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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one,

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Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the

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Speaker 1: T D I h C Vault, so you'll also here

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Speaker 1: to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to this Day in History Class from how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff you

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Speaker 1: missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore

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Speaker 1: the past one day at a time with a quick

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Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Hello and welcome

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Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's January twenty.

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Speaker 1: The Iran hostage crisis ended on this day in Night one.

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Speaker 1: The Iranian Revolution, also called the Islamic Revolution, had started

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Speaker 1: in nine It started with resistance to Iranian monarch Mohammed

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Speaker 1: raised A Shaw Palavi, also known as just the Shaw.

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Speaker 1: The Shaw had very close ties to the United States.

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Speaker 1: It was very sympathetic to the United States interests. The

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Speaker 1: US had had a lot of influence over Iran. His rule, though,

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Speaker 1: was also very repressive and authoritarian, including having a secret

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Speaker 1: police force that terrorized Iranian citizens. As the revolution spread,

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Speaker 1: the Shaw and his family left Iran on January sixteenth,

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventy nine under the pretense of going on a vacation,

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Speaker 1: but they never came back again. Ayatolla Rhola Kameni, who

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Speaker 1: had been exiled fourteen years before, returned to Iran and

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Speaker 1: established the Iranian Republic. This was not the end of

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Speaker 1: the tensions, though. The Shaw was diagnosed with cancer and

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Speaker 1: wanted to go to the United States for medical treatment,

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Speaker 1: and his aids said to United States officials that the

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Speaker 1: treatment he needed was only available in the United States.

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Speaker 1: President Jimmy Carter finally agreed to allow this under pressure

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Speaker 1: from other American political leaders. In the Shaw arrived in

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Speaker 1: the United States on October twenty two. This outraged a

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Speaker 1: lot of the protesters in Iran, who wanted him to

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Speaker 1: be extradited back to them. On November four, nine, Iranian

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Speaker 1: student demonstrators attacked the U. S Embassy in Tehran and

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Speaker 1: they took hostages. Most of these were people who worked

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Speaker 1: at the embassy. This was the start of a hostage

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Speaker 1: crisis that would last more than a year. At first,

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Speaker 1: it was sixty six US citizens who were held hostage,

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Speaker 1: three of them taken from the Iranian Foreign Ministry. The

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Speaker 1: AETOLO later ordered the release of thirteen of the hostages,

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Speaker 1: all of them or women, or black or both, under

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Speaker 1: the argument that they probably weren't spies. That left fifty

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Speaker 1: three hostages remaining. One became really ill and was released

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Speaker 1: on medical grounds, leaving fifty two for the rest of

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Speaker 1: the hostage crisis. These hostages were mistreated, They were beatings,

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Speaker 1: mock executions, and all of this was happening in the

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Speaker 1: embassy complex, where most of them had previously been employed.

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Speaker 1: The Iranians wanted the Shaw extradited, and they refused to

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Speaker 1: release the hostages if that happened, So the US froze

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Speaker 1: Iranian assets and US banks refused to purchase oil from Iran.

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Speaker 1: Resolutions from the U N were issued condemning what the

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Speaker 1: Iranian people were doing. This went on and on. The

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Speaker 1: US cut diplomatic ties and ordered Iranian diplomats to leave

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Speaker 1: the United States. An attempted rescue mission in April of

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Speaker 1: nineteen eighty failed and eight US service members were killed.

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Speaker 1: Their bodies couldn't be recovered by the US, and they

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Speaker 1: were later shown on Iranian TV to humiliate and taught

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Speaker 1: the United States. The Shaw then died of cancer in

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Speaker 1: Egypt on July twenty seven, of nineteen eighty. During the

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Speaker 1: nineteen eighty election in the United States, Ronald Reagan used

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Speaker 1: all of this against Jimmy Carter, and Reagan went on

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Speaker 1: to win that election. Negotiations resumed through middleman from Algeria,

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Speaker 1: and by that point Iran had also installed a new

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Speaker 1: government and had been invaded by Iraq, So sanctions that

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Speaker 1: had been in place we're becoming harder and harder for

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Speaker 1: the country to deal with. Finally, there was an agreement

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Speaker 1: to release the hostages in exchange for lifting the sanctions,

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Speaker 1: and those hostages were released almost immediately after Reagan was

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Speaker 1: sworn into office as president. They had been held hostage

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Speaker 1: for four hundred forty four days. Relations between the United

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Speaker 1: States and Iran were strained for decades afterward. Thanks to

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Speaker 1: Casey Pegram and Chandler Maze for their audio work on

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Speaker 1: this show. You can subscribe to This Day in History

