohazard 0:51:41.520 --> 0:51:47.640 to presumably safe. Though I noticed that the Science Friday 0:51:47.760 --> 0:51:51.200 report made a joke about like the researchers themselves are 0:51:51.280 --> 0:51:54.360 joking about this. They said, you know, we could really 0:51:54.480 --> 0:51:58.480 commit to our result and just drink it, but maybe not, 0:51:59.200 --> 0:52:03.200 which makes sense, right, like why risk it? And that 0:52:03.719 --> 0:52:05.719 kind of spirit comes through in a lot of the 0:52:05.960 --> 0:52:09.480 other sources I've seen talking about whether alcohol will render 0:52:09.600 --> 0:52:13.600 your eggnog safe, because it seems clear there's evidence that 0:52:13.719 --> 0:52:16.800 at least in some cases, even if you got unlucky 0:52:16.880 --> 0:52:20.440 enough and got a contaminated egg, given enough alcohol and 0:52:20.640 --> 0:52:24.640 enough time, the nog would probably be safe. But there 0:52:24.680 --> 0:52:27.080 are a lot of variables here, and so it seems 0:52:27.160 --> 0:52:29.640 like a bunch of public health and food safety sources 0:52:30.080 --> 0:52:33.439 are still cautious. They're still kind of cagy about giving 0:52:33.480 --> 0:52:36.360 the green light on this, and they default to saying 0:52:36.440 --> 0:52:38.520 that if you want to be sure you're safe, you 0:52:38.560 --> 0:52:41.719 should use pasteurized eggs from a carton which have been 0:52:41.760 --> 0:52:44.960 rendered safe by preheating in the facility where they were packaged, 0:52:46.280 --> 0:52:49.800 or they also recommend cooking the eggs basically like sources 0:52:49.880 --> 0:52:53.400 citing experts at the FDA or the USDA say that 0:52:53.800 --> 0:52:56.840 you can't always count on alcohol to kill potential bacterial 0:52:56.960 --> 0:52:59.520 content of raw eggs, and if you want to be safe, 0:52:59.600 --> 0:53:01.879 the eggs should be cooked. You can do this by 0:53:02.080 --> 0:53:04.880 like mixing the eggs and milk together and gently bringing 0:53:04.960 --> 0:53:07.720 up to one hundred and sixty degrees fahrenheit while stirring 0:53:08.280 --> 0:53:11.360 to kill any possible bacterial content before you add the 0:53:11.400 --> 0:53:15.759 other ingredients. So personally, I don't know exactly where we 0:53:16.160 --> 0:53:18.880 are left here. I will say it looks like some 0:53:19.120 --> 0:53:24.440 experiments do show that alcohol content will at least often, 0:53:24.600 --> 0:53:27.400 maybe not always, but will at least often neutralize the 0:53:27.560 --> 0:53:31.960 main bacteria that people are worried about, meaning salmonilla, given 0:53:32.080 --> 0:53:35.200 enough alcohol and enough time. And I will say that 0:53:35.360 --> 0:53:38.320 I also, just speaking for myself, not giving advice to 0:53:38.400 --> 0:53:43.120 other people, have personally drunk eggnog made in this way 0:53:43.280 --> 0:53:46.239 with raw eggs but with lots of alcohol content, and 0:53:46.440 --> 0:53:50.319 personally I felt fine about it. But it also looks 0:53:50.400 --> 0:53:53.640 like some experts still have concerns that this might not 0:53:53.800 --> 0:53:55.920 always work, and caution that if you want to make 0:53:55.960 --> 0:53:58.440 sure you're safe, you should cook your eggs or use 0:53:58.480 --> 0:53:59.560 a pasteurized product. 0:54:00.200 --> 0:54:02.320 I mean this is also enough to make one rethink 0:54:03.200 --> 0:54:04.839 eating raw cookie dough and so forth. 