Speaker 1: I'm Happy Saturday, everyone. Today's classic episode looks at the
Speaker 1: Harlem Hellfighters. This is a segregated army unit in World
Speaker 1: War One, and it also specifically focuses on Henry Johnson,
Speaker 1: who was a member of that unit who was posthumously
Speaker 1: awarded the Medal of Honor on June two. One of
Speaker 1: the things that this episode talks about is the connection
Speaker 1: between returning World War Two veterans and the Civil rights
Speaker 1: movement in the United States, and why there wasn't a
Speaker 1: similar movement when black veterans returned from World War One.
Speaker 1: A piece of that discussion is Red Summer, which we
Speaker 1: talked about in more detail in our episode from June three.
Speaker 1: This episode originally came out on November two. Welcome to
Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I
Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy
Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frown. Pretty recently, we talked about
Speaker 1: Maccario Garcia, and we talked in that episode about how
Speaker 1: World War Two often comes up as one of the
Speaker 1: factors of many that led to the United States Civil
Speaker 1: Rights movement. So told very simply soldiers who had put
Speaker 1: their lives on the line to serve their country and
Speaker 1: to fight against oppression abroad, came back home to fight
Speaker 1: against depression where they actually lived. And this story is
Speaker 1: usually told as it related to African American soldiers in
Speaker 1: World War Two, and in this particular case of the
Speaker 1: episode we already did. Maccario Garcia was a Mexican national,
Speaker 1: so after he returned from World War Two, his experience
Speaker 1: being denied service at a Texas restaurant contributed to a
Speaker 1: social movement for equal rights for Mexican Americans and other
Speaker 1: Hispanics and Latinos who were living in that part of
Speaker 1: the United States. So when we did that episode on
Speaker 1: Macario Garcia, we hinted that World War Two was not
Speaker 1: the only time that happened, that the subject of that
Speaker 1: was going to be in an upcoming episode, and that
Speaker 1: is two days episod sawed. We are going to tell
Speaker 1: this story about World War One's effect on civil rights
Speaker 1: in the United States by talking about the Harlem Health Fighters.
Speaker 1: This was a segregated regiment that served in combat in
Speaker 1: World War One, So we're going to start by talking
Speaker 1: about the regiment itself. Then we are going to talk
Speaker 1: about one of its most decorated members, as an example
Speaker 1: of the just really exceptional valor and courage that the
Speaker 1: health fighters exhibited while they were serving in World War One.
Speaker 1: And lastly, we're going to talk about why World War
Speaker 1: One does not come up very often when we're talking
Speaker 1: about things that inspired civil rights activity in the United States.
Speaker 1: It's much more overshadowed by World War Two. And whenever
Speaker 1: we talk about segregation on the podcast, we make it
Speaker 1: a point to note that the practice was not something
Speaker 1: that was confined to the South. That sort of rumor
Speaker 1: sort of persists. Yeah, somebody emailed us about it the
Speaker 1: other day. Even though I feel like we keep saying it,
Speaker 1: We're gonna say it again today very directly. Not just South.
Speaker 1: Although formalized, legally enforced segregation persisted in the South longer
Speaker 1: than it did than it did in many other parts
Speaker 1: of the United States, And in a lot of ways
Speaker 1: it was most obvious there, which is also here where
Speaker 1: we are. Uh, segregation really existed all over the nation.
Speaker 1: For example, President Woodrow Wilson, who had promised in his
Speaker 1: campaign to treat African Americans fairly if he was elected,
Speaker 1: instead started taking steps to allow segregation of federal government
Speaker 1: positions almost immediately after his inauguration in nine many many
Speaker 1: black federal workers all over the country were segregated or
Speaker 1: flat out dismissed. As a result, the United States armed
Speaker 1: forces were segregated as well, and the years leading up
Speaker 1: to World War One, the Marines did not accept black
Speaker 1: soldiers at all. The Navy did accept a few, although
Speaker 1: most of them were restricted to support and manual labor roles,
Speaker 1: so most black soldiers who served in the military wound
Speaker 1: up serving in the Army, which was ggregated. There were
Speaker 1: also almost no black Army officers, and the black Army
Speaker 1: officers who did exist were not ever placed in command
Speaker 1: of white soldiers. They were only placed in command of
Speaker 1: black soldiers. In addition to being restricted to segregated units,
Speaker 1: black soldiers serving in World War One faced violence while
Speaker 1: still in the United States before being sent overseas. These
Speaker 1: men were sent into the South, sometimes the Deep South,
Speaker 1: to be trained, and large numbers of armed black men
Speaker 1: were often explicitly not wanted in the Southern States, and
Speaker 1: the sudden influx of so many black soldiers led to
Speaker 1: some very real hostilities and on more than one occasion,
Speaker 1: riots and murders. The army has also been fairly candid
Speaker 1: and acknowledging that it discriminated specifically against black soldiers during
Speaker 1: this time, apart from just placing them in segregated units, which,
Speaker 1: as we have talked and many other podcasts before, segregation
Speaker 1: based on races inherently discriminatory. So command at this point
Speaker 1: did not think that black men were suited for combat.
