1 00:00:03,560 --> 00:00:06,240 Speaker 1: On this episode of This World. The lives of these 2 00:00:06,280 --> 00:00:09,640 Speaker 1: men are essential to understand the American form of government 3 00:00:09,840 --> 00:00:13,240 Speaker 1: and our ideals of liberty. The Founding Fathers all played 4 00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:17,119 Speaker 1: key roles in securing American independence from Great Britain and 5 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:19,200 Speaker 1: in the creation of the government of the United States 6 00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:29,960 Speaker 1: of America. And now the life of James Madison, and 7 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:33,920 Speaker 1: I have to say, having visited his home, that he's 8 00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:37,199 Speaker 1: a remarkable figure. He is in some ways one of 9 00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:40,800 Speaker 1: the most interesting of all the Founding Fathers because he's 10 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:45,920 Speaker 1: so complicated, he's so smart. His real contributions are all cerebral. 11 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 1: He studied, he read, he thought, he wrote, and over 12 00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:53,640 Speaker 1: time he had an enormous impact at every level. Remember, 13 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:57,720 Speaker 1: the Democratic Republican Party that he and Jefferson founded still 14 00:00:57,720 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: exists as the Democratic Party, the law youngest surviving political 15 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:05,160 Speaker 1: institution in the world today. The Bill of Rights is 16 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:07,760 Speaker 1: at the heart of our freedom and he was the 17 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:10,959 Speaker 1: guiding force. In fact, his role in the First Congress 18 00:01:11,319 --> 00:01:15,400 Speaker 1: was amazing. He literally drafted constitutions, thought about it. It was 19 00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:18,560 Speaker 1: sort of a hobby, and so he was tremendously prepared 20 00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:23,199 Speaker 1: to help write the Constitution. When the Founding Fathers met 21 00:01:23,200 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: in Philadelphia, and I always try to remind people the 22 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: Federalist papers are not some stuffy academic document that we 23 00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:34,120 Speaker 1: read them nowadays really as sort of policy in a 24 00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:37,679 Speaker 1: way that is kind of abstract and good for graduate students, 25 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: but not a hobby for most people. But the Federalist 26 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:46,240 Speaker 1: papers were written as the most important pamphlet and political history. 27 00:01:46,640 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 1: Now they're very complicated their long and Madison wrote some 28 00:01:50,720 --> 00:01:54,600 Speaker 1: of the most important of the Federalist papers convincing people 29 00:01:55,360 --> 00:01:59,200 Speaker 1: of two different things that they needed a federal government 30 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 1: because the individual states would only be gobbled up by 31 00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:05,600 Speaker 1: France and Britain in Spain, so they had to come 32 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:08,920 Speaker 1: together to survive. And at the same time, you could 33 00:02:08,919 --> 00:02:12,600 Speaker 1: write a constitution that protected you from your own government. 34 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:15,960 Speaker 1: And it's important to remember the founding fathers were as 35 00:02:16,120 --> 00:02:20,720 Speaker 1: worried about domestic repression from the government as they were 36 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:25,000 Speaker 1: about foreign dangers to America. And Madison is the person who, 37 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:29,079 Speaker 1: more than anyone else, balances those two. As he writes 38 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:31,520 Speaker 1: at one point, you know, if men were angels, we 39 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:34,480 Speaker 1: wouldn't need government. But since men aren't angels, how are 40 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:37,560 Speaker 1: we going to govern? The governors? And that he constantly 41 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:40,519 Speaker 1: thought about protecting us from our own government, something which 42 00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:45,120 Speaker 1: I would argue is remarkably current today. So how did 43 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:48,760 Speaker 1: a sickly, soft spoken man five foot four inches and 44 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: barely one hundred pounds become the father of the Constitution? 45 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: Washington Irving described him as a withered little apple. John 46 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:01,560 Speaker 1: Madison was born March sixteen, seventeen fifty one, the oldest 47 00:03:01,600 --> 00:03:05,360 Speaker 1: of twelve children, of whom only seven survived to adulthood. 48 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:10,359 Speaker 1: His father, James Madison Senior, had inherited substantial wealth, and 49 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:12,800 Speaker 1: his mother and Eli Conway, was the daughter of a 50 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,519 Speaker 1: tobacco merchant. Because of their wealth, young James Madison was 51 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:21,360 Speaker 1: afforded private tutors, including a Scottish teacher named Donald Robertson, 52 00:03:21,639 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: who instructed the young boy between the ages of eleven 53 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 1: and sixteen in mathematics, geography, and Latin. An often sickly child, 54 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 1: Madison suffered from what he called sudden attacks. As Madison 55 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:37,600 Speaker 1: later wrote that he had quote a constitutional tendency to 56 00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:43,280 Speaker 1: sudden attacks, somewhat resembling epilepsy, which suspended all intellectual function. 57 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: Imagine how frightening that must have been in the eighteenth century. 58 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:50,120 Speaker 1: He planned to attend the College of William and Mary, 59 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:53,800 Speaker 1: where his later friend Thomas Jefferson attended, but he thought 60 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,920 Speaker 1: that Virginia's humid climate would worsen his attacks, so he 61 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 1: opted to go north to the College of New Jersey, 62 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:05,920 Speaker 1: which ultimately became Princeton University. In seventeen seventy one, Madison 63 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:11,840 Speaker 1: graduated with high marks in classical languages, mathematics, rhetoric, geography, 64 00:04:12,160 --> 00:04:16,560 Speaker 1: and philosophy. After only attending for two years, he wanted 65 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:20,280 Speaker 1: more education, so Madison became the school's first graduate student, 66 00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:25,960 Speaker 1: studying Hebrew and political philosophy under the university president, John Witherspoon, 67 00:04:26,320 --> 00:04:29,600 Speaker 1: who later on became a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 68 00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:33,400 Speaker 1: When he graduated with his graduate degree, Madison, unsure what 69 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: to do, started in local politics, becoming a member of 70 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 1: the Orange County Committee of Public Safety in