1 00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:10,280 Speaker 1: In the last thirty years, our vision of what the 2 00:00:10,360 --> 00:00:12,640 Speaker 1: universe looks like and how likely it is that we 3 00:00:12,640 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 1: can find another home has completely changed. So before we 4 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:20,000 Speaker 1: could see other planets in our solar system. We saw 5 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:24,720 Speaker 1: our Jupiter Mars, but we didn't know if there were 6 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: other planets out there. That's right, and we only have 7 00:00:28,200 --> 00:00:30,200 Speaker 1: this one example, so that's all we could draw. And 8 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: of course we wondered how unusual are we could be 9 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:35,680 Speaker 1: possibly be the only solar system with planets around it, 10 00:00:35,680 --> 00:00:37,839 Speaker 1: It seems ridiculous, But as far as we know, we're 11 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:40,279 Speaker 1: the only system with life in it as well. So 12 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:44,000 Speaker 1: these are deeply intertwined questions like are we unusual in 13 00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:46,880 Speaker 1: the universe or are we typical? And until a few 14 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:49,279 Speaker 1: decades ago, we didn't know at all. We had no 15 00:00:49,360 --> 00:00:52,280 Speaker 1: information because we couldn't see outside our solar system. But 16 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:56,639 Speaker 1: now that's all changed. We are not alone. We may 17 00:00:56,640 --> 00:01:14,200 Speaker 1: be alone, but there are other planets out there. Hi, 18 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:17,880 Speaker 1: I'm and I'm Daniel, and welcome to our podcast. Daniel 19 00:01:17,880 --> 00:01:20,760 Speaker 1: and Jorne explained the universe in which we take the 20 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:23,600 Speaker 1: universe and we searched through if for tiny little bits 21 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 1: of fascinating knowledge that we can download into your brain. 22 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 1: The question today is are there other Earths? Are there 23 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:37,360 Speaker 1: other planets out there where we could potentially move if 24 00:01:37,400 --> 00:01:39,800 Speaker 1: we screw this one up? Do we have somewhere else 25 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: to go? Right? Do we have a backup plan if 26 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 1: we're when we screwed up, when it's definitely a win, 27 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:50,240 Speaker 1: when we ruin this place, when we trash this hotel 28 00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:52,880 Speaker 1: room that we we've been birthed in, do we have 29 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:55,520 Speaker 1: another place to go? Is that feasible at all? Yeah? 30 00:01:55,720 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: Or is the Earth like this super mare jem that's 31 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:02,200 Speaker 1: just perfect for life and it's nowhere else in the universe? 32 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:04,560 Speaker 1: Can you find a planet like the Earth? Right? And 33 00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:07,080 Speaker 1: I don't know which message is sort of more valuable, 34 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 1: Like do you want to tell people, hey, look, the 35 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:13,440 Speaker 1: universe is filled with opportunity to encourage exploration of space 36 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:16,320 Speaker 1: and the scientific discovery that comes along with it. Or 37 00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:19,480 Speaker 1: do you want to encourage people to treat Earth as unique, 38 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: like this is the only place we could ever live, 39 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:24,280 Speaker 1: so take care of it. People don't be so silly, 40 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:26,920 Speaker 1: you know, Like it's sort of like a parenting choice, 41 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:29,520 Speaker 1: you know, how honest are you with with your kids 42 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:33,000 Speaker 1: about whether you could actually buy them more food? You know, yeah, like, 43 00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:34,400 Speaker 1: do you want to tell people they live in a 44 00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:37,000 Speaker 1: hotel or in their house because people probably take care 45 00:02:37,040 --> 00:02:39,080 Speaker 1: of their house a little bit better, right, But if 46 00:02:39,120 --> 00:02:41,680 Speaker 1: you know it's a hotel, that's right. Yeah, then you 47 00:02:41,720 --> 00:02:45,399 Speaker 1: know you're you're throwing chairs and uh and having big 48 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:48,160 Speaker 1: parties and you know, like your typical rock style. I mean, 49 00:02:48,200 --> 00:02:49,840 Speaker 1: I know that's how you travel horre, isn't it. You 50 00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:54,880 Speaker 1: need a trail of trash hotel rooms behind you, right? Yeah? Yeah, No, totally, 51 00:02:54,880 --> 00:03:01,079 Speaker 1: cartoonists lead a wildlife. Everybody knows that you're just drawing 52 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: from experience. Um, anyway, apologize for my plan there. Yeah, 53 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:08,560 Speaker 1: but we're wondering how much do people know about other 54 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 1: planets out there? Like, um, what the probability was that 55 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:14,800 Speaker 1: there are other planets that we could potentially go and 56 00:03:14,840 --> 00:03:17,920 Speaker 1: live on. Yeah, people walking around under the assumption that 57 00:03:17,960 --> 00:03:19,959 Speaker 1: we have a backup plan there's no big deal and 58 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: we could just bail on this one hit to the 59 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:24,079 Speaker 1: next one. Or people operating as if this is the 60 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: only jewel in the universe and we got to take 61 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:29,160 Speaker 1: care of it. So Daniel went out there as usual 62 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:31,440 Speaker 1: and ask people in the street, do you think there 63 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:37,480 Speaker 1: are other earths out there. Here's what they had to say. Uh, well, 64 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: it might be, but there might be so far that 65 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:44,280 Speaker 1: we cannot reach them. Oh, certainly, I mean the universe 66 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: is big enough that's it's ground to happen at least once. Definitely, 67 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: I think I think the universe is too big to 68 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 1: just have us as the special like higher beings. People 69 00:03:56,800 --> 00:03:58,360 Speaker 1: seem to have a lot of confidence that there are 70 00:03:58,400 --> 00:04:01,440 Speaker 1: other places for us to live. Most everybody said there 71 00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:04,560 Speaker 1: are definitely other planets out there. Yeah, I guess everyone's 72 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:06,800 Speaker 1: comfortable with the idea that the universe is humongous and 73 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:11,640 Speaker 1: so therefore we can't possibly be the only nice blue 74 00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:14,560 Speaker 1: planet out there. I know, and I like the idea 75 00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:17,159 Speaker 1: of the universe is humongous because it is, and I 76 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: get that it suggests that we shouldn't be unusual, But 77 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:23,280 Speaker 1: it certainly doesn't provide a rock solid argument. I mean, 78 00:04:23,279 --> 00:04:25,720 Speaker 1: that's not an argument that this is a big place 79 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:28,240 Speaker 1: and therefore there must be more of us. Until you've 80 00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:31,400 Speaker 1: seen another earth, until you've discovered life somewhere else, you 81 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,760 Speaker 1: don't know if we're the only place that has these features, right, 82 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:37,559 Speaker 1: it could certainly be that we are the only place 83 00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:39,680 Speaker 1: where life could exist. I mean, if there was only 84 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:42,240 Speaker 1: one place for life to exist in the universe, that 85 00:04:42,279 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: would be the place people ask that question. Right, So 86 00:04:45,440 --> 00:04:47,479 Speaker 1: I feel like people make that argument, but there's a 87 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:50,160 Speaker 1: missing piece there. Right. You have to know that the 88 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 1: other earths can happen. You have to understand the mechanism 89 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:55,760 Speaker 1: for their formation or something to argue that there really 90 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:58,440 Speaker 1: are other other earths out there. Yeah. I wonder if 91 00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: people are are just conditioned from staching so many sci 92 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:05,080 Speaker 1: fi movies, you know that show other planets, and you know, coincidentally, 93 00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:09,080 Speaker 1: all those other planets look just like Earth because were 94 00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:15,120 Speaker 1: filmed unearthed mostly around Los Angeles. Hey, look this planet 95 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 1: looks like Malibu. Yeah, well, that's so weird. It's terrible traffic. 