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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the two thousand twelve Toyota Camry.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot Com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark.

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Speaker 1: There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. This is a very plaster

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Speaker 1: horrific episode of Stuff You Should Know. Did you ever

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Speaker 1: work a plaster when you were a kid art class?

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Speaker 1: That's a no, I did work. I had one of

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Speaker 1: those little uh pottery wheels. Oh yeah, like the the

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Speaker 1: toy ish version of it. Oh cool? And uh there's

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Speaker 1: something like clay wet clay in your hands is really

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Speaker 1: a neat feeling. Hey, just tell them any more of that?

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Speaker 1: Yeah you know, Yeah, I made for one sexy scene.

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Speaker 1: Male nipples made an appearance in that scene. Swayzy shirtless. Yeah, okay,

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Speaker 1: I believe so he was always shirtless? Yeah I think

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Speaker 1: he was. He was shirtless for most of his career.

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Speaker 1: Have you ever seen that Dirty Dancing You know at

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Speaker 1: the end of that movie when like they do the

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Speaker 1: whole dance showdown things that somebody put iron Man in

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Speaker 1: over Patrick No, over, um, Jennifer Gray, So like it's

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Speaker 1: the whole scene, but it's Iron Man dancing with Patrick

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Speaker 1: so ezy and it's really neat and hilarious. For the song,

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Speaker 1: iron Man is used instead of Nope, iron Man the

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Speaker 1: cartoon superhero, the comic book hero is dancing with Patrick's

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Speaker 1: wazy at the for some reason. At the end of this,

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Speaker 1: I gotta see that now. You know what that looks like.

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Speaker 1: You should check it out. I cannot visualize it well,

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Speaker 1: visualize this pal. July twenty Chicago's hot, real hot. Thirty

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Speaker 1: something people, thirty two people, maybe thirty three died from

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Speaker 1: the heat that day. That's how hot it was in Chicago.

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Speaker 1: We should we should say Chuck and I. Um. Because

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Speaker 1: of our work schedules. Um, we are frequently sequestered away

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Speaker 1: from everybody else while they do fun things like hilarious

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Speaker 1: book exchanges is a good current example. Yeah, if you

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Speaker 1: hear people laughing in the deep background, which is something

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Speaker 1: you've never heard before on our show, that that's because

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Speaker 1: our departments having a party without us. It's really sad,

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Speaker 1: all right, So back to it, back to July twenty,

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Speaker 1: there was a heat. Yeah, there was a movie, a

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Speaker 1: Clark Gable movie that a guy named John Dillinger wanted

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Speaker 1: to go see. Famous gangster John Dillinger. He was a

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Speaker 1: famous bank robber. He uh. He was an Indiana man

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Speaker 1: and over the course of a year he robbed a

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Speaker 1: ton of banks. He apparently robbed a police station or two,

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Speaker 1: killed at least one cop. And on his birthday, a

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Speaker 1: couple of months prior, I think it may he had

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Speaker 1: been made Public Enemy number one by Jager Hoover's FBI.

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Speaker 1: On this night July, he would be betrayed by a

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Speaker 1: woman in Red Madam as a matter of fact, and

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Speaker 1: a sage and a sage that's right. Uh. And he

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Speaker 1: went with his girlfriend and Anna's age, who was his

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Speaker 1: girlfriend's landlady, to see this movie. And after they came out,

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Speaker 1: the FBI was waiting for him. He takes off running,

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Speaker 1: pulls out his gun, really does, and they just kill

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Speaker 1: him with a hail of bullets. One of them gets

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Speaker 1: him in the back of the neck and it goes

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Speaker 1: out his eye. And that did it for John Dillinger,

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Speaker 1: a k public Enemy number one and sold out by

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Speaker 1: Anna's age as it turns out, who was then deported

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Speaker 1: back to Romania, I think for her troubles. Yeah, thanks

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Speaker 1: for the help. Now here's your one way ticket on

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Speaker 1: this disease. Ridden ship exactly. Uh so he uh, he dies,

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Speaker 1: but that's not the end of the story. He was

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Speaker 1: basically put on public display. Either he was put on

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Speaker 1: public display or the public said, uh, we're gonna need

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Speaker 1: to see this guy. Yeah, that was sort of a

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Speaker 1: thing though, Like I remember when I remember when Jesse

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Speaker 1: James was killed, same deal though. Uh, Like these notorious

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Speaker 1: UM criminals sometimes when they were caught, it would be

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Speaker 1: like a big thing, like in like back back in

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Speaker 1: the old day. They would put him like out in

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Speaker 1: the town squear, like in the pine box, come by

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Speaker 1: and look at him. This was I mean Chicago in

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Speaker 1: the thirties was not that far removed from that. You know,

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Speaker 1: wild West, I get your picture taken next to the

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Speaker 1: body of Jesse James. So that's kind of what they

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Speaker 1: do with Dillinger UM. And at least two different groups

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Speaker 1: actually three, but only one was authorized made casts of

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Speaker 1: his face after he was dead, and we call those