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Speaker 1: Class on Apple podcast, Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app,

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Speaker 1: and wherever else you get your podcast, and you can

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Speaker 1: tune in tomorrow for an incredibly destructive riot. Hi everyone,

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Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in History Class,

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Speaker 1: a podcast where we one day ship nugs of history

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Speaker 1: straight to your brain through your ear home. The day

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Speaker 1: was January twentieth, eighteen thirty nine. The Battle of Yungai,

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Speaker 1: the last battle of the War of the Confederation, occurred

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Speaker 1: near Yungai, Peru. The battle resulted in the dissolution of

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Speaker 1: the Peruvian Bolivian Confederation. In eighteen thirty six, President Andres

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Speaker 1: de Santa Cruz of Bolivia united the two states of

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Speaker 1: Peru with Bolivia. General Romo Harreira was president in South Peru.

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Speaker 1: Luis Jose de Orderbegoso was president in North Peru. In

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Speaker 1: General Jose Miguel de Velasco was made president of Bolivia.

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Speaker 1: Santa Cruz declared himself Protector of the Confederation, a lifetime

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Speaker 1: and hereditary office. Many Western powers recognized the new Peruvian

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Speaker 1: Bolivian Confederation, but Chile, which already had strained relations with

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Speaker 1: Peru over the ports of Callao and Valparaiso, was wary

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Speaker 1: of the Confederation and it's partial power. Existing high tensions

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Speaker 1: between Chile and Peru, plus disputes over customs, duties, and loans,

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Speaker 1: plus concerns over military and commercial power, led to the

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Speaker 1: War of the Confederation. In August of eighteen thirty six,

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Speaker 1: Chile seized three of the Confederation ships. At Cayao, Santa

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Speaker 1: Cruz tried to negotiate with Chile rather than go to war.

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Speaker 1: Chile set up a treaty with several terms, one of

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Speaker 1: which was dissolving the Confederation. Santa Cruz refused to dissolve

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Speaker 1: the Confederation, and Chile declared war December of that year.

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Speaker 1: The next year, Argentina also declared war on the Confederation,

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Speaker 1: though Chile and Argentina did not join forces in the fight.

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Speaker 1: Chile was supported by Peruvians, who were opposed to Santa Cruz,

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Speaker 1: but Chile suffered losses in the beginning. The first expedition

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Speaker 1: from Chile, led by Admiral Manuel Blanco and Galada, was unsuccessful.

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Speaker 1: In Galata was forced to sign a peace treaty and

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Speaker 1: return to Chile, but the Chilean government rejected the treaty

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Speaker 1: and broke it. It organized a second expedition, sending an

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Speaker 1: army to invade Peru. The Santa Cruz advanced on the Chileans,

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Speaker 1: the latter gathered Peruvian dissonance to join their cause along

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Speaker 1: the way. In early January of eighteen thirty nine, Chile's

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Speaker 1: forces in Santa Cruz forces met at the Battle of Boeen,

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Speaker 1: in which both countries have claimed to win. Later that month,

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Speaker 1: the two sides met at Yungai, a town in north

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Speaker 1: central Peru. After six hours of combat, Chile defeated the

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Speaker 1: confederates at the Battle of Yungai on January eighteen thirty nine.

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Speaker 1: This was the decisive battle of the war. Santa Cruz

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Speaker 1: exiled himself in Ecuador, and the Peruvian Bolivian Confederation was dissolved.

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Speaker 1: Augustin Gamara assumed the presidency of Peru. Peruvian officers who

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Speaker 1: served under the Confederation Shin were banned from the Peruvian army.

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Speaker 1: The Peruvian government gave awards to Chilean and Peruvian officials

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Speaker 1: and paid its debt with Chile. The War of the

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Speaker 1: Confederation was over, but Gammara soon invaded Bolivia and was

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Speaker 1: killed by Bolivian forces in eighteen forty one. Conflict, as

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Speaker 1: well as political and economic instability, plagued Peru and Bolivia

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Speaker 1: for years afterward. The War of the Pacific between Chile

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Speaker 1: and an alliance of Bolivia and Peru lasted from eighteen

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Speaker 1: seventy nine to eighteen eighty four and ended with the

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Speaker 1: Chilean victory. I'm eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you know

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Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday.

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Speaker 1: Feel free to share your thoughts or your innermost feelings

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Speaker 1: with us and with other listeners on social media at

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Speaker 1: t d I h C Podcast, and you can email

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Speaker 1: us at This Day at I heart media dot com.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for listening to today's episode. We'll see you again tomorrow.

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Speaker 1: H m hm hm