0:54:06.000 --> 0:54:08.000 Oh yeah, I mean, well, it's true, I guess of 0:54:08.080 --> 0:54:10.560 anything with raw eggs in it, like, there is always 0:54:10.760 --> 0:54:14.640 some small amount of risk. You know, some small proportion 0:54:14.960 --> 0:54:17.879 of eggs out there are going to be infected. Most 0:54:17.960 --> 0:54:20.800 eggs are fine, but some are going to have salmonella 0:54:20.880 --> 0:54:23.640 in them, So you're always running that risk. And I guess, 0:54:24.400 --> 0:54:26.759 I guess some of the difficulty comes from not just 0:54:27.400 --> 0:54:29.759 whether or not you will accept the risk, but from 0:54:29.840 --> 0:54:33.399 not knowing exactly how risky it is. Like you can't 0:54:33.440 --> 0:54:35.880 come up, you don't have a number, you know, to 0:54:35.960 --> 0:54:38.919 say like, Okay, I have this percent chance of getting 0:54:38.960 --> 0:54:41.320 salmonilla if I do this instead, you just have a 0:54:41.520 --> 0:54:44.600 vague sense that I have some small chance, and I 0:54:44.680 --> 0:54:46.600 don't know exactly what that chance is. 0:54:47.440 --> 0:54:49.719 But in a way, that's It's the holiday season. It's 0:54:49.760 --> 0:54:56.440 about it's about thinking about your chances of survival. A 0:54:56.520 --> 0:54:59.480 winter festivity that is supposed to get you through the 0:54:59.600 --> 0:55:03.040 darkest portion of the year and hopefully see about the 0:55:03.160 --> 0:55:04.880 resurrection of the living world. 0:55:05.840 --> 0:55:08.080 That's quite beautifully put. But on the other hand, I'll 0:55:08.120 --> 0:55:10.719 just say, like, you know, if you're not your yeah, 0:55:10.880 --> 0:55:13.040 just cook your eggs or just use the past yourized thing. 0:55:13.080 --> 0:55:16.000 I mean, it's fine now. Last year unstuff to blow 0:55:16.040 --> 0:55:19.000 your mind. We did an entire episode looking at the 0:55:19.280 --> 0:55:24.680 major award leg lamp from a Christmas Story, the nineteen 0:55:24.680 --> 0:55:28.560 eighties holiday classic film, and you know, looking at this 0:55:28.760 --> 0:55:35.239 leg shaped lamp and finding predecessors to this in the 0:55:35.320 --> 0:55:38.640 ancient world. In a similar way, I would like to 0:55:39.400 --> 0:55:42.320 at the close of this episode on eggnog, consider the 0:55:42.400 --> 0:55:46.600 nineteen eighty nine holiday film Christmas Vacation, which of course 0:55:47.080 --> 0:55:52.000 starred a great cast Chevy Chase, Beverly Dangelo, Randy Quaid, 0:55:52.600 --> 0:55:56.160 among others. But there are at least a couple of 0:55:56.239 --> 0:55:59.360 key scenes in this movie in which the Griswold family 0:55:59.719 --> 0:56:03.520 drink eggnog from glass goblets made in the likeness of 0:56:03.719 --> 0:56:07.640 the Wally World moose. These are you can actually buy 0:56:07.719 --> 0:56:10.000 these now, this is an actual product. But in the 0:56:10.080 --> 0:56:13.400 movie they are these these little glass goblets, and they 0:56:13.520 --> 0:56:17.399 have big glass moose antlers on either side, and there's 0:56:17.440 --> 0:56:20.799 a big droopy moose snout on the front. You hold 0:56:20.840 --> 0:56:23.759 it by the ear and you sip your eggnog that way, 0:56:23.880 --> 0:56:26.360 or you gulp it, as it happens to be the 0:56:26.440 --> 0:56:27.440 case in some of the scenes. 