96 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:23,560 Speaker 1: We're so steeped in science fiction and they're being aliens 97 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:25,560 Speaker 1: and other planets. I wonder if it's just kind of 98 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:27,960 Speaker 1: a like a given that there would be other planets, 99 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: or maybe science has done a good job of like 100 00:05:30,279 --> 00:05:32,640 Speaker 1: teaching people how vast the universe is and how many 101 00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:35,080 Speaker 1: stars threw are up there. Yeah. I think NASA has 102 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:38,000 Speaker 1: usually done a great job about announcing their discoveries and 103 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:40,800 Speaker 1: what they've learned to the general public, so other science 104 00:05:40,839 --> 00:05:43,480 Speaker 1: agencies can definitely take a page out of their playbook, 105 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,440 Speaker 1: but also because it touches on something which people are 106 00:05:46,440 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: curious about. Me you just need to look up at 107 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:50,600 Speaker 1: the sky at night and you can see the grand 108 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: mystery that is the universe. Other fields of science, you know, 109 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:56,600 Speaker 1: chemistry or even particle physics are not quite as successible 110 00:05:56,640 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 1: because their mysteries don't jump in your face every single 111 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:02,120 Speaker 1: evening when you look up at the stars. So I 112 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 1: think it connects to people's imagination a little bit more 113 00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:07,599 Speaker 1: um and and also to their you know, this this 114 00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: idea that humanity is on a trajectory that we're you know, 115 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:14,279 Speaker 1: we haven't flatlined or plateaued or peaked, that we're just 116 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:17,200 Speaker 1: you know, we've explored Earth and we've developed technology, and 117 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:19,800 Speaker 1: that's clearly the next step is to go out into 118 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,520 Speaker 1: the stars and to spread this disease slash um blessing 119 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:27,919 Speaker 1: that is humanity um into other places in the universe. 120 00:06:27,960 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: It's like our a manifest destiny or something. I think 121 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:31,880 Speaker 1: there's a lot of that feeling, and maybe that comes 122 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:34,239 Speaker 1: from science fiction, or maybe just comes from the human 123 00:06:34,279 --> 00:06:37,120 Speaker 1: need to build and develop and explore space, and so 124 00:06:37,200 --> 00:06:39,400 Speaker 1: I think people want there to be these other earths 125 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:41,760 Speaker 1: out there. So I think part of this feeling that 126 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,040 Speaker 1: the universe might be filled with Earth's is a hope, right, 127 00:06:45,040 --> 00:06:48,000 Speaker 1: it's a hopeful thought. Nobody wants to say. No. I 128 00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:50,680 Speaker 1: think the universe is a desert and we are the 129 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: the only oasis, and we're probably gonna die here today. Like, 130 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:57,240 Speaker 1: you know, it's a I was mostly young people I 131 00:06:57,279 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: was talking to, so maybe they're just a more hopeful crowd. 132 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: So maybe we should talk first about what we want 133 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:08,480 Speaker 1: in another earth. Like we're shopping for new homes and 134 00:07:08,680 --> 00:07:10,720 Speaker 1: you usually decide how many bedrooms you want and all 135 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:13,000 Speaker 1: that stuff. So let's make our shopping list for like 136 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: what another Earth should look like. What do you look 137 00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:18,120 Speaker 1: for in a planet for he uh, you know, WiFi 138 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:26,400 Speaker 1: is pretty up there, power outlets, not freezing temperatures, breathable air, 139 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:30,080 Speaker 1: breathable air, Yeah, that might be too much to ask for. Um. 140 00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:33,120 Speaker 1: I think number one should be like a rocky surface, right. 141 00:07:33,440 --> 00:07:35,840 Speaker 1: We don't want to live on a gas giant right 142 00:07:35,880 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: where you just like it's a dense clouds all the 143 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:41,280 Speaker 1: way down to like a surface of molten rock or 144 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:43,640 Speaker 1: something in the core. We need something that's enough rock 145 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:45,960 Speaker 1: on it that we can stand. Right, So, rocky planets 146 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: rather than gas gashes planets, I think is item number 147 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: one on my list. Um. Yeah, because you know, even 148 00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: the planets we have in our solar system that we 149 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:56,120 Speaker 1: know about, there's only one of them that we could 150 00:07:56,160 --> 00:07:58,880 Speaker 1: actually hang out in. Right, Yeah, I think we could 151 00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: probably make Mars work. Right, Mars is on the edge 152 00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:04,080 Speaker 1: of that that zone. It's a little too cold, but 153 00:08:04,200 --> 00:08:05,720 Speaker 1: you know, if we were able to tearra form it 154 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: and add an atmosphere and a magnetic field, then it 155 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:10,880 Speaker 1: would probably warm up pretty nicely. Thanks. We don't know 156 00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:12,600 Speaker 1: how to do yet things if we don't know how 157 00:08:12,640 --> 00:08:15,320 Speaker 1: to do yet, but I'm hopeful, right, I'm hopeful the 158 00:08:15,400 --> 00:08:17,880 Speaker 1: humanity can do these kinds of things. Right. This is 159 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 1: the accessing the positive side of my personality. So, but yeah, 160 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:23,400 Speaker 1: most of the planets in our solar system not well 161 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:26,120 Speaker 1: suited for life at all. Yeah. So you need a 162 00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:28,720 Speaker 1: rocky surface, You need to be the right temperature. Right. 163 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:30,480 Speaker 1: You can't be too close to the Sun so you 164 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:32,480 Speaker 1: get blasted by fire every day, and you can't be 165 00:08:32,480 --> 00:08:35,200 Speaker 1: too far away so you're freezing all the time. Right, 166 00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:37,959 Speaker 1: And where that zone is depends on how hot your 167 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:40,319 Speaker 1: star is. If your star is much much hotter and 168 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:42,400 Speaker 1: then our star, then you have to be further away, obviously. 169 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: And if the star is cooler, then you can be 170 00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:47,000 Speaker 1: much closer to the Sun, which would be really amazing. 