seventeen seventy four. 71 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:44,800 Speaker 1: That committee oversaw the local militia in the event of 72 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: a war of independence against the British. Remember the Second 73 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 1: Amendment rose out of these experiences. It is the Committee 74 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:56,640 Speaker 1: of Public Safety who are arming and training militia which 75 00:04:56,760 --> 00:05:00,200 Speaker 1: enables the Americans to survive when the British tried to 76 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 1: conquer them. His seizure attacks actually prevented him from joining 77 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:09,240 Speaker 1: the military, as on July twenty eighth, seventeen seventy five, 78 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: at the age of twenty four, he collapsed during a 79 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:16,360 Speaker 1: military drill. But in October seventeen seventy five, he was 80 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: commissioned as colonel of the Orange County Militia, serving alongside 81 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:23,039 Speaker 1: his father until he was elected as a delegate to 82 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:27,520 Speaker 1: the fifth Virginia Convention. Madison, in the most important friendship 83 00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:30,440 Speaker 1: of his life, met Jefferson in the fall of seventeen 84 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:33,320 Speaker 1: seventy six, when they both were members of the Virginia 85 00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:37,200 Speaker 1: House of Delegates. Hard to imagine two people who were different. 86 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:40,840 Speaker 1: Jefferson was six foot two and described as straight as 87 00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:44,039 Speaker 1: a gun barrel. Madison was five foot four inches and 88 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:47,119 Speaker 1: barely one hundred pounds. Imagine the two of them hanging 89 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:50,320 Speaker 1: out together. But what brought them together was their minds. 90 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:54,560 Speaker 1: Jefferson was described as quick witted and Madison was painfully 91 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:58,400 Speaker 1: shy and reserved. But Madison thought all the time, and 92 00:05:58,480 --> 00:06:01,720 Speaker 1: Madison could hold his own with j Jefferson, the pair 93 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:06,479 Speaker 1: connected and a friendship began which lasted for decades. In 94 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:09,480 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy seven, Madison lost his seat in the House 95 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:13,279 Speaker 1: of Delegates because he refused to participate in the long 96 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:17,440 Speaker 1: standing Virginia custom of treating voters to whiskey, because he 97 00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:19,760 Speaker 1: felt it was the same as buying votes. In other words, 98 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:23,320 Speaker 1: back then, you showed up annually at the polling place, 99 00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:26,560 Speaker 1: and you got free liquor, and the candidate who gave 100 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:30,120 Speaker 1: away the most free liquor got elected. Now, Madison was 101 00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:33,640 Speaker 1: not alone. Washington when he first ran, refused to buy 102 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:37,400 Speaker 1: any alcohol because he was a military hero, very famous, 103 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:42,040 Speaker 1: and he came in last because all the local neighbors said, 104 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:43,640 Speaker 1: wait a second, if you're not going to buy me 105 00:06:43,680 --> 00:06:45,279 Speaker 1: a drink, why am I going to vote for you. 106 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:48,839 Speaker 1: The following year, Washington bought more liquor for the voters 107 00:06:48,839 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: than anybody else in that particular race. So Madison was 108 00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:57,320 Speaker 1: faced with trying to deal with the country whose patterns were, 109 00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:01,159 Speaker 1: shall we say, a little different than Madison would have liked. 110 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:05,360 Speaker 1: But despite all that, in seventeen seventy eight, Madison was 111 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:08,839 Speaker 1: elected to the Virginia Governor's eight member Council of State. 112 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 1: When Jefferson was elected governor of Virginia in seventeen seventy nine, Madison, 113 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:16,640 Speaker 1: as a member of the Council of State, worked closely 114 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:19,840 Speaker 1: with him, talking daily and offering his advice. And remember 115 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:23,720 Speaker 1: this is in the middle of a war. In seventeen eighty, 116 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: at the age of twenty nine, Madison became the youngest 117 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 1: member of the Continental Congress at the time. Jefferson was 118 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:34,080 Speaker 1: Minister to France and did not attend the convention, but 119 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: he frequently sent Madison books and letters. Madison supported efforts 120 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:41,480 Speaker 1: to strengthen the power of the federal government. He knew 121 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:45,680 Speaker 1: that the Continental Congress system the Articles of Confederation simply 122 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:50,360 Speaker 1: wasn't work. He made several unsuccessful attempts to compromise with 123 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: delegates who wanted strong state governments. He kept trying to 124 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:56,600 Speaker 1: convince them, you can't have strong state governments and survive 125 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,440 Speaker 1: because these foreign powers are going to pick us off 126 00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:03,280 Speaker 1: one by one and gradually subvert all of North America. 127 00:08:04,080 --> 00:08:07,080 Speaker 1: Madison took detailed notes, so not only who was present 128 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:09,600 Speaker 1: every day, but exactly what was said and by who. 129 00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:13,880 Speaker 1: Madison avoided any long absences, did not miss a single 130 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:17,640 Speaker 1: day of debate, later writing quote, it happened also that 131 00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:19,720 Speaker 1: I was not absent a single day, no more than 132 00:08:19,720 --> 00:08:22,440 Speaker 1: a casual fraction of an hour in any day, so 133 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:24,920 Speaker 1: I could not have lost a single speech, unless a 134 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:27,480 Speaker 1: very short one. These notes were one of the few 135 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:31,000 Speaker 1: things that historians have from this time, as delegates were 136 00:08:31,040 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: forbidden from talking about anything in the proceedings in fear 137 00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:37,320 Speaker 1: of leaking it to the public, the opposite of modern transparency, 138 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:41,280 Speaker 1: and the notes themselves were not published until after he died. 139 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:45,960 Speaker 1: In seventeen eighty four, Madison returns to Montpelier to study 140 00:08:46,040 --> 00:08:49,680 Speaker 1: law and to attempt an unsuccessful career in land speculation. 