1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:03,960 Speaker 1: Welcome to you stuff you missed in history class from 2 00:00:03,960 --> 00:00:11,920 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:16,640 Speaker 1: I'm Polly Prying and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So sometimes 4 00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:19,360 Speaker 1: we will pick a topic because it seems interesting in light, 5 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:21,000 Speaker 1: Like we've had a lot of heavy stuffs that you 6 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:22,599 Speaker 1: and I have both been pretty open that we're looking 7 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:29,120 Speaker 1: at just some less intense, troublesome, fair horrifying. Yeah. Uh 8 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:31,280 Speaker 1: and then while you're doing the research on that thing 9 00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: that seems like it would just be cool and fascinating, 10 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:35,440 Speaker 1: you discover a whole other story that you didn't know 11 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:39,440 Speaker 1: was there. This is one of those cases. Uh. So 12 00:00:39,560 --> 00:00:41,560 Speaker 1: for context, it'll sound like I'm going off on a 13 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:44,760 Speaker 1: crazy tangent, but it's Jermaine. One of my favorite animals 14 00:00:44,920 --> 00:00:47,640 Speaker 1: of all time, like in the world is the verrosfaca, 15 00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:51,559 Speaker 1: And this is uh an animal you've probably seen footage of. 16 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:55,240 Speaker 1: There are members of the Lemur family uh indre day 17 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:58,120 Speaker 1: in their native dramatic gascar. So even if you don't 18 00:00:58,160 --> 00:01:02,320 Speaker 1: recognize your name, you have probably seen footage of them. Um. 19 00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:05,040 Speaker 1: They sometimes versions of them show up on children's shows 20 00:01:05,080 --> 00:01:08,240 Speaker 1: and in cartoons because they're so incredibly cute. They're mostly white, 21 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:10,200 Speaker 1: and they have kind of rust brown bellies and these 22 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:13,240 Speaker 1: dark chocolate colored faces and these big eyes, and they're 23 00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:15,640 Speaker 1: so cute. There are a million videos of them on 24 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,600 Speaker 1: YouTube hopping around because they sometimes will travel on the 25 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:21,319 Speaker 1: ground upright in kind of a crazy jumping motion, and 26 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:24,400 Speaker 1: people like to set it to music. It's adorable. We'll 27 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:25,959 Speaker 1: try to include a link to at least one of 28 00:01:25,959 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 1: those in the show notes. So I thought, hey, you know, 29 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 1: it would be really cool we should talk about Jules Verreaux, 30 00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:35,880 Speaker 1: who is the naturalist for whom these charming animals were named. 31 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:39,440 Speaker 1: And then the research got a little bit dark but 32 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:42,640 Speaker 1: also kind of interesting and exciting, even though some of 33 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:46,399 Speaker 1: the subject matter is troubling, And it's not that the 34 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:50,560 Speaker 1: dark parts are also the exciting parts. There's a largely 35 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:53,680 Speaker 1: two different parts. Uh. There's a lot of different elements 36 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: to the story, and it really involves an entire family 37 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: and sort of their family business. Uh. It's involves botany 38 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:06,800 Speaker 1: and taxidermy and grave robbing and the Paris Exposition and 39 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:09,160 Speaker 1: kind of a lot of different things that we've talked 40 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:12,560 Speaker 1: about on the show before in different episodes. But this 41 00:02:12,680 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: really kind of stacks a number of them together, and 42 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:17,480 Speaker 1: it's kind of fascinating in that regard. So that is 43 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:21,240 Speaker 1: the scoop about Jules Verreaux and sort of have we 44 00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:24,280 Speaker 1: got to some you'll see it's about halfway through we 45 00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:26,440 Speaker 1: get to kind of the really thing that might make 46 00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:30,840 Speaker 1: your if you feel a little unease about some of 47 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:33,359 Speaker 1: the things that they did in the name of exploration 48 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:41,240 Speaker 1: and uh science, but also kind of sensationalist tourism kind 49 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:46,800 Speaker 1: of attractions. So normally we would start an episode that 50 00:02:46,880 --> 00:02:49,760 Speaker 1: revolves around the actions of people like this by talking 51 00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:52,120 Speaker 1: about the early lives of those people. But this is 52 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:55,200 Speaker 1: kind of tricky in this case because even though there 53 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:58,280 Speaker 1: was some fame and notoriety to the family, the accounts 54 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:02,639 Speaker 1: of like what their childhood with the family, the patriarch 55 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:05,399 Speaker 1: and then his children, who really become the prime point 56 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:07,800 Speaker 1: of the story, like what their home life and their 57 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:10,519 Speaker 1: childhoods were like, it's pretty sparse and there's a lot 58 00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:15,520 Speaker 1: of really contradictory stories. So it's sort of this happens 59 00:03:15,560 --> 00:03:18,520 Speaker 1: a lot with much older history, where it's sort of 60 00:03:18,560 --> 00:03:21,519 Speaker 1: like and suddenly there was a mathematician. Yeah, this seems 61 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:24,240 Speaker 1: recent enough that I'm like, there should be more stuff. 62 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:26,679 Speaker 1: But I think part of it is that because there 63 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:30,400 Speaker 1: is a lot of exploring that happened, and at one 64 00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:32,799 Speaker 1: point there was a ship that sank with some things. 65 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: Like I'm wondering if documents got lost or journals got 66 00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: lost along the way. So that's the scoop. So in 67 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: eighteen o three, taxidermist Jacques Philippe Verreaux opened Maison Varreau, 68 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: which was a taxidermy house. So Mazon Varreau provided taxidermy 69 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:54,480 Speaker 1: specimens to museums and collectors, and this was the foremost 70 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 1: supplier of natural exhibit pieces and worked from the Verreau 71 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:02,240 Speaker 1: family business. It was still on display in museums throughout 72 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:04,800 Speaker 1: the world. Actually, now I'm wondering if there were any 73 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:07,200 Speaker 1: at the I went to a very odd museum a 74 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:09,360 Speaker 1: couple of weekends ago that was full of really old 75 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 1: taxi army specimens, and now I wish I had made 76 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:15,480 Speaker 1: note of who had prepared them all. It's very possible. 