171 00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:50,800 Speaker 1: Like imagine being on a planet that's closer to their star. 172 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:53,440 Speaker 1: So then even though it's not any hotter, the star 173 00:08:53,559 --> 00:08:56,440 Speaker 1: takes up a larger portion of the sky. You could 174 00:08:56,440 --> 00:08:59,240 Speaker 1: have like a huge red sun in the sky. If 175 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:02,120 Speaker 1: your planet is going around a red dwarf. Oh you mean, 176 00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: you could feel the same way as here, but our 177 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:07,960 Speaker 1: sky would be like basically a big red circle. Yeah. 178 00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:10,480 Speaker 1: Or if you have a much much hotter sun, you 179 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:12,840 Speaker 1: could be further from it, so even though it feels 180 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:15,400 Speaker 1: like the same amount of heat and radiation, the sun 181 00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:17,440 Speaker 1: in that world would be just like a dot in 182 00:09:17,440 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: the sky would look the same size as you know, 183 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:22,840 Speaker 1: almost any other star, but it would be just as warm. 184 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:25,440 Speaker 1: It could be like we could see that's just another star, 185 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:29,199 Speaker 1: but it could be the one thing that's warminess. Yeah, exactly. 186 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,920 Speaker 1: So the the experience of being around another star with 187 00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,080 Speaker 1: the same amount of heat captured by the surface could 188 00:09:36,120 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: be a very different experience from the point of view 189 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:40,440 Speaker 1: what the sky looks like anyway. So we want a 190 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,559 Speaker 1: planet with a rocky surface, we want about the right temperature, right, 191 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,400 Speaker 1: we'd like some atmosphere. Certainly, we need a magnetic field. 192 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:49,880 Speaker 1: Why do we need a magnetic field, because we've got 193 00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:52,840 Speaker 1: to protect ourselves from solar radiation all sorts of other stuff. 194 00:09:53,120 --> 00:09:56,040 Speaker 1: To remember, magnetic fields bend particles, and so if you 195 00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:59,600 Speaker 1: have some dangerous high speed particle coming from space, you 196 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:02,160 Speaker 1: need then magnetic field to deflect it. Like Earth has 197 00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:04,520 Speaker 1: a really nice magnetic field which gives us like a 198 00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:08,640 Speaker 1: shield against cosmic radiation. So you absolutely need a magnetic field. 199 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:11,600 Speaker 1: That's kind of a necessary condition for a planet to 200 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:15,160 Speaker 1: be happitable. Yeah, space is filled with harmful radiation. You 201 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:17,520 Speaker 1: can't go out in the space without serious radiation shielding. 202 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:20,560 Speaker 1: And our planet house radiation shielding is the atmosphere combined 203 00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:23,800 Speaker 1: with the magnetic field. Absolutely, so planet without a magnetic 204 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:27,360 Speaker 1: field would require us to like constantly wear radiation shielding 205 00:10:27,520 --> 00:10:30,840 Speaker 1: or build a radiation shield, or you can actually construct 206 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:33,640 Speaker 1: a radiation shield using a strong magnet you put out 207 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:36,160 Speaker 1: in space. That would be pretty cool, But you definitely 208 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:38,440 Speaker 1: need some sort of sort of shielding, and that actually 209 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:42,240 Speaker 1: rules out a huge category of places to live because 210 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:45,520 Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy pumps out an enormous amount 211 00:10:45,520 --> 00:10:48,120 Speaker 1: of radiation because of all the crazy activity that's happening 212 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:51,240 Speaker 1: in their black holes and and dense stars and all 213 00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 1: sorts of crazy stuff we don't actually really understand because 214 00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:55,920 Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy is a hard place to study, 215 00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,480 Speaker 1: but it's pumping out so much deadly radiation that even 216 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:02,560 Speaker 1: the planets around stars that are anywhere near there could 217 00:11:02,559 --> 00:11:05,360 Speaker 1: not support life because the magnetic fields are not strong enough. 218 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:07,160 Speaker 1: So you have to be far enough away from the 219 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:09,640 Speaker 1: center of the galaxy also to be safe from that 220 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:12,560 Speaker 1: kind of radiation. Oh, your whole Solar system could be 221 00:11:12,600 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: in a bad neighborhood. Yeah, the entire swaths of stars 222 00:11:16,040 --> 00:11:18,960 Speaker 1: that just because they're close to the galactic center could 223 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:21,040 Speaker 1: never really host life, you know, as we know it. 224 00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:24,439 Speaker 1: Maybe some sort of super radiation hard life could develop there, 225 00:11:24,440 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: and people with thicker skin, that's right, people with thicker 226 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:32,080 Speaker 1: skins and bad since the year um, well, this is 227 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 1: a perfect point to take a break. So that's what 228 00:11:46,679 --> 00:11:49,079 Speaker 1: we mean by another Earth, Like, is there another planet 229 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:53,040 Speaker 1: with the same conditions that we have here, and so 230 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:55,000 Speaker 1: that's that's kind of the question. And so but I 231 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:57,920 Speaker 1: guess the first question is are there other planets at 232 00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: all in other stars? Right? Like, we sort of take 233 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:03,160 Speaker 1: that for granted that other stars have other little balls 234 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:05,440 Speaker 1: of rock floating around them, But up until a few 235 00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:08,400 Speaker 1: years ago, we had no idea, we had no confirmation. 236 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,480 Speaker 1: That was just the hypothesis. That's right, And it's a 237 00:12:11,520 --> 00:12:13,920 Speaker 1: really cool story. In fact, it has really cool first 238 00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:16,720 Speaker 1: chapter to it, which is that only a few decades 239 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:19,240 Speaker 1: ago they figured out how to look for these these 240 00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:22,640 Speaker 1: planets around other stars. And one one of the primary 241 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:24,560 Speaker 1: ways that one of the first ways they did it 242 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:28,160 Speaker 1: is by seeing stars wiggle. And so what happens is 243 00:12:28,160 --> 00:12:30,200 Speaker 1: that you have a planet going around a star, and 244 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 1: you think, of, okay, there's a planet's going around a star. 245 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:35,080 Speaker 1: And that's happening because the star is much bigger than 246 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: the planet, so the planet orbits the star. Right, that's 247 00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:40,720 Speaker 1: mostly true. But there's a little caveat there, which is 248 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:43,920 Speaker 1: the gravity works in both ways. Right, the star is 249 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:46,280 Speaker 1: pulling the planet and the planet is pulling the star. 250 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,040 Speaker 1: So it actually happens is not just that the planet 251 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:52,240 Speaker 1: is moving around the star, but the two of them 252 00:12:52,280 --> 00:12:55,079 Speaker 1: are moving around their center of mass and moving around 253 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:58,000 Speaker 1: this point that's that's between the two of them, so 254 00:12:58,160 --> 00:13:00,800 Speaker 1: both of them move. So you can tell if a 255 00:13:00,840 --> 00:13:03,320 Speaker 1: star has planets around it based on whether or not 256 00:13:03,320 --> 00:13:06,280 Speaker 1: it's wiggling back and forth because it's getting tugged on 257 00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:08,400 Speaker 1: by that planet. It's kind of like if you had 258 00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:10,520 Speaker 1: if you were swinging a rock and a string, even 259 00:13:10,559 --> 00:13:13,280 Speaker 1: if it was a little rock, you would still feel 260 00:13:13,280 --> 00:13:15,400 Speaker 1: that the pool of the rock right like you would 261 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,960 Speaker 1: still sway back and forth as you were swinging in yeah, exactly. 