141 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:52,520 Speaker 1: He was a genuine intellectual. He wasn't the kind of 142 00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:54,680 Speaker 1: guy who's going to be very good at going out 143 00:08:54,679 --> 00:08:57,080 Speaker 1: and figuring out the right places to buy land and 144 00:08:57,120 --> 00:08:59,160 Speaker 1: then holding out until he got the price he wanted. 145 00:08:59,320 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 1: Who didn't end. He wanted to read books. He wanted 146 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: to think. He wanted to be part of the life 147 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:08,319 Speaker 1: of the mind. He then served again in the Virginia 148 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:11,440 Speaker 1: House of Dougas from seventeen eighty four to seventeen eighty six, 149 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 1: while they helped to ratify Jefferson's the Statute of Virginia 150 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:18,480 Speaker 1: for Religious Freedom. At the time, Jefferson was serving as 151 00:09:18,559 --> 00:09:21,560 Speaker 1: Minister of France and was not able to advocate for 152 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,360 Speaker 1: his statute. This was truly a great breakthrough moment. Madison 153 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:28,160 Speaker 1: wrote to the General Assembly the Commonwealth of Virginia on 154 00:09:28,280 --> 00:09:30,840 Speaker 1: June twentieth, seventeen eighty five. And I'm quoting this because 155 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:34,080 Speaker 1: it's so important in such a key break in the 156 00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:38,160 Speaker 1: development of religious liberty. Quote. The religion, then of every man, 157 00:09:38,440 --> 00:09:41,200 Speaker 1: must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man, 158 00:09:41,559 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: and it is the right of every man to exercise 159 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 1: it as these may dictate. This right is in its 160 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:51,840 Speaker 1: nature and unalienable right. It is unalienable because the opinions 161 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,240 Speaker 1: of men, depending only on the evidence contemplated by their 162 00:09:55,240 --> 00:09:58,680 Speaker 1: own minds, cannot follow the dictates of other men. It 163 00:09:58,760 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 1: is unalienable also because what is here a right towards men, 164 00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:06,880 Speaker 1: is a duty towards the Creator. Now remember, Jefferson and 165 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: Madison are arguing for your right of conscience. And a 166 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:13,679 Speaker 1: time when virtually every government had an official religion, and 167 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:16,600 Speaker 1: for example, the British, for a very long period of 168 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:21,679 Speaker 1: time persecuted priests because they represented an alien Catholic religion 169 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 1: based in Rome and they did not represent the Church 170 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:29,319 Speaker 1: of England. Conversely, there were Catholic countries which would prosecute 171 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:34,600 Speaker 1: Protestants because they weren't obedient to the dominant religion. So 172 00:10:34,679 --> 00:10:38,640 Speaker 1: this whole notion that your conscience, not the government's rules, 173 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:42,720 Speaker 1: are what will define religion was an enormous breakthrough and 174 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:47,440 Speaker 1: a great expansion of human freedom. Now, Madison kept working 175 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:49,760 Speaker 1: on how do we get to a strong enough government, 176 00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:53,680 Speaker 1: and in preparation for the seventeen eighty seven Constitutional Convention, 177 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:57,120 Speaker 1: Madison drafted what would later be known as the Virginia Plan. 178 00:10:57,800 --> 00:11:01,640 Speaker 1: He spent thirty six months about that three years in 179 00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 1: the library studying political philosophy and past attempts at forming government. 180 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:10,520 Speaker 1: The Virginia Plan outlined a government consisting of three branches 181 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:13,760 Speaker 1: with checks and balances. This was really based on the 182 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:17,640 Speaker 1: work of a French theoretician, Montesquieu, who'd come up with 183 00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:21,880 Speaker 1: this notion that you could maximize freedom by balancing power 184 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:25,320 Speaker 1: between three different elements. If I could quote from the 185 00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:29,120 Speaker 1: time quote resolved that his depinion of this committee that 186 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:32,640 Speaker 1: a national government ought to be established, consisting of a 187 00:11:32,679 --> 00:11:38,719 Speaker 1: supreme legislative, judiciary, and executive, and of course those of 188 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:41,880 Speaker 1: the building blocks of the US Constitution. And we today 189 00:11:42,679 --> 00:11:47,600 Speaker 1: work within the framework that Madison had defined He's often 190 00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:50,080 Speaker 1: referred to as the father of the Constitution, but he 191 00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:52,800 Speaker 1: argued it was a team effort, writing in a letter 192 00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:56,480 Speaker 1: to Wim Cogswell on March tenth, eighteen thirty four, quote, 193 00:11:56,760 --> 00:11:58,320 Speaker 1: you give me a credit to which I have no 194 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:01,040 Speaker 1: claim in calling me the leader of the Constitution of 195 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:04,640 Speaker 1: the United States. This was not like the fabled Goddess 196 00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:07,920 Speaker 1: of Wisdom, the offspring of a single brain. It ought 197 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:10,200 Speaker 1: to be regarded as the work of many heads and 198 00:12:10,320 --> 00:12:14,760 Speaker 1: many hands. Now that sense, I think was sincere. In 199 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:17,920 Speaker 1: Madison's part, he realized something we sometimes forget in the 200 00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:22,600 Speaker 1: egocentric Washington of today, that it takes teams for a 201 00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,760 Speaker 1: free society to govern itself. It takes teams to get 202 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: things done. And Ronald Reagan used to have a little 203 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,400 Speaker 1: sign on his desk that said, it's amazing what you 204 00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:33,440 Speaker 1: can get done if you don't mind who gets the credit. 