1 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:11,200 Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to food Stuff. I'm Annie Reeve and 2 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:15,760 Speaker 1: I'm Lauren Vogelbaum, and today we're talking about the tomatoes, 3 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:21,239 Speaker 1: the tomato of catchup soup. Fame's fame, sure, And while 4 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:24,080 Speaker 1: it might be incredibly popular in a whole range of 5 00:00:24,079 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: products today, it used to be quite feared. Yeah, people 6 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 1: were terrified of the tomato. And it's gone through a 7 00:00:31,480 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: lot of names over its history. The poisonous apple, love apple, 8 00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: the wolf peach, wolf peach, I love it, tax evader, pimp. 9 00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:46,240 Speaker 1: No really used to go by that. It almost makes 10 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:51,480 Speaker 1: you want to call the whole thing off. But never fear. 11 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:54,280 Speaker 1: We don't call things off here at food Stuff. Also, 12 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:57,320 Speaker 1: don't throw tomatoes at us for that or any future 13 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:00,760 Speaker 1: terrible jokes. Please. The potato tomato thing is going to 14 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:03,760 Speaker 1: come back, so sorry about it. So so let's let's 15 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:06,160 Speaker 1: kick this off, as we generally do, by talking about 16 00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:09,680 Speaker 1: what is it? Well, what is it? Laan, It's delicious, 17 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 1: it is. The tomato is a fruit that grows on 18 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:15,640 Speaker 1: tenderish stems that can be either bushy or vine like. 19 00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:19,479 Speaker 1: And yes, according to scientific taxonomy, it is a fruit. 20 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:22,080 Speaker 1: It grows from the ovary of a flower and it 21 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:26,720 Speaker 1: contains seeds fruit. Um, it's actually a berry technically, but 22 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:29,800 Speaker 1: according to the law that can be a different story. 23 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:33,080 Speaker 1: More on that later. The word comes from the as 24 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:36,280 Speaker 1: te tama til which we mentioned in our Bloody Marry episode, 25 00:01:36,440 --> 00:01:38,399 Speaker 1: and that's said to come from the root to swell 26 00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 1: or to plump, meaning something like a like the swelling 27 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: fruit makes sense sure, And the English spelling of tomato 28 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:47,560 Speaker 1: is thought to have been influenced by the word potato, 29 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 1: which originated a bit earlier, but around the same time. Okay, 30 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: there you go. They are a perennial plant, which means 31 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:56,080 Speaker 1: for all those gardeners out there, that they will live 32 00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: more than one year if you protect them from winter frosts. 33 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 1: But they're usually grown as an annual do to winter frosts, 34 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,120 Speaker 1: that is, for a single season, and then replaced with 35 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:08,560 Speaker 1: new seeds or new plants. The bushy varieties are usually 36 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:12,360 Speaker 1: what's called determinate tomatoes, which which fruit all at once 37 00:02:12,639 --> 00:02:15,160 Speaker 1: uh during during their growing season over the course of 38 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 1: just a couple of weeks, So all of a sudden, 39 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:20,959 Speaker 1: you go from zero to all all the effing tomatoes. Yeah. 40 00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:24,799 Speaker 1: The viney ones, meanwhile, are usually indeterminate tomatoes. Which means 41 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:27,959 Speaker 1: that they'll bloom and fruit like individual clusters of tomatoes 42 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:31,239 Speaker 1: over the course of of a longer season. I've always 43 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:33,560 Speaker 1: wanted to grow tomatoes, but I've been told that that 44 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: is a tricky one to start with. Yeah, and I 45 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:40,480 Speaker 1: have a bad track record those plants. Yeah, we both 46 00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: kind of have black thumbs or not. I don't know. 47 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:48,399 Speaker 1: Minds like greenish black, Okay, yeah, yeah, okay, Well you've 48 00:02:48,400 --> 00:02:52,160 Speaker 1: had some success, there's potential for success for you. Yeah. Yeah, 49 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:55,800 Speaker 1: mind's like Wicked, which of the West colors? Yeah, that's okay. Yeah. 50 00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:01,519 Speaker 1: Throughout throughout history, um, most tomatoes that people ate were 51 00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:04,760 Speaker 1: what we now call heirloom tomatoes, meaning that they fruit 52 00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: via open pollination and their seeds generally produce about the 53 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: same fruit as their parents. Lots of the tomatoes were 54 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:14,800 Speaker 1: having grocery stores today, though, are known as hybrid tomatoes. 55 00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:17,399 Speaker 1: That is, they were developed from wild strains and must 56 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:20,800 Speaker 1: be carefully cross pollinated in order to produce standardized fruit 57 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:24,120 Speaker 1: or order fruit at all. Really, because if you if 58 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:27,000 Speaker 1: you plant seeds from them, they're not guaranteed to grow fruit, 59 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:31,040 Speaker 1: let alone of fruit resembling their parent plant. Oh yeah, 60 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 1: Tomatoes in general are hecken popular. They're one of the 61 00:03:34,960 --> 00:03:39,000 Speaker 1: largest most lucrative vegetable crops in the world. Heavy scare quotes. 