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Speaker 1: death masks. What those guys were doing was carrying on

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Speaker 1: a centuries old tradition, millennia old. Really, if you want

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Speaker 1: to get technical of basically making a negative image of

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Speaker 1: a dead person and his face so you can make um,

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Speaker 1: I guess masks from it later on, yeah, or you know,

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Speaker 1: a full statute head um bust if you will, or

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Speaker 1: bust or full statue if you really want to go

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Speaker 1: all the way. But um, curiously, and I find this

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Speaker 1: to be one of the facts of the show. They

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Speaker 1: did make a positive of Dillinger's face, and j Edgar

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Speaker 1: Hoover had one in his office as I guess, uh,

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Speaker 1: sort of a trophy of swords he did. I thought

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Speaker 1: that was pretty cool. I never knew that, Yeah, that

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Speaker 1: would be cool. And not only have a death mask

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Speaker 1: of John Dillinger, but the one that was in Jedger

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Speaker 1: Hoover's office, that's just specific. Um. So I said that

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Speaker 1: this is a very old thing and it goes back

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Speaker 1: at least to the Egyptians. But they're the first ones

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Speaker 1: who we know made some sort of funerary mask of

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Speaker 1: the deceased. They had a very good reason, and there's

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Speaker 1: was that if the soul, if you didn't make a

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Speaker 1: mask of the deceased, the soul couldn't find the body

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Speaker 1: any longer. It wouldn't have a face in the afterlife. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because as you learned in our mummification cast, you the

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Speaker 1: face is wrapped up right, so there is no face

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Speaker 1: any longer. So there you have it. You got like

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Speaker 1: a King Tut and it's not like the regular death mass.

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Speaker 1: It didn't look like them, right or Nate. Uh, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think King Tuts was actually like that's his face. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that they went to that level of trouble. I mean,

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Speaker 1: I knew they tried to make it look like him,

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Speaker 1: but was it actually a mold of it? Yeah. The

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Speaker 1: Egyptians weren't the only ancient group to uh to do

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Speaker 1: this either, Chuck. The Mycenaeans, who were whose civilization was

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Speaker 1: discovered by Heinrich Schliemer. Yeah. Um, he found some death

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Speaker 1: masks and they're really rough and weird looking, but they are.

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Speaker 1: They took gold sheets that were pliable enough so that

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Speaker 1: they laid over a people's faces and they made like

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Speaker 1: a again, a funerary mask. Yeah. So if you didn't have, um,

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Speaker 1: if you weren't super famous or nobleman or um have

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Speaker 1: a lot of money, you could still get the old

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Speaker 1: death mask. It was probably made of linen and painted

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Speaker 1: gold or papyrus maybe, um, but you you could still

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Speaker 1: get your death mask even if you weren't king died. Sure. Um.

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Speaker 1: The Romans did a lot of this too, and the

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Speaker 1: Romans actually had I thought I knew everything about ancient

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Speaker 1: Rome but um, it turns out that they made death masks,

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Speaker 1: and there at the funeral, a person who kind of

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Speaker 1: looked like the deceased would wear their death mask, and

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Speaker 1: then other people would wear that person's ancestors their dead

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Speaker 1: relatives death masks, and basically you just have like a

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Speaker 1: dead family reunion at the person's funeral. Then after the

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Speaker 1: funeral that that recently deceased person's death mask was put

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Speaker 1: together with all of his relatives or her relatives just

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Speaker 1: wait for the next person that and then he would

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Speaker 1: come out with everybody else to bring the new person

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Speaker 1: into the circle, which is kind of neat. I didn't

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Speaker 1: realize that they did that. It's very odd, but and

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Speaker 1: I wonder if they would do impressions of them like, oh,

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Speaker 1: I'm uncle Slaviast, look at me, I love wine, Come

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Speaker 1: here and sit on my lap. Yeah. Uh so, um,

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Speaker 1: you mentioned the ancient Romans. Um Caesar Julius Caesar actually

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Speaker 1: had a full wax cast of his entire body after

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Speaker 1: his death, stab wounds and everything. And Mark Anthony was

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Speaker 1: I guess dumb enough to go show it off to

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Speaker 1: a crowd, and they rioted and burned down the Senate building.

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Speaker 1: So I don't know what reaction he was looking for.

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Speaker 1: That probably wasn't it. And they're like, we love your records,

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Speaker 1: not that Mark Anthony. So um, I guess with the

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Speaker 1: Romans too, with the Gypsians. Basically throughout history, if you

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Speaker 1: weren't wealthy, you, um probably weren't going to have a

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Speaker 1: death mask made of you. If you weren't wealthier, you

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Speaker 1: weren't like the king. Yeah. And one reason is because

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Speaker 1: a lot of times these were artists before photography, artists

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Speaker 1: and painters and sculptors. As soon as someone died of note,

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Speaker 1: they would get their death mask made so they could

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Speaker 1: then paint them and sculpt them and have a reference

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Speaker 1: for what they look like. Yeah, and the same thing.

