1 00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: There's a mysterious form of matter in the universe and 2 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:14,280 Speaker 1: it has really strange properties. I've heard of this kind 3 00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:16,799 Speaker 1: of matter, and I heard that if it touches regular matter, 4 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:21,119 Speaker 1: it explodes. Yes, and we can only make it in 5 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:25,599 Speaker 1: super fancy particle colliders. Apparently we don't even know why 6 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:29,000 Speaker 1: it exists. Who even asked for it? Who ordered that? 7 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:36,599 Speaker 1: Who ordered that? I'll have what she's having, but the opposite, 8 00:00:37,120 --> 00:00:54,120 Speaker 1: I don't know if some people want to explode him. 9 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:57,800 Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel and this is Daniel and Jrge explained 10 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:01,480 Speaker 1: the universe where we tackle the higher universe and explain 11 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:08,040 Speaker 1: it to you today on the program Antimatter. What is it? 12 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:12,920 Speaker 1: Not Antifa, not antigua, but anti matter. That's right, These 13 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:17,200 Speaker 1: are all good anti jokes. Actually typed in anti into 14 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:20,479 Speaker 1: Google earlier to see what the completions were, and anti 15 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,680 Speaker 1: matter was like the sixth one. Yeah, are curious about 16 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: antigua and antifa and uh and other sorts of anti stuff. Yeah, 17 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:33,319 Speaker 1: So what is it? Um? What does it have against 18 00:01:33,319 --> 00:01:38,080 Speaker 1: regular matter? And more important, where is it? And what 19 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:41,759 Speaker 1: can it do for you? Yeah? Besides blowing you up. 20 00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:44,440 Speaker 1: So apparently if you touch anti matter, you're going to 21 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:47,520 Speaker 1: explode an a ball of light. That's right, Folks out 22 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:49,120 Speaker 1: there listening to this, if you're sitting next to a 23 00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 1: blob of anti matter, don't touch it, run label it 24 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:57,760 Speaker 1: safely for other people, and then run away really fast. 25 00:01:58,400 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: We are very pro safety this podcast. We want to 26 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:04,320 Speaker 1: explain the universe, not explode the universe or kill everybody 27 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:07,040 Speaker 1: in the universe. All right, But before we begin talking 28 00:02:07,040 --> 00:02:09,080 Speaker 1: about anti matter, we went out in the street. We 29 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:11,440 Speaker 1: asked people, what do you know about anti matter? What 30 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:15,120 Speaker 1: is anti matter? Here's what they had to say. I 31 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: guess matters the matter, So no matter. It's like the 32 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:24,320 Speaker 1: black hole. I mean, I've heard it in relational like space, 33 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:27,440 Speaker 1: but I couldn't define it at all. It's like the 34 00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,640 Speaker 1: opposite It's like a proton has more mass in electron, 35 00:02:30,639 --> 00:02:34,360 Speaker 1: but it's the opposite charge. The electron has a positive charge, 36 00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 1: but it's like the lighter at all. All right, So 37 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:39,639 Speaker 1: most people seem to have heard of the term antimatter. 38 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:42,760 Speaker 1: That that's that's pretty cool. Yeah, it's really cool that 39 00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:45,280 Speaker 1: people have heard of anti matter, though almost nobody seems 40 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:48,920 Speaker 1: to know what it is. Everyone seems to have an 41 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:52,000 Speaker 1: idea that it's like regular matter, but kind of like 42 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:56,640 Speaker 1: the opposite, like it's it's like a weird kind of matter. Yeah, 43 00:02:56,720 --> 00:02:59,040 Speaker 1: And this is one of my favorite things about antimatter 44 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:02,800 Speaker 1: is that it's a science concept that has penetrated into 45 00:03:02,919 --> 00:03:07,080 Speaker 1: popular culture and mostly kept the science intact. Like the 46 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: things people know about antimatter are mostly true, which is 47 00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:12,519 Speaker 1: not the case for a lot of other things in science, 48 00:03:12,520 --> 00:03:14,680 Speaker 1: you know, quantum mechanics and relativity and all this stuff. 49 00:03:14,720 --> 00:03:18,040 Speaker 1: People have distorted ideas from science fiction. Well, I think 50 00:03:18,080 --> 00:03:21,280 Speaker 1: one of the biggest instances of it that I've seen 51 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:23,160 Speaker 1: in movies it it was on that movie The Da 52 00:03:23,200 --> 00:03:25,360 Speaker 1: Vinci Code, or the sequel to The Da Vinci Code, 53 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 1: Angels and Demons. Yeah, where they were there was somebody 54 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:32,760 Speaker 1: trying to like harness antimatter and make a bomb out 55 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:35,000 Speaker 1: of it. That's right. And you know that movie Angels 56 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:38,200 Speaker 1: and Demons starts at the Atlas Detector at CERN, which 57 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: is where I were, which is pretty awesome. Did you 58 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:43,560 Speaker 1: get a cameo? I I didn't get to meet Tom 59 00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:45,400 Speaker 1: Hanks and I didn't get to be in the movie. 60 00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: But it's also always fun to see your workplace turned 61 00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:52,840 Speaker 1: into a science fiction movie because and in the version 62 00:03:52,880 --> 00:03:55,520 Speaker 1: of my workplace that they have at in the movie. 63 00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:58,880 Speaker 1: They have all these fancy displays and cool interfaces and 64 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:02,280 Speaker 1: retinal scans, all this stuff, and everyone's wearing like white 65 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:06,800 Speaker 1: lab coats, right and safety as they should. That's right. 66 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: You can't do science without white lab coat. Yeah, you 67 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:11,080 Speaker 1: don't want to get any anti matter on your clothes 68 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:16,200 Speaker 1: unless they're anti closing your antiverson. Science fiction is always 69 00:04:16,200 --> 00:04:19,159 Speaker 1: an inspiration for real life, so there's nothing wrong there. Um. 70 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: But there are some elements to Angels and Demons which 71 00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:25,520 Speaker 1: are correct. Okay, so Angels and Demons got correct that 72 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: we do make anti matter at certain though not enough 73 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:31,400 Speaker 1: to make a bomb. We make anti matter at certain Yes, 74 00:04:31,440 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: we produce it, but not enough to make a bomb. 75 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:38,160 Speaker 1: That's very important distinction. And if antimatter collides with matter, 76 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:40,760 Speaker 1: it does annihilate and turn into energy, so you can 77 00:04:40,920 --> 00:04:44,200 Speaker 1: make explosives. Yes, that is all actually true. You can 78 00:04:44,279 --> 00:04:46,279 Speaker 1: make a bomb, but you're not making a bomb right now. 79 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: We have no plans to make bombs. Um. But