Speaker 1: They were viewed as untrustworthy and lazy and complacent, so
Speaker 1: overwhelmingly black soldiers were assigned to work as manual labors.
Speaker 1: So most of the two hundred thousand black soldiers who
Speaker 1: went overseas in World War One wound up working as stevedor's.
Speaker 1: They dug ditches, they dug latrines, and to be clear,
Speaker 1: this was absolutely essential work. It needed to be done,
Speaker 1: but it was also often backbreaking and degrading, and overwhelmingly
Speaker 1: being assigned to only the black soldiers. Black soldiers were
Speaker 1: also the ones who were frequently tasked with burying the dead.
Speaker 1: Only about forty two thousand Black soldiers saw combat in
Speaker 1: World War One. These men served in the ninety second
Speaker 1: and ninety three combat divisions. The ninety two mostly comprised
Speaker 1: men who had been drafted along with their officers and
Speaker 1: was part of the muse Agne Offensive in nineteen eighteen.
Speaker 1: This offensive did not go as well as hoped, and
Speaker 1: the ninety two wound up being a scapegoat for everything
Speaker 1: that had gone wrong. Their time in combat was brief.
Speaker 1: On the other hand, was made up primarily of National
Speaker 1: Guard units, including the fifteenth New York Colored Regiment. About
Speaker 1: seventy percent of the men in this regiment were from
Speaker 1: Harlem in New York, and these were the men who
Speaker 1: would go on to be nicknamed the Harlem Health Fighters.
Speaker 1: The ninety three Combat Division, under the command of Colonel
Speaker 1: William Hayward, wound up essentially being loaned to France to
Speaker 1: fill a labor shortage in their own army. And this
Speaker 1: was in spite of the fact that when the United
Speaker 1: States entered the war, the President had assured the population
Speaker 1: that US soldiers would not be on loan to other armies.
Speaker 1: They would be fighting as American units under American command.
Speaker 1: So when it went overseas, the fifteenth New York Colored
Speaker 1: Regiment was renamed the three hundred sixty ninth Infantry, and
Speaker 1: the three hundred sixty nine served a hundred and ninety
Speaker 1: one days in combat. This was longer than any other
Speaker 1: American unit in World War One. Contrary to the American
Speaker 1: military's assumption that black soldiers were outfit for combat and
Speaker 1: for their expectations for how black soldiers would perform, the
Speaker 1: three sixty nine Inventory became one of the most decorated
Speaker 1: units to serve in the war. Much like German forces
Speaker 1: named Russia's all female night bombers the night Witches in
Speaker 1: World War Two, they nicknamed the three nine the bloeterstick
Speaker 1: Shvartza Mana or the Bloodthirsty black Men in World War One,
Speaker 1: and this nickname was eventually translated into the hell Fighters.
Speaker 1: In addition to their consistent valor and high performance in combat,
Speaker 1: the three sixty nine Inventories marching band was also a
Speaker 1: skilled and talented one and was one of the ways
Speaker 1: that jazz music made its way from the United States
Speaker 1: to France during the war. The Harlem hell Fighters time
Speaker 1: in combat was so prolonged and it touched so many
Speaker 1: actions on the Western Front that it's actually difficult to
Speaker 1: get a sense of their remarkable heroism in valor. So
Speaker 1: to get a glimpse of it, uh, we are going
Speaker 1: to talk about one of their most incredible members who
Speaker 1: really exemplifies what we're talking about. But first we are
Speaker 1: going to have a word from one of our great sponsors.