0:56:28.080 --> 0:56:31.000 I imagine the moose face has to be facing out 0:56:31.160 --> 0:56:34.040 or else the snout would sort of prevent you from 0:56:34.400 --> 0:56:35.960 from getting it to your lips. 0:56:36.400 --> 0:56:38.200 Yeah. Yeah, you'd have to hold the glass in just 0:56:38.280 --> 0:56:42.040 the right way. It's a ceremonial vessel. And I started 0:56:42.080 --> 0:56:43.759 looking around as thinking, I don't know, I don't know 0:56:43.800 --> 0:56:45.399 if there's going to be something in the ancient world 0:56:45.480 --> 0:56:48.680 that matches up with this. But luckily, once more, eighties 0:56:48.760 --> 0:56:52.920 holiday movie prop design is in line with the manufacture 0:56:52.920 --> 0:56:56.160 of artifacts in the ancient world. I would like to 0:56:56.239 --> 0:57:02.200 discuss the ryton. This is generally spelled r hytn and 0:57:02.280 --> 0:57:04.960 it is a style of head cup that appears in 0:57:05.120 --> 0:57:09.680 various forms throughout the ancient world, according to Mara Abd 0:57:09.880 --> 0:57:13.719 el Maghwud al Kadi in Forms and functions of rytons 0:57:13.920 --> 0:57:17.919 in Ptotomaic Egypt. According to this author, they were likely 0:57:18.120 --> 0:57:21.960 Persian in origin and were particularly popular during the Acaimenid 0:57:22.040 --> 0:57:25.400 dynasty of five point fifty through three point thirty PCE. 0:57:26.200 --> 0:57:28.240 You can look up images of the ryton and the 0:57:28.320 --> 0:57:31.120 various versions of the ryton that appear in different times 0:57:31.200 --> 0:57:34.960 and different cultures. One can roughly compare these two a 0:57:35.080 --> 0:57:39.360 drinking horn like you know, the hollowed horn of a beast, 0:57:39.920 --> 0:57:42.400 but the design and function here is a little more involved. 0:57:42.440 --> 0:57:45.680 So imagine a drinking horn in which the slender part 0:57:45.720 --> 0:57:48.360 of the horn, the tapering part of the horn, is 0:57:48.400 --> 0:57:52.360 in the likeness of an animal's head, or in the 0:57:52.720 --> 0:57:55.960 like the front half of an animal. And we don't 0:57:56.000 --> 0:57:58.120 have time in this episode to really dig into the 0:57:58.200 --> 0:58:02.439 variation and the different cultural takes in this episode. But again, 0:58:02.600 --> 0:58:05.120 this would have been a realistic drinking vessel. This would 0:58:05.280 --> 0:58:08.360 not be something you would bust out, I would imagine 0:58:08.400 --> 0:58:12.320 for your just everyday consumption. This would be for ceremonial drinking. 0:58:13.040 --> 0:58:16.919 And there are essentially two types of ryton. In one form, 0:58:17.600 --> 0:58:20.760 you drink from the slender part of the ryton, holding 0:58:20.840 --> 0:58:24.200 it above one's head or roughly you know, above one's 0:58:24.240 --> 0:58:27.160 head or at least parallel with one's head by either 0:58:27.360 --> 0:58:30.760 twin handles on the side, or from some other kind 0:58:30.800 --> 0:58:33.920 of of handle that's a fixed to the object, or 0:58:34.080 --> 0:58:37.840 even from sort of the horn itself. In other forms, 0:58:37.920 --> 0:58:40.560 one drinks from the wide portion of the ryton, So 0:58:40.680 --> 0:58:43.320 the whole thing is more like a traditional goblet, except 0:58:43.960 --> 0:58:47.720 many of these designs would require you know, gripping by 0:58:47.720 --> 0:58:51.000 the horns or by the or the antlers that are 0:58:51.040 --> 0:58:52.880 on it. If there are antlers on it, and you 0:58:53.000 --> 0:58:55.280 might not be able to set it down, it might 0:58:55.320 --> 0:58:56.600 not have a bottom to it. 0:58:58.920 --> 0:59:02.520 Wow, well that that almost suggests a certain way to drink. 