but yes, 80 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:54,120 Speaker 1: technically antimatter can be used to make engines or weapons. Okay, 81 00:04:54,279 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: well we'll get to how that all works, but let's 82 00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:01,960 Speaker 1: maybe talk about what is it. The simplest way to 83 00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:04,960 Speaker 1: describe antom matter is just that it's the opposite of matter, right, 84 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:09,440 Speaker 1: every particle, most of matter is made of particles, right, Protons, neutrons, electrons, 85 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:11,400 Speaker 1: this kind of stuff. And inside the protons and neutrons 86 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:14,080 Speaker 1: we have corks. And the amazing thing is that each 87 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,400 Speaker 1: of these particles has sort of a twin, except it's 88 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:20,599 Speaker 1: the evil twin, the opposite twin, like a mirror twin. Yes, 89 00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:23,000 Speaker 1: like a mirror twin. It's not exactly the same sound, 90 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:25,600 Speaker 1: identical twin. It's a mirror twin because it has a 91 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:28,479 Speaker 1: lot of the properties of it are flipped. So the 92 00:05:28,520 --> 00:05:32,599 Speaker 1: electron is negatively charged. The antimatter version of the electron, 93 00:05:32,720 --> 00:05:36,359 Speaker 1: called the positron, it has a positive charge. And so 94 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:39,479 Speaker 1: you're exactly right. The antimatter is like matter, but with 95 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:41,720 Speaker 1: the opposite charge, and some other aspects of it are 96 00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:44,480 Speaker 1: also flipped. So it's not just the electrical charge that's 97 00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:47,800 Speaker 1: flipped like plus and minus like in a battery, or 98 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:51,000 Speaker 1: like an electron and a proton. It's like they have 99 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:54,280 Speaker 1: other things about them that are flipped. That's right, because 100 00:05:54,279 --> 00:05:58,320 Speaker 1: the electric charge is what tells you whether something feels electromagnetism, 101 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:00,320 Speaker 1: which is one of the four forces. But there are 102 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 1: other charges, right, there are other forces and so other 103 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:06,720 Speaker 1: charges exactly other forces, each of which have their own charge. 104 00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:10,200 Speaker 1: So for example, gravity has a charge we call that mass, 105 00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:13,040 Speaker 1: but you can't flip mass because you can't have negative mass. 106 00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:17,039 Speaker 1: Antimatter particles have positive mass, but the other forces, like 107 00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:20,000 Speaker 1: the weak force, it has a charge called the hypercharge, 108 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:24,000 Speaker 1: and anti particles can have the opposite hypercharge as well. 109 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 1: So every particle seems to have this antiparticle, Like the 110 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: electron is the positron, and the corks have the anti corks, 111 00:06:32,279 --> 00:06:35,400 Speaker 1: and so antimatter are these particles that are exactly analogous 112 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,360 Speaker 1: to the particles we know and love and are made 113 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:39,920 Speaker 1: up out of, except there seemed to be the opposite. 114 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:44,000 Speaker 1: So like if a cork, regular cork um feels all 115 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:46,400 Speaker 1: of the forces, right, I think regular cork feels all 116 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:50,120 Speaker 1: the forces. You have gravity, electromagnetism, weak force, and strong force. 117 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:52,240 Speaker 1: And there's a version of the cork that is the 118 00:06:52,279 --> 00:06:57,200 Speaker 1: anti cork that has like, uh, the opposite charge, opposite hypercharge, 119 00:06:57,279 --> 00:07:00,640 Speaker 1: opposite color charge. And that's when a play matter is. 120 00:07:00,680 --> 00:07:04,360 Speaker 1: It's like versions of regular matter that have everything flipped 121 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:06,840 Speaker 1: to them exactly. And the key thing is that we 122 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:10,200 Speaker 1: associate them together. We say, like, well, here's the particle, 123 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:12,560 Speaker 1: we call it the electron. Here's another particle we call 124 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:15,240 Speaker 1: it the positron. And the connection between them is something 125 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:18,480 Speaker 1: that we've made, right, We say, these two are related, 126 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:22,280 Speaker 1: they're similar in some way, they're there's there's a pattern here, 127 00:07:22,480 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: And we look for these patterns all the time because 128 00:07:24,120 --> 00:07:26,640 Speaker 1: we're trying to explain the larger story, right, We're trying 129 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:29,360 Speaker 1: to understand what is what we are seeing mean, and 130 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:31,520 Speaker 1: so we're always looking for patterns. But what is the 131 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: thing they have in common? The is it like the 132 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: mass or you know, just the kind of the arrangement 133 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:41,240 Speaker 1: of these charges. Why do we associate them together? Yeah, 134 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: great question. They have the same mass, and you're exactly right, 135 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:45,480 Speaker 1: as far as we can tell, the electron of the 136 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:48,440 Speaker 1: positron of exactly the same mass, and they also have 137 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,240 Speaker 1: the same magnitude of the charge, Like the electron is 138 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:56,040 Speaker 1: charge minus one positronic charge plus. The quarks have these 139 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:59,440 Speaker 1: fractional charges two thirds one third and the anti quarks 140 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:01,880 Speaker 1: has the opposite, you know, minus two thirds or plus 141 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:04,880 Speaker 1: one third. So they really do come in pairs. Oh, 142 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:06,720 Speaker 1: I see, So it's not just that the flip it's 143 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:11,160 Speaker 1: like flipped exactly. Yeah, that's why it's a kind of special. Yeah, 144 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:14,160 Speaker 1: it's it's like if you if you discovered one day 145 00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:16,400 Speaker 1: that you had a twin, right, and you didn't know 146 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,119 Speaker 1: about it your whole life, that would be pretty interesting. 147 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:20,560 Speaker 1: You'd wonder like, oh, why do I have a twin? 148 00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:24,200 Speaker 1: I would be like, there can only be one. Well, 149 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:26,400 Speaker 1: you wouldn't go out necessarily and kill your twin immediately 150 00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: because you're worried about your inheritance. I mean, I don't 151 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,080 Speaker 1: know how the things work in your family, or just 152 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:34,480 Speaker 1: convince them to try difer in line of work. Probably please, 153 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:37,480 Speaker 1: we don't need another cartoonist. Um, what if you found 154 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: out that everybody in town had a twin, right, then 155 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: you would conclude, oh, there's something to this, there's something 156 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:46,120 Speaker 1: twinny about my town, or my country or my species. Right. 