77 00:04:15,640 --> 00:04:17,800 Speaker 1: There are like a lot of big name museums that 78 00:04:17,839 --> 00:04:19,760 Speaker 1: still have their pieces, and one of them were gonna 79 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: talk about at length a little bit later. But I 80 00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:27,039 Speaker 1: suspect because we're talking about huge volume that these guys 81 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:30,120 Speaker 1: were doing in terms of the specimens they prepared, and 82 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,080 Speaker 1: uh there I'm sure some of that has trickled out 83 00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:38,919 Speaker 1: into much smaller, uh and sort of less flagship museums 84 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:41,839 Speaker 1: that are a little bit more specialized. But so Jacques 85 00:04:41,839 --> 00:04:45,280 Speaker 1: Phelipe and his wife Josephine had three sons. So there 86 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:48,280 Speaker 1: was Jules Pierre, who was born in eighteen o seven, 87 00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:51,840 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste Eduard, who went by Edwards throughout his life. 88 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 1: In eighteen ten, and their youngest son was Joseph Alexey, 89 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: and he went by Alexey. When their oldest son, Jules 90 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:01,599 Speaker 1: was eleven or maybe twelve, because he accounts very a 91 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:04,960 Speaker 1: little bit, he traveled with his uncle, naturalist Pierre de 92 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:08,640 Speaker 1: la Land to South Africa. Jules was in South Africa 93 00:05:08,720 --> 00:05:10,560 Speaker 1: until he was thirteen, and when the two of them 94 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:12,719 Speaker 1: came back, they brought more than a hundred and thirty 95 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:16,600 Speaker 1: thousand specimens home with them. This number was mostly made 96 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:19,440 Speaker 1: up of plant specimens, but they were also almost three 97 00:05:19,480 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: hundred mammals, more than two thousand birds, and several hundred 98 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:27,360 Speaker 1: fish and reptiles. And then also in their collection were 99 00:05:27,360 --> 00:05:30,400 Speaker 1: a number of human skulls and full skeletons which had 100 00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:34,280 Speaker 1: been exhumed from their burial spots in Cape Town, and 101 00:05:34,320 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 1: one of the larger specimens that they brought back was 102 00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:41,040 Speaker 1: the skeleton of a hippopotamus, which I don't think had 103 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,599 Speaker 1: ever been uh collected before, and that went on display 104 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:47,839 Speaker 1: at the Paris Museum of Natural History. Once he was 105 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: back in Paris, Jewels studied anatomy and taxidermy, and he 106 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:56,800 Speaker 1: had this natural proclivity for preserving biological samples. He very 107 00:05:56,920 --> 00:06:01,359 Speaker 1: uh almost effortlessly sort of fell in line with the 108 00:06:01,360 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 1: family business. He was just really naturally extremely good at 109 00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:10,080 Speaker 1: mounting specimens. And in eight so Jules had been studying 110 00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:12,200 Speaker 1: for a while, his uncle Pierre died. That was the 111 00:06:12,279 --> 00:06:14,360 Speaker 1: uncle that he had traveled to Cape Town originally with, 112 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:17,880 Speaker 1: and so Jules actually returned to Cape Town after Pierre's death, 113 00:06:18,320 --> 00:06:20,760 Speaker 1: and eventually while he was working there, he helped to 114 00:06:20,880 --> 00:06:24,560 Speaker 1: establish and become curator of the South African Museum, and 115 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:26,760 Speaker 1: that was a post that he officially began in eighteen 116 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:28,840 Speaker 1: twenty nine, although the wheels were turning on getting it 117 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,720 Speaker 1: set up before that, and he also the whole time 118 00:06:31,760 --> 00:06:34,320 Speaker 1: he was there continued to collect samples of both flora 119 00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: and fauna. During this second collection phase. It just became 120 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:41,279 Speaker 1: glaringly obvious that he was going to need help, so 121 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:45,760 Speaker 1: he sent for his brother, Edward, the second son of Maizomboro, 122 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:48,880 Speaker 1: made this journey to Cape Town in eighteen thirty. Yeah, 123 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: so that was just the year after Jules became Jules 124 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: assumed his post at the South African Museum. And during 125 00:06:57,040 --> 00:06:59,479 Speaker 1: this time there's also some interesting it's almost like a 126 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:03,440 Speaker 1: sigh note in a lot of the the accounts you read. Uh, 127 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:06,600 Speaker 1: he became interested in seeking out sort of mythological creatures 128 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:09,440 Speaker 1: to see if they had any basis in reality. So 129 00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:12,720 Speaker 1: he was actually searching for a unicorn during this time, 130 00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:17,400 Speaker 1: and also an elephant bird which was apparently extinct. Who 131 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:20,200 Speaker 1: was also during this time that the Verreaux brothers came 132 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: into possession of an item that would just be extremely 133 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,120 Speaker 1: controversial and I would say justifiably so long after the 134 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:30,160 Speaker 1: two of them were gone. But before we get into 135 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:33,280 Speaker 1: this sort of grim bit of taxidermy, do you want 136 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:34,920 Speaker 1: to pause and have a word from a sponsor so 137 00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: we don't interrupt sort of the dark weirdness with let's 138 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:43,320 Speaker 1: do okay, and now we will return to the Verreau brothers. Okay, 139 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 1: So before the break. Edward had traveled to South Africa 140 00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:50,520 Speaker 1: to assist his older brother Jewels, in the collection of specimens, 141 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:52,880 Speaker 1: both for the museum, where Jewels was a curator and 142 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:55,200 Speaker 1: for a return to Paris to be sold to collectors 143 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:59,600 Speaker 1: as part of the ongoing family high end taxidermy business. 144 00:08:00,360 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: And while the search for a unicorn or some other 145 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: mythical animal didn't hand out, they did get their hands 146 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:09,960 Speaker 1: on a human specimen and this particular piece actually involved 147 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: a grave robbing um what is believed possibly this isn't 148 00:08:15,360 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: a percent confirmed, and we'll talk about this later to 149 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:21,200 Speaker 1: be a native Botswana man was taken from his resting place, 150 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:24,880 Speaker 1: preserved and mounted, and in a letter to Paris Museum 151 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: director George Cuvier, Jules wrote, quote, an object which is 152 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:33,520 Speaker 1: not the least interesting in our collection is a stuffed Bushwana. 153 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:36,439 Speaker 1: So it's a little bit of a wiggly away to 154 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:39,719 Speaker 1: say Botswana, which is very well preserved, and which was 155 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: about to cause my death because in order to get it, 156 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: I was obliged to disenter it at night in places 157 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:52,520 Speaker 1: guarded by his fellows. Really, French guy, Yeah, it's uh, 158 00:08:52,559 --> 00:08:54,800 Speaker 1: there's one account, and we'll talk about. Like I said, 159 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:59,559 Speaker 1: this particular specimen more because his history reaches quite far 160 00:08:59,720 --> 00:09:04,600 Speaker 1: so history um that there was one particular piece of 161 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:06,360 Speaker 1: research I was doing. They were like, you can almost 162 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:09,920 Speaker 1: kind of like excuse it a little as just contextualized 163 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:14,080 Speaker 1: in the time. But even so, I think what's telling 164 00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 1: is that the museum did not want it. They were like, no, 165 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:22,080 Speaker 1: thank you, hyeah, They said, we would not like to 166 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:25,320 Speaker 1: purchase this piece from you. Yeah, so it went on 167 00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:28,839 Speaker 1: display at masal Brow because they had it. It was 168 00:09:28,880 --> 00:09:33,120 Speaker 1: already shipped. It's upsetting. It is upsetting well, and I 169 00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:34,920 Speaker 1: think the reason that there are a lot of things 170 00:09:34,920 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: that we talked about that that happened in the past 171 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:43,280 Speaker 1: would definitely be inexcusable today. And like there's some degree 172 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:49,040 Speaker 1: at the time, right, attitudes are very different. It's been 173 00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:54,080 Speaker 1: really long established that like burying of the dead is 174 00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: a pretty sacristanc thing across cultures. And that's where I 175 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: kind of go, guys, you shouldn't own better. Yeah, well, 176 00:10:02,240 --> 00:10:04,400 Speaker 1: especially when he talks about how he had to like 177 00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:08,199 Speaker 1: sneakily do it like he started, Yeah, surely there was 178 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:09,880 Speaker 1: a question mark in your head, like is this the 179 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:12,840 