262 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: So they figured out how to do this, and they 263 00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:23,400 Speaker 1: started looking and they found planets. But the amazing thing 264 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:26,880 Speaker 1: is they went back through historical data, like data from 265 00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:30,120 Speaker 1: telescopes from a hundred years ago, and they found this 266 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:34,520 Speaker 1: evidence in ancient data, like somebody in nineteen seventeen had 267 00:13:34,559 --> 00:13:37,920 Speaker 1: taken careful data about the location of a star and 268 00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:40,120 Speaker 1: they had seen wiggles, and at the time people have 269 00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:42,160 Speaker 1: been like, what's this, I don't know, I don't know. 270 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:44,120 Speaker 1: It must be something wrong or it's noise in your data. 271 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 1: Then they went back later and realized this is beautiful 272 00:13:47,679 --> 00:13:50,960 Speaker 1: data that showed evidence of an exoplanet, but it just 273 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:54,240 Speaker 1: hadn't been recognized at the time. So we had this 274 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:57,280 Speaker 1: information a hundred years ago, it was just ignored. It 275 00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:00,160 Speaker 1: was just like not understood. Well, let's let's take a 276 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:02,600 Speaker 1: step back. Why is it so hard to see planets 277 00:14:02,720 --> 00:14:05,400 Speaker 1: in other stars? You know, like in our solar system, 278 00:14:05,440 --> 00:14:08,400 Speaker 1: you can see Mars and the night sky, you can 279 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:11,120 Speaker 1: see Saturn, you can see the rings around Saturn, so 280 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:13,960 Speaker 1: you can see other planets that are in our solar system. 281 00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: But that's actually much more difficult to see that in 282 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:20,840 Speaker 1: other solar systems. Right, that's right, And think about what 283 00:14:20,880 --> 00:14:23,520 Speaker 1: you're seeing when you look at that planet. Right, planets 284 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:25,840 Speaker 1: look bright in the sky. Why is that, Well, they're 285 00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:28,720 Speaker 1: not little stars. They're not giving off light. They're mostly 286 00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 1: reflecting light the same way the moon is. Right, why 287 00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:32,880 Speaker 1: can't you see the moon in the moon is just 288 00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:35,200 Speaker 1: a dark rock. Why can you see it? You can 289 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: see the part of it that's illuminated by the sun. 290 00:14:38,040 --> 00:14:40,160 Speaker 1: You can see the light reflecting off it from the Sun. 291 00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:44,400 Speaker 1: So moonlight is really just reflected sunlight, right, And all 292 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:46,720 Speaker 1: the light from Mars, for example, is the light that 293 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 1: started at the Sun bounced off of Mars and then 294 00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:51,920 Speaker 1: came to Earth. So the reason we can see those 295 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:54,640 Speaker 1: planets is because they reflect the light of our star, right, 296 00:14:54,840 --> 00:14:57,920 Speaker 1: and because they're not so close to the star. Right right, 297 00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:01,240 Speaker 1: you think about another solar system far away, then the 298 00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:04,720 Speaker 1: planets are really close to that star compared to their 299 00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:08,320 Speaker 1: their distance from us. So Mars is really far to 300 00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:10,240 Speaker 1: the star compared to its distance from us. So you 301 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:12,720 Speaker 1: can see it away from the Sun. If you look 302 00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:15,680 Speaker 1: at the nearest solar system, the planets are really close 303 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: to the star. And so even if they reflect light, 304 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,680 Speaker 1: it's just a tiny little bit and it's basically included 305 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:23,800 Speaker 1: in the blob that comes from the star. We can't 306 00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:26,160 Speaker 1: really tell them apart. Right, So like if you were 307 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,040 Speaker 1: to point a telescope at another star in the night sky, 308 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:31,720 Speaker 1: you would just get blinded by the light from the 309 00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:34,240 Speaker 1: that star that you were looking at. Right, that's right, 310 00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:37,520 Speaker 1: because in your telescope, the planets look really close to 311 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:39,880 Speaker 1: that star because the distance between them and the star 312 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,440 Speaker 1: is tiny compared to the distance between them and us. 313 00:15:42,680 --> 00:15:44,520 Speaker 1: It's like if you look at another if you look 314 00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:47,520 Speaker 1: at another city through binoculars, right, you can't really see 315 00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:50,240 Speaker 1: any details. You can just maybe see that it's there. Yeah, 316 00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:52,960 Speaker 1: Like it was described to me as um like, imagine 317 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:56,360 Speaker 1: that your friend was standing next to the world's brightest 318 00:15:56,560 --> 00:15:59,720 Speaker 1: lighthouse holding a little lighter, you know, or a little 319 00:15:59,760 --> 00:16:03,200 Speaker 1: man uch little flame. It would be like you trying 320 00:16:03,240 --> 00:16:06,320 Speaker 1: to discern that flame that your friend was holding from 321 00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:09,680 Speaker 1: like three thousand miles away. Basically all you would see 322 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: is the light from the lighthouse. You wouldn't be able 323 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:14,840 Speaker 1: to see the little flicker next to it. Yeah, and 324 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,560 Speaker 1: I think I think actually that's overly optimistic, because planets 325 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:19,920 Speaker 1: don't give off their own light like a lighter does. Right. 326 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:22,640 Speaker 1: It's like if somebody's holding up a rock next to 327 00:16:22,680 --> 00:16:25,080 Speaker 1: a lighthouse and you're trying to see that rock at 328 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:27,840 Speaker 1: night from three thousand miles away based on how much 329 00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:30,800 Speaker 1: light it reflects from the lighthouse. Yeah, it's really it's 330 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:34,480 Speaker 1: almost impossible, right, It sounds impossible, which is why up 331 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:37,560 Speaker 1: until like thirty years ago, when we didn't have the technology, 332 00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:40,080 Speaker 1: there was no way we could have seen any other 333 00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:43,840 Speaker 1: planets besides the one in our Solar system, well directly right, 334 00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:46,480 Speaker 1: in terms of like using telescopes to see that light 335 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:48,520 Speaker 1: and say like here is a picture of that planet. 336 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:52,760 Speaker 1: That was impossible until fairly recently, but strategies to see 337 00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:55,320 Speaker 1: them indirectly have been possible for a while. We just 338 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,040 Speaker 1: didn't realize it. Oh. I see, So you're saying that 339 00:16:58,120 --> 00:17:01,280 Speaker 1: historical data that you heard about, basically we had like 340 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: the data to know that there were other planets and 341 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:06,000 Speaker 1: other stars, we just didn't know to look for it. 342 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:09,960 Speaker 1: That's right, And to me that's tantalizing because you know, 343 00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:12,760 Speaker 1: whoever that was in nineteen seventeen that got that data, 344 00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:15,639 Speaker 1: they basically missed out on a Nobel prize right discovery 345 00:17:15,640 --> 00:17:18,560 Speaker 1: of Excel planet. And this data was sitting there in 346 00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:21,320 Speaker 1: a in a library or whatever for decades. So of 347 00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:24,000 Speaker 1: course then the question is what other data is sitting 348 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: in the library right now, which is somebody knew how 349 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:30,119 Speaker 1: to analyze could reveal something amazing about the universe that 350 00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:32,040 Speaker 1: could win you a Nobel prize. Right, it's out there 351 00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:35,239 Speaker 1: right now, everybody stop listening to this podcast and go 352 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:38,600 Speaker 1: to the science library and figure it out. Or maybe 353 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,280 Speaker 1: in your computer, Danue right like, there'd be something in 354 00:17:41,320 --> 00:17:44,160 Speaker 1: your data that you're not seeing. Who knows, there's certainly 355 00:17:44,160 --> 00:17:46,320 Speaker 1: could be, There's certainly could be anyway. To me, that's 356 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:48,840 Speaker 1: a fascinating wrinkle when you look back and you see 357 00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:51,359 Speaker 1: data from history that people didn't understand at the time 358 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:57,720 Speaker 1: what it meant. Okay, So that's the idea that it's 359 00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,720 Speaker 1: really hard to look at other planets and other stars directly. 