Speaker 1: So we're going to tell the story of how the
Speaker 1: ninth Infantry was pretty incredible in their service by talking
Speaker 1: about specifically the story of Henry Johnson. Henry Johnson was
Speaker 1: born William Henry Johnson in Winston Salem, North Carolina, and
Speaker 1: he moved to New York when he was a teenager.
Speaker 1: Once he got there, he worked at a variety of jobs,
Speaker 1: most of them involving manual labor, until he eventually became
Speaker 1: a red cat porter at the Albany, New York train station. Later,
Speaker 1: he joined the National Guard unit that would become part
Speaker 1: of the Harlem hell Fighters. In May of nineteen eighteen,
Speaker 1: Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts, both of them then privates,
Speaker 1: were acting as centuries at a lookout post in the
Speaker 1: Argon Forest on the Western Front. John Hnson heard the
Speaker 1: sound of someone snipping through barbed wire. Concluding that this
Speaker 1: was a German advance, he sent Roberts to go for help,
Speaker 1: called for help himself, and then lobbed grenades at the
Speaker 1: source of the sound. It was indeed a German advance,
Speaker 1: and the Germans returned fire with both grenades and bullets.
Speaker 1: Roberts turned back to try to help Johnson, and both
Speaker 1: men were hit. Roberts was actually hurt so badly that
Speaker 1: he was not able to continue fighting, so he passed
Speaker 1: grenades to Johnson, and Johnson threw them at the approaching
Speaker 1: Germans until he ran out, and then Johnson got his
Speaker 1: rifle and he fired upon the advancing German soldiers until
Speaker 1: his weapon jammed after he accidentally tried to use an
Speaker 1: American clip with a French rifle. At this point, the
Speaker 1: German soldiers closed into hand to hand range, and so
Speaker 1: Johnson tried to fight them off basically by swinging his
Speaker 1: rifle like a club until the butt of it literally splintered.
Speaker 1: And Johnson, we should point out, was not a large man.
Speaker 1: He was only about five ft four you wait, about
Speaker 1: a hundred dirty pounds, and once his rifle was destroyed,
Speaker 1: he was struck in the head and knocked down. But
Speaker 1: then he saw that the German soldiers were trying to
Speaker 1: take the injured Private Roberts prisoner, so Johnson managed to
Speaker 1: get to his feet. He pulled out the only weapon
Speaker 1: he had left, which was his bolo knife, and he
Speaker 1: fought back with that while trying to drag Roberts to safety. Fortunately,
Speaker 1: at this point, the sounds of gunfire and grenades and
Speaker 1: their calls for help had brought other soldiers to their aid,
Speaker 1: so Johnson continued trying to drag Roberts away from the
Speaker 1: fighting until he lost consciousness. Fortunately that was when reinforcements
Speaker 1: arrived and the German soldiers who were still upright fled.
Speaker 1: In the morning, it was revealed that then Private Johnson
Speaker 1: had single handedly killed four enemy soldiers and wounded somewhere
Speaker 1: between ten and twenty more, all while he was injured
Speaker 1: himself with twenty one wounds, sustained in his combat and
Speaker 1: refusing to allow his compatriot to be taken captive. So
Speaker 1: both men were awarded the lot of Gear, which is
Speaker 1: the French military decoration for valor and heroism. This made
Speaker 1: Johnson and Roberts the first American privates of any race
Speaker 1: to earn this recognition, and Johnson and Roberts were not
Speaker 1: the only members of the Harlem Heal fighters to ultimately
Speaker 1: be awarded the Quadi gear for their valor. All in all,
Speaker 1: a hundred and seventy one individual members of the Harlem
Speaker 1: Heal Fighters received the Quadi gear, and the unit as
Speaker 1: a whole was awarded one as well for capturing say
Speaker 1: Show while advancing ahead of French and other American lines.