Speaker 1: right thing to do? And I don't we don't know unfortunately, 180 00:10:12,840 --> 00:10:16,080 Speaker 1: if he was just so driven by this spirit of 181 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:22,240 Speaker 1: collection and you know, cataloging the world of all of 182 00:10:22,280 --> 00:10:25,800 Speaker 1: its various types of creatures, or if he was just 183 00:10:25,880 --> 00:10:27,839 Speaker 1: kind of weasily and just wanted to sell it off 184 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:31,040 Speaker 1: for money, Like it's not really clear, but it certainly 185 00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:33,559 Speaker 1: seems like there had to have. You would hope there 186 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:35,600 Speaker 1: was a moment of moral debate in his head at 187 00:10:35,679 --> 00:10:41,440 Speaker 1: least that the following piece appeared in the Parisian periodical 188 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:44,920 Speaker 1: like Constitutional And this is a translation that runs a 189 00:10:44,920 --> 00:10:47,240 Speaker 1: little long, but we wanted to include all of it 190 00:10:47,280 --> 00:10:50,959 Speaker 1: because it's a really good indicator of the cultural attitude 191 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 1: at the time toward native Africans. Yeah, and this appeared 192 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:57,040 Speaker 1: in November one, So bear with me. I'm going to 193 00:10:57,120 --> 00:11:01,520 Speaker 1: read the whole thing. Two young people, Monsieur, the Varreaux brothers, 194 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:04,840 Speaker 1: have recently arrived from a voyage to the ends of Africa, 195 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:07,640 Speaker 1: to the land of the Cape of Good Hope. One 196 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: of these interesting naturalists is barely eighteen years old, but 197 00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:13,200 Speaker 1: he has already spent twenty months in the wild country 198 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,560 Speaker 1: north of the Land of the hottent Tots, between the 199 00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:19,200 Speaker 1: latitudes of Natal and the top of Saint Helena Bay. 200 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:23,040 Speaker 1: How can one possibly imagine what deprivations he had to endure. 201 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:26,280 Speaker 1: Our young compatriots had to face the dangers of living 202 00:11:26,320 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: in the midst of natives in this zone of Africa 203 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:31,440 Speaker 1: who are ferocious as well as black, as well as 204 00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:34,360 Speaker 1: the fawn colored wild animals among which they live, about 205 00:11:34,400 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 1: which we do not need to tell. We want to 206 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:39,720 Speaker 1: speak only about the triumphs of their collecting, and do 207 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:47,280 Speaker 1: not know which to admire more, their intrepidity or their perseverance. Humans, quadrupeds, birds, fish, plants, 208 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:51,360 Speaker 1: mineral shells. All of these they have studied. Their hunting 209 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:55,720 Speaker 1: has given them tigers, lions, hyenas, and admirable lubal a 210 00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:59,240 Speaker 1: crimson antelope of rare elegance, a host of other small 211 00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: members of the family, two giraffes, monkeys, long pitchforks, very 212 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:07,559 Speaker 1: curious rats, ostriches, birds of prey which have never been 213 00:12:07,559 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 1: described before. A great quantity of other birds of all sizes, 214 00:12:11,160 --> 00:12:14,760 Speaker 1: colors and species. They also have a collection of birds nests, 215 00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:17,880 Speaker 1: which could be the object of a charming descriptive essay. 216 00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: Roots like onions and other plants of remarkable shape and 217 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:25,400 Speaker 1: extraordinary size. Snakes, a cashelo and a crocodile of a 218 00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:29,520 Speaker 1: type previously unknown. But their greatest curiosity is an individual 219 00:12:29,679 --> 00:12:33,480 Speaker 1: of the nation of the Bejuanas. This man is preserved 220 00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: by the means by which naturalists prepare their specimens and 221 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 1: reconstitute their form, and so to speak, their inert life. 222 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:43,520 Speaker 1: He is of small stature, lack of skin, his head 223 00:12:43,559 --> 00:12:47,280 Speaker 1: covered by short, wooly and curly hair, armed with arrows 224 00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:50,880 Speaker 1: and a lance, clothes in antelope skin, with a bag 225 00:12:51,160 --> 00:12:54,720 Speaker 1: made of bush pig full of small glass beads, seeds, 226 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,800 Speaker 1: and a small bones. Another thing that we are rather 227 00:12:57,880 --> 00:13:01,440 Speaker 1: embarrassed to find a suitable to turn to characterize is 228 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:05,480 Speaker 1: the very special accessory of modest clothing worn by the Bechuanas, 229 00:13:05,840 --> 00:13:10,160 Speaker 1: which we find most striking. Monsieur Verro have deposited their 230 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:14,040 Speaker 1: scientific riches at the stores of Monsieur de Lasserre Rue 231 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:17,960 Speaker 1: sulf Jacu number three. They are generously put on display 232 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,640 Speaker 1: for the public without charge. It would be well if, 233 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:25,640 Speaker 1: which is the botanical gardens, took this opportunity to extend 234 00:13:25,679 --> 00:13:29,480 Speaker 1: its collections, already so beautiful, to become even more desirable, 235 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:32,040 Speaker 1: and to use the skills which they did not already 236 00:13:32,080 --> 00:13:35,679 Speaker 1: possess of Monsieur Verrot with the time, the talent and 237 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:39,040 Speaker 1: the energy necessary to go out Africa to catch nature 238 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:43,640 Speaker 1: in the act. It's so crazy of this weird grossness. 239 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:46,640 Speaker 1: It really, well do you say weird grossness? Like this 240 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:50,240 Speaker 1: part turns my stomach where they're talking about this part 241 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:52,760 Speaker 1: that it's a man and it's great that they did this, 242 00:13:52,840 --> 00:13:57,520 Speaker 1: you guys. It's such a bizarre, uh like way to 243 00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:03,679 Speaker 1: sell it to my mind, you know, like my sensibilities 244 00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:06,440 Speaker 1: are very like troubled that they're like, what we really 245 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,920 Speaker 1: want to talk about is how amazing these two guys are. Yeah, 246 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:14,280 Speaker 1: And then they talk about the specimen of the botswan 247 00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:20,160 Speaker 1: and with such a delight and right like, oh, it's 248 00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:25,560 Speaker 1: the neatest thing, and I'm like, that's a person. So listeners, 249 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:27,480 Speaker 1: sometimes this is what happens when we just want to 250 00:14:27,480 --> 00:14:31,520 Speaker 1: talk about adorable lemurs and we find horrifying things instead. 251 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:36,360 Speaker 1: So the middle brother Edward brought this human display and 252 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:39,440 Speaker 1: an assortment of other samples to Paris in eight thirty one, 253 00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: and a lot of them were delivered into the hands 254 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:44,800 Speaker 1: of museums that were really eager to expand their collections. 255 00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:47,760 Speaker 1: So we're gonna come back to this particular piece of 256 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:51,840 Speaker 1: taxidermy in a bit, because the story of this mounted 257 00:14:51,960 --> 00:14:55,520 Speaker 1: human specimen reaches all the way up to very recent history. 