62 00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 1: They're they're up there with like potatoes, onions, and lettuce, 63 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:44,760 Speaker 1: which are big ones. Yeah, the global industry was worth 64 00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:47,960 Speaker 1: four point two billion dollars as of two thousand three, 65 00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 1: and it's generally an industry that sees increases year over year, 66 00:03:51,600 --> 00:03:55,560 Speaker 1: so it's probably even bigger now. Yeah, probably, But this 67 00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: was not always so, no way, not at all. Like 68 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:00,920 Speaker 1: any said earlier, people used to be really scared of them. 69 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: And we'll get to that right after. We take a 70 00:04:03,560 --> 00:04:15,120 Speaker 1: quick break for a word from our sponsor, and we're back. 71 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:19,520 Speaker 1: Thank you sponsor. So the earliest ancestor of the tomato 72 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:23,159 Speaker 1: most likely originated in South and Central America, where it 73 00:04:23,320 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: descended and evolved from the deadly nightshade plant over millions 74 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:30,960 Speaker 1: of years. It was small and probably more yellow than red, 75 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:33,600 Speaker 1: and the leaves were slightly poisonous, and the small, more 76 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:37,560 Speaker 1: yellow than red version was called the pimp by the way, 77 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:42,560 Speaker 1: still around yes, absolutely, around five b C. The Aztecs 78 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:45,840 Speaker 1: domesticated the tomato and began using it in their cooking, 79 00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:52,560 Speaker 1: also sometimes as a hallucinogenic and the seeds as an aphrodisiac. Yeah, 80 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:58,279 Speaker 1: very useful. Um. From there, other South and Central American 81 00:04:58,400 --> 00:05:04,039 Speaker 1: civilizations integrated the tomato into their cuisine. Freakness sake. So 82 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:07,279 Speaker 1: you have to talk about Christopher Columbus again again, pops 83 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:11,080 Speaker 1: up all the time. He probably ran across tomatoes in 84 00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:15,160 Speaker 1: and maybe possibly took them back to Europe or their 85 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:19,720 Speaker 1: seeds at least. Yeah, we're not positive. Spanish conquisador Hernan 86 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:22,080 Speaker 1: Cortez for sure did, however, and took the seeds he 87 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:26,240 Speaker 1: retreat from the fallen aastic city of Toolan to Europe. 88 00:05:26,279 --> 00:05:32,240 Speaker 1: In By the fifteen forties, Spain was producing tomatoes. A 89 00:05:32,320 --> 00:05:35,320 Speaker 1: fifteen forty four Nepalese cookbook contained of the first known 90 00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:41,240 Speaker 1: written reference to the tomato. Arthur Pietro and Mattioli classified 91 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:44,479 Speaker 1: the tomato as a man drake and a nightshade. This 92 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:48,240 Speaker 1: was not the best thing to be classified as. Italian 93 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:51,960 Speaker 1: nobility used the plan as a table top decoration, believing 94 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:56,320 Speaker 1: the tomato to be poisonous. How Edgy and goth I know, like, 95 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:59,039 Speaker 1: let's let's take this beautiful man drink and put it 96 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: on our table. This poisonous thing yeah, just put it 97 00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:07,280 Speaker 1: where we eat, I mean, as it turns out. Yeah, yeah, 98 00:06:07,440 --> 00:06:11,679 Speaker 1: I know. Ultimately everything was fine. Yes. The English also 99 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:15,479 Speaker 1: believed that the tomato was poisonous after the introduction of 100 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:19,599 Speaker 1: the plant in The word tomato first appeared two years 101 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:24,920 Speaker 1: earlier in but it wasn't the most flattering mentioned. John 102 00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:29,480 Speaker 1: Gerard's popular English herbal described the tomato as poisonous and 103 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:35,679 Speaker 1: quote of rank and stinking savor, and in part because 104 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:39,760 Speaker 1: of this, the tomato earned the nickname poison apple, rank 105 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:43,640 Speaker 1: and stinking. Personally, tomato vines are actually one of my 106 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:46,680 Speaker 1: very favorite sense on the entire planet. It is a 107 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:51,920 Speaker 1: lovely smell. It's so green and summary. I know at 108 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:54,919 Speaker 1: this point you're probably wondering why the Europeans thought the 109 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:58,480 Speaker 1: tomato was poisonous. They had a couple of reasons. Actually, 110 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:04,600 Speaker 1: wealthy Europeans like to eat off these pewter plates which 111 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: had a lot of lead. Oh, tomatoes have a lot 112 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:14,520 Speaker 1: of acid, And turns out acid leads to leakage leads 113 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:18,320 Speaker 1: to lead, poisoning leads to death sometimes. So it's like 114 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:21,760 Speaker 1: like Flint Michigan on a platform, right, beautiful. Yeah, so 115 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:26,120 Speaker 1: you can see how they make that connection. Okay, sure, yeah. 116 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:28,520 Speaker 1: Poor people didn't have this problem, however, because they weren't 117 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: eating off the fancy pewter plates, so they would eat tomatoes, 118 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:37,000 Speaker 1: particularly in Italy. So there's something we can lay some 119 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:43,680 Speaker 1: of the blame on. French botanist Joseph Piton. In two 120 00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:47,040 Speaker 1: he made what may well be the first botanical classification. 121 00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:50,960 Speaker 1: Previous botanists had recognized the relationship to the suleny c 122 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:55,720 Speaker 1: I family, but Piton disputed the subclass sullen numb instead 123 00:07:55,960 --> 00:07:58,239 Speaker 1: thought they belonged in a new grouping of plants called 124 00:07:58,480 --> 00:08:05,200 Speaker 1: leco person, which is Greek for wolf peach. So fantastic. 125 00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:09,080 Speaker 1: Why don't we call it that. I'm gonna start right 126 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:13,240 Speaker 1: now is the time we're going to start a new trend. Right. 127 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: The term is similar to the old German term meaning 128 00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:18,480 Speaker 1: the same and stint from the belief that members of 129 00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:22,040 Speaker 1: the solana c I family, the like say wolf Spain 130 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:26,640 Speaker 1: or nightshade, could be used to summon werewolves. Isn't that awesome? 