157 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: And that's the amazing thing about anti matter is that 158 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:51,559 Speaker 1: not just the electron has an antiparticle, but the quarks 159 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:55,160 Speaker 1: and every particle we've discovered so far has an antiparticle. 160 00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: So this's some deep symmetry of the universe. It's not 161 00:08:57,800 --> 00:08:59,839 Speaker 1: just like, hey, look at this pattern we found. It's 162 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 1: veeling of something. So everything that we know and see 163 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:06,160 Speaker 1: and touch, um, there's a there can be a version 164 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:09,480 Speaker 1: of it that's like the opposite. Yeah, exactly, there's an 165 00:09:09,520 --> 00:09:11,920 Speaker 1: opposite version, and not opposite in the way like you 166 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:14,280 Speaker 1: know you had a gross breakfast this morning, there's an 167 00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:16,960 Speaker 1: opposite version where you had a delicious breakfast. You know, 168 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: it's opposite in the sense that it's made out of 169 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:22,359 Speaker 1: the opposite particles. So right, first, we're talking about antiparticles, 170 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:24,760 Speaker 1: and we can talk about anti matter, which is stuff 171 00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:27,439 Speaker 1: made out of antiparticles. So that's a cool idea that 172 00:09:27,559 --> 00:09:30,720 Speaker 1: you can have like an anti electron, like inform an 173 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:34,920 Speaker 1: anti atom with an anti proton that's made out of 174 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:38,600 Speaker 1: anti corks, right exactly, And then you can have an 175 00:09:38,600 --> 00:09:42,080 Speaker 1: anti Jorge making an anti podcast if we collide with 176 00:09:42,120 --> 00:09:50,040 Speaker 1: this podcast, which we anti entertaining. Unfortunately, no, that's terrible 177 00:09:50,120 --> 00:09:53,320 Speaker 1: anti educational. Yeah, Like, you could have an atom that's 178 00:09:53,360 --> 00:09:55,560 Speaker 1: made out of antiparticles and it would sort of like 179 00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:58,680 Speaker 1: look almost the same way as a regular atom, right, 180 00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:01,920 Speaker 1: it would would have that same kind of picture of 181 00:10:02,040 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 1: the protons and the neutrons, in the middle anti versions 182 00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:09,560 Speaker 1: of those with anti electrons flying around it and um 183 00:10:09,640 --> 00:10:11,600 Speaker 1: and you could have like elements, right, like you could 184 00:10:11,640 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: have anti oxygen and anti carbon, right. Is that the 185 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 1: that's the question. The question is does antimatter mirror matter exactly? 186 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:22,040 Speaker 1: Mean it doesn't have all the same interactions and same 187 00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:24,600 Speaker 1: properties as far as we can tell. It does. As 188 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:26,440 Speaker 1: far as we can tell, it does, But that's something 189 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:28,199 Speaker 1: we're still working on because there isn't a lot of 190 00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:32,200 Speaker 1: antimatter around to study. So yes, we've seen anti anti electrons, 191 00:10:32,559 --> 00:10:36,319 Speaker 1: we've seen anti protons, and people have done experiments where 192 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,600 Speaker 1: they've made anti hydrogen and created it and studied it, 193 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:42,599 Speaker 1: and so far it looks exactly like hydrogen except for 194 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:44,400 Speaker 1: it's made out of the antiparticles, like it has the 195 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:47,360 Speaker 1: same energy levels and the same behavior. Beyond that, it 196 00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:49,959 Speaker 1: gets pretty tough because it's hard to make anti matter 197 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:52,920 Speaker 1: and it's hard to keep it around because anti matter 198 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:55,520 Speaker 1: will annihilate with normal matter. So we still have a 199 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:58,280 Speaker 1: lot of open questions, like does it really exist in 200 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:00,520 Speaker 1: the same way as matter? We know there has to 201 00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: be some differences because the universe is made out of 202 00:11:02,840 --> 00:11:05,520 Speaker 1: matter and not antimatter. We don't know why we haven't 203 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:08,000 Speaker 1: figured out what those differences are. But that's exactly the 204 00:11:08,280 --> 00:11:10,560 Speaker 1: course of a study, and so far it looks like 205 00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:14,480 Speaker 1: it matches everything that matter can do, antimatter can also do. 206 00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:17,280 Speaker 1: I have so many questions for you, but before we 207 00:11:17,360 --> 00:11:32,240 Speaker 1: dive in, let's take a short break. So there's a 208 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:33,960 Speaker 1: lot of questions there. So first of all, like, how 209 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,640 Speaker 1: do you make antimatter? How do you guys make antimatter 210 00:11:36,760 --> 00:11:40,440 Speaker 1: at Serain in Geneva. Yeah, well we take our lamp 211 00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:42,080 Speaker 1: and we rub it and the genie comes out and 212 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:44,000 Speaker 1: we just ask it nicely for anti matter. I mean 213 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 1: this how you do science. That is how they do 214 00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:52,599 Speaker 1: science and Disneyland. Um, so antimatter is not that unusual. 215 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:55,120 Speaker 1: It just doesn't live very long. Like antimatter is being 216 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:58,000 Speaker 1: created all the time, Like thunderstorms create antimatter. Like what 217 00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:03,199 Speaker 1: do you mean lightning creates antimatter? Yeah, lightning can create antimatter. 218 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,880 Speaker 1: Like how does it get created by lightning? Well, anytime 219 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:08,720 Speaker 1: you have a very high energy photon, for example, a 220 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:12,520 Speaker 1: photon can turn into an electron and oppositron, so it 221 00:12:12,520 --> 00:12:16,959 Speaker 1: can turn into matter and antimatter. Oh I see, so 222 00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:20,280 Speaker 1: like regular matter if it's energetic enough or under some 223 00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:26,440 Speaker 1: special condition, can certainly like poof out of existence antimatter. Yeah, exactly. 