258 00:14:56,200 --> 00:15:00,000 Speaker 1: But as for the Arreau brothers themselves, when Edward returned 259 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:02,280 Speaker 1: to South Africa the following year, so that would be 260 00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:05,320 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty two, he also brought their third brother, Alexei, 261 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:09,520 Speaker 1: with him. It's believed that Alexei never left Africa after 262 00:15:09,560 --> 00:15:12,040 Speaker 1: his arrival and lived out the rest of his life there, 263 00:15:12,160 --> 00:15:16,880 Speaker 1: assisting with jules collection efforts. Jules and Edwards seemed to 264 00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:19,600 Speaker 1: have done some traveling, although there's no definitive record on 265 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 1: exactly where they went, and the list includes usually places 266 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,720 Speaker 1: like the Philippines in China. It does appear that at 267 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:29,240 Speaker 1: one point in the late eighteen thirties a shipment of 268 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,120 Speaker 1: their specimens was lost on its way to Paris, when 269 00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:35,600 Speaker 1: the whole ship that was carrying the collection sank. Yeah, 270 00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:41,200 Speaker 1: that's usually if you look at different accounts, that's usually consistent. Uh, 271 00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:43,680 Speaker 1: And then getting into the eighteen forties, it's consistent. But 272 00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:48,600 Speaker 1: during that period of the eighteen thirties, particularly the early half, 273 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:51,320 Speaker 1: there will be accounts of them being in two different 274 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:55,080 Speaker 1: places at the same time in different like you know, 275 00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:58,000 Speaker 1: journals and accounts that other people have given. We'll say, oh, 276 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:00,240 Speaker 1: they were in China then, and it's some of one 277 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:03,040 Speaker 1: says it's like it doesn't even acknowledge that one exists. 278 00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:04,360 Speaker 1: They may not have known that, but it's like, oh, 279 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,720 Speaker 1: and then they were here in this part of the world, 280 00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:08,800 Speaker 1: and they could not have been in both those places, 281 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,200 Speaker 1: so it is a little bit hard to actually track 282 00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 1: their movements. In eighteen forty two, Jules Verreaux made his 283 00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:19,080 Speaker 1: way to Australia and he wanted to expand his preserved 284 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 1: sample of offerings to include more specimens from outside of Africa. 285 00:16:23,880 --> 00:16:27,160 Speaker 1: He explored New South Wales and Tasmania, and he gathered 286 00:16:27,160 --> 00:16:30,960 Speaker 1: all kinds of botanicals, insects, birds and mammals, and again 287 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:35,359 Speaker 1: he gained some the possession of some human remains. Yeah, 288 00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:39,760 Speaker 1: they you know have It comes up periodically that they 289 00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: had multiple samples of human remains. It it's usually believed 290 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:48,520 Speaker 1: by most people. I think that they really only did 291 00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:50,960 Speaker 1: the one mounting of a human and that the rest 292 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,840 Speaker 1: were sort of like bones that have been discovered along 293 00:16:53,840 --> 00:16:56,680 Speaker 1: the way. They may have. We talked about them disentering 294 00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:59,880 Speaker 1: some bodies in South Africa. Uh, some of the skeleton, 295 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: but just for context, there was just the one taxidermy 296 00:17:04,119 --> 00:17:06,800 Speaker 1: human that we know of. One too many it is, 297 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:08,879 Speaker 1: but I just want to make that clear that this 298 00:17:08,960 --> 00:17:14,879 Speaker 1: wasn't like a but we're making a career of taxidermyng people. So, 299 00:17:14,920 --> 00:17:18,119 Speaker 1: after five years of exploring Australia, Jewels returned to Paris 300 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:21,719 Speaker 1: and for several years he worked on organizing and naming 301 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:24,640 Speaker 1: the collection, both the new things that he had brought 302 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:26,439 Speaker 1: as well as you know, sort of placing them in 303 00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:30,280 Speaker 1: context with other specimens that he had collected through the years. 304 00:17:30,359 --> 00:17:33,199 Speaker 1: He was eventually employed as an assistant naturalist at the 305 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:36,920 Speaker 1: Paris Museum of Natural History, and that started in eighteen 306 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:39,080 Speaker 1: sixty two. So it had been more than a decade 307 00:17:39,080 --> 00:17:42,280 Speaker 1: that he had been kind of working on classifications and 308 00:17:42,280 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 1: and descriptive catalogs of all of his various pieces that 309 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:49,159 Speaker 1: he had gathered throughout the world. Tools had continued to 310 00:17:49,160 --> 00:17:52,200 Speaker 1: work on his taxidermy throughout his whole life and his travels. 311 00:17:52,520 --> 00:17:54,520 Speaker 1: But it's in the late eighteen sixties that he made 312 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:57,399 Speaker 1: one of his most famous mounted tableau, and it was 313 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:02,359 Speaker 1: entitled Arab Courier Attacked eye lions. In this display, a 314 00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:05,600 Speaker 1: mannequin outfitted in the black cape that was typical of 315 00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: the Arab and our address of North Africa is featured 316 00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:11,840 Speaker 1: in the fictional moment that he's pulled off of the 317 00:18:11,880 --> 00:18:16,920 Speaker 1: camel he's riding by two Barbary lions. An Arab courier 318 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:19,840 Speaker 1: won the Gold Medal for Excellence at the Paris Exposition 319 00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:23,040 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty seven, and during the seven months it 320 00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:26,320 Speaker 1: was on display there, more than fifteen million spectators came 321 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,240 Speaker 1: just to see it. Uh. It was a really dramatic 322 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:32,040 Speaker 1: shift from most of the taxidermy that had come before it, 323 00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:35,399 Speaker 1: and certainly different than almost anyone had seen before, because 324 00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:37,639 Speaker 1: prior to that, it was pretty common even if you 325 00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:40,920 Speaker 1: were setting up a scene of taxidermy that it would 326 00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:43,919 Speaker 1: kind of just be multiple mounts kind of in a line. 327 00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:47,280 Speaker 1: But this is the first time that it really was 328 00:18:47,359 --> 00:18:50,480 Speaker 1: sort of an action scene that depicted like an event happening. 329 00:18:51,119 --> 00:18:54,879 Speaker 1: After the Paris Exposition closed, the American Museum of Natural 330 00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:58,960 Speaker 1: History bought Burrows display, and it wasn't available for public 331 00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:02,560 Speaker 1: viewing for some time time. Once museum officials saw the 332 00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: piece in person, they thought it was a little too 333 00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:07,280 Speaker 1: ghost to be part of their collection, so they kept 334 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,200 Speaker 1: just kept it in storage for thirty years. Yeah, basically 335 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:14,520 Speaker 1: was in a warehouse in New York for all that time. Eventually, though, 336 00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:17,720 Speaker 1: in eight it was sold. It was sold to the 337 00:19:17,760 --> 00:19:20,800 Speaker 1: Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which was fairly new at 338 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,399 Speaker 1: the time, for the tidy sum of fifty dollars, and 339 00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:26,000 Speaker 1: it eventually became a prominent part of the collection there. 340 00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:30,159 Speaker 1: There is one story that it they were going to 341 00:19:30,240 --> 00:19:33,800 Speaker 1: be charged I think it's forty five dollars for them 342 00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:37,200 Speaker 1: to actually transport it from its storage place to the museum, 343 00:19:37,240 --> 00:19:39,000 Speaker 1: and I think that ruffled some feathers, like we just 344 00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:41,680 Speaker 1: paid fifty dollars for this, and I gotta pay another 345 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:44,959 Speaker 1: fifty just to get it here. Uh. But it did 346 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,400 Speaker 1: eventually make its way to the collection. And while there 347 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:49,560 Speaker 1: have been rumors throughout the years that the man on 348 00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:52,800 Speaker 1: the camel was an actual human, it is not, and 349 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:54,760 Speaker 1: that's one of those things that has been debated. There 350 00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:57,440 Speaker 1: was a restoration point where it was worked on because 351 00:19:57,440 --> 00:20:01,160 Speaker 1: there had been, you know, some degradation of the the specimen. 