Speaker 1: The Harlem Heal Fighters were the first to reach the
Speaker 1: Rhine after the armistice, and they were commended again and
Speaker 1: again for their valor. So basically they performed above and
Speaker 1: beyond the call for any combat unit, and especially in
Speaker 1: a way that flew in the face of what the
Speaker 1: American command was expecting of them. Yeah, I don't think
Speaker 1: you could get a much more um, kind of poignant
Speaker 1: portrait of heroism. Right. So, roughly eight hundred Harlem Hell
Speaker 1: Fighters lost our lives in Europe. About three thousand others
Speaker 1: returned home from the war. In February of nineteen nineteen,
Speaker 1: they had a welcome home parade in which they marched
Speaker 1: up Fifth Avenue in New York and into their home
Speaker 1: neighborhood of Harlem. And this parade was in part to
Speaker 1: make up for the fact that on their departure from
Speaker 1: New York in December of nineteen seventeen, they had not
Speaker 1: been permitted to take part in the New York National
Speaker 1: Guards farewell Parade through New York City. The New York
Speaker 1: National Guard was known as the Rainbow Division because it
Speaker 1: included members from twenty seven states, and the reason for
Speaker 1: the fifteenth New York Regiment's exclusion was black is not
Speaker 1: a color of the Rainbow. On their return, however, the
Speaker 1: Harlem health Fighters received a legitimate heroes welcome. Accounts very
Speaker 1: wildly about how many people were there for the parade.
Speaker 1: You will find news sources that site anywhere from two
Speaker 1: hundred thousand people to more than two million. Johnson was
Speaker 1: riding in a car for injured veterans, and in spite
Speaker 1: of the fact that he had a shattered foot that
Speaker 1: was held together with the metal plate, he stood up
Speaker 1: to wave at them, and people called him Black Death.
Speaker 1: The response from both white and black onlookers at the
Speaker 1: parade was so a brilliantly positive that too many it
Speaker 1: was a symbol of hope for improved race relations to come.
Speaker 1: And this was bolstered by the fact that President Theodore
Speaker 1: Roosevelt called Johnson one of the five bravest Americans to
Speaker 1: serve in the war. That's high praise, and the army
Speaker 1: used his image on recruitment posters and to sell victory
Speaker 1: War stamps. I couldn't find a picture of this actual advertisement,
Speaker 1: but reportedly what it says signed is Johnson licked a
Speaker 1: dozen Germans. How many stamps have you LICKD I looked
Speaker 1: for I because yeah, that's some copy right. So all
Speaker 1: of this Johnson's fame is a war hero. The overwhelming
Speaker 1: tide of support for the returning black veterans, this overall
Speaker 1: theme that the war had been fought in a quote
Speaker 1: to make the world safe for democracy, gave a lot
Speaker 1: of people hope that this signaled a major change in
Speaker 1: the social and legal status of African Americans and the
Speaker 1: United States. Sadly, this was not to be true, and
Speaker 1: we're going to talk about why and how after another
Speaker 1: brief word from a sponsor. So, when he was committing
Speaker 1: American troops to World War One, Woodrow Wilson very famously
Speaker 1: said that quote the world must be made safe for democracy.
Speaker 1: We alluded to that just before the break, But when
Speaker 1: African American soldiers returned home to find that they were
Speaker 1: still the targets of segregation, discrimination, and oppression, it really
Speaker 1: seemed like there was an unspoken for white people at
Speaker 1: the end of that sentence, hoping to tie the fight
Speaker 1: for civil rights to the ideals that had underpinned the
Speaker 1: United states very involvement in the war, and the fact
Speaker 1: that so many black soldiers had returned as highly decorated heroes,
Speaker 1: black civil rights leaders called for action. The idea of
Speaker 1: making the world safe for democracy came up again and
Speaker 1: again in art, call, speeches, pamphlets, and other materials about
Speaker 1: equal rights for black citizens. In May of nineteen nineteen,
Speaker 1: for example, W. E. B. D. Boys wrote quote, returning soldiers,
Speaker 1: we return, we return from fighting. We return fighting make
Speaker 1: way for democracy. We saved it in France, and by
Speaker 1: the Great Jehovah, we will save it in the United
Speaker 1: States of America. Or know the reason why. But this
Speaker 1: is not the war that winds up being referenced in
Speaker 1: terms of how it affected civil rights. That distinction always,
Speaker 1: as we've said, goes to World War Two. The biggest
Speaker 1: reason for this is that it's much easier to frame
Speaker 1: World War Two as a more positive story. Following World
Speaker 1: War Two, returning black veterans added their voices to a
Speaker 1: growing grass grassroots movement all over the nation, which coalesced
Speaker 1: into what we know is the civil rights movement today.
Speaker 1: And although there was definitely a violent backlash and lots
Speaker 1: of resistance. That was a hallmark tow part of this movement.