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Speaker 1: I mean, artists didn't paint nobody's you know what I'm saying,

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Speaker 1: So you didn't need to have a death mask made

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Speaker 1: of you. Um. And this is this is pretty much

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Speaker 1: the way it was for Europe, in Europe for most

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Speaker 1: of history except in Italy. Italy pretty early on said

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Speaker 1: if you if you, if you achieve something notable, probably

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Speaker 1: make a death mask of you. So if you see yeah,

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Speaker 1: early inventors and artists and those kind of like poets.

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Speaker 1: If you're in Italy, you probably have a death mask made.

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Speaker 1: If you're a notable personality like Da Vinci, sure he's

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Speaker 1: probably a death mask. Um. But elsewhere England, France, all that,

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Speaker 1: it wasn't until late modern history that um, he started

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Speaker 1: to see death masks of non noble people coming out.

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Speaker 1: And as a matter of fact, it was Madame Tussoed,

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Speaker 1: the lady behind the wax museums, who who kind of

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Speaker 1: brought um death masks to the masses during the French Revolution.

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Speaker 1: She and her uncle, uh Philippe Courteous, They were just

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Speaker 1: masters of wax and they worked a lot. Um. There

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Speaker 1: was one of Louis the sixteenth Mistresses, was went underwent

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Speaker 1: the guillotine, and um, she apparently had a terrible grimace

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Speaker 1: on her face when she died. People could have seen

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Speaker 1: you also curled up your hand for some reason. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I don't think she didn't too, um and uh so

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Speaker 1: her Philippe Curtis, uh he basically pinched her face back

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Speaker 1: into pinch the decapitated heads face back into a nice

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Speaker 1: position and then rolled her in some whacks that he

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Speaker 1: laid out next to the grave. Wow, yeah, that's that's

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Speaker 1: they They were operating on this higher death mask level

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Speaker 1: like no one ever has. But the Madam two sold

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Speaker 1: Wax museum that you enjoyed today grew out of a

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Speaker 1: death mask operation. Interesting and it seems like a very

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Speaker 1: macab thing to do. But um, if you it's different

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Speaker 1: now these days we like to remember our deceased ones

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Speaker 1: as living and look at photographs of them doing things

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Speaker 1: where they're alive and lively and go die over there

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Speaker 1: where we don't have to think about the close casket funeral.

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Speaker 1: But um, it wasn't the same back then. They would

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Speaker 1: have they would royal and wealthy families would display these

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Speaker 1: death mask of their relatives in like you know, the

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Speaker 1: parlor room or the drawing room or here in the

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Speaker 1: main hallway, and it was you know, it was the

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Speaker 1: point of pride. It wasn't like macawbre weird or And

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Speaker 1: then eventually it became pseudo scientific with the advent of phrenology. Phrenology,

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Speaker 1: we I wish we had a good article on that.

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Speaker 1: We don't. I haven't seen one. It's pretty interesting, like

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Speaker 1: the early days of that stuff. Maybe we'll pulling together.

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Speaker 1: It's like when people were just starting to figure out

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Speaker 1: the brain and not really having any idea what they

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Speaker 1: were doing, really missing the mark a lot of times. Yeah. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So phrenology basically was the idea that you could predict

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Speaker 1: a person's personality behavior, whether someone was a criminal or not, um,

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Speaker 1: how intelligent they would grow up to be by like

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Speaker 1: the shape of their face, the shape of their skull,

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Speaker 1: the bumps on their skull, um. And so phrenologists, as

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Speaker 1: as this field grew in the nineteenth century, kind of

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Speaker 1: increased the demand for um death masks because they wanted

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Speaker 1: to compare people side by side. So you've gotten some

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Speaker 1: pretty cool death masks of say like um, John Joseph Merrick,

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Speaker 1: Oh really yeah, um or uh, he's I think there's

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Speaker 1: like full body asks of him, um or you know,

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Speaker 1: a criminal or a genius or whatever, and these phrenologist

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Speaker 1: would keep him side by side and try to compare

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Speaker 1: and figure out. It's God, there's got to be a

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Speaker 1: key there somewhere, and they have themselves convinced, but they

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Speaker 1: were all wrong. Was there something There had to be

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Speaker 1: something to some of that research, right, I think there

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Speaker 1: was a lot of consensus among scientists, and they're all wrong.

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Speaker 1: Let's disappointing. Um. One cool thing is that later on,

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Speaker 1: in today's world, you can look back at some of

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Speaker 1: these death masks and gain a little bit of insight diagnostically,

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Speaker 1: speaking on how someone might have died. UM. In this

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Speaker 1: article they mentioned Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott. They think

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Speaker 1: now he died of a stroke because his death mask

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Speaker 1: he has the telltale signs of, like the droopy face

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Speaker 1: on one side. And Abraham Lincoln they think might have

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Speaker 1: had a wasting disease because he had life masks made,

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Speaker 1: which is the same thing except alive. Before he died,

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Speaker 1: had a couple of them made, and that they look

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Speaker 1: at these now and say, you know what Abraham Lincoln

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Speaker 1: might have been dying of, like tuberculosis or something? Maybe? Right?