205 00:12:33,960 --> 00:12:54,199 Speaker 1: I think Madison thoroughly understood that principle. Once the Constitution 206 00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:58,160 Speaker 1: was presented to the States for ratification, Madison, along with 207 00:12:58,240 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: Jefferson and Jay, published a series of newspaper essays, and Madison, Jay, 208 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:08,000 Speaker 1: and Hamilton wrote the Federalist Papers writing under the pseudonym Publius, 209 00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:12,400 Speaker 1: Madison authored twenty nine of the essays, published between October 210 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty seven and May seventeen eighty eight. In his 211 00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:19,760 Speaker 1: twenty nine essays, Madison argued the case for a strong 212 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:24,200 Speaker 1: central government with checks and balances. No one emphasizes. The 213 00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:29,199 Speaker 1: founding fathers were as concerned about government being too powerful 214 00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:32,840 Speaker 1: as they were concerned about government being too weak, and 215 00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: they wanted to protect you from the very government that 216 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:38,680 Speaker 1: they had set up to protect the nation. In Federalist 217 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:41,319 Speaker 1: Paper number fifty one, Madison wrote, and this is the 218 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:45,440 Speaker 1: very famous quote, if men were angels, no government would 219 00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:49,400 Speaker 1: be necessary. If angels were to government, neither external nor 220 00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:52,839 Speaker 1: internal controls. When government would be necessary. In framing a 221 00:13:52,880 --> 00:13:56,120 Speaker 1: government which is to be administered by men over men, 222 00:13:56,640 --> 00:14:00,079 Speaker 1: the great difficulty lies in this. You must first to 223 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:02,880 Speaker 1: enable the government to control the government, and in the 224 00:14:02,880 --> 00:14:06,360 Speaker 1: next place oblige it to control itself. Close quote. And 225 00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:09,240 Speaker 1: I would argue that that is the central crisis of 226 00:14:09,280 --> 00:14:12,040 Speaker 1: the American system today. There is none of the sense 227 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:15,600 Speaker 1: of balance that Madison and Jefferson believed in so deeply. 228 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:20,080 Speaker 1: After the ratification of the Constitution, Madison attempted to run 229 00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:23,080 Speaker 1: for the Senate, but Patrick Henry, who had been opposed 230 00:14:23,080 --> 00:14:27,120 Speaker 1: to the Constitution and wanted a strong Virginia, successfully worked 231 00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:30,680 Speaker 1: against him. Instead, Madison won the election to the US 232 00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:35,240 Speaker 1: House of Representatives in seventeen eighty nine, ironically over James Monroe, 233 00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:39,720 Speaker 1: who later on to become president following Madison. Madison served 234 00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:42,520 Speaker 1: in the US House until seventeen ninety seven, at a 235 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:46,760 Speaker 1: time of enormous initial creation of all the principles of 236 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:51,080 Speaker 1: the House. So he's there as somebody very widely respected, 237 00:14:51,320 --> 00:14:55,000 Speaker 1: very well known, and at first he doesn't want a 238 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,760 Speaker 1: bill of rights. He argues that quote, the government can 239 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,080 Speaker 1: only exert the power specified by the count Institution. But 240 00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:05,880 Speaker 1: his friend Jefferson was adamantly in favor of a bill 241 00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:08,840 Speaker 1: of rights, thought the Constitution was too strong and would 242 00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:13,160 Speaker 1: become a danger to freedom. Jefferson's view was spreading throughout 243 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:15,800 Speaker 1: the States, and there was a real danger that the 244 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:19,360 Speaker 1: Constitution could only be ratified with a bill of rights. 245 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: So Madison, accepting reality, compiles a list of nineteen proposals 246 00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:27,200 Speaker 1: out of hundreds of suggestions they got from the state's 247 00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:31,800 Speaker 1: ratification debates. In his notes for speech in Congress, written 248 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:35,640 Speaker 1: around June seventeen eighty nine, Madison outlined his reasons for 249 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,480 Speaker 1: urging the amendments. These included first to prove that federalists 250 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:43,880 Speaker 1: are the friends to liberty, Second to remove any remaining worries, 251 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:47,720 Speaker 1: Third to bring in North Carolina and Rhode Island, and 252 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:52,680 Speaker 1: fourth to improve the constitution. Notice the practicality, it's North 253 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:55,760 Speaker 1: Carolina and Rhode Island that won't come in. Therefore you 254 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:59,080 Speaker 1: have to have some kind of compromise. In these notes, 255 00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:03,080 Speaker 1: Madison wrote that the Bill of Rights was useful, not essential, 256 00:16:03,320 --> 00:16:06,320 Speaker 1: and that's because he actually thought the Constitution that he 257 00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: had helped draft already limited government. But people like Jefferson 258 00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:14,760 Speaker 1: wanted a little extra guarantee, if you will, that even 259 00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: a bad government would be restricted. And most of the 260 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:20,480 Speaker 1: time the Supreme Court has interpreted the Bill of Rights 261 00:16:20,760 --> 00:16:23,080 Speaker 1: to in fact restrict government. The Bill of Rights was 262 00:16:23,320 --> 00:16:25,960 Speaker 1: the rights of individuals against government. Something we tend to 263 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:28,800 Speaker 1: forget that our founding fathers were as much afraid of 264 00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: strong central government as they felt the need to have 265 00:16:31,840 --> 00:16:35,640 Speaker 1: the government strong enough to defend us from foreigners. The 266 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,440 Speaker 1: Congress looked at the nineteen proposals, ultimately adopted twelve of 267 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: them as amendments. On October tewod, seventeen eighty nine, President 268 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: George Washington sent copies of these twelve amendments to states, 269 00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:49,840 Speaker 1: and by December fifteenth, seventeen ninety one, three forces the 270 00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:52,440 Speaker 1: States who ratified ten of them, and they became what 271 00:16:52,480 --> 00:16:56,120 Speaker 1: we call the Bill of Rights. While in the House Representatives, 272 00:16:56,280 --> 00:17:00,520 Speaker 1: Madison worked with President Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Inventeen ninety 273 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:04,280 Speaker 1: one and seventeen ninety two, Madison disagreed with Secuary Treasury 274 00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: Hamilton's proposal to establish a national bank. He further broke 275 00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 1: with the Federalist Party over the support of Great Britain 276 00:17:11,560 --> 00:17:13,840 Speaker 1: during its war with France. Remember we'd just been fighting 277 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:17,000 Speaker 1: with Britain a decade earlier for our freedom, and here 278 00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:22,080 Speaker 1: we were now siding with Britain against the French Revolution. Madison, 279 00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 1: with Jefferson and some anti Federalists, founded the Democratic Republican Party. 