360 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:03,800 Speaker 1: So the first confirmation that there were other stars out 361 00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:07,200 Speaker 1: there came indirectly from looking at how stars wobble, right, 362 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:11,640 Speaker 1: and also like how the the light from stars changes. Right. Yeah, 363 00:18:11,680 --> 00:18:14,000 Speaker 1: So the first method was the wobble method, and it 364 00:18:14,119 --> 00:18:17,359 Speaker 1: uses gravity to see how the planets are are wiggling 365 00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:20,439 Speaker 1: the stars. And the second method, it's called the transit method. 366 00:18:20,920 --> 00:18:22,800 Speaker 1: And this is the idea is still you're looking at 367 00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:24,640 Speaker 1: the star because it's all you can really see directly, 368 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:28,240 Speaker 1: and you watch the stars light and as the planet 369 00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:30,119 Speaker 1: goes in front of the star, the light from the 370 00:18:30,119 --> 00:18:32,760 Speaker 1: star should get a little dimmer. It's like a little eclipse. 371 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:34,920 Speaker 1: Right now, you're not going to cover the whole star. 372 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:37,240 Speaker 1: The star is not gonna go totally dark. It just 373 00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:39,639 Speaker 1: dips by a little bit depending on the size of 374 00:18:39,640 --> 00:18:42,920 Speaker 1: the planet. But if that happens regularly, right, you watch 375 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:45,840 Speaker 1: the same star for weeks and weeks, months and years, 376 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:48,840 Speaker 1: and you notice a pattern, then you can deduce that 377 00:18:48,880 --> 00:18:51,680 Speaker 1: there's a planet there, and you can figure out what's 378 00:18:51,720 --> 00:18:53,760 Speaker 1: its period, how often does it go around the Sun, 379 00:18:54,280 --> 00:18:56,240 Speaker 1: and you can figure out how big is it, what 380 00:18:56,440 --> 00:18:58,840 Speaker 1: fraction of the light of the star is it blocking. 381 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:01,000 Speaker 1: But you know that it's sort of assumes that the 382 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:04,399 Speaker 1: orbit of the planet goes around in a circle, that 383 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:07,760 Speaker 1: it's just kind of like perfectly in the same level 384 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:10,240 Speaker 1: as we are. You know, like exactly, you could have 385 00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:12,959 Speaker 1: a planet going around another star, but it could be 386 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,720 Speaker 1: going like you know, in a circle, um kind of 387 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:18,639 Speaker 1: perpendicular to us, so you would never see it create 388 00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:20,600 Speaker 1: an eclipse. But if it's just how happens to be 389 00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:22,200 Speaker 1: kind of on the same level as we we would 390 00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:24,000 Speaker 1: you would see it kind of passed in front of 391 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,040 Speaker 1: the star between us and that star. That's right, it 392 00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:30,120 Speaker 1: has to pass between us and that star. You're totally right. 393 00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:32,840 Speaker 1: But remember that these stars are really big compared to 394 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:35,760 Speaker 1: their planets, so there's a lot of wiggle room there. 395 00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:39,760 Speaker 1: I mean, if the plane of that rotation is totally orthogonal, 396 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,080 Speaker 1: So if it's like if we're seeing the entire motion 397 00:19:42,119 --> 00:19:43,880 Speaker 1: of the planet around the star and it never goes 398 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:45,840 Speaker 1: in front of it, then yeah, we can't use the 399 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:48,399 Speaker 1: transit method at all, but as long as it passes 400 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:50,040 Speaker 1: in front of it at some level, then we can 401 00:19:50,119 --> 00:19:52,399 Speaker 1: use it. Right. But I mean, we were start of 402 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:55,080 Speaker 1: talking very casually about these techniques, but they're really kind 403 00:19:55,080 --> 00:20:00,879 Speaker 1: of incredible achievements in technology, right, and math and and 404 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:04,360 Speaker 1: just kind of imagination to come up. And I think 405 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:08,399 Speaker 1: I think they're pretty easy, honestly, one of those guys. No, 406 00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:10,600 Speaker 1: I mean, it's just like I mean minutes of coding, right, 407 00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:13,280 Speaker 1: I mean, you're you're sort of like measuring the effect 408 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,400 Speaker 1: that the Earth has on our Sun. Like our sun 409 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:18,199 Speaker 1: is you know, thousands of not millions of times bigger 410 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:20,359 Speaker 1: than the Earth. So like, you know, we know that 411 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,240 Speaker 1: the Earth is affected by the mass of the Sun. 412 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:25,879 Speaker 1: But you know, to think about the tiny little effect 413 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:28,560 Speaker 1: that our planet has on the Sun, it must be 414 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:32,639 Speaker 1: like mini skill, right, must be like super little tiny wiggles. Now, 415 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:35,920 Speaker 1: you're right. It's a triumph of instrumentation and of data 416 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:38,480 Speaker 1: analysis and of theory. You know, all those things have 417 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: to come together. You have to have a telescope that's 418 00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: capable of seeing this. You have to be able to 419 00:20:43,359 --> 00:20:45,760 Speaker 1: pull that information out of the noisy data you get, 420 00:20:46,080 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: and then you have to have enough understanding to say, 421 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: here's what it should look like if this is happening, 422 00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:53,560 Speaker 1: and then see that in your data. Right. So it's 423 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,639 Speaker 1: a complex dance of various strains of intellectual effort that 424 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:00,640 Speaker 1: came together to make this possible. It's a huge acomplishment 425 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:02,840 Speaker 1: and it's really opened up our eyes to the way 426 00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:06,240 Speaker 1: the universe works. And it's wobble method is pretty good, 427 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,520 Speaker 1: but it's it's it's hard to see. Um. The transit 428 00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:12,280 Speaker 1: method has been much more successful in terms of just 429 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:15,120 Speaker 1: like sheer numbers of planets and now we have thousands 430 00:21:15,119 --> 00:21:17,800 Speaker 1: of planets that we found outside the Solar System. But 431 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: that one's also hard to see. I mean, you're looking 432 00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:22,440 Speaker 1: at a star is just like a point in the sky, 433 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,320 Speaker 1: and you're looking for like a little tiny dip as 434 00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:28,280 Speaker 1: a little tiny ball of frog passes in front of 435 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:31,440 Speaker 1: that little