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Speaker 1: Is that what they just said, a wasting disease. I

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Speaker 1: didn't even know what. I think that's a disease. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that makes sense, consumption. But then, of course Booth took

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Speaker 1: care of that in a more hasty manner. Yes, I

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Speaker 1: don't want to give a spoiler away for the movie,

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Speaker 1: but I'm pretty surely can get shot. Um. There was

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Speaker 1: a speaking of Booth. His brother Edwin had a UM.

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Speaker 1: He was like one of the most famous actors at

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Speaker 1: least in the country, if not the world when he

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Speaker 1: was working, and he had a death mask made and

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Speaker 1: it was collected by a man named Lawrence of Arabia. No,

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Speaker 1: his name was Lawrence Hutton, and Lawrence Hutton was a

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Speaker 1: literary um editor for Harper's Magazine, which is still around today.

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Speaker 1: Very good UM. And he was in a junk store

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Speaker 1: in New York one time and ran across the death

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Speaker 1: mask and it just was immediately smitten with the idea

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Speaker 1: of collecting these things. So he spent the rest of

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Speaker 1: his life traveling the world finding death masks, buying him

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Speaker 1: having am made of people. In some cases he had

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Speaker 1: one of Edwin Booth. And he amassed this incredibly large collection,

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Speaker 1: the world's largest individual collection of death masks UM. And

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Speaker 1: when he died, he bequeathed it to Yale. No, Princeton,

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Speaker 1: I'm sorry. So Princeton has this museum of death masks

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Speaker 1: now and see that. Well, lucky for you, buddy, they

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Speaker 1: digitized it. Yep. They have like this really nice website, UM,

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Speaker 1: the Lawrence Hutton death Mask Museum website and it's got

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Speaker 1: all of them on there. It's really really interesting. Some

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Speaker 1: are very very old and like poorly done. There's one

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Speaker 1: of Lincoln that it's just like looking at Lincoln's face

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Speaker 1: because he's so recognizable, but to see the details. Daniel

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Speaker 1: dey lewis right there all right, and you can't hear

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Speaker 1: his weird voice, but you can almost you can almost

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Speaker 1: hear it's just looking at it. But the it's it's

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Speaker 1: the details. That's the thing about death masks that are

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Speaker 1: so I think um alluring to some people is it's

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Speaker 1: it's not only the detail of like you know, they're

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Speaker 1: the age and face and what life did to them,

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Speaker 1: but it's also the detail of the absence of life,

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Speaker 1: like that it's a death mask, you know, like the

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Speaker 1: hollow eyes or in the case of Dillinger, the bullet hole. Um.

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Speaker 1: Apparently that his death mask was so detailed. They did

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Speaker 1: such a good job with it that you could see

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Speaker 1: the abrasions on his face from where he hit the

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Speaker 1: pavement when he fell down dead. You're looking at some

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Speaker 1: of these up close, like the details remarkable, it's pretty eerie. Um.

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Speaker 1: So if you can't make it the Princeton, you can

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Speaker 1: check out the Lawrence Hutton. Just type in Lawrence Hutton

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Speaker 1: Princeton and we'll bring that up. It's pretty cool little

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Speaker 1: website you can spend some time on. Yeah, and if

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Speaker 1: you do go to Princeton. They got a great little

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Speaker 1: brup pub. You should go to see the death mask,

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Speaker 1: go have some beer. What a pub? Yeah, I mean

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Speaker 1: I can't remember. I mean I assume it's still there.

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Speaker 1: It opened new when I was living there in the

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Speaker 1: mid nineties. Um, I bet it's still there, but it

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Speaker 1: was kind of a new at the time. It was

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Speaker 1: like with brew pub. Yeah, this is crazy. It's crazy, alright,

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Speaker 1: So let's talk about how you do this, shall we Yes,

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Speaker 1: you need to do it really soon after the person dies,

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Speaker 1: because you don't want the bloat to set in. Um,

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Speaker 1: you can distort the face and they want like the

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Speaker 1: death face after right, exactly, So they would apply grease

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Speaker 1: to the face, especially on facial hair because, uh, it

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Speaker 1: made it easier to take the bandages off and they

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Speaker 1: didn't want to like rip out your eyebrows. Yeah, because

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Speaker 1: you still had a funeral of the hold exactly. Uh,

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Speaker 1: do you want to look like Sergeant Mauser from police Academy?

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Speaker 1: Do you remember? Yeah, he got his eyebrows blowing off.

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Speaker 1: That is. Have you ever seen anyone with no eyebrows?

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Speaker 1: I saw Mouser. It's just weird because sometimes you can't

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Speaker 1: pinpoint why they look so freaky. I remember guy in

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Speaker 1: high school shaved his eyebrows. One of the you know,

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Speaker 1: one of the bad kids, came in one day with this.