Speaker 1: It did eventually lead to civil rights legislation that was
Speaker 1: meant to help put Black Americans on more equal footing.
Speaker 1: That's an oversimplified way to look at World War two,
Speaker 1: but no amount of oversimplification can put the years following
Speaker 1: World War One into such a positive light. World War
Speaker 1: One ended on November eleventh of nineteen eighteen. The following summer,
Speaker 1: violence broke out all over the United States, driven by
Speaker 1: a number of social and economic factors. One was a
Speaker 1: backlash against advocacy for equal treatment of African Americans, especially
Speaker 1: as others began to view this movement as militant. But
Speaker 1: also in play was the return of soldiers who had
Speaker 1: fought in the war, colliding with what's known as the
Speaker 1: Great Migration. So in the Great Migration, which peaked between
Speaker 1: nineteen fourteen and nineteen twenty, huge numbers of African Americans
Speaker 1: living in the South moved north. Many of them were
Speaker 1: fleeing poverty and social and political oppression. People who had
Speaker 1: been living as sharecroppers in the South moved north to
Speaker 1: get industrial jobs, many of which were tied to the
Speaker 1: war effort in the hope of getting better incomes and
Speaker 1: more freedom. So this dramatically shifted the racial landscape and
Speaker 1: many northern cities. This also meant that many white veterans
Speaker 1: in the North returned home to find that their industrial
Speaker 1: jobs had been filled by black workers who had moved
Speaker 1: up from the South. Returning soldiers of all races and
Speaker 1: ethnicities wound up in competition for a shrinking supply of jobs.
Speaker 1: As a result of these and many other factors, the
Speaker 1: summer of nineteen nineteen was so violent and so deadly
Speaker 1: that it came to be known as Red Summer. Eighty
Speaker 1: three people are known to have been lynched in nineteen nineteen,
Speaker 1: up from sixty four in nineteen eighteen who Klex Klan
Speaker 1: activity also spread, especially in the South, and then there
Speaker 1: were what is often described as race riots, which broke
Speaker 1: out in Washington, d c. Chicago, Omaha, Knoxville, and many
Speaker 1: other cities. However, as we discussed in our episode on
Speaker 1: the Tulsa race it and Black Wall Street, the term
Speaker 1: race riot is often a misnomer because it suggests racial
Speaker 1: violence in which the races involved are equal aggressors. It
Speaker 1: was a misnomer during the destruction of Black Wall Street
Speaker 1: in Tulsa, and it was a misnomer. During Red Summer,
Speaker 1: overwhelmingly the instigators in Red Summer were white citizens, and
Speaker 1: overwhelmingly Black people, along with their homes, businesses, and entire neighborhoods,
Speaker 1: were the victims. One of the most dramatic moments in
Speaker 1: Red Summer took place that July when a riot broke
Speaker 1: out in Chicago after a black teenager drowned. He had
Speaker 1: been using a customarily whites only beach and people did
Speaker 1: not like that and they stoned him, so he drowned
Speaker 1: after being stoned. As a result of this particular riot,
Speaker 1: almost forty people were killed, five hundred were injured, and
Speaker 1: about a thousand Black families were left homeless after a
Speaker 1: white mob burned their homes down. The last major event
Speaker 1: in Red Summer actually took place in October and he
Speaker 1: lay in Arkansas, black sharecroppers, attempting to organize themselves to
Speaker 1: advocate for better treatment were massacred by a white mob.
Speaker 1: Somewhere between one hundred and two hundred Black sharecroppers were killed.
Speaker 1: In the aftermath, many more black share croppers were arrested
Speaker 1: and jailed. Many were put on trial, and some were
Speaker 1: sentenced to death by all white juries even though they
Speaker 1: had actually been the victims and not the instigators. So
Speaker 1: that's why, even though World War One inspired a ground
Speaker 1: swell of organized advocacy for equal rights for black citizens,
Speaker 1: it doesn't come to the forefront very often. And it's
Speaker 1: also not a particularly good place to end this episode,
Speaker 1: So we are going to turn back to the story
Speaker 1: of Henry Johnson for a moment. So there's widespread belief
Speaker 1: that Johnson received no disability compensation from the government because
Speaker 1: of the clerical error in his discharged papers, and that
Speaker 1: he died in obscure poverty. So while the last part
Speaker 1: of that is actually sadly mostly true, the first part
Speaker 1: does not hold up a the examination of the records.