352 00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:05,159 Speaker 1: But even so, I think most people in most museum 353 00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 1: curators that have been involved with it. I don't think 354 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:10,040 Speaker 1: it was ever an actual human, but because of the 355 00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:13,400 Speaker 1: precedent of the Botswanan man, they there have always been 356 00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:16,879 Speaker 1: some suspicions. And as a side note, Barbary lions went 357 00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:21,520 Speaker 1: extinct not long after the Vereux assembled this tableau. So 358 00:20:21,640 --> 00:20:25,159 Speaker 1: if you're interested in seeing Arab courier attacked by lions 359 00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:29,080 Speaker 1: still on display at the Carnegie Museum. The museum modeled 360 00:20:29,119 --> 00:20:32,160 Speaker 1: a snow globe after it in two thousand and nine. Yeah, 361 00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:36,919 Speaker 1: they started like an interesting program where they were doing 362 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,200 Speaker 1: snow globes of some of their most interesting and famous pieces, 363 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:41,960 Speaker 1: and that was the one that kicked off the collection. 364 00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,679 Speaker 1: So I have never seen one of the snow globes 365 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:47,520 Speaker 1: and how it actually turned out, but it's kind of fascinating. 366 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:49,280 Speaker 1: I had this brief moment where I was like, I 367 00:20:49,320 --> 00:20:51,639 Speaker 1: want one. I should start a snow globe collection. And 368 00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:54,080 Speaker 1: then immediately, where are you going to put a snow 369 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:59,040 Speaker 1: loop collection? That's that's the problem always. Uh So, both 370 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:03,840 Speaker 1: Edward and elect he died in eighteen sixty eight and 371 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:06,520 Speaker 1: in eighteen seventies, so that was right after this big 372 00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:10,119 Speaker 1: sort of triumph at the Paris exposition of Jules's peace, 373 00:21:10,640 --> 00:21:13,480 Speaker 1: and in eighteen seventy Jules Verreaux left France as the 374 00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:16,320 Speaker 1: frank Oppression more began and he fled to England and 375 00:21:16,359 --> 00:21:19,280 Speaker 1: he lived there for three years before he died. And 376 00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:22,280 Speaker 1: when he had sold the Arab Courier piece to the 377 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:25,840 Speaker 1: American Museum of Natural History, he sold with it to 378 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:29,560 Speaker 1: them the vast majority of the collection of Maison Vaux. 379 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:33,639 Speaker 1: And there's been some speculation that he actually knew his 380 00:21:33,720 --> 00:21:35,960 Speaker 1: health was already pretty dicey at that point, and he 381 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:39,879 Speaker 1: wanted to make sure that collection went somewhere and somewhere 382 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:42,199 Speaker 1: that was a museum that would understand what exactly they 383 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:48,359 Speaker 1: were getting, because it's been discussed by some historians that 384 00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:52,359 Speaker 1: he probably was already pretty sick from the ongoing exposure 385 00:21:52,359 --> 00:21:55,360 Speaker 1: to chemicals used in taxidermy that he had basically been 386 00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 1: doing since he was a child, So uh, he was 387 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,840 Speaker 1: not a great health at that point, despite some claims 388 00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:05,120 Speaker 1: that there was a child born out of wedlock when 389 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:07,640 Speaker 1: Jules was still very young. This was the end of 390 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:11,240 Speaker 1: the Verreaux brothers liege. And while there are a number 391 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:14,040 Speaker 1: of species that bear the Verreaux name as a consequence 392 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:16,879 Speaker 1: of all the exploration and collecting that Jules and Edward 393 00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:19,760 Speaker 1: did and that Alexei assisted them with. There has also 394 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:24,359 Speaker 1: been some confusion about certain species based on some incorrect 395 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:27,199 Speaker 1: labeling that Jewels is believed to have done to some 396 00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:30,919 Speaker 1: of their collected pieces. And there's been some speculation that 397 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,639 Speaker 1: he may have purposely mislabeled some specimens uh and the 398 00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:37,000 Speaker 1: locations where they had been found to make them appear 399 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,440 Speaker 1: more exotic and therefore more valuable to museums and collectors. 400 00:22:41,119 --> 00:22:42,879 Speaker 1: We don't know whether or not that was the case, 401 00:22:43,040 --> 00:22:48,399 Speaker 1: but regardless of the cause of this labeling, uh, sloppiness, 402 00:22:48,440 --> 00:22:50,760 Speaker 1: those poorly cataloged items kind of did a bit of 403 00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:52,879 Speaker 1: a disservice to science. There have been a couple of 404 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,240 Speaker 1: points of confusion over the years. Was like, wait, this 405 00:22:55,359 --> 00:23:00,000 Speaker 1: animal isn't really native to this place. Uh, and even 406 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: actually they realized like, no, this is just wrong. Yeah. Well, 407 00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,240 Speaker 1: and I want to point out that that poor or 408 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,560 Speaker 1: inaccurate labor labeling is like not unique to these guys, No, 409 00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:13,080 Speaker 1: not at all. There are frequently stories that will come 410 00:23:13,119 --> 00:23:15,520 Speaker 1: across our radar, which is like a museum found something 411 00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:17,920 Speaker 1: really stunning in their collection that they didn't know they had, 412 00:23:18,160 --> 00:23:20,600 Speaker 1: and yeah, a lot of times people are ready to 413 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:22,840 Speaker 1: go whoever made that mistake should be fired. And I'm 414 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:24,600 Speaker 1: kind of like that guy made that mistake in about 415 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:29,119 Speaker 1: nine well and moreover. I mean, I uh, not that 416 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:33,040 Speaker 1: it excuses it, but when you're bringing back hundreds of 417 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:36,520 Speaker 1: thousands of things at a time, I could imagine it 418 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,840 Speaker 1: would be easy to lose track of something, or you know, 419 00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:43,480 Speaker 1: even if you're attempting to be meticulous, you could just 420 00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:45,919 Speaker 1: write down the wrong note in your book as you 421 00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:50,479 Speaker 1: go track of uh. And I promised we would return 422 00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:53,320 Speaker 1: back to the taxiderman man, and we will, but first 423 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:56,199 Speaker 1: we're going to have a word from a sponsor. If 424 00:23:56,240 --> 00:23:58,119 Speaker 1: that's cool with Tracy. I think we should have a 425 00:23:58,119 --> 00:24:01,560 Speaker 1: break before we get to this. So back to our 426 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:03,640 Speaker 1: story and to the part that I promised we would 427 00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:06,199 Speaker 1: come back to. You're probably wondering what happened to that 428 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:10,280 Speaker 1: taxidermy man from Botswana. Uh. Well, in the eighteen eighties 429 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:15,119 Speaker 1: a Spanish taxidermist and veterinarian named Frenches Darter. It's probably 430 00:24:15,119 --> 00:24:18,600 Speaker 1: pronounced differently, but usually it's uh said that way when 431 00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:21,480 Speaker 1: people are just discussing it in the sources. I looked 432 00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:24,560 Speaker 1: at purchased the piece, Uh, and originally he was gonna 433 00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:27,919 Speaker 1: he put it on display at the Spanish Exposition, and 434 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:31,800 Speaker 1: then after he passed, it landed in the Darter Museum 435 00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:35,160 Speaker 1: of Natural History, which is in Spain. So this exhibit 436 00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:39,080 Speaker 1: was simply labeled El Negro and it drew crowds for 437 00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:44,360 Speaker 1: years and not just a few years. Years. The most 438 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:46,679 Speaker 1: shocking part of this story lies in the fact that 439 00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:50,119 Speaker 1: this taxider made human being was on display until the 440 00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:58,480 Speaker 1: late nineteen nineties. Yeah, nine nineties, uh so a very 441 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:01,440 Speaker 1: long time to be standing there. I think the part 442 00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:05,000 Speaker 1: that really gets me is that this was not a person, 443 00:25:05,119 --> 00:25:08,040 Speaker 1: like I could almost see a taxidermy human being on 444 00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:10,520 Speaker 1: display if that had