star. Right, Yeah, absolutely, And it's more complicated 436 00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:35,000 Speaker 1: because what if stars have multiple planets, right, and like 437 00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:37,960 Speaker 1: how do you know which planet is which? And their 438 00:21:38,119 --> 00:21:40,199 Speaker 1: orbits can be very different, and so you could be 439 00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:42,879 Speaker 1: looking at a very difficult to understand pattern of a 440 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:45,760 Speaker 1: star and like is that's just variation in the star 441 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,000 Speaker 1: or is this a dust cloud passing in front of it. 442 00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:50,159 Speaker 1: There's a lot of different things to disentangle. It's a 443 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:53,359 Speaker 1: complicated thing to do. It's not just like, hey, I 444 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,919 Speaker 1: noticed this star is twinkling, therefore there's a planet around it, right, 445 00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,160 Speaker 1: It's it's a hard thing to do. It's some really 446 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,400 Speaker 1: impressive science and some data science for sure, because that's 447 00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 1: kind of what it is. It's like you're you're finding 448 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:09,440 Speaker 1: a planet inside of the twinkle of a star. Yeah, exactly, 449 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 1: that's pretty cool. You're interpreting the twinkles of stars as saying, 450 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:15,040 Speaker 1: come visit us. We have a place for you to live. 451 00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:19,760 Speaker 1: So that's kind of the main method, right, Like that's 452 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: the most predominant method. But also there's no new technology 453 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,199 Speaker 1: that lets you see these other planets. Like you can 454 00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:29,359 Speaker 1: somehow blot out the light from that other star and 455 00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,679 Speaker 1: you can actually see the little thoughts kind of floating 456 00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:34,920 Speaker 1: around them. Yeah, you can actually direct image some planets. Now, 457 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:37,639 Speaker 1: it's limited the planets that are pretty close, because they 458 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:39,639 Speaker 1: have to be close enough for them to have an 459 00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:42,280 Speaker 1: apparent enough distance from the star that you can tell 460 00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:44,800 Speaker 1: them apart me, if it's super duper far away, then 461 00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:46,919 Speaker 1: it's they're basically on top of each other, so the 462 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:49,280 Speaker 1: closer they are, the more likely you are to direct 463 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:51,840 Speaker 1: you into them. Also, it's much easier to image a 464 00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:54,320 Speaker 1: planet once you know it's there, so you can use 465 00:22:54,359 --> 00:22:57,800 Speaker 1: like the transit method to say, oh, this star definitely 466 00:22:57,840 --> 00:22:59,719 Speaker 1: has a planet orbiting it, and we can even tell 467 00:22:59,760 --> 00:23:01,720 Speaker 1: what the period is, so we can tell where it is. 468 00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:04,760 Speaker 1: Then you can zoom in and you can say, hubble, 469 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:06,800 Speaker 1: look at that and look at it really carefully for 470 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:08,199 Speaker 1: a while, and then we'll pick it out. It's sort 471 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: of like where's Waldo when somebody tells you where he is, 472 00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:13,119 Speaker 1: like boom. It's easy to spot and you can study 473 00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:16,399 Speaker 1: them in great detail. Finding them initially can be pretty tricky, 474 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:18,720 Speaker 1: right right. I think that should be the name under 475 00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:22,359 Speaker 1: the first planet we go to, Planet Waldo. You know 476 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:24,920 Speaker 1: that have to have some sort of um sterile name. 477 00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:27,119 Speaker 1: You know, it should be Waldo thirty nine X or 478 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:33,679 Speaker 1: something like that. Off, well, Waldo, Waldo Orge thirty nine X. 479 00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:49,600 Speaker 1: There you go. On that note, let's take a quick break. Okay, 480 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,040 Speaker 1: so now we can tell that there are other planets 481 00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:54,239 Speaker 1: in other stars. So what do we know about all 482 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:56,800 Speaker 1: these other planets out there? Right? Well, the amazing thing 483 00:23:57,040 --> 00:23:58,920 Speaker 1: is that we know that there's a lot of them, 484 00:23:58,960 --> 00:24:02,000 Speaker 1: like not just one or two, but an enormous number 485 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,480 Speaker 1: of planets out there. And we know now we didn't 486 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:06,760 Speaker 1: know thirty years ago that there are more planets in 487 00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:10,000 Speaker 1: the galaxy than stars. Wait what Yeah, there are more 488 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,920 Speaker 1: planets than stars in our galaxy. So like, on average, 489 00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:15,359 Speaker 1: every star you see out during the night sky has 490 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 1: more than one planet around them on average. Yeah, absolutely, 491 00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:23,160 Speaker 1: on average more than one. And so whereas before all 492 00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:25,160 Speaker 1: we could see where the stars, right, we could see 493 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:29,359 Speaker 1: eight planets and billions of stars, now we can see 494 00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:31,920 Speaker 1: billions of stars and we know that there are billions 495 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:34,879 Speaker 1: and billions of planets around them as well. So that 496 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,720 Speaker 1: just blows your mind. The universe is literate with planets. 497 00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:41,320 Speaker 1: That's right. It's lousy with you know what I mean. 498 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:45,160 Speaker 1: They're not planets are not rare. They're they're like, they 499 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,480 Speaker 1: are not at all rare. They're everywhere. You know, everybody's 500 00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:50,560 Speaker 1: got a planet. Like if the Sun used to feel 501 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:52,800 Speaker 1: like special, Hey man, look at all these cool planets 502 00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,359 Speaker 1: I got. It turns out it's pretty ordinary thing to have. 503 00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:58,000 Speaker 1: You know, everybody's got planets. It's so it's last year's 504 00:24:58,040 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: cool thing. That's an important thing to know because if 505 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:03,240 Speaker 1: you you know, if you're a fan of finding alien life, 506 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:05,159 Speaker 1: one of the big questions is how many planets are 507 00:25:05,160 --> 00:25:07,560 Speaker 1: out there? You know, another question is are they suitable 508 00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,040 Speaker 1: for life? But just even knowing that the number of 509 00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:12,000 Speaker 1: planets out there is in the billions rather than in 510 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,920 Speaker 1: the dozens is a huge factor in that calculation. Suddenly 511 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:19,200 Speaker 1: the probabability that there are aliens is much higher because 512 00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:22,960 Speaker 1: there are right before. I don't know, I mean, I 513 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:26,520 Speaker 1: would say it's much less non zero, it's much more, 514 00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:31,400 Speaker 1: much more non zero, less unlikely, it's less unlikely. Yes, 515 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:33,720 Speaker 1: there's one way that could have killed it. That is 516 00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:37,200 Speaker 1: no longer killing the probability. Right, there's lots of other 517 00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:40,200 Speaker 1: things that could mean that life is not everywhere in 518 00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:42,600 Speaker 1: the universe. Right, Even if the universe is filled with 519 00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:45,440 Speaker 1: earthlike planets with water and sun and everything, that doesn't 520 00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: mean they're filled with life. Also, that's another question. But 521 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:50,800 Speaker 1: this one aspect could have been a bottleneck and isn't. 522 00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:53,760 Speaker 1: In fact, they heard that almost every star out there, 523 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:58,320 Speaker 1: on average has about one to three earth size planet 524 00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:02,040 Speaker 1: around them, meaning there's a planet sort of about the 525 00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:05,199 Speaker 1: same size as ours. There's three of them possibly around 526 00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,119 Speaker 1: every star you see in the night sky. Yeah, you know. 527 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:11,480 Speaker 1: The weird thing is that the most common planet around 528 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:15,360 Speaker 1: stars are between the size of Earth and Neptune, right, 529 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,639 Speaker 1: so bigger than Earth and smaller than Neptune. The odd 530 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:21,840 Speaker 1: thing is there are none of those in our solar system. 