131 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:30,800 Speaker 1: It's some of these plants were hallucinogenic, So that's a 132 00:08:30,800 --> 00:08:33,960 Speaker 1: good reason why people might have thought that I cannot 133 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:35,920 Speaker 1: tell you how happy I am, and we get to 134 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:39,520 Speaker 1: talk about wolves Spaine and wear wolves in this episode. Yeah, 135 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:41,520 Speaker 1: I had no idea about that. I knew about the 136 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:45,120 Speaker 1: night shade, I didn't know about the werewolves. Werewolves are 137 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:48,439 Speaker 1: always you know, they're a surprise. They're popping up on you. 138 00:08:48,440 --> 00:08:51,520 Speaker 1: You never see them coming. That's true. You really should 139 00:08:51,559 --> 00:08:53,760 Speaker 1: though a full moon thing. Yeah, I mean, come on, 140 00:08:54,160 --> 00:08:58,480 Speaker 1: pay attention, Come on. Carl Linnas, the guy who invented 141 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:03,760 Speaker 1: six level taxonomy didn't really help by reversing Paton's classification 142 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:09,800 Speaker 1: but keeping the name like oper scon Yeah, there's a 143 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:11,800 Speaker 1: whole website called tomatoes are Evil. By the way, I 144 00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:14,920 Speaker 1: just want to throw that out there. Is it about 145 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:19,280 Speaker 1: how Yeah, I think it's a joke. I couldn't really tell. 146 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:22,360 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure it's a joke. And it's like the 147 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:27,120 Speaker 1: tomato ruined your whole life and here's how. And just 148 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:31,880 Speaker 1: like examples from history of how people fought negatively about 149 00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,480 Speaker 1: the tomato, but the French might not have had the 150 00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:38,199 Speaker 1: same hang up because they refer to the tomato as 151 00:09:38,240 --> 00:09:42,920 Speaker 1: palm damor our love apples brief aside. Here, the etymology 152 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:46,200 Speaker 1: of this lovely term is debated and delightful, and it 153 00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:48,800 Speaker 1: hinges on the origins of the Italian word for tomato, 154 00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: which is palmadoro. Okay, there are two popular stories for 155 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:54,960 Speaker 1: how this name came about. First, that it derives from 156 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:58,240 Speaker 1: palm to oro or the golden apple. As we said, 157 00:09:58,240 --> 00:09:59,839 Speaker 1: a lot of the tomatoes at the time were more 158 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:02,240 Speaker 1: hello than read when they were ripe. And adding to this, 159 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:07,200 Speaker 1: a popular opera in seventeenth century Italy was called It 160 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:09,880 Speaker 1: was a story of Heiris's golden apple, you know, inscribed 161 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:13,240 Speaker 1: to the most beautiful Goddess caused a lot of problems. Yeah, 162 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:17,000 Speaker 1: so the phrase was definitely in the public's consciousness at 163 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:19,760 Speaker 1: the time, which makes some people think that, you know, 164 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:21,480 Speaker 1: they were like, oh, look, look it's like a tiny 165 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:26,079 Speaker 1: little golden apple, right. Cool but less romantic and perhaps 166 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:29,320 Speaker 1: more likely, the name may have derived from Pomo di moro, 167 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:32,600 Speaker 1: or fruit of the Moors, that the Moorish people were 168 00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: known at the time for introducing exotic foods to the 169 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:38,720 Speaker 1: Mediterranean or to the North Mediterranean. Rather pomad Morrow, for example, 170 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:41,679 Speaker 1: was also a term for egg plants around that time. Now, 171 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,880 Speaker 1: believers in each legend explained the other by saying that 172 00:10:44,920 --> 00:10:49,360 Speaker 1: English historians later mistranslated the etymology and believers in both 173 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:53,600 Speaker 1: sometimes say that the French mistranslated pomadoro to get palms 174 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:56,840 Speaker 1: d more. The story here goes that a French traveler 175 00:10:56,880 --> 00:10:59,520 Speaker 1: asked an Italian chef about a particularly excellent dinner, and 176 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:03,000 Speaker 1: when the started talking about pomadoro, the French dude or 177 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,680 Speaker 1: you know, human, misheard and subbed in words from his 178 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:11,240 Speaker 1: own language, palm dmore. Ah, so it's kind of like 179 00:11:11,320 --> 00:11:15,000 Speaker 1: he said, she said, Blame the French, plame the English. Sure, 180 00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:17,920 Speaker 1: either way, the tomato really did grow very well in 181 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:20,839 Speaker 1: southern end Or province. Sheal France. Where was that extra 182 00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:22,880 Speaker 1: world are coming from? I don't know, let's keep going. 183 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:26,240 Speaker 1: It was introduced there via cultural trade with northern Italy, 184 00:11:26,559 --> 00:11:29,600 Speaker 1: though supposedly the tomato was grown in France for a 185 00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:32,680 Speaker 1: whole generation as like a like a bug repellent, like 186 00:11:32,720 --> 00:11:35,320 Speaker 1: an aunt in mosquito repellent in gardens before anyone was 187 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:38,439 Speaker 1: willing to try eating them. That is a very interesting 188 00:11:38,559 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 1: solution to an aunt and mosquito problem. Do tomatoes keepaway 189 00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:45,920 Speaker 1: aunt mosquitoes? I'm not sure. I didn't run across that 190 00:11:45,960 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: in my research. And how they do? I feel like 191 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,400 Speaker 1: it would attract them. I think I think it's more 192 00:11:50,440 --> 00:11:55,080 Speaker 1: the vines okay, like the nightshade. The vines are okay, 193 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:58,559 Speaker 1: all right. Slowly Europe started accepting the tomato as a 194 00:11:58,640 --> 00:12:01,800 Speaker 1: thing that could be eaten with how killing you. It 195 00:12:01,920 --> 00:12:05,920 Speaker 1: started appearing in eighteenth century British soups and more widely 196 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:09,280 Speaker 1: on French menus. It made its way to Asia, and 197 00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,439 Speaker 1: it's around this time they started making some headway in 198 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:16,880 Speaker 1: the US, thanks in part to one Thomas Jefferson. He 199 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:21,240 Speaker 1: also also all the time I Know. In seventeen ten, 200 00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:23,840 Speaker 1: the first known or written mention of the tomato in 201 00:12:23,880 --> 00:12:28,959 Speaker 1: North America popped up in William Salmon's Biologica. It appeared 202 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 1: in a few periodicals in the years following, but was 203 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:35,960 Speaker 1: still viewed with suspicion. But