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Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. Today's classic is the Bisbee Deportation, and it

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Speaker 1: has ties to a couple of recent episodes. One is

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Speaker 1: The Great Stork Derby. In that episode, we talked about

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Speaker 1: how racism and anti immigrant attitudes were part of the

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Speaker 1: news coverage of the derby. Although the Stork Derby took

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Speaker 1: place in Canada and the Bisbee Deportation was in the

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Speaker 1: United States, a lot of the context surrounding those attitudes

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Speaker 1: is the same. We talked about that context a lot

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Speaker 1: in this episode, and in our recent episode on Lucy Parsons,

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Speaker 1: we discussed her being part of the founding of the

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Speaker 1: Industrial Workers of the World, also known as the Wobblies,

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Speaker 1: but we didn't talk that much about the Wobblies as

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Speaker 1: an organization. This episode does. Though. This episode also has

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Speaker 1: one of the more embarrassing errors we've made on the show,

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Speaker 1: and we're sharing it again in spite of that. When

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Speaker 1: writing this episode, I typed international when I met industrial,

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Speaker 1: and not only did I do that, I did it

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Speaker 1: more than once. So anytime you hear one of us

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Speaker 1: say international Workers of the World, which is both incorrect

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Speaker 1: and redundant, just mentally correct that first word to industrial

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Speaker 1: in your mind. This episode originally came out on May SWO.

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Speaker 1: We hope you enjoy Welcome to Stuff You Missed in

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Speaker 1: History Class, a production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and

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Speaker 1: welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm

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Speaker 1: Holly fry Jay. We are going to talk about the

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Speaker 1: Bisbee deportation. This is a v incident that has elements

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Speaker 1: of a labor strike and a wartime hysteria, and a

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Speaker 1: vigilante mob and a mass propaganda effort, and that's all

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Speaker 1: rolled into one. It took place in Bisbee, Arizona, which

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Speaker 1: is southeast of Tucson and close to the United States

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Speaker 1: border with Mexico, and it was part of a series

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Speaker 1: of labor disputes in Arizona's mining industry during World War

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Speaker 1: One that led to a loss of about a hundred

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Speaker 1: million pounds of copper. It was also part of an

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Speaker 1: ongoing series of deportations and arrests and even murders that

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Speaker 1: targeted members of the International Workers of the World, also

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Speaker 1: known as the Wobblies. There was a lot going on here.

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Speaker 1: As I got into this this podcast outline, I began

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Speaker 1: wishing that we had already done episodes on a number

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Speaker 1: of people and organizations and events in it, because that

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Speaker 1: would have been helpful. But sadly we do not already

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Speaker 1: have episodes on the Wobblies and the entire mining industry

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Speaker 1: of Arizona, etcetera. Well, this is the start, and then

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Speaker 1: you never know where we'll go from here. The city

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Speaker 1: of Bisbee dates back to the Apache Wars, which were

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Speaker 1: an ongoing series of armed conflicts between the United States

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Speaker 1: and various Apache tribes and nation in the American Southwest.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy seven, the U. S. Army was searching

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Speaker 1: the mountains of Arizona Territory for hostile groups of Apache.

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Speaker 1: A civilian tracker who was working with them spotted signs

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Speaker 1: of minerals, which led to the area's first mining claim.

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Speaker 1: Bisbee grew rapidly from there thanks to the presence of lead, silver, gold,

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Speaker 1: and especially copper. By the turn of the twentieth century,

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Speaker 1: more than twenty thousand people lived in Bisbee and the

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Speaker 1: communities immediately adjacent to it. Three companies had mines in

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Speaker 1: the immediate area, and together these mines employed about five

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Speaker 1: thousand people. By far, the largest of these companies was

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Speaker 1: Phelps Dodge, which produced sixty three percent of the region's

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Speaker 1: copper and owned the area's most productive mine, which was

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Speaker 1: the Copper Queen. Shattick. Dean Mining Company and the Calumet

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Speaker 1: and Arizona Mine ran much smaller mining operations in the

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Speaker 1: area as well. Phelps Dodge also owned a lot the town,

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Speaker 1: including the hospital, the newspaper, the only department store, and

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Speaker 1: the library. The town's y m c A and y

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Speaker 1: w c A had been established at the behest of

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Speaker 1: James Douglas, who was president of the Copper Queen Mine.

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Speaker 1: There were also businesses that weren't owned by or affiliated

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Speaker 1: with Phelps Dodge, but they all knew that they had

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Speaker 1: to stay on the company's good side to remain afloat.

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Speaker 1: So this starts to sound like a really stereotypical company town,

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Speaker 1: and a lot of ways it was, but it wasn't

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Speaker 1: quite as exploitive as most of the company towns that

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Speaker 1: have come up on the show before. The mining companies

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Speaker 1: did plan out the neighborhoods, and they segregated the workforce

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Speaker 1: by race and ethnicity in those neighborhoods, but a lot

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Speaker 1: of people living there actually owned their homes. Phelps Dodge

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Speaker 1: ran a company store, but overall its prices were comparable

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Speaker 1: with other normal stores. It wasn't a case of the

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Speaker 1: company paying miners in script that could only be used

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Speaker 1: at the company store and then inflating the prices there

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Speaker 1: so much that there workers were always in debt to

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Speaker 1: the company. So none of this, though, was because Phelps,

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Speaker 1: Dodge or the rest of the mining companies were particularly benevolent.