280 00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:30,800 Speaker 1: Madison spoke often on the idea of political parties. In 281 00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:33,199 Speaker 1: a speech to the Constitutional Convention on the Right of 282 00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:36,960 Speaker 1: Suffrage in August seventeen eighty sevent he said, quote, no 283 00:17:37,119 --> 00:17:39,760 Speaker 1: free country has ever been without parties, which are a 284 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:44,000 Speaker 1: natural offspring of freedom A generation later, in a June 285 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:47,640 Speaker 1: twenty fifth, eighteen twenty four, letter to Henry Lee, he wrote, quote, 286 00:17:47,920 --> 00:17:52,840 Speaker 1: the Constitution itself, whether written or prescriptive, influenced as his 287 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:57,119 Speaker 1: exposition and administration will be by those causes, must be 288 00:17:57,160 --> 00:18:01,520 Speaker 1: an unfailing source of party distinctions, and the very peculiarity 289 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:04,480 Speaker 1: which gives pre eminent value to that of the United States. 290 00:18:04,920 --> 00:18:08,880 Speaker 1: The partition of power between different governments, as well as 291 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:12,520 Speaker 1: between different departments of government opens a new door for 292 00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:17,000 Speaker 1: controversies and parties. So Madison understands the reality that in 293 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:20,879 Speaker 1: a free society people will organize themselves into parties, and 294 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:24,600 Speaker 1: his study of political systems over the ages had convinced 295 00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:27,640 Speaker 1: him that it was almost a natural evolution, something which 296 00:18:27,760 --> 00:18:31,400 Speaker 1: Washington wished would not have happened, but in fact Madison 297 00:18:31,440 --> 00:18:35,760 Speaker 1: knew it would inevitably happen. In seventeen ninety nine, Madison 298 00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:38,840 Speaker 1: returned to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he campaigned 299 00:18:38,840 --> 00:18:41,480 Speaker 1: for Thomas Jefferson to be the third President of the 300 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:44,920 Speaker 1: United States, and when Jefferson won, Madison became Secretary of 301 00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:47,560 Speaker 1: State and stayed there until his own election to the 302 00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:52,040 Speaker 1: presidency in eighteen oh eight. As Secretary of State, Madison 303 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:56,040 Speaker 1: helped to persuade Congress to ratify and fund the Louisiana Purchase, 304 00:18:56,480 --> 00:18:58,840 Speaker 1: which doubled the size of the country. Look at a 305 00:18:58,880 --> 00:19:02,239 Speaker 1: map sometime and realize that when the French decided they 306 00:19:02,240 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 1: couldn't defend their control of what had been Spanish territory 307 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:08,680 Speaker 1: starting with New Orleans, and that they would sell the 308 00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:12,560 Speaker 1: United States the Mississippi and all of its tributaries, which 309 00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:16,880 Speaker 1: includes the Missouri. They were literally for fifteen million dollars, 310 00:19:17,640 --> 00:19:22,040 Speaker 1: giving up half of a continent. And it's an enormous moment, 311 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:25,119 Speaker 1: and Madison is the only people who convinced Congress to 312 00:19:25,119 --> 00:19:28,000 Speaker 1: pay for it. And a July twenty ninth, eighteen oh 313 00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:30,960 Speaker 1: three letter to Robert Livingston, Madison wrote, it will be 314 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,280 Speaker 1: of great importance to take the regulation and settlement of 315 00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:37,120 Speaker 1: that territory out of other hands into those the United 316 00:19:37,119 --> 00:19:39,600 Speaker 1: States will be able to manage, both for the general 317 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:44,040 Speaker 1: interest and conveniency. Despite their efforts, Jefferson and Madison could 318 00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:47,560 Speaker 1: not convince the Spanish to sell West Florida had they 319 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:51,600 Speaker 1: not bought the Louisiana purchase, and had either the French 320 00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: or the Spanish or some other country maintained it the 321 00:19:54,119 --> 00:19:57,840 Speaker 1: United States would have been truncated, stopping at the Mississippi River. 322 00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:01,080 Speaker 1: That's how big a decision was. As it is, they 323 00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:20,879 Speaker 1: went all the way to the Pacific, in line with 324 00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:24,040 Speaker 1: what Washington had done. Thomas Jefferson refused to run for 325 00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:28,680 Speaker 1: a third term, endorsing Madison instead. The Federalist Party candidate 326 00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:32,600 Speaker 1: Charles Coatsworth Pinckney unsuccessfully ran for president in the election 327 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: of eighteen oh four, losing to Jefferson. Almost immediately, anti 328 00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:42,119 Speaker 1: Madison newspapers published across the country with cartoons ridiculing Madison's 329 00:20:42,119 --> 00:20:46,480 Speaker 1: small stature and Jefferson's embargo of all trade with England 330 00:20:46,560 --> 00:20:50,320 Speaker 1: and France. The Federalist Party charged that Madison supported the 331 00:20:50,359 --> 00:20:54,000 Speaker 1: embargo to build up domestic manufacturing at the expense of 332 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:58,360 Speaker 1: foreign trade. One critic asked, why is the embargo like sickness, 333 00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:01,880 Speaker 1: because it weakens us. It was not just a Federalist 334 00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:04,840 Speaker 1: Party that was against Madison. A small group of Democratic 335 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:08,199 Speaker 1: Republicans were also against Madison as a candidate, fearing that 336 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:12,760 Speaker 1: Madison's quiet nature meant he was a Hamiltonian Federalist in disguise. 337 00:21:13,560 --> 00:21:16,520 Speaker 1: Jefferson stood up for his friend and convinced some members 338 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:20,480 Speaker 1: of the Democratic Republican Party to vote for Madison. George Clinton, 339 00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:24,800 Speaker 1: Jefferson's vice president, was among these, and he, after accepting 340 00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:28,919 Speaker 1: the vice presidential nomination with Madison, announced his own candidacy 341 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:32,919 Speaker 1: for president. But Madison won by a landslide of one 342 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,639 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty two electoral votes against Pickney's forty seven. 343 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:40,160 Speaker 1: Clinton managed to squeeze six electoral votes from his home state. 