0:59:03.040 --> 0:59:05.840 Yeah, and again this would be highly ritual, so it's 0:59:05.920 --> 0:59:08.919 not about setting your drink aside and then doing other things. 0:59:09.000 --> 0:59:11.600 You're not going to do any paperwork. This is probably 0:59:11.640 --> 0:59:13.760 part of some ritual I don't know. You can easily 0:59:13.840 --> 0:59:15.680 imagine some sort of warrior's feast, etc. 0:59:16.440 --> 0:59:19.760 Right, you can't drink it while you're podcasting. It's maybe 0:59:19.840 --> 0:59:23.880 to drink from while people stand around you chanting drink Right. 0:59:25.560 --> 0:59:28.280 So there are various beautiful examples of the ryton, but 0:59:28.680 --> 0:59:31.920 the one that really brought to my mind the Wally 0:59:32.000 --> 0:59:35.560 World mug is the Stag's Head ryton, dating to four 0:59:35.680 --> 0:59:39.720 hundred BCE. This is a silver artifact that actually made 0:59:39.720 --> 0:59:42.880 headlines just last year due to its three point five 0:59:42.920 --> 0:59:46.760 million dollar appraisal value and its presence among stolen antiquities 0:59:47.200 --> 0:59:50.640 that were found in the possession of billionaire Michael Steinhardt. 0:59:51.520 --> 0:59:54.560 You can look up articles on that again from just 0:59:54.680 --> 0:59:57.800 last year. The item was apparently eluded from a museum 0:59:57.920 --> 1:00:00.600 in Turkey originally, but I'm unsure exactly actly when the 1:00:00.680 --> 1:00:04.680 looting occurred, other than sometime during the twentieth century during 1:00:04.720 --> 1:00:08.400 a time of unrest, which that only narrows it down 1:00:08.480 --> 1:00:12.200 so much concerning the twentieth century, though it does seem 1:00:12.240 --> 1:00:15.120 to be of ancient Greek manufacturer somewhere in the region 1:00:15.160 --> 1:00:18.240 of the Black Sea, probably from the fifth century BCE. 1:00:19.240 --> 1:00:22.920 And with this one, you'd apparently drink from the stag's 1:00:22.960 --> 1:00:26.720 lower lip while holding it aloft, though not by the antlers, 1:00:27.680 --> 1:00:30.320 as is visible in many photos of this particular artifact. 1:00:30.480 --> 1:00:34.919 There's this curved handle behind the neck. Oh, I see it. Yeah, 1:00:35.680 --> 1:00:38.800 So the question remains, is the Wally World mug a 1:00:38.960 --> 1:00:44.040 ryton No, it's not. No, it's not. Yes, it's first 1:00:44.040 --> 1:00:46.480 of all, it's not horn shaped. It also doesn't you 1:00:46.560 --> 1:00:49.480 don't drink from the moose's lips though that alone wouldn't 1:00:49.520 --> 1:00:53.920 disqualify it from being a ryton. As we previously noted, though, 1:00:54.120 --> 1:00:57.160 I've included a picture for you, Joe, of a ryton 1:00:57.840 --> 1:01:01.360 that would involve you drinking from the wide portion as 1:01:01.360 --> 1:01:03.960 opposed to the beast lips you can sort of see. 1:01:05.560 --> 1:01:07.720 So this one would be very much a situation where 1:01:07.760 --> 1:01:09.960 you have this kind of like I don't know, bronze 1:01:10.040 --> 1:01:12.480 or golden chalice, and you wouldn't be able to set 1:01:12.520 --> 1:01:15.479 it down because instead of having a flat surface, flat 1:01:15.560 --> 