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Speaker 1: It was because they wanted to attract men with families

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Speaker 1: to work in the mines with the hope of reducing

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Speaker 1: turnover and the in their labor force. The idea was

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Speaker 1: that if men brought their families to this nice place

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Speaker 1: to live that had lots of amenities, then they wouldn't

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Speaker 1: have to keep retraining and finding new workers. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's all a business decision. So overall, Bisbee had a

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Speaker 1: reputation as a pretty good place to live and work,

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Speaker 1: especially for white miners. It had long had a reputation

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Speaker 1: as a quote white man's camp. At first, that had

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Speaker 1: meant that Chinese workers were excluded, but it gradually shifted

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Speaker 1: to mean that the white miners got the most desirable

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Speaker 1: and highest paying jobs. The pay overall was towards the

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Speaker 1: top end of the range for the industry, and all

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Speaker 1: those amenities that Phelps Dodge was paying for didn't always

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Speaker 1: exist in other mining towns and camps. But at the

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Speaker 1: same time, the situation was tense and Bisbee. In nineteen seventeen,

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Speaker 1: Bisbee was very close to the border with Mexico, where

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Speaker 1: the Mexican Revolution had started in nineteen ten and was

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Speaker 1: still ongoing. In addition to the war going on just

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Speaker 1: across the border, Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa had attacked Columbus,

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Speaker 1: New Mexico, which was roughly two hundred miles or three

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Speaker 1: d twenty one kilometers away, on March nine of nineteen sixteen.

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Speaker 1: Nineteen people had been killed and much of Columbus burned

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Speaker 1: to the ground, and other communities near the border were

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Speaker 1: afraid that something similar might happen to them. World War

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Speaker 1: One added another layer to this fear. In January of

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventeen, British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German foreign

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Speaker 1: Minister Arthur Zimmerman which promised that Germany would return Arizona,

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Speaker 1: New Mexico, and Texas to Mexico if Mexico joined the

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Speaker 1: war on the side of Germany. These states had all

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Speaker 1: previously been a part of Mexico and Texas had declared

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Speaker 1: its independence from Mexico in eighteen thirty six, and the

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Speaker 1: territory that would become Arizona and New Mexico, along with

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Speaker 1: most of the rest of the American West and Southwest,

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Speaker 1: was ceded to the United States in eighteen forty eight,

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Speaker 1: at the end of the Mexican American War. Britain presented

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Speaker 1: this telegram, known as the Zimmerman Telegram, to the United

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Speaker 1: States on February, and by March it had been printed

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Speaker 1: in newspapers. Wasn't very long after that that the United

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Speaker 1: States actually entered the war. So now, on top of

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Speaker 1: being worried that the Mexican Revolution might spill over into

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Speaker 1: the United States, people living near the border were worried

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Speaker 1: that Mexico would wind up and would wind up as

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Speaker 1: allies of Germany and attack the United States directly. And

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Speaker 1: yet another source of tension in Bisbee in nineteen seventeen

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Speaker 1: was a general nationwide trend towards xenophobia and nativism. On

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Speaker 1: February five, Congress passed the Immigration Act of nineteen seventeen,

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Speaker 1: overriding a veto by President Woodrow will Wilson. We haven't

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Speaker 1: talked about this particular piece of legislation on the show

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Speaker 1: before because most of the time it was superseded by

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Speaker 1: other laws that were more relevant to the subject at hand,

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Speaker 1: but at the time it was the strictest immigration law

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Speaker 1: the country had seen. Before the Chinese Exclusion Act of

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty two, the United States had no federal laws

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Speaker 1: restricting immigration. If you could get here, you could stay.

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Speaker 1: The Immigration Act of nineteen seventeen built on the Chinese

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Speaker 1: Exclusion Act, along with other immigration laws and practices that

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Speaker 1: had been put in place in the intervening years. Section

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Speaker 1: three of the nineteen seventeen legislation included a colossally long

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Speaker 1: list of people who were excluded from admission into the

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Speaker 1: United States, including, as a few excerpts, quote idiots, imbeciles,

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Speaker 1: and feeble minded persons, persons of constitutional psychopathic inferiority, poppers,

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Speaker 1: professional beggars, and vagrants, anarchists, con tracked, laborers, and people

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Speaker 1: whose passage was paid for by someone else. The act

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Speaker 1: also established what was known as the Asiatic Exclusion Zone,

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Speaker 1: which barred immigrants from most Eastern Asia and Pacific islands.

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Speaker 1: It mandated a literacy test as well, along with attacks

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Speaker 1: of eight dollars per person for adult immigrants, which is

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Speaker 1: equivalent to roughly a hundred and sixty dollars today. This

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Speaker 1: legislation was heavily influenced by the eugenics movement and the

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Speaker 1: idea that the United States should only allow people with

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Speaker 1: so called good stock into the country. This was happening

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Speaker 1: at the same time that Henry H. Goddard was studying

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Speaker 1: the people who arrived at Ellis Island hoping to immigrate

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Speaker 1: to the United States. We talked about that work in

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Speaker 1: our episode called the Calicacs and the Eugenicists. He published

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Speaker 1: work from this research that claimed that forty percent of

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Speaker 1: immigrants were so called feeble minded, including eighty three percent

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Speaker 1: of Jews, seventy of Italians, eighty percent of Hungarians, and

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Speaker 1: eighty seven percent of Russians. This nineteen seventeen legislation gives

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Speaker 1: you a pretty good idea of how the country was

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Speaker 1: feeling about immigration, but it wasn't really all that successful

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Speaker 1: at reducing the number of quote undesirable immigrants or immigrants

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Speaker 1: from undesirable countries. In ninety four, it would be replaced

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Speaker 1: by another law known as the Johnson Read Act, which

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Speaker 1: was also inspired by the eugenics movement with a goal

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Speaker 1: of limiting immigration from southern and Eastern Europe, and workers

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Speaker 1: from those countries were a significant part of the labor

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Speaker 1: pool in Bisbee. All of this, the minds, the war,

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Speaker 1: and the rising tide of anti immigrant sentiment fed into

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Speaker 1: the Bisbee deportation. And we have not even gotten to

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Speaker 1: the presence of the Wobblies yet, who were described as

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Speaker 1: anything from a menace to quote, the waste material of

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Speaker 1: creation which should be drained off into the sewer of oblivion.