as it grew more accepted, 204 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:42,640 Speaker 1: a new menace appeared, the green tomato worm. Green tomato worm. 205 00:12:42,760 --> 00:12:46,600 Speaker 1: That's right, here's the quote. The tomato in all of 206 00:12:46,640 --> 00:12:50,640 Speaker 1: our gardens is infested with a very large, thick bodied 207 00:12:50,679 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: green worm with o bleak white steriles along its sides 208 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:57,800 Speaker 1: and a curved, thorn like horn at the end of 209 00:12:57,880 --> 00:13:02,960 Speaker 1: its back. That's terrify. Yes, if this thing weren't like 210 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:05,960 Speaker 1: a centimeter long I'd be really upset. It can't have 211 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:10,319 Speaker 1: been that big, right, I mean, well, I don't know, okay. 212 00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 1: Ralph Waldo Amerson described these worms as an object of 213 00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:18,160 Speaker 1: much terror. My goodness, I'm looking up a picture right now. 214 00:13:19,320 --> 00:13:23,680 Speaker 1: Another man, Dr Fuller, decried the worm as being quote 215 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:26,720 Speaker 1: poisonous as a rattle snake, and that the thing would 216 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: spit at you and cause immediate swelling. What this sounds 217 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:34,000 Speaker 1: like something like something out of an alien movie. It 218 00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:37,760 Speaker 1: sounds I would not want to encounter this, That's all 219 00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:39,840 Speaker 1: I know. All the pictures I'm coming up with are 220 00:13:40,080 --> 00:13:46,240 Speaker 1: these incredibly adorable, like slightly bulbous green caterpillars. They were terrifying. 221 00:13:46,280 --> 00:13:50,800 Speaker 1: Apparently they're so cute. Are you sure you're just not 222 00:13:50,840 --> 00:13:53,720 Speaker 1: one of those people that like, well, okay, it looks 223 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:57,160 Speaker 1: a little bit terrifying, but it but like mostly, I mean, 224 00:13:57,160 --> 00:13:59,840 Speaker 1: this could be a san real character. It could be 225 00:13:59,840 --> 00:14:02,319 Speaker 1: a in real character. The head does look like the 226 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:05,920 Speaker 1: head of the queen from Alien a little bit, okay. 227 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:10,400 Speaker 1: And the size, what is the size they're they're like 228 00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 1: they're like palm length, okay. Aforementioned Thomas Jefferson felt no 229 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:19,960 Speaker 1: such fear at this worm. However, and apparently his daughters 230 00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: and granddaughters liked to use them in things like gumbo. 231 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:28,400 Speaker 1: The tomatoes, not the worms. Yeah, oh gosh, I'm guessing. Well, yeah, 232 00:14:28,440 --> 00:14:31,200 Speaker 1: I would assume because if the worm fear is sweeping 233 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 1: the nation is keeping people away from tomatoes. He felt 234 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:38,760 Speaker 1: no fear at either the tomato or the worm, and 235 00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:42,680 Speaker 1: in eighteen four speech, Jefferson's son in law said that 236 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:46,560 Speaker 1: despite being an unknown entity for ten years, tomatoes were 237 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:51,640 Speaker 1: by the time of the speech all the rage. Another 238 00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:56,440 Speaker 1: theory is that in eighteen thirty Cornel Robert Gibbon Johnson 239 00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,200 Speaker 1: decided he was going to eat a basket of tomatoes 240 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:02,360 Speaker 1: on the court how steps, and a crowd gathered to 241 00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:07,560 Speaker 1: watch him slowly die, and when nothing happened, people were like, oh, 242 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:11,360 Speaker 1: maybe we can eat this thing. It'll be fine. So 243 00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 1: maybe that was one way that the tomato became more 244 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:19,040 Speaker 1: acceptably accepted. Yes, our buddy Brilliant Savarin wrote in his 245 00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:22,760 Speaker 1: book The Physiology of Taste that the tomato was a 246 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:25,480 Speaker 1: newly popular thing in Paris at the time. He said 247 00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,280 Speaker 1: that it had been almost entirely unknown fifteen years previous, 248 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:30,800 Speaker 1: much like in America. He didn't write that part but 249 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:32,760 Speaker 1: I'm just drawing a parallel. He said that at first 250 00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:35,560 Speaker 1: they were very expensive, but now common in markets. He 251 00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:37,640 Speaker 1: said it was introduced to Paris by the influx of 252 00:15:37,680 --> 00:15:40,440 Speaker 1: people from the south of France during the Revolution, and 253 00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:44,520 Speaker 1: he said, quote, tomatoes are a great blessing to food cookery. 254 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:47,280 Speaker 1: They make excellent sauces which go well with every kind 255 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:52,120 Speaker 1: of meat. Oh, yeah, that sounds which I think it's true. Yeah, 256 00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,360 Speaker 1: I agree. Thanks in part to canning and to the 257 00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,560 Speaker 1: Civil Wars and need for canned goods, tomatoes, which were 258 00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:03,160 Speaker 1: particularly suited for being canned, grew in popularity, culminating in 259 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:10,760 Speaker 1: when Joseph Campbell Wait that Campbell yep that Campbell introduced 260 00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:17,040 Speaker 1: canned tomato soup m a subject of art and much debate. 261 00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:21,760 Speaker 1: I find people are very polarized about tomato soup. I 262 00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:24,480 Speaker 1: think that's a whole other episode, for sure. Definitely. A 263 00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:27,440 Speaker 1: couple of years before this, in eight seven, a US 264 00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:32,480 Speaker 1: tariff placed a ten tax increase on vegetables but not 265 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: on fruit. Tomato importer John Nicks was having none of it. 266 00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: Any suit apport New York claiming that since tomatoes really 267 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: were fruit, they should be exempt makes sense. Yet the 268 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:49,600 Speaker 1: Justice ever seeing the case, disagreed, writing that vegetables quote 269 00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:52,840 Speaker 1: usually served at dinner in with or after the soup, 270 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:56,480 Speaker 1: fish or meats, which constitute the principal part of the 271 00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,880 Speaker 1: root past, and not like fruits, generally as a dessert 272 00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:03,680 Speaker 1: end quote. This. This case went to the Supreme Court. 