been their wish, Like they're certainly 445 00:25:11,240 --> 00:25:13,480 Speaker 1: people that have donated their bodies, and I get this 446 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:17,960 Speaker 1: is like a grave robbed situation. And then this person 447 00:25:18,040 --> 00:25:21,439 Speaker 1: just stayed on display forever, which is troubling. Uh So, 448 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:24,320 Speaker 1: in the museum was asked if they would consent to 449 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:27,480 Speaker 1: return the body to Botswana to be respectfully put to 450 00:25:27,520 --> 00:25:33,080 Speaker 1: rest at last after being an African novelty for Europeans 451 00:25:33,119 --> 00:25:35,840 Speaker 1: on display for more than a hundred and fifty years, 452 00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:40,160 Speaker 1: and initially the museum refused. If this were happening today, 453 00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,520 Speaker 1: the internet would jump all over. So, writing for the 454 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:47,199 Speaker 1: New York Times in two thousand, Rachel Swarren's stated the 455 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:51,240 Speaker 1: significance of the display piece, and here's a quote to Africans, 456 00:25:51,280 --> 00:25:53,520 Speaker 1: he was a symbol of racism lingering from the turn 457 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:56,159 Speaker 1: of the century when blacks were paraded as freaks in 458 00:25:56,200 --> 00:26:01,000 Speaker 1: the vaudeville shows and natural history museums of Europe and America. Yeah, 459 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:05,960 Speaker 1: he was certainly not the only instance of this happening. Uh, 460 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:09,560 Speaker 1: But this really became a case where people thought, like 461 00:26:09,720 --> 00:26:11,840 Speaker 1: this is correctable, like we can at least make this 462 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:15,919 Speaker 1: a better situation. And so the Spanish government and the 463 00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:19,520 Speaker 1: organization of African community really worked in collaboration to try 464 00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:22,520 Speaker 1: to convince the Dater Museum to just acquiesce to this 465 00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:26,840 Speaker 1: request and finally let Elnegro go home. Curators at the museum, 466 00:26:27,359 --> 00:26:30,320 Speaker 1: it seemed like they almost based on what I've read, 467 00:26:30,359 --> 00:26:32,440 Speaker 1: I mean, I haven't seen interviews with these people, are 468 00:26:32,520 --> 00:26:36,639 Speaker 1: seen their firsthand accounts, but the way it reads, it 469 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,119 Speaker 1: sounds almost like they were just kind of briskly that 470 00:26:39,440 --> 00:26:42,280 Speaker 1: they were hurt that they had been called racists. And 471 00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:46,280 Speaker 1: so is that really tricky thing where they were like, no, 472 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,199 Speaker 1: we're really respectful about this display, and we put it 473 00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:52,200 Speaker 1: in context. Uh, you know, we talked about the history 474 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,000 Speaker 1: and the nature of exploration and specimen collection in the 475 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:58,520 Speaker 1: early eighteen hundreds. And but eventually they kind of saw 476 00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:01,440 Speaker 1: the error of that whole logic loop, and so they 477 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:05,240 Speaker 1: did give into this request and the body was finally released. 478 00:27:05,760 --> 00:27:09,280 Speaker 1: A medical examination was performed on the preserved body, and 479 00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:12,879 Speaker 1: it's believed that Elmiegro died of a lung infection at 480 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:17,480 Speaker 1: the age of about twenty seven. A dater exhibition exhibition 481 00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:21,360 Speaker 1: brochure claims that the Verreaux brothers attended the man's funeral 482 00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:24,520 Speaker 1: and then stole his body later that night, although there's 483 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:27,480 Speaker 1: no way to verify these claims. Yeah, we don't know 484 00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:30,120 Speaker 1: if that was written to be like a sensational museum 485 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:32,760 Speaker 1: card or if that's the actual case. It certainly does 486 00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:36,520 Speaker 1: line up a little bit with Jules Verreaux's letter to 487 00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:41,080 Speaker 1: the Parisian uh museum head where he kind of says 488 00:27:41,119 --> 00:27:43,119 Speaker 1: like we had to sneakily get this while his body 489 00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: was being guarded. But we don't really have a solid 490 00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:48,879 Speaker 1: exact timeline of how that all played out. Well, and 491 00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: then like, in my mind, if that part is true, 492 00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:54,679 Speaker 1: if that's really what they did, like that makes it 493 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:59,239 Speaker 1: even worse. Yes, exactly, because like there are lots of 494 00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:02,240 Speaker 1: times in history where where people of one group have 495 00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:04,479 Speaker 1: sort of felt like people of another group were not 496 00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:08,040 Speaker 1: human beings. That doesn't make it okay. I'm not saying 497 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:11,399 Speaker 1: that's okay or that that justifies anything. But if you 498 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,120 Speaker 1: have just literally watched somebody have a funeral for their 499 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:16,439 Speaker 1: fallen kinsman and then you go and steal his body, like, 500 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,720 Speaker 1: there is no way that you're justifying to yourself that 501 00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:23,080 Speaker 1: that that was not a human being, right, it just 502 00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:25,760 Speaker 1: becomes really reprehensible at that point. It's like it was 503 00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:28,800 Speaker 1: reprehensible already, and but now it's like fifty times more 504 00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:33,880 Speaker 1: than it already was. Exactly, It's really it's just yeah. 505 00:28:34,040 --> 00:28:36,920 Speaker 1: Uh So, while it was never confirmed either whether or 506 00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:39,480 Speaker 1: not the man had originally been from Botswana, he was 507 00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:42,600 Speaker 1: returned there in two thousand to be reinterred, and he 508 00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:46,000 Speaker 1: was buried in a state funeral in Gabarone after several 509 00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:49,400 Speaker 1: days of visitation, during which huge crowds of people turned 510 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:51,640 Speaker 1: out just to pay their respects to this unknown man. 511 00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:55,920 Speaker 1: At the funeral. Foreign Minister Lieutenant General mom Patti Murafe 512 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,200 Speaker 1: said in his speech today, a hundred and seventy years later, 513 00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:01,880 Speaker 1: where gay other here not only to re enter the 514 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:05,600 Speaker 1: body in African soil, where it likely belongs, but also 515 00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:09,320 Speaker 1: to cleanse that act of desecration, restore the dignity of 516 00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:13,000 Speaker 1: a common ancestor, to appease the spirits of Africa, and 517 00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:16,400 Speaker 1: above all, to correct a wrong which has no statute 518 00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 1: of limitations. So I thought it was going to be 519 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:21,760 Speaker 1: about cute lemurs, and it was about something, and then 520 00:29:21,760 --> 00:29:24,040 Speaker 1: it became a different which is really sort of a 521 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:26,080 Speaker 1: more important story. It's not sort of. It really is 522 00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:28,520 Speaker 1: a more important story to tell. It just wasn't what 523 00:29:28,560 --> 00:29:30,360 Speaker 1: I thought I was getting into at the beginning. But 524 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:33,680 Speaker 1: I'm glad that that came to light as I was researching, 525 00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:35,720 Speaker 1: because I remember the oh, I got to do something 526 00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:39,480 Speaker 1: on the Bob Brothers. Their taxidermists. They discover all these animals. 