224 00:12:26,679 --> 00:12:29,680 Speaker 1: And if you have cosmic rays, for example, cosmic rays, 225 00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:32,520 Speaker 1: really high energy particles hit the atmosphere, they create all 226 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:35,080 Speaker 1: these collisions and all these interactions, and some of those 227 00:12:35,160 --> 00:12:37,920 Speaker 1: create high energy particles like photons or z s or 228 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,240 Speaker 1: something which can create antimatter. Um. And then of course 229 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:43,600 Speaker 1: that stuff annihilates very quickly in the atmosphere, so you 230 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:45,400 Speaker 1: don't like, doesn't fall to the Earth. You can't go 231 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:50,360 Speaker 1: and pick up a piece of antimatter like a meteorite. So, um, 232 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:51,920 Speaker 1: I know that. I think what a lot of you 233 00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:54,920 Speaker 1: do you see in science fiction? Is that antimatter? If 234 00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:57,160 Speaker 1: you touch it, you're going to explode. Like if an 235 00:12:57,160 --> 00:13:00,880 Speaker 1: antimatter version of me and me shake hands, we're going 236 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:04,440 Speaker 1: to explode. Yes, not recommended. Do not shake hands with 237 00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:08,280 Speaker 1: an antimatter person. How about fizbump, fiz bump bump, No, no, 238 00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:11,520 Speaker 1: Put put that dude in a bubble, preferably a magnetic 239 00:13:11,559 --> 00:13:15,200 Speaker 1: bubble immediately. Um. You know that's an interesting question, like 240 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:17,840 Speaker 1: could you have anti matter life? We don't know, But 241 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:21,280 Speaker 1: your question is does matter and antimatter annihilate when they meet. 242 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:24,240 Speaker 1: The answer is actually yes, that's one thing in science 243 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:27,800 Speaker 1: fiction that's actually true. Matter and anti matter annihilates like if, 244 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:31,040 Speaker 1: but it's only if the two versions of the one 245 00:13:31,120 --> 00:13:34,520 Speaker 1: thing come together, like an anti electron and an electron. 246 00:13:34,559 --> 00:13:37,319 Speaker 1: If they come together, dull annihilate exactly, but not if, 247 00:13:37,360 --> 00:13:41,040 Speaker 1: Like an elect anti electron and a regular court, they won't. 248 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:43,880 Speaker 1: They won't annihilate. That's right. So what we talked about earlier, 249 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:46,960 Speaker 1: Like a photon can turn into an electron oppositron, the 250 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,080 Speaker 1: same thing can happen in the opposite direction. An electron 251 00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:53,319 Speaker 1: and oppositron can annihilate into a photon or into a 252 00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,400 Speaker 1: z boson. But you're right. Not every kind of particle 253 00:13:56,440 --> 00:13:59,640 Speaker 1: can annihilate with its antiparticle. There are some rules about 254 00:13:59,679 --> 00:14:02,719 Speaker 1: which particles and which antiparticles can annihilate into each other. 255 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:06,360 Speaker 1: A particle and its own antiparticle can always annihilate, and 256 00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:08,400 Speaker 1: the reason is that they cancel each other out. So 257 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:10,800 Speaker 1: an electron is charged minus one, a positron is charged 258 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:13,160 Speaker 1: plus one, so they can make a photon which has 259 00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:17,400 Speaker 1: charged zero without violating conservation of electric charge. But an 260 00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:20,480 Speaker 1: electron can't annihilate with another electron, because that would be 261 00:14:20,520 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: charged minus two, and the photon can't have charge of 262 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:26,720 Speaker 1: minus two. So there has to be um uh, kind 263 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:30,280 Speaker 1: of like the mirror perfection in order for them to annihilate. Like, 264 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:33,600 Speaker 1: you can't take an electron smash it with a proton, 265 00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: which has the opposite charge. But there's sort of like 266 00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:39,840 Speaker 1: different things. They're not anti versions of each other, and 267 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:43,480 Speaker 1: those like a proton and an electron one annihilate. That's right. 268 00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:46,120 Speaker 1: A proton will not annihilate with an electron. They'll interact 269 00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:48,120 Speaker 1: and they'll bang off each other, but they will not 270 00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:51,880 Speaker 1: annihilate into into like a neutral particle like a photon. Yeah, 271 00:14:51,880 --> 00:14:55,280 Speaker 1: so what's the difference between a positron and a proton? 272 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:57,680 Speaker 1: What's the differ between a positron and a proton? Yeah, 273 00:14:57,720 --> 00:15:01,360 Speaker 1: that that makes it annihilate with the electron. We don't know. 274 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:04,600 Speaker 1: It's um It's something we do in physics where we say, well, 275 00:15:04,640 --> 00:15:08,360 Speaker 1: we see this pattern. We don't understand why one thing 276 00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:12,040 Speaker 1: happens and something else happens, so we'll just invent a rule. 277 00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:16,680 Speaker 1: Will say well, let's create a number called electronness, and 278 00:15:16,760 --> 00:15:20,360 Speaker 1: we say the electron carries electronness, the anti electron carries 279 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:24,680 Speaker 1: anti elect negative electronness. It will just say, let's theorize 280 00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:27,600 Speaker 1: if there's a rule that electronness has to be conserved, 281 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:31,200 Speaker 1: and so that's why, for example, a negative electron can't 282 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,760 Speaker 1: annihilate with a positive muan because a positive muan doesn't 283 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,800 Speaker 1: carry the right amount of electron nous. And you might 284 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:41,240 Speaker 1: think this sounds totally made up. It's totally made up, 285 00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:45,160 Speaker 1: and like a muon is heavier than an electron, therefore 286 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: it must have some something different. Yeah, even though therefore 287 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:50,600 Speaker 1: there is a bit tenuous because this is like a 288 00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:53,920 Speaker 1: description of what we've seen. We've never seen an electron 289 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:57,640 Speaker 1: and anti muan annihilate together into a photon. Why not? 290 00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:00,200 Speaker 1: We don't have a good reason why not. We just 291 00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:02,280 Speaker 1: invent a rule. But the rule is really just a 292 00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:05,160 Speaker 1: description of what we have seen so far. We say, well, 293 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:07,240 Speaker 1: there must be this rule. We don't know why there 294 00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:10,880 Speaker 1: where why there's this rule, but it's describes what we've 295 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:14,160 Speaker 1: seen so far. People are looking for that, right. So 296 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 1: we don't know why matter annihilates with antimatter. We just 297 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:20,480 Speaker 1: know that it does. We understand how matter can annihilate 298 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: with antimatter. How the electron can annihilate with the positron. 299 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:25,800 Speaker 1: We don't know why the electron is picky, Like why 300 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:28,320 Speaker 1: doesn't it also annihilate with the muan or with the 301 00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:31,120 Speaker 1: tao or other stuff. There seemed to be these rules, 302 00:16:31,160 --> 00:16:34,520 Speaker 1: but there's plenty of these particles around. So if Jorge 303 00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:38,560 Speaker 1: meets Anti Jorge, your electrons will annihilate with his positrons. 