273 00:17:04,080 --> 00:17:06,560 Speaker 1: That was a justice of the Supreme Court who said 274 00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:10,840 Speaker 1: that and and this, this tomato is a is legally 275 00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:15,040 Speaker 1: a vegetable. Law has influenced other tariff cases, like there 276 00:17:15,080 --> 00:17:17,639 Speaker 1: was one from where an importer of pillows that were 277 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:20,320 Speaker 1: shaped like animals argued that they did not have to 278 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:23,320 Speaker 1: pay a pillow tariff because their product was actually a 279 00:17:23,320 --> 00:17:27,160 Speaker 1: stuffed animal. I can see that that didn't work either. 280 00:17:29,119 --> 00:17:35,679 Speaker 1: Nice try, but yes, this canning technology lead to a 281 00:17:35,840 --> 00:17:40,000 Speaker 1: dramatic increase in use of and demand for tomatoes, which 282 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,440 Speaker 1: were too delicate to really travel at the time. Speaking 283 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:49,159 Speaker 1: of yes, in the nineteen hundreds, breeders like Alexander W. 284 00:17:49,359 --> 00:17:52,679 Speaker 1: Livingston started developing a lot of the surviving strains of 285 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,400 Speaker 1: what we today call heirloom tomatoes. These folks were part 286 00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: of a larger scientific and or agricultural movement to category 287 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,840 Speaker 1: eyes and perfect plants and animals of all kinds uh. 288 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 1: This is when a lot of the competitive fairs and 289 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,320 Speaker 1: growing competitions that we still have today, mostly in rural 290 00:18:09,359 --> 00:18:11,600 Speaker 1: areas but kind of kind of all over the place 291 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:14,119 Speaker 1: started really popping up, and there was there was a 292 00:18:14,119 --> 00:18:19,119 Speaker 1: hole to do about competitive pigeon breeding in Vienna. I 293 00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:22,520 Speaker 1: just wanted to throw that in the thing. Um. Anyway, 294 00:18:22,880 --> 00:18:24,760 Speaker 1: a lot of a lot of the tomato strains developed 295 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:28,240 Speaker 1: during this time to be the tastiest or biggest, or weirdest, 296 00:18:28,320 --> 00:18:31,640 Speaker 1: or sturdiest or otherwise superlative have been lost, but lots 297 00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:34,480 Speaker 1: of others were kept and passed down through the generations. 298 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:37,640 Speaker 1: And by nineteen twenty, I just wanted to throw this 299 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:41,200 Speaker 1: in there. Hot tomato was slaying for an attractive lady 300 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:43,480 Speaker 1: based on the idea of you know, like like plumpness, 301 00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:48,520 Speaker 1: you know, right, yeah, sure. I also want to mention 302 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:52,119 Speaker 1: in our notes sometimes when when when Annie has reached 303 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:55,199 Speaker 1: a like a stopping point she that doesn't necessarily need 304 00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:56,840 Speaker 1: to be stopping point, she she puts it in big, 305 00:18:56,880 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: big block letters, this could probably be expanded upon something 306 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:02,719 Speaker 1: like that. And she did this right after the Tomato 307 00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:06,119 Speaker 1: Hot Ladies slang note. And I just really had a 308 00:19:06,119 --> 00:19:12,080 Speaker 1: good giggle to myself thinking about specifically the playing portion 309 00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:15,440 Speaker 1: being expanded upon. She didn't mean that, she meant the 310 00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:19,439 Speaker 1: scientific part. Sometimes I get excited. You guys, I do 311 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:24,800 Speaker 1: love some slang. It's really great. Yes. Uh. Anyway, um 312 00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:28,760 Speaker 1: circle of the nineteen thirties, refrigeration and shipping technologies were 313 00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: improving to the point that large scale farms could provide 314 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:35,959 Speaker 1: produce to wide regions, but most heirloom tomatoes were way 315 00:19:36,040 --> 00:19:40,159 Speaker 1: too finicky for that, so agricultural researchers were set to 316 00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:43,680 Speaker 1: the task of making sturdier, more uniform tomatoes. And that's 317 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:46,440 Speaker 1: where our hybrids come from. Uh. These these strains were 318 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: developed to be more resistant to disease and to have 319 00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:52,000 Speaker 1: thicker skins and brighter colors. Um, you know, making sure 320 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,320 Speaker 1: that they wouldn't burst during shipping and that they would 321 00:19:54,359 --> 00:19:57,320 Speaker 1: look pretty on store shelves. Legend has it that the 322 00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,399 Speaker 1: labs instructed their scientists to think of what would make 323 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,679 Speaker 1: a tomato a good projectile and work on developing traits 324 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:08,200 Speaker 1: from there, which brings us to Yes. Before we move 325 00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:10,960 Speaker 1: on from the history, I want to add this random 326 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:14,560 Speaker 1: factory because I was really curious about why in pop 327 00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:19,239 Speaker 1: culture people throw rotten tomatoes at performances or performers they 328 00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:22,960 Speaker 1: don't like, hence the website of that name, rotten tomatoes 329 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:26,800 Speaker 1: dot com. Yes, turns out people have never really thrown tomatoes, 330 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:30,960 Speaker 1: not on mass anyway. But they have thrown peanuts, which 331 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:36,080 Speaker 1: is where peanut gallery comes from, eggs, jelly beans much later, 332 00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,760 Speaker 1: even at a Beatles concert. Yeah, and in the case 333 00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:45,520 Speaker 1: of Emperor Ella Gabala's yeah, venomous snakes. Venomous snakes, he 334 00:20:45,680 --> 00:20:48,800 Speaker 1: threw venomous snakes, but he actually threw the more at 335 00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:52,840 Speaker 1: the crowd and more for his amusement. Oh, he seems 336 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:55,920 Speaker 1: like a great guy, doesn't he. I can't imagine living 337 00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:58,280 Speaker 1: under his rule. He also did it to clear people 338 00:20:58,320 --> 00:21:01,160 Speaker 1: out if he just wanted to get home more quickly. 