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Speaker 1: That's how he was rebelling. I don't know, he was

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Speaker 1: just one of those bad kids. Like I didn't associate

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Speaker 1: with him because I was a good boy. But he

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Speaker 1: came in one day in my industrial large class. He

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Speaker 1: has eyebrows shaved, and it freaked me out. Oh yeah,

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Speaker 1: Like I definitely didn't have anything to do it after that.

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Speaker 1: It was really strange looking he saved his eyebrows. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think it was probably a pink floid thing. So, um,

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Speaker 1: then you applied the plaster bandages. Um you. It's interesting

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Speaker 1: is the first layers where you get all your detail,

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Speaker 1: that's really what the death mask is, and then all

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Speaker 1: the other layers just reinforced that first layer. Right. It

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Speaker 1: telegraphs that anybody who's ever hung dry wall knows that

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Speaker 1: if you don't get that thing smooth when you tape it,

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Speaker 1: it just it's broadcast throughout the whole the whole wall.

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Speaker 1: It's that it's just ruined. Yeah, I just set the

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Speaker 1: high I was just putting the house down. My guest bedroom. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's just very bad job in there. Uh. And it's

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Speaker 1: funny when contractors have come by since then, they've gone

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Speaker 1: in that room and I've been like, yeah, boy, I

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Speaker 1: don't know who did this. It sucks. Um. All right,

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Speaker 1: So the plaster sets Back in the day, it took

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Speaker 1: about an hour. These days, um, it'll set in just

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Speaker 1: a few minutes, and then you carefully remove the mold.

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Speaker 1: You've got your negative, and then it's up to you.

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Speaker 1: You can do a wax positive, you can do bronze,

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Speaker 1: um what else. However, but you want to charge people, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess so marble. There's one in Napoleon that they

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Speaker 1: made out of marble. Really Yeah. Yeah, he's not very

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Speaker 1: intimidating when you see his death mask, but I mean

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00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:43,960
Speaker 1: they broke his spirit pretty good. Yeah. Sure, exile to

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Speaker 1: an island. It's just you and some other jerks. It

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00:19:48,119 --> 00:19:50,439
Speaker 1: might have been nice. Yeah, I don't think he liked it.

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Speaker 1: He was too bent on taking over the world. The

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Speaker 1: stick came on an island was like the greatest insult

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Speaker 1: is what you control now, Napoleon and this little tiny space.

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Speaker 1: Um you said that, Uh that these days plaster drives

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00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:09,119
Speaker 1: in a few minutes. Um. And actually there were death masks.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure somebody somewhere still making a death mask here there,

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Speaker 1: but um, George Bernard Shaw had one made when he

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Speaker 1: died in the nineteen fifties, so it's still some something

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Speaker 1: of a modern event. Um, I'm totally gonna get one made,

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Speaker 1: are you Yeah? Why not? All right? Uh? Nicola Tesla

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Speaker 1: had one made. Yeah, his is Have you ever seen his?

354
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Speaker 1: Is interesting because I've only seen the one picture that one. Yeah,

355
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Speaker 1: as a younger man, so he got older. He's just

356
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Speaker 1: I don't know, you know, the ears are huge, and

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Speaker 1: his nose was really large. It doesn't look that large

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Speaker 1: in this picture, and I guess I've never seen it

359
00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:47,600
Speaker 1: at profile. But yeah, he looks sort of like David Bowie. No,

360
00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:50,360
Speaker 1: it was a guy, the old old guy who took

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Speaker 1: all the drugs Walter Math, not Burrows, but Timothy Learry

362
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Speaker 1: sort of looked like a Timothy Larry before he died,

363
00:20:58,840 --> 00:21:02,960
Speaker 1: like just old virt Timothy Leary died on webcam, right,

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00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:06,879
Speaker 1: didn't he like live stream his death? Like even before

365
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Speaker 1: anyone knew how to live stream, he figured it out somewhere.

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Speaker 1: I had no idea. I believe you did. That's sad.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure it's up on the web all right. Shall

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Speaker 1: we tell her awesome kind of fact of the podcast

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Speaker 1: story of the Unknown Woman of the Scene a k a.

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Speaker 1: The Lincoln You list scene, nineteenth century Paris, Josh, here's

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Speaker 1: the story. An anonymous woman, UH moved to Paris from

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Speaker 1: the country, falls in love with a young man and

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Speaker 1: gets her heart broke in two by this French jerk.