344 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:45,200 Speaker 1: Madison carried twelve states to Pinckney's five, which means, of course, 345 00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:48,920 Speaker 1: four of the first five presidents were in fact from 346 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:53,200 Speaker 1: the state of Virginia. After Madison was elected, but before 347 00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:57,240 Speaker 1: Jefferson left office, Congress passed the Non Intercourse Act of 348 00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:01,800 Speaker 1: eighteen oh nine, replacing jeffersons in bard. This allowed world 349 00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:06,240 Speaker 1: trade except for Britain and France to resume. The bill 350 00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,720 Speaker 1: also said that if England and France removed their trade restrictions, 351 00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:14,399 Speaker 1: the president could resume trade. However, when neither country responded 352 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:18,080 Speaker 1: to the request to remove restrictions, Congress passed Mason's Bill 353 00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:21,359 Speaker 1: number two, a bill that removed their trade restrictions for 354 00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:24,119 Speaker 1: three months, stating that have just one of them removed 355 00:22:24,119 --> 00:22:27,920 Speaker 1: their restrictions in American trade by March three, eighteen eleven, 356 00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,119 Speaker 1: and the other one failed to do so within three months, 357 00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:35,040 Speaker 1: the President would reinstate the restrictions on the other country. 358 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:39,240 Speaker 1: France decided to remove their restrictions through the Cadore Letter 359 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:43,920 Speaker 1: of August eighteen ten, leading Madison to implement Macon's Bill 360 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:47,600 Speaker 1: number two and two stages, first in November eighteen ten 361 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:51,560 Speaker 1: and then in March eighteen eleven. The British insisted that 362 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 1: American ships would continue to be seized until France lifted 363 00:22:55,880 --> 00:22:59,679 Speaker 1: their restriction on British trade, thus treating US exports as 364 00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:03,680 Speaker 1: part of their war strategy. Congress responded by voting for 365 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:08,560 Speaker 1: military preparations and in April eighteen twelve a ninety day embargo. 366 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:12,600 Speaker 1: Madison came before Congress with his list of complaints against 367 00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:16,600 Speaker 1: the British, including the arming of Indians and trade restrictions. 368 00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:21,640 Speaker 1: The House voted for war on June fourth, eighteen twelve. However, 369 00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:24,600 Speaker 1: the Senate debated for more than two weeks and would 370 00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,919 Speaker 1: not vote for war until June seventeenth. For Madison, this 371 00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:32,280 Speaker 1: issue of war provided the opportunity to seize Canada and 372 00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:36,000 Speaker 1: drive the Spanish from West Florida, which they unsuccessfully tried 373 00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,880 Speaker 1: to obtain. During the Jefferson administration, Madison and the pro 374 00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:43,440 Speaker 1: War members wanted a land invasion of Canada. Their plan 375 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:47,360 Speaker 1: was to separate Upper Canada around modern day Ontario from 376 00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:51,160 Speaker 1: the northwest part, cutting off the pro British Indian tribes 377 00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,879 Speaker 1: from British colonies which supported them. This plan ended in 378 00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:58,320 Speaker 1: a disaster, and by the fall of eighteen twelve, one 379 00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:02,959 Speaker 1: American force surrendered it Detroit, another was defeated near Niagara Falls, 380 00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:05,960 Speaker 1: and a third never made it across the Niagara River. 381 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,360 Speaker 1: In just a few months, much of the Northwest territory 382 00:24:09,359 --> 00:24:12,160 Speaker 1: fell to British forces. In the spring of eighteen thirteen, 383 00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:17,120 Speaker 1: things were looking up when commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeated 384 00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:20,800 Speaker 1: a British fleet on the southwestern tip of Lake Erie, 385 00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:23,800 Speaker 1: followed by a sacking of the Canadian capital of York, 386 00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:27,400 Speaker 1: which is the present day Toronto. This allowed for Madison 387 00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:31,480 Speaker 1: to send a force commanded by future President William Henry Harrison, 388 00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:34,520 Speaker 1: against the Native American leader to Cumsa at the Battle 389 00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:38,360 Speaker 1: of the Thames in western Ontario. They beat the Indians badly, 390 00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:41,159 Speaker 1: and of course, that set the stage for Harrison to 391 00:24:41,160 --> 00:24:45,640 Speaker 1: become a hero and eventually president. However, things went back 392 00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:48,840 Speaker 1: against the United States in late spring eighteen fourteen as 393 00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:52,720 Speaker 1: the British, who had now defeated Napoleon, shifted their resources 394 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,639 Speaker 1: against the Americans and went on the offensive. British troops 395 00:24:56,720 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 1: raided American ports from Georgia to Maine, and they occupied 396 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,719 Speaker 1: half of Maine. British troops then targeted the nation's capitol 397 00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:08,200 Speaker 1: in Washington, DC. The American government fell, with British troops 398 00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:11,240 Speaker 1: torching the White House and many other federal buildings in 399 00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:15,360 Speaker 1: retaliation for burning the Canadian Parliament buildings the year earlier. 400 00:25:15,560 --> 00:25:18,640 Speaker 1: In fact, in my entire congressional career, I kept going 401 00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:23,159 Speaker 1: up and down a very curvy stone stairway, which is 402 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:25,560 Speaker 1: called the British stairway, because that's what they ran up 403 00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:28,600 Speaker 1: with the torches in order to burn down the Capitol. 404 00:25:29,359 --> 00:25:32,159 Speaker 1: The British were stalled in Baltimore. They were unable to 405 00:25:32,160 --> 00:25:35,680 Speaker 1: get past Fort McHenry, And actually it was a great 406 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: ironic moment. They had taken Francis Scott Key on board 407 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:43,720 Speaker 1: the British ship, and we're holding him because they thought 408 00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:45,399 Speaker 1: he knew some secrets and they didn't want him to 409 00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:47,600 Speaker 1: reveal them in terms of whether the British were going 410 00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:51,959 Speaker 1: to land. So he's watching the night long battle in 411 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:54,960 Speaker 1: which the British tried to bombard Fort McHenry and force 412 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:59,399 Speaker 1: it to surrender. Francis Scott Key writes a poem, the 413 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: Star Banner. It's attached to a British drinking song and 414 00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:07,480 Speaker 1: becomes the national anthem. But it's based on real history, 415 00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 1: which is this night where he really could see the 416 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:14,560 Speaker 1: Star Spangled banner still waving despite all the effort of 417 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: the British bombardment. However, the British then turned their sights 418 00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:20,520 Speaker 1: to New Orleans and wanted to use that city in 419 00:26:20,560 --> 00:26:23,000 Speaker 1: the coming peace negotiations. They thought if they could seize 420 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:26,159 Speaker 1: New Orleans, that would give them a bargaining chip. About 421 00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,080 Speaker 1: six thousand British soldiers moved against the city. These were 422 00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:33,640 Speaker 1: professional soldiers who had done very well in the Peninsula campaign, 423 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:37,640 Speaker 1: had stood up against the French army. By any reasonable projection, 424 00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:40,520 Speaker 1: they were going to win. New Orleans was protected by 425 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,080 Speaker 1: four thousand American soldiers commanded by Andrew Jackson, and with 426 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:50,119 Speaker 1: New Orleans citizens rallying to the cause. Now, this was 427 00:26:50,359 --> 00:26:53,000 Speaker 1: one of those cases where the British didn't understand that 428 00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 1: Americans had lived a lifetime with rifles. Because the Americans 429 00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:01,000 Speaker 1: almost universally had been involved in hunting, and because they 430 00:27:01,040 --> 00:27:04,160 Speaker 1: had rifles which fired much longer than muskets, and because 431 00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:08,919 Speaker 1: they were basically protecting themselves behind cotton bales, the British 432 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:11,680 Speaker 1: were just going to get slaughtered, and they didn't get it. 433 00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:14,520 Speaker 1: As something they would never have done against Napoleon. They 434 00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: charged across the field because they had contempt for the Americans. 435 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,560 Speaker 1: Of the six thousand British soldiers, about two thousand died 436 00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:25,720 Speaker 1: within a few minutes. The remaining British soldiers were demoralized, 437 00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:29,679 Speaker 1: threw down their weapons and surrendered immediately. For two thousand 438 00:27:29,760 --> 00:27:34,680 Speaker 1: British dead, about seventy Americans died. However, the peace treaty 439 00:27:34,640 --> 00:27:37,840 Speaker 1: had already been made about two weeks earlier, but because 440 00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:41,919 Speaker 1: of communications, nobody knew it, so what happened was in 441 00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:45,360 Speaker 1: an unnecessary battle. The British were both defeated and lost 442 00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,080 Speaker 1: a number of very fine soldiers. The Americans won a 443 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:52,040 Speaker 1: great victory, and frankly, from the standpoint of American history, 444 00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: it is winning in New Orleans that launches Andrew Jackson 445 00:27:55,880 --> 00:27:58,840 Speaker 1: into a career which becomes one of the most powerful 446 00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:01,159 Speaker 1: in the first half of the nineth teenth century at 447 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:05,480 Speaker 1: changing America and creating a more populous nation. While the 448 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:09,399 Speaker 1: war ultimately failed, the few victories did return Madison to 449 00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:12,560 Speaker 1: a high point of popularity around the country. Throughout the war, 450 00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:16,479 Speaker 1: many New England merchants ignored trade embargoes, traded freely with 451 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,480 Speaker 1: both France and Britain during the War of eighteen twelve, 452 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,760 Speaker 1: and some Federalists talked about seceding from the Union. As 453 00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,240 Speaker 1: far as they were concerned, their future was in the 454 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:28,680 Speaker 1: Atlantic Ocean, dealing with the British, not dealing with Washington, 455 00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:34,400 Speaker 1: d c. And Virginians. However, the Federalists ultimately understood that 456 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:39,160 Speaker 1: the country was going to survive, and many Americans came 457 00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:41,560 Speaker 1: to the conclusion that the Federalists were sort of traders 458 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:44,200 Speaker 1: or unpatriotic. There was already a party that had been 459 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:47,760 Speaker 1: weakened by Jefferson and Madison, and it collapsed after this 460 00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:52,400 Speaker 1: effort to talk about secession. During Madison's presidency of the 461 00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:55,480 Speaker 1: War of eighteen twelve, international affairs took up a lot 462 00:28:55,520 --> 00:28:58,000 Speaker 1: of his time, but the one domestic issue of the 463 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,800 Speaker 1: country dealt with was the recharge uttering of the Bank 464 00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:03,240 Speaker 1: of the United States, whose charter was set to expire 465 00:29:03,280 --> 00:29:06,200 Speaker 1: in eighteen twelve. Remember, the charter of the original bank 466 00:29:06,440 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 1: had been Alexander Hamilton's great effort to create a national 467 00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:14,480 Speaker 1: financial system that would enable the economy to grow. Now, 468 00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:17,720 Speaker 1: the rechartering of the bank had three different camps in Congress, 469 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: Democratic Republicans who thought the bank was unconstitutional, state backing 470 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:25,800 Speaker 1: interests that were tired of having a federal bank, an 471 00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:29,200 Speaker 1: anti British federalist who objected to stock in the bank 472 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,840 Speaker 1: held by Britains. So the War of eighteen twelve started 473 00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:36,680 Speaker 1: without a national bank that could support war loans. In 474 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:40,320 Speaker 1: eighteen sixteen, with Madison's support, which was a switch from 475 00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:44,000 Speaker 1: his opposition against Hamilton the generation earlier, the second bank 476 00:29:44,120 --> 00:29:47,840 Speaker 1: was chartered with a twenty year term. Critics of Madison 477 00:29:48,040 --> 00:29:50,800 Speaker 1: claimed that his support of a national bank revealed he 478 00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:54,000 Speaker 1: was really a federalist. And it's interesting that Madison, I think, 479 00:29:54,080 --> 00:29:59,320 Speaker 1: partly because of his style, being quiet, being studious, being intellectual, 480 00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:02,240 Speaker 1: he did didn't feel like the kind of populist the 481 00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:05,760 Speaker 1: Jefferson and the Jeffersonians were the most comfortable, but in 482 00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,120 Speaker 1: fact he was probably their best thinker as a Jeffersonian. 