Speaker 1: News articles and military records from the time indicate that
Speaker 1: Johnson was a patient at Walter Reed Hospital, that he
Speaker 1: received a disability statement stipend of about ninety dollars a month,
Speaker 1: which would not have been a lot of money, but
Speaker 1: was there. Most of this misinformation stems from the fact
Speaker 1: that Herman Johnson, who served with a Tuskeye Airmen, seems
Speaker 1: to have mistakenly genuinely believed that Henry Johnson was his father.
Speaker 1: He gave interviews about his father's life that were based
Speaker 1: on his own knowledge, which was actually incomplete, and Johnson
Speaker 1: did die at a sadly young age of myocarditis, after
Speaker 1: having had a series of complications with the many injuries
Speaker 1: he sustained in combat, along with tuberculosis. He was buried
Speaker 1: in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors on July five.
Speaker 1: The sight of his grave was actually lost until two
Speaker 1: thousand two. In the intervening years, his family had believed
Speaker 1: that he was actually buried in an anonymous grave in Albany,
Speaker 1: in part because they had lost touch with him, and
Speaker 1: in part because the Army made a clerical error in
Speaker 1: the name of who was buried in the grave. Henry
Speaker 1: Johnson was posthumously awarded a Purple Heart, which is for
Speaker 1: soldiers who were wounded or killed in action in it
Speaker 1: didn't actually exist yet when he was wounded. In two
Speaker 1: thousand three, after the location of his grave was found,
Speaker 1: he was also awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, and he
Speaker 1: was posthumously promoted to sergeant after finding a memo from
Speaker 1: General John J. Pershing describing Johnson's velorous deeds in a database.
Speaker 1: Senator Charles Schumer of New York started a petition to
Speaker 1: have imposthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Sergeant Henry Johnson
Speaker 1: was awarded the Medal of Honor on June two. It
Speaker 1: was accepted on his behalf by Command Sergeant Major Lewis
Speaker 1: Wilson of the New York National Guarden. His official citation
Speaker 1: ends quote Private Johnson's extraordinary heroism and selflessness above and
Speaker 1: beyond the call of duty are in keeping with the
Speaker 1: highest traditions of military service, and reflect great credit upon himself,
Speaker 1: his unit, and the United States Army. And there's also
Speaker 1: a cool graphic novel about the whole thing. I think
Speaker 1: it is probably cool. It's by Max Brooks, who has
Speaker 1: done a lot of other graphic novels, some of them
Speaker 1: not historically related at all. I did check it out
Speaker 1: from the library. I have not yet had time to
Speaker 1: read it before recording this episode, but it looks really good. Ah,
Speaker 1: so that is it is. Well, it's kind of a
Speaker 1: meandering story through. I think I might have said this
Speaker 1: in the show before. We have three categories of sad episodes, right,
Speaker 1: we have the ones that we know we're going to
Speaker 1: be sad, and then we get into it and we
Speaker 1: realize it's a lot sadder than we thought. And then
Speaker 1: we have the ones that we know we're gonna be
Speaker 1: really sad, but we are doing them because we think
Speaker 1: it's important or maybe a lot of people have asked
Speaker 1: us to do it. And then we have the ones
Speaker 1: that are like today, which is that I picked something
Speaker 1: because it sounds cool, and then I get into it
Speaker 1: and I go, oh, this is this is hurting me.
Speaker 1: So I had picked the Harlem hell Fighters based on
Speaker 1: probably a uh like a blog post or a tumbler
Speaker 1: post or something somewhere that was about this really amazing
Speaker 1: all black fighting regiment in World War One and how
Speaker 1: great they were and how much valor and bravery they
Speaker 1: exhibited and how awesome. And I was like, well, yeah,
Speaker 1: I want to talk about those guys. And then I
Speaker 1: was like, oh, dear, this sad, Oh sad things are happening.
Speaker 1: YEA history is full of those surprise little pop up.
Speaker 1: Thank you so much for joining us today for this
Speaker 1: Saturday classic. If you have heard any kind of email
Speaker 1: address or maybe a Facebook you are l during the
Speaker 1: course of the episode that might be obsolete. It might
Speaker 1: be doubly obsolete because we have changed our email address again.
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