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Speaker 1: We will talk about the Wobblies and who they were

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Speaker 1: and why everyone hated them so much after a sponsor break.

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Speaker 1: By seventeen, there were two major unions representing miners in Bisbee, Arizona,

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Speaker 1: and those two organizations were really tangled up in one

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Speaker 1: another's histories. One was the International Union of Mine Mill

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Speaker 1: and Smelter Workers, also known as mine Mill which had

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Speaker 1: previously been known as the Western Federation of Miners or WFM.

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Speaker 1: The WFM had been established in eightee and had become

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Speaker 1: known for radical and sometimes violent tactics and also for

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Speaker 1: violent retaliation against the union's activities. The other was the

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Speaker 1: Industrial Workers of the World or i W. W also

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Speaker 1: known as the Wobbly E's. The i w W was

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Speaker 1: founded in nineteen o five, and one of its founders

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Speaker 1: was William Haywood, known as Big Bill, formerly of the WFM.

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Speaker 1: Many of the w FM's most radical members moved over

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Speaker 1: to the i w W, and by nineteen o seven,

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Speaker 1: the Western Federation of Miners had denounced the International Workers

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Speaker 1: of the World. Concerned that the IWW's focus on revolution

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Speaker 1: was overshadowing its focus on labor organization, the Western Federation

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Speaker 1: of Miners nineteen sixteen name changed to the International Union

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Speaker 1: of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, was in part to

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Speaker 1: try to reverse a downward trend in its membership numbers

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Speaker 1: and to further distance itself from the IWW. Meanwhile, the

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Speaker 1: IWW had become one of the most notorious and least

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Speaker 1: trusted unions in the country. Many of its leaders and

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Speaker 1: most prominent members were socialists, and a lot of the

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Speaker 1: union's rhetoric was explicitly anti capitalist. The organization was also

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Speaker 1: pascifist and against military conscriptions. Conscription, and it was the

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Speaker 1: only major union in the United States to oppose the

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Speaker 1: nation's involvement in World War One. It was extremely easy

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Speaker 1: for the Wobbly's opponents to characterize this socialist passive him,

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Speaker 1: especially in wartime, as anti American and pro German, often

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Speaker 1: quoting from the organization's own publications to do it. I

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Speaker 1: w W activities had been met with mass arrests, deportations,

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Speaker 1: and violence throughout its history, much of it covered in

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Speaker 1: the media in a heavily sensationalized way. Wobblies were decried

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Speaker 1: as agitators who descended on working communities to spread chaos

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Speaker 1: and unrest. In some places, law enforcement ordered that i

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Speaker 1: w W members be arrested on site and charged with vagrancy.

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Speaker 1: It did not help that Big Bill Haywood had been

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Speaker 1: arrested for murder in nineteen o six and was acquitted

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Speaker 1: a year later. The mind Mill Union's work in Arizona

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Speaker 1: went back decades long before that name change, including an

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Speaker 1: attempts to unionize the Minds in nineteen o six and

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Speaker 1: nineteen o seven. That effort involved the work of Mary

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Speaker 1: Harris Jones, also known as Mother Jones, and it led

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Speaker 1: to the mass firing of about a thousand workers. Like

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Speaker 1: in pretty much every industry, the whole history of unionizing

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Speaker 1: was very long and complicated and full of a lot

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Speaker 1: of violence and firings. The IWW, on the other hand,

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Speaker 1: was newly arrived in the area, having established the Metal

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Speaker 1: Mine Workers Industrial Union Number eight hundred in nineteen seventeen,

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Speaker 1: one of many local chapters that it launched in the

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Speaker 1: Southwest during this time. As it established all these local unions,

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Speaker 1: the IWW recruited members from the mines Mexican American workers,

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Speaker 1: along with immigrants from Mexico and southern Europe, all of

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Speaker 1: whom weren't particularly welcomed in other unions. These workers tended

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Speaker 1: to be the lowest paid of everyone in the mines,

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Speaker 1: and in Bisbee, Mexicans weren't even allowed to enter the

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Speaker 1: mine itself and work underground. In June of nineteen seventeen,

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Speaker 1: the IWW went to mine management in Bisbee with a

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Speaker 1: list of demands, most of them related to safety and

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Speaker 1: working conditions. These included only allowing blasting inside the mine

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Speaker 1: outside of regular working hours and assigning two men to

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Speaker 1: work on each machine. They also demanded an end to

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Speaker 1: discrimination against union workers and immigrants, and the adoption of

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Speaker 1: a flat wage system. The mine workers at the time

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Speaker 1: were being paid based on the price of copper, which

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Speaker 1: meant that their pay rates rose and fell over time,

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Speaker 1: and the price of copper had skyrocketed thanks to the war,

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Speaker 1: going from thirteen cents to thirty seven cents a pound,

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Speaker 1: But the workers who had gotten a raise in their

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Speaker 1: pay thanks to that had not really felt an corresponding

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Speaker 1: increase in their standard of living, because the same factors

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Speaker 1: that were causing the price of copper to go up

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00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,400
Speaker 1: also caused a whole lot of inflation in the area

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Speaker 1: where the mines were, so in a lot of cases,

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00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:47,520
Speaker 1: everything was so much more expensive that they felt like

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Speaker 1: they were taking home less money. In some industries, management

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Speaker 1: had made concessions to unions and workers to keep production

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Speaker 1: going during the war, but management in the Bisbee Minds

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Speaker 1: denied all of the i w WS demands, also citing

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Speaker 1: the war as a reason for turning them down. So

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00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:08,960
Speaker 1: this flat out denial became its own grievance because the

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00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,360
Speaker 1: mind workers as a group felt like they didn't have

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Speaker 1: a way of making their voices heard or influencing their

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00:16:14,480 --> 00:16:19,160
Speaker 1: own working conditions. The President's Mediation Commission that was convened

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Speaker 1: after this whole incident actually pinpointed this as the root

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Speaker 1: of the whole thing, and their report they said quote.