483 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:14,040 Speaker 1: Madison's nomination for second term came fifteen days before the 484 00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:16,960 Speaker 1: announcement of the War of eighteen twelve. Madison won the 485 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,400 Speaker 1: endorsement of Congress, but about one third of the Democratic 486 00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:25,520 Speaker 1: Republican legislators boycotted the nominating caucus altogether. For second place, 487 00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:30,920 Speaker 1: the caucus chose John Langdon of New Hampshire. However, Langdon declined, 488 00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:34,120 Speaker 1: and they then chose Eldridge Gary, a signer of the 489 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:37,800 Speaker 1: Declaration of Independence. Remember it is Elbridge Gary who ultimately 490 00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:41,520 Speaker 1: draws a map in eighteen twelve in Massachusetts, which had 491 00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:45,720 Speaker 1: a congressional district that looked really weird, and somebody said 492 00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,480 Speaker 1: that looks like a salamander, and somebody said, no, no, 493 00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:52,320 Speaker 1: that's a jerryman. And that's where the term jerrymander comes from. 494 00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:55,840 Speaker 1: A group of New York Democratic Republicans who participated in 495 00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:59,560 Speaker 1: the boycott supported DeWitt Clinton, the nephew of former Vice 496 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:03,280 Speaker 1: President George Clinton, who had died during Madison's term. They 497 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:06,280 Speaker 1: were hoping to form a coalition opposed to Madison for 498 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,760 Speaker 1: not moving decisively towards war, and American citizens who wanted 499 00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:13,880 Speaker 1: almost anyone in office but Madison. These Democratic Republicans met 500 00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:17,600 Speaker 1: with the Federalist Party to discuss a unification strategy, and 501 00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:20,920 Speaker 1: Clinton was nominated for president for the Federalist Party, with 502 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:25,360 Speaker 1: Jared Ingisol for Vice President. Clinton, who unlike Madison, was 503 00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,440 Speaker 1: only a New York mayor and had no national claim, 504 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,960 Speaker 1: chose to tailor their election against Madison, saying quote one 505 00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:37,960 Speaker 1: thing to war Democratic Republicans, another to peace Democratic Republicans, 506 00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:42,120 Speaker 1: and something else again to anti war Federalists. Their message 507 00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:46,680 Speaker 1: actually turned Federalist John Quincy Adams against his party, and 508 00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:50,920 Speaker 1: he decided to endorse Madison. Madison easily won, carrying one 509 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty eight electoral votes to Clinton's eighty nine. 510 00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:57,640 Speaker 1: Madison chose not to run for a third time, which 511 00:31:57,760 --> 00:32:02,040 Speaker 1: reinforced George Washington's press and in fact, up until Franklin 512 00:32:02,080 --> 00:32:07,240 Speaker 1: del and Roosevelt, nobody would run beyond two terms. Madison 513 00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:10,560 Speaker 1: goes back home to his plantation Montelier to live out 514 00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,480 Speaker 1: the rest of his life. While he was retired, he 515 00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:17,080 Speaker 1: was a real strong supporter of Jefferson's University of Virginia, 516 00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:20,440 Speaker 1: serving on its board, succeeding Jefferson as head of the 517 00:32:20,520 --> 00:32:24,400 Speaker 1: University in eighteen twenty six. Three years later, Madison served 518 00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:28,320 Speaker 1: again as a delegate at the Virginia Constitutional Convention, negotiating 519 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:33,040 Speaker 1: compromises between the large slave holding plantations and Western farmers. 520 00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:36,560 Speaker 1: While delegate, he denounced the right of states to declare 521 00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:39,920 Speaker 1: federal laws un constitutional when they went against state interest. 522 00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:43,720 Speaker 1: He was also a founding member of the American Colonization Society, 523 00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:48,000 Speaker 1: which favored the gradual abolition of slavery and resetting slaves 524 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,200 Speaker 1: and free blacks back to Africa. On June twenty eight, 525 00:32:51,280 --> 00:32:55,040 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty six, after being bed bound for chronic rheumatism 526 00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:59,440 Speaker 1: and livered dysfunction for six months, Madison died. His family 527 00:32:59,480 --> 00:33:01,600 Speaker 1: hoped he would make it to the fourth of July 528 00:33:02,080 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 1: because he wanted him to die on that day, like 529 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:10,040 Speaker 1: President Jefferson, President Adams, and President Monroe, all of whom 530 00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:14,520 Speaker 1: had managed to die on our national holiday. I think 531 00:33:14,560 --> 00:33:18,280 Speaker 1: it's important to recognize that Madison shapes so much of 532 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:22,120 Speaker 1: our politics. He shapes the Constitution, he shapes the Bill 533 00:33:22,160 --> 00:33:25,080 Speaker 1: of Rights, He really shapes the way the House functions 534 00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:29,360 Speaker 1: as an institution. He is a perennial figure who, over 535 00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:33,480 Speaker 1: a period of almost forty years is decisively involved in 536 00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:36,160 Speaker 1: creating the America that we now live in, and I 537 00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:39,120 Speaker 1: think that Madison in that sense clearly is an immortal. 538 00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:46,280 Speaker 1: Thank you for listening to Founding Father's Week on Newtsworld. 539 00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,480 Speaker 1: You can learn more about James Madison on our show 540 00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:53,040 Speaker 1: page at newtsworld dot com. Newtsworld is produced by Gingish 541 00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:57,880 Speaker 1: three sixty and iHeartMedia. Our executive producer is Guarnsey Sloan 542 00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:01,920 Speaker 1: and our researcher is Rachel Peterson. The artwork for the 543 00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:06,680 Speaker 1: show was created by Steve Penley. Special thanks the team 544 00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:10,239 Speaker 1: at Gingrich three sixty. If you've been enjoying Newtsworld, I 545 00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:13,000 Speaker 1: hope you'll go to Apple Podcast and both rate us 546 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,400 Speaker 1: with five stars and give us a review so others 547 00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:19,560 Speaker 1: can learn what it's all about. Right now, listeners of 548 00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,000 Speaker 1: Newtsworld can sign up for my three free weekly columns 549 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:27,800 Speaker 1: at ginrichthree sixty dot com slash newsletter I'm knew Gingrich, 550 00:34:28,200 --> 00:34:29,240 Speaker 1: this is Newtsworld