304 00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:41,280 Speaker 1: I guess her. I don't know. Anti Jorge would look 305 00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:45,120 Speaker 1: like right, um, and your protons would annihilate with his 306 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: anti protons. So that wouldn't be a problem. So what 307 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:51,680 Speaker 1: happens when we annihilate, like what creates the explosion? Yeah, 308 00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:55,000 Speaker 1: it's an enormous amount of energy. Everybody's heard the equation 309 00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:59,760 Speaker 1: E equals mc squared from from Einstein. Yeah, yeah, I 310 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,280 Speaker 1: sense equation energy E is equal to mass times the 311 00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:06,239 Speaker 1: speed of light squared. Okay, so that that tells you 312 00:17:06,280 --> 00:17:09,440 Speaker 1: how much energy is stored inside mass. What happens when 313 00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:12,320 Speaker 1: a particle and antiparticle meat is they turn into photons 314 00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,240 Speaker 1: or energy. Right, And it's a huge amount of energy 315 00:17:15,359 --> 00:17:18,040 Speaker 1: because mass has an enormous amount of energy in it. 316 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,760 Speaker 1: Because the speed of light, the C squared is a 317 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:24,800 Speaker 1: big number. So, for example, let's give some people a scale. 318 00:17:25,080 --> 00:17:27,439 Speaker 1: If you took a raisin, which is like one gram 319 00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:30,800 Speaker 1: of matter, and push it up against an anti raisin, right, 320 00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:34,040 Speaker 1: that two grams of matter has enough energy to create 321 00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:38,080 Speaker 1: an explosion the size of a nuclear weapon. Yes, so 322 00:17:38,119 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: if so, to make a nuclear weapon, you just need 323 00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:43,280 Speaker 1: a raisin and an anti raisin and print it together, 324 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:47,639 Speaker 1: and all of their electrons and protons and anti versions 325 00:17:47,640 --> 00:17:52,160 Speaker 1: would like convert into energy to make a nuclear weapon 326 00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,199 Speaker 1: sized bomb out of matter and anti matter. How do 327 00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:57,359 Speaker 1: we get here? We're like giving people prescriptions for how 328 00:17:57,400 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 1: to build weapons. All of a sudden on this show, 329 00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:01,160 Speaker 1: I think there's going to a flagged by the Department 330 00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:03,960 Speaker 1: of Home and Security. I think there's somebody knocking on 331 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:12,680 Speaker 1: my door a second. Fortunately, there's not enough antimatter on 332 00:18:12,720 --> 00:18:15,440 Speaker 1: Earth to make that kind of device. I mean, I said, 333 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:19,879 Speaker 1: it's certainly manufacture antimatter, but we manufacture pico grams of 334 00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:22,280 Speaker 1: anti matter a year for use in science experiments, so 335 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:26,119 Speaker 1: not nearly enough to make anything practical. Well, that's the 336 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:29,679 Speaker 1: big mystery about anti matter, right, Like it's it's we 337 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:32,800 Speaker 1: know it's a mirror version of everything around us. A 338 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:37,199 Speaker 1: regular matter like us, and so it's possible, like it's 339 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:40,840 Speaker 1: it's it's equally likely to exist as us. But there's 340 00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:43,520 Speaker 1: none of it. There's not much of it in the universe, 341 00:18:43,560 --> 00:18:45,760 Speaker 1: Like we don't see it around. Yeah, there seems to 342 00:18:45,760 --> 00:18:48,360 Speaker 1: be nothing preventing it from being created. But as far 343 00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:50,560 Speaker 1: as we can tell, most of the universe is made 344 00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:54,040 Speaker 1: out of matter and not antimatter. And we we wonder 345 00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:56,399 Speaker 1: when we see these symmetries, we're like, well, it seems 346 00:18:56,440 --> 00:18:58,520 Speaker 1: like everything is the same between matter and anti matter. 347 00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:01,840 Speaker 1: Why does the universe then prefer matter and not antimatter? 348 00:19:01,880 --> 00:19:03,920 Speaker 1: Why are we not made out of anti matter? Now, 349 00:19:03,960 --> 00:19:06,199 Speaker 1: of course there's just a word game there. If we 350 00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:08,200 Speaker 1: were made out of anti matter, we would probably call 351 00:19:08,280 --> 00:19:10,959 Speaker 1: that matter. The questions really, why are we made out 352 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:12,800 Speaker 1: of this kind and not the other kind of Like 353 00:19:12,840 --> 00:19:14,360 Speaker 1: why are we made of the kind of matter where 354 00:19:14,359 --> 00:19:17,200 Speaker 1: the electron has a negative charge as opposed to all 355 00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:21,560 Speaker 1: of us being made out of electrons with a positive charge. Yeah, 356 00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:23,320 Speaker 1: that's a it's a great question because as far as 357 00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:26,480 Speaker 1: we can tell, there are very small differences between the 358 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:28,960 Speaker 1: way matter and antimatter work. So you know, you can 359 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,440 Speaker 1: make atoms out of matter or atoms that of antimatter. Yeah, 360 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,760 Speaker 1: and so we don't have an explanation for that. People 361 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:38,919 Speaker 1: think that in the beginning of the universe there was 362 00:19:38,960 --> 00:19:42,639 Speaker 1: the same amount. That's one possibility, right, Like we started 363 00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:46,320 Speaker 1: the universe with equal amounts of both matter and antimatter. Yeah, 364 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:48,480 Speaker 1: And that's the simplest explanation because we think that the 365 00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:51,440 Speaker 1: universe started in sort of a symmetric state. And either 366 00:19:51,760 --> 00:19:55,040 Speaker 1: the universe started an asymmetric state, like with more matter 367 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:57,680 Speaker 1: than antimatter, and then you have to ask, well why, right, 368 00:19:57,760 --> 00:19:59,720 Speaker 1: that doesn't answer the question of why is there more 369 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,199 Speaker 1: matter or than anto maatter? Now, either it started with 370 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:05,399 Speaker 1: an as symmetry because like mathematically, according to the equations, 371 00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:08,480 Speaker 1: they're they're like the same. There's no reason why you 372 00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:11,439 Speaker 1: would prefer the plus the negative electron as opposed to 373 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: the positive electron. That's right. We found a few ways 374 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:18,800 Speaker 1: that the universe prefers matter to antimatter, but they're really small. Um. 375 00:20:18,920 --> 00:20:22,159 Speaker 1: So if you start off saying the universe begins with 376 00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: the same amount of matter and antimatter, then you have 377 00:20:25,680 --> 00:20:28,600 Speaker 1: to explain where did all the antimatter go? Right, Because 378 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:30,639 Speaker 1: if there was the same amount, you imagine eventually they 379 00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:33,520 Speaker 1: would annihilate and the whole universe would just be photons. Right, 380 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:37,760 Speaker 1: But there must have been more matter than antimatter, or 381 00:20:37,880 --> 00:20:42,399 Speaker 1: something that prefers matter to antimatter, like turns antimatter into 382 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:46,200 Speaker 1: matter somehow to explain why we have matter left over 383 00:20:46,359 --> 00:20:49,600 Speaker 1: but no antimatter. So that that's one possibility. We started 384 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:53,920 Speaker 1: out with the same amounts and somehow, uh, we are 385 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,040 Speaker 1: only left with one kind of matter. That's right, and 386 00:20:56,080 --> 00:20:57,960 Speaker 1: we have found a few ways for that to happen. 