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Speaker 1: The crux of the conflict was the insistence of the

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Speaker 1: men that the right and the power to obtain just

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00:16:32,080 --> 00:16:36,320
Speaker 1: treatment were in themselves basic conditions of employment, and that

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Speaker 1: they should not be compelled to depend for such just

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00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,760
Speaker 1: treatment on the benevolence or uncontrolled will of the employers.

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Speaker 1: On June, the i w W called for a strike,

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Speaker 1: although this wasn't actually put to a vote by any

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00:16:50,880 --> 00:16:55,320
Speaker 1: of the union's membership. Even so, thousands of workers stayed

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Speaker 1: off the job the next day, either refusing to report

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Speaker 1: to their own jobs or refusing to work strikebreakers. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: the secretary of the mine mill union encouraged strike breaking,

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Speaker 1: saying that anyone who crossed the picket line wasn't a

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00:17:08,880 --> 00:17:13,080
Speaker 1: scab because it wasn't really a legal strike. Sheriff Harry

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00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:16,440
Speaker 1: Wheeler also asked for help from federal and state authorities,

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00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:19,359
Speaker 1: but was denied because it seemed like a simple labor

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00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:23,880
Speaker 1: dispute that was proceeding peacefully. As the strike progressed over

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00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:26,800
Speaker 1: the next couple of weeks, two organizations sprung up in

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00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:30,520
Speaker 1: town to oppose it. One was the Workman's Loyalty League,

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00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:32,760
Speaker 1: which was made up of mine workers who were opposed

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Speaker 1: to the strike. The other was the Citizens Protective League

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00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:39,720
Speaker 1: or CPL. The CPL was made up of prominent citizens,

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00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:42,959
Speaker 1: powerful business people, and some of the upper management at

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00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,200
Speaker 1: the mines. It had originally been established in the face

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Speaker 1: of a previous labor dispute, and it reconvened during the

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventeen strike. Soon rumors and allegations were spreading through

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Speaker 1: Bisbee in the surrounding area about the Wobblies and the strike.

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Speaker 1: Some of these were picked up into Sminated through the newspaper, which,

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Speaker 1: as we said before the break was owned by the mind.

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Speaker 1: People alleged that German infiltrators had made their way into

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Speaker 1: the i w W, and the strike was intended to

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Speaker 1: weaken the United States during the war or possibly sabotage

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00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:18,520
Speaker 1: the entire copper industry. They also reported that the i

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00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:22,720
Speaker 1: w W was planning to disrupt the city's Independence Day festivities,

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Speaker 1: with the Loyalty League marching in a parade on the fourth.

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00:18:25,720 --> 00:18:30,639
Speaker 1: To prove them wrong. Sheriff Wheeler started deputizing citizens of

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Speaker 1: Bisbee during all of this, and eventually more than a

304
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:38,359
Speaker 1: thousand people had been made temporary deputies. Most of them

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00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:42,080
Speaker 1: were members of the CPL. Even with these a thousand

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00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:45,800
Speaker 1: additional untrained law enforcement people on the scene, everything was

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00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:49,960
Speaker 1: still proceeding peacefully, though there were heated arguments, but there

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00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:54,440
Speaker 1: was no actual violence. On July eleven, Wheeler released a

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Speaker 1: statement calling for the deportation of everyone involved in the strike,

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Speaker 1: accusing them of treason and vagrancy, and encouraging women and

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00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:06,840
Speaker 1: children to stay indoors. A very similar deportation had happened

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00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:09,760
Speaker 1: in Jerome, Arizona, just to day earlier, but on a

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00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:13,439
Speaker 1: much smaller scale. After the i w W called for

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00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:16,440
Speaker 1: a strike in Jerome's Minds, workers stayed off the job.

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00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:21,040
Speaker 1: The sheriff had four IWW leaders arrested and issued an

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Speaker 1: order for all Wobblies to leave town within twelve hours.

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Speaker 1: At two am on July twelfth, calls started going out

318
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Speaker 1: to the deputized members of the Citizens Protective League, and

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00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:34,240
Speaker 1: this included calls to people living in Douglas, which was

320
00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:38,679
Speaker 1: another border town about thirty miles or forty eight kilometers away.

321
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:42,480
Speaker 1: By five am, they had gathered about two thousand deputies,

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00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:46,280
Speaker 1: all of them wearing white arm bands to distinguish themselves

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Speaker 1: from the Wobblies and the striking workers. Law enforcement didn't

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00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:54,600
Speaker 1: contact the governor, the federal government, the military, or anyone

325
00:19:54,640 --> 00:19:57,440
Speaker 1: else to ask for aid or explain what was going on.

326
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Speaker 1: This vigilante mob seized a telegraph station to try to

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00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,520
Speaker 1: censor any outgoing communications about what was happening, and they

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00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:09,080
Speaker 1: started moving through Bisbee, nearby Lowell, and the surrounding area,

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Speaker 1: interrogating people at gunpoint about whether they were working, and

330
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Speaker 1: rounding up anyone believed to be a member of the

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Speaker 1: i w W, a striking worker, or someone who supported

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Speaker 1: the strike. This included Archie Cook, arrested by his own brother,

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Speaker 1: Edward Leslie Cook, who had been told that if he

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00:20:27,119 --> 00:20:30,240
Speaker 1: didn't go along with the mob, he would be deported himself.