339 00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:05,560 Speaker 1: To be super fair, I've had I've had concert experiences 340 00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,040 Speaker 1: when the show is over, Like, I would definitely throw 341 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:10,480 Speaker 1: any mistakes snakes into the crowd if I could get 342 00:21:10,480 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: out of there in like less than forty five minutes. 343 00:21:13,080 --> 00:21:15,920 Speaker 1: Learning a lot about you, Laurens sorry about it this process. 344 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:19,480 Speaker 1: Lauren wants to get out of their A S A P. 345 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:24,639 Speaker 1: Not all the time. I can be patient. There is 346 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:27,760 Speaker 1: one known documented case of tomatoes being thrown at a 347 00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:30,360 Speaker 1: performer in the US, where the crowds were known as 348 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:35,679 Speaker 1: quote the rowdiest of all, and audience members showed up 349 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:42,600 Speaker 1: with armfuls of foods fit for hurling. Yes, and this included, 350 00:21:42,680 --> 00:21:45,760 Speaker 1: at least in this one case, tomatoes, which were cheap, 351 00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:51,400 Speaker 1: smelly throwing size, and they made a nice splat on impact. 352 00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: Mm hmmm. Here's a snippet from the three New York 353 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:02,960 Speaker 1: Times article detailing performer John rich She's harrowing experience. A 354 00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:06,439 Speaker 1: large tomato thrown from the gallery struck him square between 355 00:22:06,440 --> 00:22:10,159 Speaker 1: the eyes. Then the tomatoes flew thick and fast, and 356 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:13,640 Speaker 1: which he fled for the stage door. The door was locked, 357 00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 1: and he ran the gauntlet for the ticket office through 358 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:22,920 Speaker 1: a perfect shower of tomatoes. Huh, isn't that a lovely image? 359 00:22:23,720 --> 00:22:27,480 Speaker 1: They really painted a good picture there. I can should 360 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:31,600 Speaker 1: see this guy running for it and the doors locked, 361 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:37,840 Speaker 1: tomatoes hails flying at him. I'm curious. I'm kind of 362 00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:39,960 Speaker 1: curious about his performance. I know he was trying to 363 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:43,720 Speaker 1: do a tight rope thing. I know that doesn't seem 364 00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:47,320 Speaker 1: deserving of I know that seems like an overreaction. Well, 365 00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:54,600 Speaker 1: they were the rowdiest audiences of all, so Peter pet Ah, 366 00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,760 Speaker 1: they did encourage the throwing of tomatoes at people wearing 367 00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:01,480 Speaker 1: fur due to their splat factor and color. And here's 368 00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:05,320 Speaker 1: a quote from the campaign, uh for wearers be warned. 369 00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:09,360 Speaker 1: Vigilante vegetables are ready to paint the town red. Yeah. 370 00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:14,840 Speaker 1: But other than that, no real scientific or historical basis. 371 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: But I mean that New York Times article that was 372 00:23:19,359 --> 00:23:23,200 Speaker 1: pretty good. I might I might feel like, well, we're 373 00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:27,399 Speaker 1: going with that from now on. So that wraps up 374 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:31,600 Speaker 1: our history segment. Well, now let's talk about some science. Yes, 375 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:34,280 Speaker 1: but first let's take a quick break again for a 376 00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:46,320 Speaker 1: word from our sponsor, and we're back, Thank you sponsor. 377 00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 1: So in in having wrapped up the history portion, I 378 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:52,600 Speaker 1: want to go into a little bit more history. But 379 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:55,439 Speaker 1: it's really like the modern history of the tomato, right. 380 00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: But to talk about that, we need to talk about 381 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:02,199 Speaker 1: that very first wild tomato species, the pimp um, because 382 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:04,280 Speaker 1: it is the ancestor of all of the varieties of 383 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:13,200 Speaker 1: tomato that we know and love today. Properly the slantum pimpanellifolium. Yeah, yeah, totally, 384 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,360 Speaker 1: but but it's known to botanists as the pimp Its 385 00:24:16,359 --> 00:24:20,360 Speaker 1: fruit is the size of a p so tiny, yeah 386 00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:23,560 Speaker 1: and really cute um and it still grows wild in 387 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:26,440 Speaker 1: Peru and Ecuador. Back in the nineteen forties or so, 388 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:29,760 Speaker 1: the pimp was one of the species that researchers were 389 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:33,600 Speaker 1: drawing from in developing heartier strains of tomatoes. There was 390 00:24:33,640 --> 00:24:36,959 Speaker 1: actually a widespread push to genetically map the tomato at 391 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:40,800 Speaker 1: the time, led by one at Charles MADERA Rick or C. N. Rick, 392 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:43,120 Speaker 1: a biologist who was once referred to as a cross 393 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:48,440 Speaker 1: between Charles Darwin and Indiana Jones. That's excellent, good for him, right. 394 00:24:49,560 --> 00:24:52,639 Speaker 1: His seed collecting expeditions to South America in the nineteen 395 00:24:52,640 --> 00:24:55,480 Speaker 1: forties and fifties, along with advances in genetics in the 396 00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:58,679 Speaker 1: sixties and seventies, led to our current understanding of the 397 00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:01,600 Speaker 1: tomato on on assigned to level. There's there's a tomato 398 00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:05,640 Speaker 1: genetics research center in his name at UC Davis. Wow, 399 00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:08,840 Speaker 1: which I love. And and if you, if anyone listening 400 00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 1: is a very serious tomato grower, you can get in 401 00:25:12,359 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: touch with them then and get them get some interesting 402 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:19,000 Speaker 1: information about tomato seeds and growing and uh and like 403 00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:21,199 Speaker 1: even like seed exchange kind of programs where like if 404 00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:22,560 Speaker 1: you want to try and grow on something, or like 405 00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 1: you want to send some of yours into get all 406 00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:27,560 Speaker 1: the research mapped up. It's really cool anyway. Part of 407 00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:30,399 Speaker 1: their work has been in mapping tomato species genomes to 408 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:33,760 