387 00:20:58,359 --> 00:21:01,200 Speaker 1: It's called CP violation. For those who are interested. There 388 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:04,680 Speaker 1: are a few processes we've discovered that prefer making matter 389 00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:07,920 Speaker 1: over antimatter, but there's too small. They don't explain the 390 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:10,360 Speaker 1: huge asymmetry that we've seen, you know, explain like one 391 00:21:10,359 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: percent of it. So, but there is a preference in 392 00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:14,400 Speaker 1: the universe. You're saying, in the laws of physics, there 393 00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:19,000 Speaker 1: is a slight preference for matter and not antimatter. That's right. Yeah, 394 00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:22,639 Speaker 1: it connects to this question of charge conservation and parody 395 00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:25,160 Speaker 1: and charge parody conservation, and we should do a whole 396 00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:28,440 Speaker 1: other podcast on that, and whether particles prefer moving forward 397 00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:30,600 Speaker 1: or backward in time, and whether they prefer being matter 398 00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:33,719 Speaker 1: or antimatter. But those are very very small differences, so 399 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:36,440 Speaker 1: we're looking for larger asymmetries. We haven't found any. People 400 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:39,919 Speaker 1: are hunting. Is there a process which can turn antimatter 401 00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:42,680 Speaker 1: into matter or prefers matter. Nobody's found it so far. 402 00:21:42,720 --> 00:21:59,960 Speaker 1: We're still looking. It's a big mystery. It's a big mystery. Yeah. 403 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,720 Speaker 1: Is it possible that the next galaxy over is maybe 404 00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:05,280 Speaker 1: made out of antimatter. It's a possibility that there is 405 00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:07,840 Speaker 1: antimatter hiding out there in the universe, right, So let's 406 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:10,840 Speaker 1: think for a moment, how would you find antimatter? Right? Well, 407 00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:13,160 Speaker 1: I mean, if there's any antimatter on Earth, they would 408 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:16,040 Speaker 1: very quickly annihilate with normal matter, and the thing you 409 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:20,359 Speaker 1: would see is photons being created. Those photons, for example, 410 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 1: would have the same energy of the mass of the electron. 411 00:22:24,119 --> 00:22:26,879 Speaker 1: So what happens when an electron of positron annihilate is 412 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: you get to photons. Actually, one that has the mass 413 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:31,800 Speaker 1: of the electron. The other has the mass of the positron, 414 00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:33,639 Speaker 1: which is the same and we know that number, so 415 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:35,800 Speaker 1: we can look for that. So we can see matter 416 00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:38,080 Speaker 1: anti matter annihilation. Because we look for these photons of 417 00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:41,000 Speaker 1: a specific energy, and we don't see any on Earth, 418 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:43,320 Speaker 1: and we look around in our solar system, we don't 419 00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:46,400 Speaker 1: see any here. And we look further and further. Any 420 00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:49,959 Speaker 1: kind of pockets of antimatter or even a small amount 421 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:53,720 Speaker 1: of it that's hanging out near regular matter, it would 422 00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:58,359 Speaker 1: just like annihilate and we would see these explosion, right. Yeah, 423 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:00,960 Speaker 1: And so imagine you have like a galaxy that's of 424 00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:04,000 Speaker 1: antimatter that's next to a galaxy of matter. Maybe they're 425 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:05,600 Speaker 1: far enough a way that they're not going to collide 426 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:09,240 Speaker 1: and annihilate in some super cataclysm, right, but they're going 427 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:11,440 Speaker 1: to be shooting particles out. There's gonna be a boundary. 428 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,400 Speaker 1: At the boundary between them. You would expect to see 429 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:16,920 Speaker 1: a lot of matter antimatter collisions, and you would see 430 00:23:16,920 --> 00:23:19,720 Speaker 1: these photons of a special energy being created. And so 431 00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 1: that's what people look for to see, is there like 432 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:25,040 Speaker 1: a boundary to the edge of our matter bubble. You know, 433 00:23:25,080 --> 00:23:26,639 Speaker 1: maybe the rest of the universe is made out of 434 00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:28,919 Speaker 1: anti matter and we're just made out of matter. So 435 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:31,000 Speaker 1: they look for the edge of this bubble to see 436 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:33,360 Speaker 1: how far they can how far they can push the 437 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:38,639 Speaker 1: proof of matter and and they look beyond the Solar System, 438 00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:41,160 Speaker 1: and the whole galaxy we're pretty sure is made out 439 00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:43,920 Speaker 1: of matter, and also our cluster of galaxies is made 440 00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:47,040 Speaker 1: out of matter. But beyond that, we're not sure, because 441 00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:48,960 Speaker 1: it's really hard to see that far and to see 442 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:53,240 Speaker 1: these little blips of electron positron annihilation of matter antimatter interaction. 443 00:23:53,359 --> 00:23:55,199 Speaker 1: You can't just tell the difference by looking at it. 444 00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:58,280 Speaker 1: Like a star you seeing in the night sky today, 445 00:23:58,560 --> 00:24:00,920 Speaker 1: or a galaxy you see out in the night sky, 446 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:03,600 Speaker 1: it could be an antimatter galaxy or an antimatter star, 447 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: but you wouldn't be able to tell just by looking 448 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:08,639 Speaker 1: at it. That's right. If matter and antimatter work the 449 00:24:08,680 --> 00:24:11,239 Speaker 1: same way, then an anti matter star would look just 450 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:13,720 Speaker 1: like a normal star, would have the same fusion process 451 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:16,200 Speaker 1: and send out the same kinds of photons and look 452 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:18,960 Speaker 1: exactly the same. Yeah, but at the core of it, 453 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:22,480 Speaker 1: it would be like anti stuff burning inside of it. Yeah, 454 00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:25,280 Speaker 1: anti fusion. But the interesting thing is maybe your listeners 455 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,320 Speaker 1: are thinking, well, what about the photon, right, um, people 456 00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:32,879 Speaker 1: might be wondering what they wouldn't anti sons make anti photons. 457 00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: The crazy thing about the photon is it has no 458 00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:39,080 Speaker 1: electric charge and has no weak charge, so it is 459 00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:43,320 Speaker 1: its own anti particle. Oh, because it doesn't have these 460 00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:46,680 Speaker 1: charges that the other particles have, it doesn't have anything 461 00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:49,119 Speaker 1: to flip. That's right, there's nothing to flip. It's like 462 00:24:49,160 --> 00:24:52,359 Speaker 1: a perfect ball looks the same in the mirror, exactly. 