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Speaker 1: She is distraught. She cast herself into the river and

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Speaker 1: uh the river scene? Is it scene? I believe and

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Speaker 1: sin and nobody claimed the body ever, and the mortician

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00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:02,080
Speaker 1: was was taken her beauty and the he said, oh,

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00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:06,159
Speaker 1: this dead lady is so hot. Maybe, but um he

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Speaker 1: was taken with her beauty and her calm, almost peaceful

380
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Speaker 1: expression on her face. No one ever claimed her. He

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Speaker 1: did a death mask and said, now she is known

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Speaker 1: as the unknown Women of the Scene or the sink

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00:22:19,119 --> 00:22:24,080
Speaker 1: the Lincoln. And they a lot of people ended up

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Speaker 1: having uh copies of this death mask in their house

385
00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,520
Speaker 1: as I guess art or something. Yeah, this is kind

386
00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:33,359
Speaker 1: of weird. Yeah, but I mean this is this is

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00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:37,520
Speaker 1: before collector's plates had come along, maybe and it was

388
00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:41,640
Speaker 1: like spoons from St. Louis or this lady's death mask. Right. Um,

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00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:44,480
Speaker 1: so the the author of this article poke some holes

390
00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:47,120
Speaker 1: in that story. Yeah. The truth is that the this

391
00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:50,760
Speaker 1: death mask was in wide circulation, right, but the it

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00:22:50,840 --> 00:22:54,400
Speaker 1: probably wasn't from a woman who drowned, because her features

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Speaker 1: would have become bloated and distorted by the time she

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00:22:56,880 --> 00:23:01,280
Speaker 1: started to float to the surface. Um. And she also

395
00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:05,000
Speaker 1: looks kind of peaceful. Yeah, so they think that's probably

396
00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:08,919
Speaker 1: a life mask posed for by a live model, but

397
00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:12,720
Speaker 1: they never recorded who it was. But the mystery around it,

398
00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:14,840
Speaker 1: I think probably helped sell some of the death masks,

399
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:17,800
Speaker 1: so they kept it going. And then that's the end

400
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,200
Speaker 1: of the story. You think, here's where it gets really

401
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:26,160
Speaker 1: good me. Yeah. Uh. Nineteen sixty Peter Safar, an Austrian doctor,

402
00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:31,440
Speaker 1: is developing this really radical new thing called trying to

403
00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:34,000
Speaker 1: save someone who's having a heart attack. Rather than just

404
00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:36,560
Speaker 1: being like, oh well yeah, which is something I could do?

405
00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:40,080
Speaker 1: There is something you could do. It's called CPR, and

406
00:23:40,160 --> 00:23:45,240
Speaker 1: he championed it and got in touch with a Norwegian

407
00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:49,520
Speaker 1: toymaker named asmund uh Laird. All that sounds so made up,

408
00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:54,119
Speaker 1: it does and arm intens arian and um said, you

409
00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:55,639
Speaker 1: know what, I need a way to teach this. I

410
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:58,720
Speaker 1: need some sort of like plastic dummy to teach people

411
00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:01,399
Speaker 1: how to do this new thing old CPR. And I

412
00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:04,399
Speaker 1: got this. I got just the thing. This will use

413
00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:08,440
Speaker 1: this face of this woman of the scene and throw

414
00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:11,880
Speaker 1: it on a dummy bust. And that is who recessa

415
00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:15,400
Speaker 1: Annie was. And as I was reading this the whole time,

416
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:17,520
Speaker 1: I was like, no way, is that recessa Annie? Is

417
00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:19,919
Speaker 1: that recessa Annie? And it was on the following page

418
00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:22,720
Speaker 1: was the sentence that became recessa Annie. And I literally

419
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:27,240
Speaker 1: felt like, I don't know, it felt like exalted. Yeah, man,

420
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:30,000
Speaker 1: I used to like put my mouth on that thing

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00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:34,240
Speaker 1: on the nineteenth century death mask. Yeah yeah, every summer

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00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:38,399
Speaker 1: for lifeguarding. My mom used to teach CPR classes and

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Speaker 1: she had a recessa Annie and the kid too, who

424
00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,240
Speaker 1: had like that snappy little track suit, like dark blue tracks,

425
00:24:45,640 --> 00:24:50,359
Speaker 1: like you had these in your house. Yeah, it was

426
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:54,840
Speaker 1: a little off, but yeah, eventually I was like it's neat. Yeah,

427
00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:56,960
Speaker 1: I can't believe. I'm still a little blown away that

428
00:24:57,040 --> 00:25:00,520
Speaker 1: that's who they ended up using. Yeah, very neat. And

429
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:02,399
Speaker 1: when you looked and I looked up the death mask,

430
00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:04,880
Speaker 1: and then I looked up Pricessa Annie, and I was like, Yeah,

431
00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:07,280
Speaker 1: that's her. That's cool, Except she's got nostrils in a

432
00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:10,480
Speaker 1: mouth hole, right, which is very important if you're going

433
00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,280
Speaker 1: to practice CPR, right, or if you're gonna make a

434
00:25:13,359 --> 00:25:15,399
Speaker 1: life mask, you want to make sure that the person

435
00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,600
Speaker 1: has a way to breathe, and that's usually threw straws

436
00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:21,640
Speaker 1: into the nostrils. Josh, if you live in Michigan Midland

437
00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:25,440
Speaker 1: County Historical Museum, there they have Jesse James and Butch Cassidy. Sweet.

438
00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:27,639
Speaker 1: You can go by and check that out. You know.