1:01:18.640 bottom on the bottom of your goblet, there is like 1:01:18.720 --> 1:01:22.280 the head of a ram down there. Yeah, so you'd 1:01:22.280 --> 1:01:24.400 have to lay it on its side, I guess, in 1:01:24.480 --> 1:01:26.680 which case you would either spill what you were drinking 1:01:27.120 --> 1:01:28.680 or you would have to have consumed it all. 1:01:29.360 --> 1:01:32.200 Once again, the medium is the message here. This is 1:01:32.320 --> 1:01:36.560 technology that shows that by necessity, shows you a way 1:01:36.600 --> 1:01:37.040 to use it. 1:01:37.520 --> 1:01:41.760 Yeah. However, I will say the Wally World mug is 1:01:42.080 --> 1:01:44.600 the likeness of a moose head. It is the likeness 1:01:44.600 --> 1:01:48.840 of an animal's head. It also is a ceremonial drinking vessel. Clearly, 1:01:48.880 --> 1:01:50.840 the Grizwolds are not drinking out of these year round. 1:01:50.880 --> 1:01:54.680 They're busting them out for the holidays, and just as 1:01:54.760 --> 1:01:57.240 some of these artifacts, such as the stag, were decorated 1:01:57.320 --> 1:02:00.200 with warrior images and images of battle, and we can 1:02:00.240 --> 1:02:02.920 imagine the ceremonies they involve, probably a ligne with some 1:02:03.000 --> 1:02:06.479 sort of warrior ethos. We do see Clark Griswold drinking 1:02:06.560 --> 1:02:10.280 copious amounts of nog while working cousin Eddie up for violence, 1:02:10.800 --> 1:02:13.600 though curiously I had to go back. I was imagining this, 1:02:14.000 --> 1:02:18.440 remembering this scene incorrectly, the scene where Clark Griswold is 1:02:18.640 --> 1:02:20.680 throwing back a whole bunch of eggnog and talking about 1:02:20.720 --> 1:02:23.960 how he wishes somebody would kidnap his boss. He's curiously 1:02:24.120 --> 1:02:28.200 not drinking from one of the moose goblets in this scene. 1:02:28.520 --> 1:02:30.400 Oh so, I don't know. I don't know what the 1:02:30.480 --> 1:02:32.400 reason for that is. You'd think you'd want him drinking 1:02:32.440 --> 1:02:35.479 out of the moose. Maybe it's just because it's harder 1:02:35.560 --> 1:02:37.640 to hold. I don't know. 1:02:38.200 --> 1:02:40.360 Maybe it's to show in a subtle way that Clark 1:02:40.480 --> 1:02:44.320 is actually coldly calculating in the scene and he's not 1:02:44.480 --> 1:02:46.000 as drunk as it would suggest. 1:02:46.800 --> 1:02:50.640 Yeah, that's a whole topic for another time. Trying to 1:02:50.640 --> 1:02:53.960 figure out Clark Griswold. How do we feel about Clark Griswold, 1:02:54.480 --> 1:02:57.800 about his motivations and his desires in Christmas Vacation. 1:02:59.200 --> 1:03:08.000 Clark is neutral, evils cousin Randy Quaid. I'd say chaotic neutral. 1:03:08.040 --> 1:03:11.200 Yeah, I think so. All right, So again, not really 1:03:11.240 --> 1:03:14.440 a Ryton in Christmas Vacation, But I think we might 1:03:14.560 --> 1:03:18.160 well imagine a scene from an alternate dimension in which 1:03:18.880 --> 1:03:22.160 there's a scene in Christmas Vacation in which Clark Griswold 1:03:22.280 --> 1:03:27.360 holds aloft the mighty Wally the moose Ryton, this big 1:03:27.680 --> 1:03:31.240 glass moose head or perhaps it's silver in this scenario, 1:03:31.280 --> 1:03:34.080 a big silver moose head. Perhaps you grip it by 1:03:34.600 --> 1:03:37.760 the antlers, and he's allowing cousin Eddie to then drink 1:03:38.000 --> 1:03:41.280 nourishing nod from the lips of the moose before he 1:03:41.400 --> 1:03:46.480 sends him out into glorious battle against the enemies of Christmas. Bravo. 