527 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:43,560 Speaker 1: WHOA they did horrible things. WHOA. You and I have 528 00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:46,960 Speaker 1: these conversations sometimes while you're researching at your desk and 529 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:49,320 Speaker 1: I'm researching at my desk, and we have these instant 530 00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:54,080 Speaker 1: messages things where like one of us is expressing horror 531 00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:56,960 Speaker 1: or delight or surprise or whatever, and I like, I 532 00:29:57,080 --> 00:29:59,240 Speaker 1: got this. I think it was I am for and 533 00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:03,160 Speaker 1: I am from where you were, Like this turned out 534 00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:10,960 Speaker 1: really really upsetting. I didn't think this was happening. But again, 535 00:30:10,960 --> 00:30:13,520 Speaker 1: like I said, that's an important story to tell when uh, 536 00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:16,840 Speaker 1: you know, we were certainly around when all of this 537 00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:21,320 Speaker 1: was happening in the late but I don't really remember 538 00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: seeing anything about it. Well I don't remember. It could 539 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:26,960 Speaker 1: just be me I wasn't tuned into it, but yeah, 540 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,600 Speaker 1: and I think I probably I don't know if I 541 00:30:29,720 --> 00:30:32,200 Speaker 1: heard specifically about it or not. I like, there has 542 00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:36,400 Speaker 1: been enough in the last few decades, uh, controversy and 543 00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:41,880 Speaker 1: debate about repatriation of various artifacts and things, um that 544 00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:44,680 Speaker 1: it's like I don't know if among hearing about those 545 00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:47,480 Speaker 1: stories I also heard about this one or not. It 546 00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:51,320 Speaker 1: definitely I don't remember specifically hearing about it. Yeah, I 547 00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:54,600 Speaker 1: did not stick out in my mind. Uh, but that 548 00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:57,800 Speaker 1: it's a scoop on Happier notes he has a listener 549 00:30:57,840 --> 00:31:00,680 Speaker 1: mailed I have two pieces either, but it's related to 550 00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:05,040 Speaker 1: our Halloween candy episode. I know we've read some of that, 551 00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:06,800 Speaker 1: but one of these is kind of a counterpoint to 552 00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:09,200 Speaker 1: a previous listener mail, and the other one is so 553 00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:12,080 Speaker 1: hysterical that I was cackling at my desk and people 554 00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:14,640 Speaker 1: thought I might have gone off the deep end. Uh 555 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:17,880 Speaker 1: So the first one is from our listener Pavia, and 556 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:21,480 Speaker 1: you may recall on a recent episode, uh one of 557 00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:24,360 Speaker 1: our listeners that had worked in the confection industry replied 558 00:31:24,400 --> 00:31:27,440 Speaker 1: to my query during that episode about how I thought 559 00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:29,920 Speaker 1: canny making sounds kind of dangerous to me, and so 560 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:31,800 Speaker 1: it is. There have been lots of burns when I 561 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,120 Speaker 1: worked in that industry. And it's pretty graphic. It was 562 00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:36,520 Speaker 1: really graphic. We didn't read the actual letter because it 563 00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:41,800 Speaker 1: was just graphic. But this one comes from another person 564 00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:44,360 Speaker 1: that works in the candy industry, and this is a 565 00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:47,120 Speaker 1: different perspective. She says, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I work 566 00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: in America's oldest continuously run confectionery, Shane Confectionery in Philadelphia. 567 00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:54,600 Speaker 1: The confectionery was built in eighteen sixty three in the storefront, 568 00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:57,560 Speaker 1: open in nineteen eleven. The current owners used the shop 569 00:31:57,600 --> 00:32:00,600 Speaker 1: as a tool to help inspire interest in understanding in history. 570 00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:04,200 Speaker 1: We still make of our chocolates in house, on gas 571 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:06,760 Speaker 1: stoves and large copper pots and with a butter cream 572 00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:10,320 Speaker 1: turner that was made in the nineteen teens. Hot sugar 573 00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:13,600 Speaker 1: is painful, but candymaking is not as perilous as you presumed. 574 00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:16,760 Speaker 1: Even with the old large pots. We wear leather gloves 575 00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:18,640 Speaker 1: as of an mits, and we always grab a friend 576 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:20,920 Speaker 1: to help transport and pour if the pots are not 577 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,360 Speaker 1: easily handled. I am sure the confectioners at Wonderley were 578 00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:28,400 Speaker 1: either fairly strong or they poured in pairs. So that's 579 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,440 Speaker 1: a whole other perspective of No, it's yes, it's dangerous, 580 00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:34,320 Speaker 1: but we handle it very carefully. Good for being careful, 581 00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:36,400 Speaker 1: as which might be. It could just be the difference 582 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:39,360 Speaker 1: of being at um. You know, it is a long 583 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:42,800 Speaker 1: established confectionery, but it sounds like it is not a 584 00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:46,600 Speaker 1: big factory. It is sort of a smaller operation, which 585 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:50,280 Speaker 1: might lead to better care procedures, and large factories often 586 00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:51,760 Speaker 1: do well. And the one that we got that we 587 00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:54,640 Speaker 1: didn't read made it sound as though they were uh, 588 00:32:54,720 --> 00:33:00,560 Speaker 1: sort of quote handmade confectioner, yeah, but also large and 589 00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:04,640 Speaker 1: a little more really high volume factory volume oriented exactly. 590 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:07,760 Speaker 1: So that's the scoop. So it can be dangerous, but 591 00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:10,520 Speaker 1: a lot of people take very good precautions and it's 592 00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:14,480 Speaker 1: perfectly safe for them. The other mail that comes from 593 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:20,000 Speaker 1: our listener, Dwayne Uh, and he is actually there are 594 00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,520 Speaker 1: two stories in this and they're both really funny, so 595 00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:25,000 Speaker 1: I'm going to read the whole thing. Uh. Your recent 596 00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:27,760 Speaker 1: candy Corn episode about Halloween reminded me of two stories. 597 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:29,920 Speaker 1: You mentioned the history of trick or treating, and that 598 00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:32,600 Speaker 1: reminded me of a story my mom always tells. When 599 00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:34,560 Speaker 1: she was a little girl in the early nineteen forties, 600 00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:37,640 Speaker 1: she lived in a very small town in the Missouri Ozarks. 601 00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:40,160 Speaker 1: Halloween did not exist there until a new kid moved 602 00:33:40,160 --> 00:33:41,920 Speaker 1: into town and asked if the kids were going trick 603 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:44,600 Speaker 1: or treating. Nobody knew what the kid was talking about, 604 00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:47,840 Speaker 1: and after an explanation of how stuff worked see what 605 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:51,240 Speaker 1: I did there, all the kids decided it was a 606 00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: great idea and ran up to the first house and 607 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:56,560 Speaker 1: screamed trick or treat. Oh no. Of course, the people 608 00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:58,680 Speaker 1: in the house didn't know what was going on. When 609 00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 1: they answered the door, all the kids in town, about 610 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:03,760 Speaker 1: ten of them, stood their demanding candy. The lady of 611 00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:06,360 Speaker 1: the house had no candy, but invited the kids in 612 00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:09,800 Speaker 1: for a small slice of pie. After having eaten the pie, 613 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:11,759 Speaker 1: the kids went to the next house, where, of course 614 00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:14,160 Speaker 1: the home an owner also knew nothing of trick or treat, 615 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:16,719 Speaker 1: but invited the kids in for a drink of hot chocolate. 