439
00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:30,920
Speaker 1: If you go to the Maker's Mark Distillery there little tour,

440
00:25:31,560 --> 00:25:36,399
Speaker 1: they have Frank James Gunn. One of the owner's grandfathers

441
00:25:36,640 --> 00:25:38,840
Speaker 1: was the guy who Frank James surrendered to and he

442
00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:41,320
Speaker 1: handed his pistol over. It's pretty neat. Have you ever

443
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:45,159
Speaker 1: been there? Did you dip your own bottle? They let

444
00:25:45,240 --> 00:25:48,280
Speaker 1: you do that, they do, Yeah, I know, why didn't

445
00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:50,520
Speaker 1: you do that? Man? How can you go to the

446
00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:52,720
Speaker 1: maker's mark and not dip your own bottle. If you

447
00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:55,159
Speaker 1: dip your own bottle, then it becomes a memento and

448
00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:58,399
Speaker 1: it seems like a waste of bourbon. Oh you wouldn't

449
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:03,479
Speaker 1: drink it all right? Uh where else? There's this very

450
00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:06,960
Speaker 1: cool thing and uh called the Black Museum. I look

451
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:09,399
Speaker 1: this up in Scotland Yard. Oh yeah, I want to

452
00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:12,040
Speaker 1: go there. Well you can't. I know. I want to

453
00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:16,200
Speaker 1: meet Scotland Yard detective who can get me in? Well

454
00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:19,560
Speaker 1: you can't, you're not at Scotland Yard Detective yourself. I

455
00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:22,560
Speaker 1: will then go to Scotland Yard Detective School so I

456
00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:24,680
Speaker 1: can get into this thing. This thing has been around

457
00:26:24,720 --> 00:26:28,119
Speaker 1: since eighteen seventy four and then moved and refurbished in

458
00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:31,800
Speaker 1: the nineteen eighties to New Scotland Yard. And it was

459
00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:34,360
Speaker 1: originally called the Black Museum. Now it's called the Crime Museum.

460
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:36,960
Speaker 1: And do they have like letters from Jack the Ripper

461
00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:42,159
Speaker 1: in there? They have nooses that hung famous people, They

462
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:45,920
Speaker 1: have weapons from famous murder cases and a bunch of

463
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,399
Speaker 1: death masks. Apparently, why would you not let the public

464
00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:53,119
Speaker 1: in that? I think any British police officer can go

465
00:26:53,520 --> 00:26:56,159
Speaker 1: if they like, make a reservation like you don't have

466
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:59,440
Speaker 1: to be a Scotland yard dick, but uh yeah, pretty

467
00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:02,960
Speaker 1: cool at the Ripper Letters, that's awesome. Yeah, there's gotta

468
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:05,320
Speaker 1: be some movie plot based around the Black Museum that

469
00:27:05,359 --> 00:27:07,800
Speaker 1: you could come up with that seems like a just

470
00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:12,120
Speaker 1: the name itself, like everything comes alive maybe at night. Yeah,

471
00:27:12,160 --> 00:27:14,120
Speaker 1: there you go. There's your movie and poor Ben Stiller

472
00:27:14,880 --> 00:27:18,240
Speaker 1: gets in trouble and that's where it goes self. Um,

473
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,399
Speaker 1: if you want to learn more about death masks and

474
00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:24,080
Speaker 1: you want to see some cool pictures of death masks,

475
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,920
Speaker 1: you can type the words death masks into the search

476
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,520
Speaker 1: bar how stuff works dot com. And since I said

477
00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:34,440
Speaker 1: search bar, it's time for what, well, a couple of

478
00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:37,000
Speaker 1: quick pieces of business and then listen to mail. Okay,

479
00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:41,879
Speaker 1: so what's the first order of business, Chuck, Well, we

480
00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,760
Speaker 1: got a TV show coming out on Science Channel January nineteenth,

481
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:48,359
Speaker 1: which is right around the corner, uh ten pm, aaring

482
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,760
Speaker 1: two episodes on the first night, premiere night after Idiot

483
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:54,760
Speaker 1: Abroad's premiere, which is a very good leading for us.

484
00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:57,680
Speaker 1: We're super excited about that. And what more do you

485
00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,240
Speaker 1: need to know? Nothing? You need to know that you

486
00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:04,200
Speaker 1: should be there watching. Yeah, such a little DVR and uh,

487
00:28:04,920 --> 00:28:06,600
Speaker 1: you know, give us some love, make some noise at

488
00:28:06,680 --> 00:28:09,520
Speaker 1: the Science channel Facebook page that will help us out.

489
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:15,080
Speaker 1: And Twitter, Yeah, we appreciate it. What about listening now? Okay, Josh,

490
00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:18,720
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this Martha. Martha's got a few corrections

491
00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:21,240
Speaker 1: for us on our and we haven't done corrections in

492
00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:26,040
Speaker 1: a while. But on our topic of peak oil. She's

493
00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:29,920
Speaker 1: in the business. Uh, she knows a lot about it. Uh.