335
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:34,960
Speaker 1: One minor and one deputy were killed during this massive

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00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:38,520
Speaker 1: round up. Jim Brew, who was a boilerman's helper and

337
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Speaker 1: an IWW organizer, killed Orson McRae, who was a shift

338
00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:45,879
Speaker 1: boss at the Calumet and Arizona mine and also a

339
00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:48,960
Speaker 1: former candidate for counsel and a member of the Loyalty League.

340
00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:52,080
Speaker 1: Brew had called out a warning that he would shoot

341
00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:54,560
Speaker 1: anybody who tried to take him, and when several men

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00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:57,480
Speaker 1: continued to move towards his boarding house, he fired through

343
00:20:57,480 --> 00:21:01,280
Speaker 1: the screen door. Multiple men in the mob returned fire,

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00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:04,240
Speaker 1: and the coroner's inquest that followed all of this didn't

345
00:21:04,280 --> 00:21:09,119
Speaker 1: determine which of them killed brew. The deputized mob forced

346
00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:11,879
Speaker 1: about two thousand men to march to war in Ballpark,

347
00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:14,199
Speaker 1: where they were held in the stands until the arrival

348
00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:17,880
Speaker 1: of a train provided by El Paso and Southwestern Railroad,

349
00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:22,320
Speaker 1: which was a subsidiary of Phelps Dodge. Once the train arrived,

350
00:21:22,359 --> 00:21:24,920
Speaker 1: the men being held were ordered to renounce the strike

351
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,440
Speaker 1: and return to work, or to board the train's cattle cars.

352
00:21:29,119 --> 00:21:31,719
Speaker 1: In the words of deported worker Fred Watson, who had

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00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:34,480
Speaker 1: worked in the Copper Queen mine, quote, you either put

354
00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:37,000
Speaker 1: a white rag around your arm, or you left town.

355
00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:41,600
Speaker 1: A few hundred men, most of them not actually employed

356
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:44,159
Speaker 1: in the mines, agreed to these terms, and they left.

357
00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:48,199
Speaker 1: The rest were forced into twenty three manure cape cattle

358
00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:51,879
Speaker 1: cars in ninety degree heat at his thirty five degrees celsius.

359
00:21:52,359 --> 00:21:55,120
Speaker 1: And then they were hauled out of town. And we're

360
00:21:55,119 --> 00:21:57,320
Speaker 1: going to talk about where they went, but first we

361
00:21:57,359 --> 00:22:08,119
Speaker 1: will pause and have a little sponsor break. After leaving

362
00:22:08,119 --> 00:22:11,320
Speaker 1: busby Arizona to the train carrying about twelve hundred men

363
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:15,120
Speaker 1: under armed guard, traveled sixteen hours east to Columbus, New Mexico,

364
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,600
Speaker 1: home of Camp for Long. The hope was to leave

365
00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:23,119
Speaker 1: the deported men there, that the people who would arrange

366
00:22:23,119 --> 00:22:25,440
Speaker 1: his whole deportation had not really thought it through. Camp

367
00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:28,639
Speaker 1: Furlong did not have enough food or the necessary hygiene

368
00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:32,399
Speaker 1: facilities to just absorb so many people, so the train

369
00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:35,840
Speaker 1: turned back west and stopped in Airmana's, New Mexico, where

370
00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:38,560
Speaker 1: the men spent the night in the cattle cars. They

371
00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:40,719
Speaker 1: had very little in the way of food, water, and

372
00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:44,160
Speaker 1: protection from the elements until troops arrived on July four

373
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Speaker 1: and escorted them back to Columbus. This time, the army

374
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:51,639
Speaker 1: provided them with rations and water, and tasked some of

375
00:22:51,680 --> 00:22:54,920
Speaker 1: them with digging latrines, also telling them they were all

376
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:57,760
Speaker 1: free to go. They set up what was essentially a

377
00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:01,800
Speaker 1: refugee camp, where many of them stayed for months. Back

378
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:05,080
Speaker 1: in Bisbee, the town placed armed guards on all the

379
00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:08,680
Speaker 1: roads to keep the deported workers from coming back. Said

380
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:12,120
Speaker 1: he also established a kangaroo court, which continued to try

381
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,960
Speaker 1: and deport hundreds of people for vagrancy and other charges,

382
00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:19,320
Speaker 1: most of which were pretty flimsy at best. Over the

383
00:23:19,359 --> 00:23:22,800
Speaker 1: next couple of months, they threatened the people that continued

384
00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:27,359
Speaker 1: to be deported with lynching if they returned. Some of

385
00:23:27,359 --> 00:23:30,080
Speaker 1: the men in the refugee camp got legal advice from

386
00:23:30,119 --> 00:23:33,359
Speaker 1: Attorney W. B. Cleary, who wrote a statement saying that

387
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:36,800
Speaker 1: they would return to work if President Woodrow Wilson nationalized

388
00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:39,840
Speaker 1: the minds and provided a military escort back to Bisbee

389
00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:43,200
Speaker 1: for them. But other than that, they were essentially stuck.

390
00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:46,080
Speaker 1: Although they were free to go, where most of them

391
00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:49,200
Speaker 1: wanted to go was home, back to Bisbee, where many

392
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,399
Speaker 1: of them had families and children, but Bisbee would not

393
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:56,440
Speaker 1: take them. About two hundred men did leave the camp

394
00:23:56,480 --> 00:23:58,520
Speaker 1: on August five, and most of them made their way

395
00:23:58,560 --> 00:24:01,960
Speaker 1: to other cities in town, and afterward the army conducted

396
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:05,040
Speaker 1: a census of everyone who was left. They found that

397
00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:07,760
Speaker 1: there was no truth at all to the idea that

398
00:24:07,840 --> 00:24:12,040
Speaker 1: the Wobblies had been infiltrated by huge numbers of Germans.