616 00:34:17,160 --> 00:34:20,200 Speaker 1: The kids continued through town in this manner, always invited in, 617 00:34:20,320 --> 00:34:23,120 Speaker 1: always getting some sort of treat, apples, left over cake 618 00:34:23,239 --> 00:34:26,359 Speaker 1: or milk, uh in, and in several cases sat down 619 00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:28,560 Speaker 1: to share in the dinner of the homeowners. Mom said 620 00:34:28,560 --> 00:34:30,360 Speaker 1: it was a really strange night and she probably ate 621 00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:35,480 Speaker 1: dinner five or six times. I love that. Uh. In 622 00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:38,040 Speaker 1: that episode, you also spoke of the demise of homemade 623 00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:41,000 Speaker 1: treats during Halloween. A friend of ours recounts the story 624 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:43,600 Speaker 1: of when she was around twelve and her parents decided 625 00:34:43,640 --> 00:34:45,279 Speaker 1: to go out for the evening and left her home 626 00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:47,200 Speaker 1: with a huge bowl of candy to hand out to 627 00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:50,239 Speaker 1: the trick or treaters. Our friend loved handing the candy out, 628 00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:53,080 Speaker 1: but she was overzealous in her distribution and quickly realized 629 00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:55,440 Speaker 1: that she was running out of candy way too early 630 00:34:55,480 --> 00:34:58,440 Speaker 1: in the evening. She panicked and decided she had to 631 00:34:58,480 --> 00:35:00,440 Speaker 1: have something to hand out rather than turn off the 632 00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:02,600 Speaker 1: porch light. So she put on a big pot of 633 00:35:02,640 --> 00:35:06,239 Speaker 1: boiling water and cooked all the noodles in the house, spaghetti, 634 00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:09,160 Speaker 1: egg noodles, any form of pastas she could find. Then 635 00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:11,600 Speaker 1: she drained it and started placing it in baggies and 636 00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,799 Speaker 1: twist tying them closed. Tricker Treaters were that surprised when 637 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,719 Speaker 1: a baggy of hot cook noodles landed in their goody bag. 638 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:24,719 Speaker 1: I love it. Um. Our friend doesn't remember if the 639 00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:27,440 Speaker 1: number of Tricker Treaters dropped off sharply in the following 640 00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:32,360 Speaker 1: year or not. Um. That is the funnest letter. Dwayne, 641 00:35:32,360 --> 00:35:34,719 Speaker 1: Thank you so much for sending it, because it really 642 00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:38,000 Speaker 1: did have me just cackling. I um was laughing so hard. 643 00:35:38,080 --> 00:35:40,680 Speaker 1: Julie from Stuff to Blow Your Mind came over to 644 00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:42,680 Speaker 1: my desk. It was like, what is going on? And 645 00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:44,719 Speaker 1: I was trying to describe to her the hot cook 646 00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:47,440 Speaker 1: noodle baggies and then she was giggling and we were 647 00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:49,480 Speaker 1: just kind of useless for a little while. That's a 648 00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:51,680 Speaker 1: lot more ingenious than what I did this year, which 649 00:35:51,719 --> 00:35:54,560 Speaker 1: is that I was on certain we would not get 650 00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:58,880 Speaker 1: Tricker treaters because we live on an upper floor and 651 00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:02,400 Speaker 1: there's a lot of steps to trick treat, but you 652 00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:05,399 Speaker 1: can't like there's no you have to ring a bell 653 00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:09,520 Speaker 1: at the bottom. Oh got and and we didn't have 654 00:36:09,640 --> 00:36:12,120 Speaker 1: There's no no jack O lantern on the steps, there's 655 00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:13,640 Speaker 1: no portslide on none of that. I was like, we're 656 00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:15,480 Speaker 1: not gonna get tricker treaters, and fat I was like, 657 00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:16,680 Speaker 1: yes we are. And I was like, no, we're not. 658 00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,479 Speaker 1: We don't need candy. We're not buying any of course, 659 00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:21,960 Speaker 1: we got tricker treaters and they rang our bell three 660 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:24,200 Speaker 1: or four times, and so I went downstairs to make 661 00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:26,640 Speaker 1: sure it wasn't the police or something having an emergency, 662 00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:28,719 Speaker 1: and I saw that it was tricker treaters and I hid. 663 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:31,960 Speaker 1: We hid this year too. We um My husband kind 664 00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:33,719 Speaker 1: of put his foot down because one of the first 665 00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:35,560 Speaker 1: years we were in our house. We haven't been there 666 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:39,359 Speaker 1: very long, but like five years we did the candy thing. 667 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:42,520 Speaker 1: And this is the peril of the modern age, because 668 00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:46,279 Speaker 1: I think um kids were texting each other that our 669 00:36:46,320 --> 00:36:49,120 Speaker 1: house was a good one, because I'm not kidding, Like 670 00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:52,799 Speaker 1: entire pickup trucks full of children would come stop in 671 00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:56,040 Speaker 1: front of our house, pour out trick or treat, get 672 00:36:56,080 --> 00:36:57,719 Speaker 1: back in the truck and go. They didn't trick or 673 00:36:57,719 --> 00:37:00,000 Speaker 1: treat to any of the other houses on our coldest 674 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,040 Speaker 1: back and so like I had to send poor Brian 675 00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:05,279 Speaker 1: out three times for more candy and he was like, 676 00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:08,040 Speaker 1: that was like a hundred and fifty dollar Halloween. Like 677 00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:11,759 Speaker 1: I don't want to do that every year. So, um, 678 00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:13,920 Speaker 1: that makes sense. We kind of have hidden in the 679 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:15,960 Speaker 1: in the basement and played video games the last couple 680 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:19,640 Speaker 1: of years. Well, I felt more bad for uh, for 681 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,600 Speaker 1: Patrick who apparently really likes to give out candy on Helen, 682 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:24,800 Speaker 1: which I didn't know. I've never really had trick or 683 00:37:24,840 --> 00:37:27,439 Speaker 1: treaters anywhere I've lived before. I felt so I felt 684 00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:29,600 Speaker 1: worse for Patrick than for the kids because they had 685 00:37:29,640 --> 00:37:35,440 Speaker 1: got plenty of candy from other houses. Yeah so, Colleen, 686 00:37:37,239 --> 00:37:41,240 Speaker 1: but that's a fun thing. Um, So if you would 687 00:37:41,239 --> 00:37:43,719 Speaker 1: like to write us any stories of crazy things you've 688 00:37:43,719 --> 00:37:46,200 Speaker 1: given out at Halloween, I still think hot bags of 689 00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:51,320 Speaker 1: noodles is pretty great. You could do so at History 690 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:53,879 Speaker 1: Podcast at how stuff Works dot com. You can also 691 00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:56,080 Speaker 1: connect with us at Facebook dot com, slash missed in 692 00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:59,919 Speaker 1: History on Twitter at missed in History in History dot 693 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,920 Speaker 1: obler dot com, and at pinterest dot com. Slash missed 694 00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:05,880 Speaker 1: in History. You can also visit our spreadshirt store at 695 00:38:05,880 --> 00:38:08,319 Speaker 1: mist in History dot spreadshirt dot com and you can 696 00:38:08,360 --> 00:38:12,360 Speaker 1: get missed in History things to where or card around 697 00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:15,279 Speaker 1: with you or enjoy at home. If you would like 698 00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:17,560 Speaker 1: to do a little extra research on what we've talked 699 00:38:17,560 --> 00:38:19,279 Speaker 1: about today, you can go to our parents bite how 700 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,640 Speaker 1: stuff Works. Type in the word taxidermy in the search 701 00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:23,919 Speaker 1: bar and you'll get an article called how Taxidermy Works. 702 00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:27,759 Speaker 1: There's also a pretty fun quiz about taxidermy and you 703 00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:30,400 Speaker 1: can research that. You can also go to our website, 704 00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:32,279 Speaker 1: which is missed in History dot com, where you can 705 00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:35,960 Speaker 1: see the show notes, our entire archive of all episodes, 706 00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:40,000 Speaker 1: the occasional fabulous blog posts, usually by Tracy Uh, and 707 00:38:40,080 --> 00:38:41,960 Speaker 1: we encourage you to come and visit us there so 708 00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:43,920 Speaker 1: you can hang out a mist in history dot com 709 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:46,359 Speaker 1: or again our parents site, which is how stuff Works 710 00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:53,560 Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics. 711 00:38:53,560 --> 00:39:07,320 Speaker 1: Because it how stuff Works dot com