494
00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:33,879
Speaker 1: First of all, she affirms me, which I like. Chuckle's right. Guys, dinosaurs,

495
00:28:34,280 --> 00:28:36,080
Speaker 1: in no way, shape or form make up oil or

496
00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:39,560
Speaker 1: gas deposits. Most of the source material comes from things

497
00:28:39,640 --> 00:28:43,080
Speaker 1: like algae and phytoplankton that has died and sunk to

498
00:28:43,120 --> 00:28:46,600
Speaker 1: the bottom of its lake, ocean or seat um number two.

499
00:28:47,360 --> 00:28:50,720
Speaker 1: The things you said about proved reserves being unreliable, it's

500
00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:53,360
Speaker 1: partially true, guys. In some countries, like the U S

501
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,240
Speaker 1: and Canada, UK the members of the Eurozone, proved reserves

502
00:28:57,280 --> 00:29:00,520
Speaker 1: are actually audited by regulatory bodies. In the US it's

503
00:29:00,560 --> 00:29:03,200
Speaker 1: the sec U. This is because an investor would most

504
00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:06,080
Speaker 1: likely consider the amount of proved reserves a company has

505
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:09,200
Speaker 1: access to, since that tends to be a good indicator

506
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:10,960
Speaker 1: of the health of the firm, whether or not it's

507
00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:14,040
Speaker 1: a sound investment. If you misrepresent your reserves to the public,

508
00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:16,640
Speaker 1: sec will come after you and the penalties can be severe.

509
00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:20,520
Speaker 1: So in some countries the proved reserves is very conservative,

510
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:24,800
Speaker 1: actually heavily audited and is probably pretty reliable. But she

511
00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:28,400
Speaker 1: did point out that other countries, um where they might

512
00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:30,280
Speaker 1: not want to be as forthcoming. You can get some

513
00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:33,280
Speaker 1: hinky numbers, right, So I feel like we said that

514
00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:38,560
Speaker 1: I can't remember. Uh. And then number three she takes

515
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:41,160
Speaker 1: its t task a little bit. On fracking. She said,

516
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:43,160
Speaker 1: I know it's a contentious subject and we just should

517
00:29:43,160 --> 00:29:46,040
Speaker 1: do a podcast on this. It's in the in my ideas.

518
00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:50,080
Speaker 1: Cute is it? Um? You guys refer to fracking as

519
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,320
Speaker 1: causing an environmental disaster every time someone does it. You

520
00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:55,800
Speaker 1: may call me a shill, but even Lisa Jackson of

521
00:29:55,840 --> 00:29:57,160
Speaker 1: the e p A, who was not a friend of

522
00:29:57,200 --> 00:29:59,480
Speaker 1: the oil industry, has said that there are no proven

523
00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:03,840
Speaker 1: cases of wracking resulting in underground freshwater contamination, and fracking

524
00:30:03,880 --> 00:30:06,160
Speaker 1: has been conducted in the U s. It's some id forties.

525
00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:08,680
Speaker 1: It's far more likely that poor, well designed and bad

526
00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:11,160
Speaker 1: cement jobs would be the culprit. However, there is a

527
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:13,400
Speaker 1: big study being conducted right now by the e p A,

528
00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:16,040
Speaker 1: so all this may change if they find something, but

529
00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 1: as of now, the science doesn't support the position of

530
00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:22,720
Speaker 1: most anti fracking groups. So I definitely want to do

531
00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:24,960
Speaker 1: a podcast on this now. I feel like she's challenged.

532
00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:28,200
Speaker 1: I feel like she's using psychology on us right now.

533
00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:31,040
Speaker 1: She is. I love your show. I find it fascinating,

534
00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:33,320
Speaker 1: but I'm weird like that, keep up the great work.

535
00:30:33,360 --> 00:30:35,200
Speaker 1: Can't wait to your TV show in January. And that

536
00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:40,080
Speaker 1: is from Martha. Martha. That was a perfect letter from

537
00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:42,720
Speaker 1: an expert, somebody in the field, taking us the task,

538
00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:45,840
Speaker 1: being nice about it, yeah, and letting us tell everybody

539
00:30:45,920 --> 00:30:48,640
Speaker 1: else that maybe we got it wrong, maybe didn't you know,

540
00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:52,200
Speaker 1: and then mentioning our TV show exactly. So thank you

541
00:30:52,320 --> 00:30:54,760
Speaker 1: for the perfect letter. Yes. Uh. If you want to

542
00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:56,960
Speaker 1: send us a perfect tweet, you can tweet to us

543
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,600
Speaker 1: at s y s K podcast. You can send us

544
00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:03,320
Speaker 1: the for perfect Facebook posting at Facebook dot com, slash

545
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:05,560
Speaker 1: stuff you Should Know, and you can send us a

546
00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:15,800
Speaker 1: perfect email to Stuff podcast at Discovery dot com. For

547
00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:18,440
Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, visit how

548
00:31:18,520 --> 00:31:28,000
Speaker 1: Stuff works dot com m brought to you by the

549
00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:29,880
Speaker 1: two thousand twelve Toyota Camera