399
00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:15,040
Speaker 1: Of the nearly nine hundred men left in camp, only

400
00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:19,440
Speaker 1: about twenty were German. Most of the deported men were immigrants,

401
00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:22,720
Speaker 1: but a hundred and sixty seven described themselves as Americans.

402
00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:26,240
Speaker 1: There were also two hundred twenty nine Mexicans, a hundred

403
00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:29,159
Speaker 1: and seventy nine immigrants from various parts of the Balkans,

404
00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:33,440
Speaker 1: sixty seven Irish, and thirty two British, along with smaller

405
00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,320
Speaker 1: numbers of people from a very long list of other countries.

406
00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,080
Speaker 1: Almost eight hundred of the men in the camp said

407
00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:44,520
Speaker 1: that they owned property. At first, public opinion was in

408
00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,399
Speaker 1: favor of all of this, particularly in mining communities. A

409
00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:51,960
Speaker 1: publication from the Arizona Chapter of the American Mining Congress,

410
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:56,160
Speaker 1: published not long after, describes it as an accomplishment, praising

411
00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:59,160
Speaker 1: the sheriff and citizens of the county for quote, removing

412
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:03,840
Speaker 1: one thousand enemies of the government, disloyal citizens from the

413
00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:07,159
Speaker 1: state of proceeding probably without precedent in the history of

414
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,520
Speaker 1: the country in point of the number of men handled

415
00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:13,240
Speaker 1: and the celerity and thoroughness with which the work was accomplished.

416
00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:16,760
Speaker 1: But at the same time, various people and organizations were

417
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:20,120
Speaker 1: trying to negotiate with the minds in the city of Bisbee.

418
00:25:20,240 --> 00:25:23,720
Speaker 1: One of these was former Arizona Governor George W. P. Hunt,

419
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:27,000
Speaker 1: who had been a big supporter of organized labor throughout

420
00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:31,000
Speaker 1: his time in office. A disputed nineteen sixteen election had

421
00:25:31,040 --> 00:25:33,680
Speaker 1: gone to his opponent Thomas E. Campbell by order of

422
00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:38,240
Speaker 1: the Arizona Supreme Court. Another court decision would eventually put

423
00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:41,520
Speaker 1: Hunt back in office, but in the meantime, he was

424
00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:44,760
Speaker 1: acting as a mediator in the Busbee dispute, along with

425
00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:47,600
Speaker 1: other labor disputes that were going on in Arizona. This

426
00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:50,800
Speaker 1: was part of a whole lot of strikes and disputes,

427
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:54,000
Speaker 1: especially in the mining industry. He was doing this at

428
00:25:54,040 --> 00:25:58,600
Speaker 1: the request of President Wilson. The Arizona Federation of Labor

429
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:01,600
Speaker 1: also contacted President at Wilson in August to ask for

430
00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:05,199
Speaker 1: help for the deported miners, but Wilson was reluctant to

431
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: take action. He'd been close friends with Cleveland Dodge of

432
00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:12,520
Speaker 1: Phelps Dodge Mining Company for years. When the Arizona Federation

433
00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,359
Speaker 1: of Labor made its request, Wilson replied that he was

434
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:19,160
Speaker 1: quote loath to believe that genuine representatives of the Federation

435
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,200
Speaker 1: of Labor would send me a message containing so unjust

436
00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:25,840
Speaker 1: and offensive an intimation. I'm just gonna say it was

437
00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:30,480
Speaker 1: not unjust and offensive, it was correct. Hunt later sent

438
00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:32,840
Speaker 1: Wilson a full report of what had happened, and he

439
00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:35,320
Speaker 1: sent a copy to the Department of Labor as well,

440
00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:37,640
Speaker 1: and in this report he pointed out that a lot

441
00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:41,240
Speaker 1: of the people involved were still stuck in Columbus because

442
00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:43,879
Speaker 1: all they wanted was just to go home and have

443
00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:49,560
Speaker 1: their basic rights restored. After receiving Hunt's report, Wilson established

444
00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:53,080
Speaker 1: a Mediation Commission to investigate what had happened and advise

445
00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:57,520
Speaker 1: on a resolution. Felix Frankfurter, the Assistant Secretary of Labor,

446
00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:00,280
Speaker 1: was one of its members. As the commissi and was

447
00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:04,400
Speaker 1: conducting its investigation, the governor instructed the Citizens Protective League

448
00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:07,360
Speaker 1: to disband their kangaroo court and put the city back

449
00:27:07,359 --> 00:27:13,640
Speaker 1: into normal operations. The Mediation Commission released its report in October,

450
00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:16,560
Speaker 1: and the report found that the Bisbee deportation had been

451
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:20,359
Speaker 1: illegal and that no one could substantiate their claims that

452
00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:23,360
Speaker 1: the Wobblings and the Minds had been infiltrated by Germans.

453
00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:26,359
Speaker 1: They also noted that nobody who made that claim could

454
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:28,880
Speaker 1: even really say where they had come by that information

455
00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:32,919
Speaker 1: in the first place. Instead, the commission found that the

456
00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:37,560
Speaker 1: deportations were motivated by fear, not by actual danger. To

457
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,879
Speaker 1: quote from the report, the plan for the deportation and

458
00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:43,959
Speaker 1: its execution are attributable to the belief in the minds

459
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,040
Speaker 1: of those who engineered it, that violence was contemplated by

460
00:27:47,080 --> 00:27:50,440
Speaker 1: the strikers and sympathizers with the strikers who had come

461
00:27:50,480 --> 00:27:53,760
Speaker 1: into the district from without, that life and property would

462
00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:57,280
Speaker 1: be insecure unless such deportation was undertaken, and that the

463
00:27:57,359 --> 00:28:00,520
Speaker 1: state was without the necessary armed force to events such

464
00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:04,600
Speaker 1: anticipated violence and to safeguard life and property within the district.