531 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:25,399 Speaker 1: Our solar system is weird in that way. So, I mean, 532 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:27,520 Speaker 1: in some ways, it's not We're not unusual, like we 533 00:26:27,640 --> 00:26:30,720 Speaker 1: got planets. Everybody's got planets, but our set of planets 534 00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:33,879 Speaker 1: is a little strange, right. So far, what we're learning 535 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,040 Speaker 1: is that most other solar systems don't look like ours. 536 00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:40,080 Speaker 1: And I think you're right. There are Earth sized planets 537 00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:43,560 Speaker 1: um distributed through lots of solar systems, but not every 538 00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:47,119 Speaker 1: star has an earthlike planet. And when you factor in that, 539 00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:48,760 Speaker 1: they have to be near enough to the Sun to 540 00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:50,760 Speaker 1: be warm and not too far away to be cold. 541 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:54,600 Speaker 1: So in terms of Sun like stars, you know, stars 542 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,080 Speaker 1: that are similar to our Sun, I think one in 543 00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:00,960 Speaker 1: five of those have Earth sized and it's that have 544 00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,680 Speaker 1: reasonable amount of solar radiation, so that temperature should be 545 00:27:04,720 --> 00:27:07,600 Speaker 1: you know, within human range. Oh, I see, So there's 546 00:27:07,680 --> 00:27:10,160 Speaker 1: billions and billions of planets out there, but not all 547 00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:14,520 Speaker 1: of them are in the ideal zone for life. That's right. 548 00:27:14,560 --> 00:27:17,399 Speaker 1: You're typing in Earth's into your into Zillo or your 549 00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,199 Speaker 1: on the real estate home finder, and you know you're 550 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:22,560 Speaker 1: gonna narrow down your search. You're looking for ones that 551 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 1: are approximately Earth sized and rocky, but as we said earlier, 552 00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:27,560 Speaker 1: also have to be in the Goldilocks zone, so they're 553 00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:29,439 Speaker 1: close enough to the Sun to get enough formed, then 554 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:32,040 Speaker 1: not so close that they get fried. So that's one 555 00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:34,720 Speaker 1: in five sun like stars. I mean, it's not a 556 00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:37,200 Speaker 1: huge field. For you're going from like billions and billions 557 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,840 Speaker 1: and billions of planets to still billions and billions of 558 00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:42,800 Speaker 1: billions of planets that are sort of like Earth. Yeah, 559 00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:47,879 Speaker 1: I think technically you go from jillions to bazillions, which is, 560 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:52,320 Speaker 1: you know, less unlikely. That's right. So the short version 561 00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:56,080 Speaker 1: of the story is that Earth like planets are everywhere, right, 562 00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:58,320 Speaker 1: I mean, you look with the night sky and one 563 00:27:58,359 --> 00:28:01,479 Speaker 1: in five sun like stars as an earthlike planet around it. 564 00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:05,480 Speaker 1: That's incredible. Right, Thirty years ago we thought we might 565 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:06,919 Speaker 1: be one of the only ones, and now we know 566 00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,680 Speaker 1: that there are possible houses everywhere for us. Crazy we 567 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:12,520 Speaker 1: got a lot of open houses to go to. So, 568 00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:14,280 Speaker 1: I mean we're in l a and so we can 569 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:16,639 Speaker 1: see maybe five stars in the night sky on a 570 00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:19,159 Speaker 1: good night. But if you're out there in another part 571 00:28:19,160 --> 00:28:21,280 Speaker 1: of the country, you might see, like, you know, five 572 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:23,800 Speaker 1: thousand stars when you walk out at night. And that 573 00:28:23,880 --> 00:28:27,159 Speaker 1: means there are a thousand earthlike planets that you can 574 00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:31,080 Speaker 1: see out there. Right, that's rights our presence. You're in 575 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:34,320 Speaker 1: the presence of five thousands of earth like planets. Yeah, 576 00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:35,800 Speaker 1: and how many of them are looking back at you 577 00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:38,880 Speaker 1: and wondering that looks like a nice place to move, right, 578 00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:42,040 Speaker 1: Let's colonize and eat them. That's the that's the flip 579 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:44,440 Speaker 1: side of it, right, If there are other earthlike planets 580 00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:46,320 Speaker 1: on there with life, what if they're screwing up their 581 00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:49,280 Speaker 1: atmosphere and they're looking to move in over here? We 582 00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:55,040 Speaker 1: need a wall, a space wall, baseball. That should be 583 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:59,000 Speaker 1: the next order of business after space plans. The aliens 584 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:04,360 Speaker 1: should pay for it. Oh, I wonder if they'll leave 585 00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:09,720 Speaker 1: this in Yeah, So all those planets are out there, 586 00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:12,000 Speaker 1: and so for those of you feeling like, oh my gosh, 587 00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:14,680 Speaker 1: we have we're you know, it's an embarrassment of riches. 588 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:16,600 Speaker 1: We have so many places we can move, let's just 589 00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:19,600 Speaker 1: like burn this place to the ground and move somewhere else. 590 00:29:20,040 --> 00:29:23,120 Speaker 1: These distances we're talking about are still pretty vast, right, 591 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,000 Speaker 1: Some of the nearest stars we found with planets around 592 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,720 Speaker 1: them are still like twelve light years away, which is 593 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,680 Speaker 1: really really far away. Wait, the nearest earthlike planet is 594 00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:36,040 Speaker 1: twelve light years away. Yeah, twelve light years away. You 595 00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:37,760 Speaker 1: might think, oh, that's no big deal, let's just get 596 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:40,720 Speaker 1: in the rocket, right, How long would that take? Well, 597 00:29:40,760 --> 00:29:43,240 Speaker 1: there's a lot of constraints there. If you assume sort 598 00:29:43,280 --> 00:29:47,480 Speaker 1: of current technology, Um, then you know you can't get 599 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:51,360 Speaker 1: going really very fast at all, and it's limitations on 600 00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:53,920 Speaker 1: how much you can accelerate, Like the human body cannot 601 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:58,960 Speaker 1: handle acceleration beyond a feugs. So the short version is 602 00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:01,240 Speaker 1: that it takes tens of thousands of years to get there. 