463 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,320 Speaker 1: It's like the connection between matter and antimatter. It's the bridge, right, 464 00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:00,200 Speaker 1: And so anti matter stars make photons just to same 465 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,160 Speaker 1: way matter stars make photons, and so that's you can't 466 00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 1: tell the difference. You're exactly right. So we think the 467 00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:08,680 Speaker 1: universe is probably made out of matter rather than anti matter. 468 00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:11,760 Speaker 1: It's just simpler because everything around us and in our 469 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,359 Speaker 1: galaxy and in our galaxy cluster is made out of matter. 470 00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:17,120 Speaker 1: But we don't actually know. It could be the deep 471 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:20,000 Speaker 1: out there, they're huge blobs of antom matter. But even still, 472 00:25:20,080 --> 00:25:22,639 Speaker 1: say that's the case, say the universes like pockets of 473 00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:24,920 Speaker 1: matter and pockets of vandom matter. Then you have to ask, well, 474 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:28,040 Speaker 1: why why do we prefer matter here and anti matter? 475 00:25:28,160 --> 00:25:30,600 Speaker 1: They're right, there has to be some difference to explain 476 00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:33,679 Speaker 1: the fact that we are matter and not antimatter. And 477 00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:37,119 Speaker 1: that's a fascinating question. It's something it's like a huge 478 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,600 Speaker 1: symmetry in the universe that we've discovered, except there's this 479 00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:43,479 Speaker 1: asymmetry to it. Right, it's like an almost symmetry. It's 480 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:46,199 Speaker 1: a broken symmetry. And those are really interesting clues if 481 00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,120 Speaker 1: you want to understand something deep about the universe, about 482 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:52,600 Speaker 1: it's very organization. It's like, why are most people right handed? 483 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:56,280 Speaker 1: You could like, why isn't half the population right handed? 484 00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:59,000 Speaker 1: And you'll have left handed but you're right. Um, it's 485 00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,520 Speaker 1: a good analogy because as you could be right or 486 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:03,440 Speaker 1: left handed, right, there's no reason to prefer one or 487 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:06,400 Speaker 1: the other sort of anatomically, so why are most people 488 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,080 Speaker 1: right handed? Yeah, it could have been some arbitrary moment 489 00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:12,439 Speaker 1: in the history, in the prehistory of humanity, where you know, 490 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:14,920 Speaker 1: some gene preferred this or the other um and now 491 00:26:14,920 --> 00:26:16,240 Speaker 1: we're all living that way. And it could be the 492 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:18,320 Speaker 1: same with matter and antimatter, that some moment in the 493 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,400 Speaker 1: early universe it could have gone one way or the other, 494 00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:23,000 Speaker 1: and now we're living in a matter universe. A lot 495 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:25,720 Speaker 1: of big events in the universe could come from random 496 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,560 Speaker 1: quantum fluctuations in the early moments that just kind of 497 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:31,199 Speaker 1: flipped it for everybody else, and we're all living with 498 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:37,880 Speaker 1: that decision. So we talked a little bit about how 499 00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:40,679 Speaker 1: we study it. Like, so it's certain you take you 500 00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:45,359 Speaker 1: you Colli particles and hopefully sometimes out of that ball 501 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,280 Speaker 1: of energy outcomes out some antimatter. And then what do 502 00:26:48,320 --> 00:26:50,840 Speaker 1: you do with it? You can't like hold it right 503 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:52,240 Speaker 1: or how do you how do you store it? And 504 00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:54,520 Speaker 1: how do you like do things with it if it explodes, 505 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:58,240 Speaker 1: if it touches regular matter. Yeah, so it's certainly do 506 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:00,119 Speaker 1: two kinds of studies for the anti matter. One, we 507 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:03,720 Speaker 1: just smash protons together to create exotic new particles, and 508 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:05,879 Speaker 1: a lot of times those will turn into matter and 509 00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:08,520 Speaker 1: antimatter pairs, and then we just we see those like 510 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:11,159 Speaker 1: you create a z boson and it turns into a 511 00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:14,280 Speaker 1: muan and anti muon. Totally normal, everyday kind of thing. 512 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:16,919 Speaker 1: But there are people at certain who are also dedicated 513 00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:20,440 Speaker 1: to studying this question of antiparticles, and they make anti 514 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:22,600 Speaker 1: matter and then they form it into atoms and then 515 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:25,280 Speaker 1: they do trap it. The only way to trap antimatter 516 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,120 Speaker 1: is to build a bottle that holds it without touching it. 517 00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:33,119 Speaker 1: And so you can do that with magnets. Ah, Like 518 00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:36,760 Speaker 1: you create a magnetic field that that traps all of 519 00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:42,080 Speaker 1: these antiparticles inside of the the magnetic field, that's right, 520 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:44,840 Speaker 1: and they can like swooh around in a circle. And so, yeah, 521 00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:47,920 Speaker 1: you can control it without touching it, because antimatter also 522 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:50,840 Speaker 1: feels magnetism. And so they've done experiments where they've created 523 00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:55,159 Speaker 1: like anti hydrogen, yeah, anti hydrogen, and they've poked it 524 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:57,640 Speaker 1: and interacted with it, and they've you know, they've seen 525 00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:00,760 Speaker 1: doesn't interact the same way we we do. UM. And 526 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:03,080 Speaker 1: so far it looks pretty normal. But you know, there's 527 00:28:03,160 --> 00:28:06,000 Speaker 1: still some really deep questions about antimatter, like does it 528 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:09,159 Speaker 1: feel gravity the same way that we do or the opposite. 