465
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,399
Speaker 1: This belief has no justification in the evidence in support

466
00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:11,960
Speaker 1: of it presented by the parties who harbored it. The

467
00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:16,600
Speaker 1: report also strongly criticized the use of repressive tactics to

468
00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:20,040
Speaker 1: deal with such labor unrest, calling it quote the source

469
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:24,400
Speaker 1: of much bitterness, turns radical labor leaders into martyrs, thus

470
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:27,480
Speaker 1: increasing their following, and worst of all, in the minds

471
00:28:27,520 --> 00:28:30,720
Speaker 1: of the workers, tends to implicate the government as a

472
00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:35,639
Speaker 1: partisan in the in the economic conflict. Later on, the

473
00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:40,720
Speaker 1: document continued, quote, too often, there is a glaring inconsistency

474
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:44,440
Speaker 1: between our democratic purposes in this war abroad and the

475
00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:48,360
Speaker 1: autocratic conduct of some of those guiding the industry at home.

476
00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:53,120
Speaker 1: This inconsistency is emphasized by episodes such as the Bisbee

477
00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:58,200
Speaker 1: deportations in the aftermath of the deportation, the Department of

478
00:28:58,240 --> 00:29:02,040
Speaker 1: Justice ordered the arrests of twenty one Phelps Dodge executives,

479
00:29:02,080 --> 00:29:05,480
Speaker 1: and several local leaders of BISBEE, but it was eventually

480
00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:08,440
Speaker 1: determined that no federal law had been broken, so there

481
00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,400
Speaker 1: was nothing to charge them with in federal court. The

482
00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:14,960
Speaker 1: first federal interstate kidnapping law was the Lindberg Law, which

483
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:18,400
Speaker 1: was not passed until nine two after the kidnapping and

484
00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:22,000
Speaker 1: murder of Charles Lindbergh's son. If there had been a

485
00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:26,480
Speaker 1: federal kidnapping law before these deportations, that clearly would have applied,

486
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,840
Speaker 1: because the men were literally forced into a train and

487
00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:35,080
Speaker 1: then taken across state lines. Even though no federal charges

488
00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:38,520
Speaker 1: could be filed, the Department of Justice recommended that Arizona

489
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:42,360
Speaker 1: prosecute any violations of state law. Several of the men

490
00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:44,920
Speaker 1: had also been drafted while they were stuck in that

491
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,800
Speaker 1: refugee camp, which meant that the deportation had run a

492
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:51,320
Speaker 1: foul of the selective draft law, so the Department of

493
00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:54,680
Speaker 1: Justice advised Arizona to pass that part along to the

494
00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:59,000
Speaker 1: Secretary of State. The Department of Justice also advised that

495
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:03,200
Speaker 1: the aspect of the deportation that interfered with interstate communication,

496
00:30:03,720 --> 00:30:06,800
Speaker 1: like taking over the Telegraph office be directed to the

497
00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:12,560
Speaker 1: Interstate Commerce Commission. In nineteen nineteen and nineteen twenty, thousands

498
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:15,960
Speaker 1: of documents were filed in Coaches County Superior Court in

499
00:30:15,960 --> 00:30:19,320
Speaker 1: the case of State of Arizona versus Phelps Dodge Corporation,

500
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,560
Speaker 1: which also named two hundred twenty four individual men as defendants,

501
00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:27,920
Speaker 1: but only one of these ever came to trial, H. E. Wootton,

502
00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:31,840
Speaker 1: who owned a hardware store. It's not really clear why

503
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,560
Speaker 1: out of everyone, Wotton was the only person who was tried,

504
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,000
Speaker 1: but he was ultimately acquitted. His defense was that he

505
00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:42,000
Speaker 1: was following the quote law of necessity, and here is

506
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,800
Speaker 1: how the jury foreman described it afterward. Quote the verdict

507
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:48,600
Speaker 1: of the jury is a vindication of the deportation, if

508
00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:51,040
Speaker 1: not in the legal sense, at least in the moral sense.

509
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:54,160
Speaker 1: No man could listen to the evidence adduced during the

510
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:56,760
Speaker 1: trial without feeling that the people of Bisbee were in

511
00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,719
Speaker 1: eminent danger, and that if their fears were un grounded,

512
00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:05,120
Speaker 1: yet they were apparently real and pressing. The essence of

513
00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:08,120
Speaker 1: the law of necessity has explained and laid down to

514
00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:11,040
Speaker 1: the jury by Judge Patty is that it protects a

515
00:31:11,120 --> 00:31:13,760
Speaker 1: man and his invasion of the rights of others when

516
00:31:13,840 --> 00:31:16,920
Speaker 1: his fear for his own safety or welfare is great

517
00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:20,520
Speaker 1: enough to force him to a drastic step. That the

518
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:23,600
Speaker 1: spear does not have to be a fear of really

519
00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:28,400
Speaker 1: of really existent dangers, but only of apparent danger when

520
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,080
Speaker 1: the appearance of that danger is so compelling as to

521
00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:35,840
Speaker 1: be real to him that views it. But I feel

522
00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:37,440
Speaker 1: like this is still a defense. We see, and you

523
00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:41,680
Speaker 1: saw all the time I was scared, and even though

524
00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:45,160
Speaker 1: that fear was not founded in anything, I have the

525
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:49,080
Speaker 1: defense that I was scared. As for the miners and

526
00:31:49,120 --> 00:31:53,040
Speaker 1: their supporters, A Stewart Embry was tried in Tucson and

527
00:31:53,080 --> 00:31:56,960
Speaker 1: found not guilty of incitement to riot, but the Wobblies

528
00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,760
Speaker 1: as a group became a target on a more national scale.