603 00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:04,760 Speaker 1: Tens of thousands of years, so like human history is 604 00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:07,840 Speaker 1: not even tens of thousands of years old. Again, depending 605 00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:09,360 Speaker 1: on how much credit you give the Greeks and the 606 00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:12,160 Speaker 1: Egyptians and stuff, but yeah, it's they'll be longer than 607 00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:15,080 Speaker 1: written history. So if we're going to get there, you 608 00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:18,280 Speaker 1: need to either progenically freeze everybody, or have some sort 609 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:21,520 Speaker 1: of colony ship where there are generations and generations born 610 00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:23,480 Speaker 1: on the ship and live and die on the ship 611 00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:26,000 Speaker 1: and never set foot on a planet. That's sort of 612 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:30,000 Speaker 1: crazy to imagine and survive this incredible, crazy journey, right 613 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,120 Speaker 1: and not get hit by an asteroid or run out 614 00:30:32,120 --> 00:30:35,600 Speaker 1: of food or yeah, exactly. So basically, while there are 615 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:38,360 Speaker 1: a ton of hotels out there we could move to there, 616 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:41,520 Speaker 1: we're just never going to get there probably. I mean, 617 00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:45,080 Speaker 1: one thing we're focusing on in our current strategy for 618 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:48,440 Speaker 1: for for planets searching is to find more close by planets, 619 00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:50,480 Speaker 1: and that's for two reasons. One is, of course, we 620 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,000 Speaker 1: want to find another place we could potentially colonize, but 621 00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:55,360 Speaker 1: also that makes it easier to study, because the second 622 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: thing that people have been doing recently is not just 623 00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 1: finding the planets but studying them, like trying to understand 624 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:03,840 Speaker 1: which ones might have um air, which ones might have 625 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:06,520 Speaker 1: water on them. We can do crazy things now like 626 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:11,680 Speaker 1: analyzing what's in the atmosphere of a planet around another star. Wait, 627 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:14,520 Speaker 1: so before we couldn't even see them, and now we 628 00:31:14,560 --> 00:31:16,880 Speaker 1: can tell what it would be like to be there, 629 00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:20,440 Speaker 1: Like you can see the air in those little planets. Yeah, 630 00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:23,000 Speaker 1: it's incredible. You know what used to be totally impossible 631 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:26,040 Speaker 1: and fantastical is now just like normal technology. And in 632 00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,360 Speaker 1: twenty years we'll be able to do something even more impressive. 633 00:31:28,640 --> 00:31:30,800 Speaker 1: The way we do that is we look at the 634 00:31:30,920 --> 00:31:33,600 Speaker 1: light that passes through the atmosphere the planet as it 635 00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:37,080 Speaker 1: blocks that star. So the light passes through the atmosphere 636 00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:39,080 Speaker 1: and some of it gets absorbed and some of it 637 00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:41,560 Speaker 1: doesn't get absorbed, and how it gets absorbed depends on 638 00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:43,800 Speaker 1: what's in that atmosphere. So if there's a lot of 639 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,800 Speaker 1: water in that atmosphere, then certain frequencies of light will 640 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:48,760 Speaker 1: get absorbed more or less. In the same thing with 641 00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: hydrogen and methane and all this stuff, So that we 642 00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:53,920 Speaker 1: can tell what's in the atmosphere in that planet based 643 00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:57,840 Speaker 1: on the spectrum of light that's that's getting absorbed or 644 00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:00,280 Speaker 1: not absorbed as it passes through that atmosphere. And this 645 00:32:00,320 --> 00:32:03,120 Speaker 1: is very difficult, right, It's hard enough even just to 646 00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:05,480 Speaker 1: tell that there's a planet there, but then you analyze 647 00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:07,840 Speaker 1: it sort of in another dimension, in the spectral dimension, 648 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:11,080 Speaker 1: don't understand what's around that planet. And that's how, for example, 649 00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: we've discovered water around planets around other stars. It's amazing. 650 00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:20,800 Speaker 1: So the new telescope that was launched just a month ago, 651 00:32:21,040 --> 00:32:24,760 Speaker 1: it's called Tests, and it's an incredible capability for looking 652 00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,360 Speaker 1: at this this transit method for finding other planets around stars, 653 00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:31,520 Speaker 1: and it's going to discover tens of thousands of planets. 654 00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:33,960 Speaker 1: And the really cool thing is that it's focused on 655 00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,120 Speaker 1: nearby planets, and so it's going to find lots and 656 00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:39,840 Speaker 1: lots in our neighborhood that we could study and understand 657 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:43,840 Speaker 1: their weather and you know, and maybe even here's my fantasy, 658 00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:49,040 Speaker 1: see signs in the atmosphere something that looks like biology. Yeah, 659 00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:51,120 Speaker 1: that would be amazing. I mean, say, you see like 660 00:32:51,280 --> 00:32:53,760 Speaker 1: methane in the atmosphere that planet, and methane is something 661 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:56,480 Speaker 1: that's produced by life, and maybe the methane cycles with 662 00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:59,600 Speaker 1: the seasons or you see other weird stuff in the atmosphere. Right, 663 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:04,680 Speaker 1: we're gonna talk about farts again, Daniel. Is that every 664 00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:10,600 Speaker 1: podcasting the end is about alien farts methane? Yeah, because 665 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:14,080 Speaker 1: that's kind of what a biology produces right out the 666 00:33:14,120 --> 00:33:16,480 Speaker 1: other end, that's right, and we could see that that's 667 00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:20,960 Speaker 1: right in these little blips. Yeah, exactly, Alright, so we 668 00:33:21,040 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: hope that we've inspired you to understand that there are 669 00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:26,479 Speaker 1: lots and lots of earthlike planets out there, and there 670 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:29,440 Speaker 1: are lots of places that we could potentially visit um. 671 00:33:29,520 --> 00:33:32,719 Speaker 1: But remember that those places are still pretty far away. 672 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:35,080 Speaker 1: And so before you start packing your bags and setting 673 00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:37,640 Speaker 1: fire to the earth, remember that we have a long 674 00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:39,800 Speaker 1: way to go before we could ever reach those planets. 675 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:41,920 Speaker 1: And so this one that we're living on is still 676 00:33:41,960 --> 00:33:45,560 Speaker 1: a really valuable, precious jewel. That's right. It's not a hotel, 677 00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:49,440 Speaker 1: it's your house, that's right. So once you're done with 678 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:51,720 Speaker 1: this podcast and you're doneload the next one, go outside 679 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,280 Speaker 1: and do something nice for the earth. Yeah, like tell 680 00:33:55,320 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: your friends about this podcast. That's exactly all right. Thanks everyone, 681 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:11,000 Speaker 1: have a good one. If you still have a question 682 00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,439 Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 683 00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:16,640 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 684 00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:20,480 Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's 685 00:34:20,480 --> 00:34:23,880 Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and 686 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:34,160 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com.