Speaker 1: find out what kind of genetic diversity we're dealing with 409 00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:38,600 Speaker 1: in in modern wild and cultivated plants as often. They 410 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:42,199 Speaker 1: had sequenced three hundred and sixty varieties and found that 411 00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:45,159 Speaker 1: domestication of the tomato has depleted its gene pool in 412 00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,240 Speaker 1: a few in a few specific areas, including size, with 413 00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,119 Speaker 1: with larger fruit being preferred, and uh a lot of 414 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:54,360 Speaker 1: hybrid tomatoes are in fact a hundred times larger than 415 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: that original uh pimp tomato, and also in the genetic 416 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:03,359 Speaker 1: area of disease resistance, with a sturdy but but narrow 417 00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:08,280 Speaker 1: band of of diseases accounted for. So what does this 418 00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:13,320 Speaker 1: mean practically, Well, genetic diversity is good. It allows for 419 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:17,320 Speaker 1: happenstance that can create new excellent traits. So another part 420 00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:20,120 Speaker 1: of their work is trying to UH to basically undo 421 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:22,400 Speaker 1: some of the work that was done in creating and 422 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: propagating these hybrids. M Meanwhile, that tough skin that was 423 00:26:27,359 --> 00:26:32,320 Speaker 1: bred into modern hybrid tomatoes may be good for something tires. 424 00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:39,399 Speaker 1: What tires? We're talking about tires again. How is this happening? Okay? So, 425 00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:42,320 Speaker 1: one one of the ingredients in rubber tires is a 426 00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:45,120 Speaker 1: filler that's called carbon black, and it's it's a petroleum 427 00:26:45,160 --> 00:26:48,960 Speaker 1: based substance that makes the rubber more durable. It's actually 428 00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:50,800 Speaker 1: about a third of the makeup of a rubber tire. 429 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:53,760 Speaker 1: But since it's made from crude oil, it's not really 430 00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:56,080 Speaker 1: great for the environment, and its price is at the 431 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,440 Speaker 1: whim of the global oil industry. And since we've got 432 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:01,399 Speaker 1: more vehicles on the road than ever before, the tire 433 00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:06,520 Speaker 1: industry is looking for replacement solutions. Enter a research team 434 00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,240 Speaker 1: led by Ohio State University. They published a paper in 435 00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:13,040 Speaker 1: early seventeen about how a mixture of tomato peels for 436 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:17,399 Speaker 1: stability and eggshells for micro structure strength can replace a 437 00:27:17,480 --> 00:27:21,000 Speaker 1: portion of carbon black in rubber tires. It's fantastic and 438 00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:24,080 Speaker 1: if this catches on, it could help also reduce food 439 00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:26,680 Speaker 1: waste because the shells from eggs that are cracked before 440 00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:29,000 Speaker 1: delivery and tomato skins that go and used in the 441 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:32,240 Speaker 1: process of making processed sauces could be collected and put 442 00:27:32,280 --> 00:27:35,320 Speaker 1: to work. I love that that's so great. Every tire 443 00:27:35,359 --> 00:27:38,720 Speaker 1: story you've talked about so far has been excellent. I 444 00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:41,439 Speaker 1: hope that the tradition continues. We we used to have 445 00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:43,239 Speaker 1: we used to have a pizza break, and now now 446 00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:45,920 Speaker 1: we've got a tire break. Yeah, they're both great. Yeah, 447 00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:50,040 Speaker 1: we're evolving. The pizza one is obvious. I mean obviously. Um. 448 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,720 Speaker 1: I heard a story on NPR a couple of years 449 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:56,040 Speaker 1: ago about how most people probably have never had a 450 00:27:56,119 --> 00:28:01,280 Speaker 1: true heirloom tomato because in like grocery stores, what you're 451 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:05,320 Speaker 1: getting is a very uh yeah, like yeah, yeah, they 452 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:08,240 Speaker 1: might have like like five varieties of tomato, but they're 453 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:12,520 Speaker 1: all they're all hybrids. Yeah, I remember its sounding very dire. 454 00:28:12,720 --> 00:28:16,800 Speaker 1: Is called the airloom tomato problem. Yeah. It made me 455 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:19,640 Speaker 1: very sad because I probably have had a real one 456 00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:21,359 Speaker 1: before in my life. But they were saying, the taste 457 00:28:21,359 --> 00:28:25,000 Speaker 1: difference is so spectacular. Yeah, we'll try to look that 458 00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:28,080 Speaker 1: up and post it read about it. Yeah, definitely, And 459 00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:30,280 Speaker 1: a lot of a lot of the kind of marketing 460 00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:34,359 Speaker 1: buzz around heirloom tomatoes is that is that they have 461 00:28:34,440 --> 00:28:37,359 Speaker 1: so much more flavor than the hybrid products that were 462 00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:39,800 Speaker 1: kind of used to because you know, we weren't. We 463 00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:43,240 Speaker 1: weren't genetically selecting for flavor when we were developing those tomatoes. 464 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:46,600 Speaker 1: And so a lot of the proponents of growing and 465 00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:50,000 Speaker 1: consuming heirlooms are saying that, like, like, well, it has 466 00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:52,280 Speaker 1: a flavor, and that's why it's a little bit harder 467 00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:53,680 Speaker 1: to you know, it's a little bit more delicate to 468 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:57,400 Speaker 1: ship and stuff. But but think of the flavor. Yes, 469 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:04,480 Speaker 1: the flavor and way I think that wraps up tomatoes. Yeah, 470 00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,560 Speaker 1: and if you're thinking, gee, that was a short episode 471 00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:10,640 Speaker 1: about something so large and important to the world that 472 00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:13,720 Speaker 1: the tomatoes themselves are large, they're relatively small. But but 473 00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:17,360 Speaker 1: but yeah, we we can't go into every tomato product 474 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:21,120 Speaker 1: in this episode. Now we will do that in individual episodes, Yes, 475 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: a lot. Yeah. I we've gotten request for Ketchup, and 476 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:26,680 Speaker 1: I'm dying to talk about it because I don't know 477 00:29:26,720 --> 00:29:28,920 Speaker 1: if I've mentioned it on here. I've definitely said it 478 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,120 Speaker 1: to listeners. But I had a very weird engross Ketchup 479 00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:33,440 Speaker 1: phase when I was a kid where I was just 480 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:36,680 Speaker 1: like eating Ketchup. I preferred the Ketchup to the fries, 481 00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:39,200 Speaker 1: Like I'd get the fries and just use them as 482 00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:41,400 Speaker 1: a vehicle. Aw sometimes I wouldn't even eat them. I 483 00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:46,480 Speaker 1: just knew it was more acceptable than getting catch. So yes, 484 00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:52,360 Speaker 1: we will talk about these products specifically at a later date, 485 00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 1: but for now, this brings us to our a listener 486 00:29:55,360 --> 00:30:02,520 Speaker 1: male segment. Sophia wrote in about some ancient gin. She says, hello, 487 00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,280 Speaker 1: I listened to your podcast on gen and I remembered 488 00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:08,600 Speaker 1: something I learned on the British History podcast that might 489 00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:13,240 Speaker 1: interest you. Maya hul who works on the oh Aka 490 00:30:13,320 --> 00:30:16,920 Speaker 1: a Nick Beaker burial project. That sounds right, I probably 491 00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:20,800 Speaker 1: bitchered it, I apologize, was interviewed and she mentioned that 492 00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:24,680 Speaker 1: among the grave goods was a drinking vessel which may 493 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:28,080 Speaker 1: have held an early form of gin. The grave dates 494 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:31,320 Speaker 1: back to the Bronze Age in Scotland, and residue found 495 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:36,440 Speaker 1: in the vessel indicates the presence of juniper and meadow sweet. Obviously, 496 00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:39,320 Speaker 1: juniper is essential for the making of gin. Meadow sweet, 497 00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: on the other hand, is a flower with honey like 498 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:43,800 Speaker 1: flavor that could have been used to sweeten the gin. 499 00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:47,000 Speaker 1: As a result of this discovery, and due to the 500 00:30:47,080 --> 00:30:51,840 Speaker 1: publicity surrounding this project, a distillery has decided to make 501 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:55,760 Speaker 1: their own meadow sweet Gin Lovely Yeah, it isn't available 502 00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:58,480 Speaker 1: yet and it may only have a limited release, but 503 00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:01,880 Speaker 1: it's exciting to think we might have an opportunity to 504 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:04,760 Speaker 1: taste a variation on a beverage that's over two thousand 505 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:09,160 Speaker 1: years old. Oh that is exciting. I know. I agree wholeheartedly, 506 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:11,520 Speaker 1: and I hope that we get the chance to try 507 00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,640 Speaker 1: this gin somehow. Absolutely. Oh, let's be on the lookout 508 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: for that. Meanwhile, Erica wrote in in response to our 509 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,320 Speaker 1: apple pie episode and said, you mentioned the notion of 510 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:24,800 Speaker 1: a fried big Mac to go along with McDonald's o 511 00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:27,640 Speaker 1: G fried apple pies. I wanted to show you something 512 00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:31,680 Speaker 1: glorious in case you've never experienced. Look, boug this magical 513 00:31:31,760 --> 00:31:35,520 Speaker 1: Korean trend of vloggers cooking and consuming giant portions of 514 00:31:35,560 --> 00:31:40,080 Speaker 1: food in one sitting while live streaming. It's amazing and entrancing, 515 00:31:40,120 --> 00:31:43,200 Speaker 1: in therapeutic and so adorable. This girl is one of 516 00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,520 Speaker 1: my faiths because she uses words like faith and gets 517 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:49,840 Speaker 1: really nuts with recipes. So here's her episode with deep 518 00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:52,840 Speaker 1: Fried Big Max and in Japan so you know it's 519 00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:55,640 Speaker 1: even better, and included a video link which we will 520 00:31:55,880 --> 00:32:01,040 Speaker 1: share out to you. Yes, and I watched it. Uh, 521 00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:06,840 Speaker 1: I've never heard of this. It was, I will add horrifying. 522 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:13,400 Speaker 1: It was like just because I can't imagine. Sure, she 523 00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 1: like four Big Max Fried and it seems it seems 524 00:32:18,040 --> 00:32:19,720 Speaker 1: like it's it seems like a magic trick, like it 525 00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:23,640 Speaker 1: seems like it's impossible, and it has like how many 526 00:32:23,720 --> 00:32:27,800 Speaker 1: calories are in it? She calculates it. It's like this thing. 527 00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:34,520 Speaker 1: She just she liked deep Fried, the fries, deep Fried, 528 00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:38,000 Speaker 1: the four Big Max and the apple pies and add 529 00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:42,920 Speaker 1: like a soft drink of some kind. Anyway, Uh, yeah, 530 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:46,000 Speaker 1: it was. I never heard of it, and I did 531 00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:47,600 Speaker 1: enjoy it, but there was a part of me that 532 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:52,840 Speaker 1: was like screaming on the inside. So yeah, check that out. Yeah, 533 00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:57,240 Speaker 1: please enjoy. Meanwhile, if you want to let us know 534 00:32:57,280 --> 00:32:59,800 Speaker 1: about anything that you think would delight or horrify us, 535 00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:03,240 Speaker 1: you can get in touch and let us do so. Yes, um, 536 00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:04,680 Speaker 1: you can get in touch and let us do so. 537 00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:10,120 Speaker 1: You absolutely can let us do so. Cool. We have 538 00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:12,680 Speaker 1: an email address. It is food stuff at how stuffworks 539 00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:16,720 Speaker 1: dot com. We are also available on social media on Instagram. 540 00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:20,280 Speaker 1: We are at food stuff on Facebook and Twitter. We 541 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:23,480 Speaker 1: are food stuff hs W. You can find a se've 542 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:25,440 Speaker 1: got faith in you. We hope to hear from you, 543 00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 1: and we hope that lots more good things are coming 544 00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:28,160 Speaker 1: here with