529
00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:04,360
Speaker 1: On September five, nineteen seventeen, the FBI rated every i

530
00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:07,440
Speaker 1: w W office in the nation. Over the span of

531
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: about twenty four hours, hundreds of i w W leaders

532
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:15,600
Speaker 1: were tried on charges of espionage. Every defendant was found

533
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:19,240
Speaker 1: guilty after less than an hour of deliberation. The District

534
00:32:19,280 --> 00:32:22,000
Speaker 1: Attorney of Philadelphia called these raids and the trial that

535
00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:25,120
Speaker 1: followed as undertaken quote very largely to put the I

536
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,920
Speaker 1: w W out of business. Some joined the military or

537
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:31,440
Speaker 1: found work in Minds and other cities, but many of

538
00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:34,400
Speaker 1: them found themselves cut off from their homes and their property,

539
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:38,440
Speaker 1: and Busbee with really nowhere else to go. The labor

540
00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:41,040
Speaker 1: dispute and the Commission's report did lead to a few

541
00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:45,640
Speaker 1: changes in Bisbees minds. The three mind superintendents all set

542
00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:48,440
Speaker 1: up official grievance procedures and got rid of the physical

543
00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:52,800
Speaker 1: exam requirement. Wages in Bisbees minds also rose by about

544
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:57,080
Speaker 1: fifty percent in nineteen eighteen. This turned out to be temporary,

545
00:32:57,120 --> 00:33:00,040
Speaker 1: though the mining industry and Bisbee started to suffer of

546
00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:03,480
Speaker 1: the shift towards pit mining. Historians who look back on

547
00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:06,320
Speaker 1: this are mostly agreed on the fact that the root

548
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,400
Speaker 1: of the workers dissatisfaction really came from not being able

549
00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:12,600
Speaker 1: to have their grievances heard and address in a meaningful way.

550
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,560
Speaker 1: And then there's also a lot of consensus about the

551
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:18,840
Speaker 1: idea that the deportation was rooted in fear and not

552
00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:23,320
Speaker 1: actual danger, but there is still debate about which fear

553
00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:26,320
Speaker 1: had the greatest part of it, whether it was the

554
00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:30,480
Speaker 1: fear and dislike of immigrants in this general national climate

555
00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,680
Speaker 1: of xenophobia and nativism, or whether it was fear and

556
00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:39,600
Speaker 1: dislike of unions and organized labor, especially the Wobblies. I

557
00:33:39,680 --> 00:33:44,719
Speaker 1: cannot emphasize the Wobblies were so distrusted and disliked that

558
00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:49,120
Speaker 1: it is hard even today to figure out which charges

559
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:53,440
Speaker 1: against them were real and which are completely made up.

560
00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:58,040
Speaker 1: Uh Like the this massive trial that took place that

561
00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:03,080
Speaker 1: we referenced earlier included um just like it's it's often

562
00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:06,680
Speaker 1: described as a show trial and not like an actual

563
00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:11,040
Speaker 1: methodical investigation, and a lot of the people that were

564
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:13,160
Speaker 1: sentenced and went to prison where people who hadn't been

565
00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:15,680
Speaker 1: involved in the organization in years. The whole huge thing

566
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:20,759
Speaker 1: that involves Kinnessaw mountain landis who was a person that

567
00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:22,640
Speaker 1: has been on my short list for an episode for

568
00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:25,400
Speaker 1: a really long time. So maybe at some point we

569
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:27,640
Speaker 1: will get to this wildly trial. It reminds me of

570
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:29,799
Speaker 1: the Palmer Raids in a lot of ways, like this

571
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:33,680
Speaker 1: whole incident and that whole trial. Like I think there

572
00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:35,520
Speaker 1: are people that feel like it's sort of a set

573
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:39,440
Speaker 1: a set of precedent for the Palmer Raids. Anyway, A

574
00:34:39,480 --> 00:34:42,279
Speaker 1: whole big, complicated thing. I thought this was gonna be

575
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:45,640
Speaker 1: a real, relatively straightforward story when I got into it,

576
00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:50,320
Speaker 1: because it seems like on the surface surface, such a okay,

577
00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:53,480
Speaker 1: there was a labor dispute and then they put everybody

578
00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:55,520
Speaker 1: on a train and deported them. But then the whole

579
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:58,759
Speaker 1: huge history, like the entangled history of the labor organizations

580
00:34:58,760 --> 00:35:00,680
Speaker 1: in the minds and everything that was happening in World

581
00:35:00,680 --> 00:35:03,880
Speaker 1: War One, makes it way more complicated than I expected

582
00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:11,640
Speaker 1: when I got into this. Thanks so much for joining

583
00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:14,440
Speaker 1: us on this Saturday. Since this episode is out of

584
00:35:14,440 --> 00:35:16,880
Speaker 1: the archive, if you heard an email address or Facebook

585
00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:18,920
Speaker 1: U r L or something similar over the course of

586
00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:22,600
Speaker 1: the show that could be obsolete now. Our current email

587
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:27,440
Speaker 1: address is History Podcast at i heart radio dot com.

588
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,640
Speaker 1: Our old how stuff Works email address no longer works,

589
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:33,239
Speaker 1: and you can find us all over social media at

590
00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:36,439
Speaker 1: missed in History and you can subscribe to our show

591
00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:40,000
Speaker 1: on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the I heart Radio app,

592
00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:46,359
Speaker 1: and wherever else you listen to podcasts. Stuff you Missed

593
00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:48,840
Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I heart Radio.

594
00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:51,719
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the I

595
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:55,000
Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to

596
00:35:55,040 --> 00:35:55,880
Speaker 1: your favorite shows,