1:03:47.480 --> 1:03:48.320 All right, that's all I have. 1:03:51.600 --> 1:03:52.840 God bless us everyone. 1:03:53.240 --> 1:03:56.360 Yes, I will say also, I fortunately finished my egg 1:03:56.520 --> 1:03:59.240 nog before we got to the draining of abscesses, so 1:04:00.000 --> 1:04:03.880 hopefully that calibrates the podcast episode for anyone out there 1:04:03.880 --> 1:04:06.600 who's like, oh, well, Rob's having an eggnog. I should 1:04:06.600 --> 1:04:09.400 have an eggnog for this listening experience. I hope that 1:04:09.480 --> 1:04:12.000 you too, were finished before the abscesses were drained. 1:04:12.720 --> 1:04:13.840 Why are you saying that, Rob? 1:04:13.880 --> 1:04:14.520 Are you saying that? 1:04:14.640 --> 1:04:17.360 Otherwise it would suggest the mental image that your glass 1:04:17.440 --> 1:04:21.560 of creamy mixture is what's out coming out of the abscess. 1:04:21.560 --> 1:04:26.760 Yes, that it is a goblet of holiday puss, which 1:04:26.840 --> 1:04:29.600 you might be drinking from the glass ahead of a moose, 1:04:29.760 --> 1:04:32.560 which doesn't help, or from the lips of a moose. 1:04:32.680 --> 1:04:33.000 Right on. 1:04:33.160 --> 1:04:35.240 I guess Merry Christmas everybody. 1:04:36.000 --> 1:04:37.480 All right, Yeah, we're going to go and close it 1:04:37.520 --> 1:04:39.120 out here, but we'd love to hear from everyone out 1:04:39.160 --> 1:04:40.919 there if you have. I mean a lot of people 1:04:41.000 --> 1:04:43.160 out there are going to have some sort of holiday 1:04:43.320 --> 1:04:47.520 tradition involving some manner of eggnog. We didn't really have 1:04:47.600 --> 1:04:49.640 time to get into all the variations, but I know 1:04:49.720 --> 1:04:52.720 there are some. I think I've had, like a Puerto 1:04:52.800 --> 1:04:56.919 Rican variation of eggnog before that was quite delightful. There's 1:04:56.920 --> 1:05:02.240 so many different regional variations. Familytions, Please write in. We'd 1:05:02.280 --> 1:05:04.560 love to hear your take on all of this. In 1:05:04.680 --> 1:05:07.080 the meantime, we'll remind you that Stuff to Blow Your 1:05:07.160 --> 1:05:10.200 Mind is a science podcast with our core episodes on 1:05:10.320 --> 1:05:13.200 Tuesdays and Thursdays. On Wednesdays we do a short form 1:05:13.280 --> 1:05:15.240 artifact or monster fact. On Mondays we do a listener 1:05:15.280 --> 1:05:17.680 mail episode, and on Fridays we set aside most serious 1:05:17.720 --> 1:05:20.080 concerns and just talk about a weird film on Weird 1:05:20.200 --> 1:05:21.000 House Cinema. 1:05:21.640 --> 1:05:25.840 Huge thanks to our audio producer, Max Williams. If you 1:05:25.840 --> 1:05:28.160 would like to get in touch with us with feedback 1:05:28.240 --> 1:05:30.520 on this episode or any other, to suggest a topic 1:05:30.600 --> 1:05:32.640 for the future, or just to say hello, you can 1:05:32.720 --> 1:05:36.080 email us at contact at stuff to Blow your Mind 1:05:36.280 --> 1:05:36.760 dot com. 1:05:38.800 --> 1:05:48.160 Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of iHeartRadio. For 1:05:48.280 --> 1:05:51.040 more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 1:05:51.240 --> 1:05:53.960 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you're listening to your favorite shows.