529 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,439 Speaker 1: To study that, you need a lot of antimatter and 530 00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:14,160 Speaker 1: we can only make tiny, tiny amounts. Well, I think 531 00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:17,959 Speaker 1: this sort of relates to these deeper questions about the 532 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,840 Speaker 1: mathematics of the universe. You know, we we have these 533 00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:27,120 Speaker 1: equations that say, oh, you should see antimatter versions of everything, um. 534 00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:30,040 Speaker 1: But then how those equations relate to the what we 535 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:33,399 Speaker 1: actually see like the real world. That's a that's another 536 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:36,399 Speaker 1: that's a bigger question, right, Yeah, it comes out of 537 00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:39,520 Speaker 1: these mathematical models. You're right, It's like in the in 538 00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:42,160 Speaker 1: the twenties, people are trying to build up math that 539 00:28:42,280 --> 00:28:44,520 Speaker 1: describe what we saw on quantum mechanics, and all that 540 00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:47,360 Speaker 1: stuff was pretty new, and a guy named Paul de 541 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:50,480 Speaker 1: Rac was putting together a description of really fast moving 542 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,800 Speaker 1: electrons and he noticed that his equation worked for fast 543 00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: moving negatively charged electrons the kind we saw, but it 544 00:28:57,040 --> 00:29:01,920 Speaker 1: also worked for positively charged electrons. Thought that's interesting, Uh, 545 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:04,520 Speaker 1: do those exist? And for a while he thought maybe 546 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:08,440 Speaker 1: the proton was the anti electron, but then people show 547 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:10,000 Speaker 1: that that couldn't be, so he said, well, then I'm 548 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,680 Speaker 1: gonna postulate the existence of a new particle, the anti electron, 549 00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,360 Speaker 1: And just a few years later a guy at Caltech 550 00:29:16,440 --> 00:29:18,880 Speaker 1: found it, and then actually at direct direct won the 551 00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:22,440 Speaker 1: Nobel Prize, and at his Nobel Prize acceptance speech he 552 00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:25,440 Speaker 1: predicted the anti proton, which was then later found. So 553 00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:28,160 Speaker 1: he like doubled down at his Nobel Prize speech and 554 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:30,840 Speaker 1: went for a second one, woh, well, so what do 555 00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:33,959 Speaker 1: you think is the larger lesson here about antimatter? I 556 00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:37,040 Speaker 1: think that the larger lesson is that there are patterns 557 00:29:37,120 --> 00:29:39,280 Speaker 1: in what's going on in the universe, and those patterns 558 00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:41,520 Speaker 1: are clues. Their clues that are going to tell us 559 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:44,000 Speaker 1: how things work. You know, we don't know what the 560 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:47,000 Speaker 1: whole clue though, Like we've discovered the particles have this 561 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:50,840 Speaker 1: weird mirror twin. Are there other ways that particles are mirrored? 562 00:29:51,160 --> 00:29:54,239 Speaker 1: Are there other kinds of matter? Like maybe there's a 563 00:29:54,280 --> 00:29:56,680 Speaker 1: particle and an anti particle and a third kind we 564 00:29:56,760 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: haven't even imagined a secret yeah, or like neutral version 565 00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:04,320 Speaker 1: of every particle or something. Then you would hear the music, 566 00:30:07,320 --> 00:30:09,280 Speaker 1: that's right. I think the lesson is that we need 567 00:30:09,320 --> 00:30:11,480 Speaker 1: to look for these patterns, and these patterns tell us 568 00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:14,160 Speaker 1: something about the organization of the universe. I mean, my 569 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:17,400 Speaker 1: personal scientific fantasy is to figure out, like what is 570 00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:19,920 Speaker 1: the deepest layer of matter? How is everything put together? 571 00:30:20,560 --> 00:30:22,120 Speaker 1: Because I feel like if we found out that the 572 00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:25,160 Speaker 1: universe was made out of strings or little beach balls 573 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:27,680 Speaker 1: or tiny hamsters or something, it would tell us something 574 00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:31,600 Speaker 1: deep about the universe itself. Right, So accumulating these patterns 575 00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:34,400 Speaker 1: and noticing these symmetries, these things are clues that are 576 00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:36,800 Speaker 1: going to help us figure out what things are, how 577 00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:40,640 Speaker 1: things are arranged, Like maybe electrons and positrons are made 578 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:43,920 Speaker 1: out of the same little sub pieces, just arranged differently. Right, 579 00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:45,880 Speaker 1: and so that it makes perfect sense where you have 580 00:30:45,920 --> 00:30:48,280 Speaker 1: two kinds. Maybe they're not mirror images of each other, 581 00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:52,040 Speaker 1: they're just like different ways that the lego pieces inside 582 00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:54,760 Speaker 1: are put together. Yeah, they're inside out or something, you know, 583 00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:57,560 Speaker 1: other analogy. We don't know. And the fact that every 584 00:30:57,560 --> 00:30:59,760 Speaker 1: particle seems to have an antiparticle as far as we 585 00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,240 Speaker 1: can hell, seems like a big clue that it's something 586 00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:06,040 Speaker 1: basic about matter itself. Well, in the meantime, the lesson 587 00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:09,200 Speaker 1: seems to be if you see an antimatter version of yourself, 588 00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 1: run that's right. Also, most of the stuff you read 589 00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:17,640 Speaker 1: about antimatter in science fiction is real. So antimatter universes 590 00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:19,920 Speaker 1: could exist out there. There could be anti people and 591 00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:24,000 Speaker 1: anti podcasts and and and anti jokes and all that stuff. 592 00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:26,000 Speaker 1: It could be out there, and maybe one day we'll 593 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:27,760 Speaker 1: meet aliens, but we won't be able to touch them 594 00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 1: because they'll be antimatter. Oh man, that would be very 595 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:36,120 Speaker 1: anti climatic. No, I totally walked into that and with dad. 596 00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:40,760 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, you guys for listening. So antimatter 597 00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:43,040 Speaker 1: is a deep mystery. We don't know why it's there, 598 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:45,880 Speaker 1: We don't know what it means. We don't know. Does 599 00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:47,960 Speaker 1: it feel gravity the same we do? Does it feel 600 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: anti gravity? Um? We know that there are some clues 601 00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:53,520 Speaker 1: about the way the universe works and the reason it 602 00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:56,520 Speaker 1: prefers matter. They're hidden in these mysteries of antimatter, and 603 00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,280 Speaker 1: we have to just keep making it and studying it 604 00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:00,480 Speaker 1: before we can figure this stuff out. Well, thank you 605 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:02,880 Speaker 1: for listening. We hope you guys enjoyed that. Yeah, thanks 606 00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:13,040 Speaker 1: very much. If you still have a question after listening 607 00:32:13,040 --> 00:32:16,080 Speaker 1: to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd 608 00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:19,000 Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 609 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,760 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or 610 00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:35,560 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.