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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the

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Speaker 1: people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working

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Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

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Speaker 1: is us Dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic

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Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, what do you think would happen if something

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Speaker 3: in the night sky suddenly did something totally new?

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Speaker 1: M like wiggling and shaking or dancing around something.

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Speaker 3: And doing the flaws the starflaws. I mean, like, what

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Speaker 3: happens if a star suddenly started doing something it had

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Speaker 3: never done before?

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Speaker 1: Ooh, you know what, I would think.

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Speaker 3: That this would be an amazing opportunity to learn something

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Speaker 3: new about the universe. Nope, this is an amazing opportunity

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Speaker 3: for a major discovery.

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Speaker 1: Only if we're talking about discovering aliens.

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Speaker 2: Hi.

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Speaker 3: I am Hojre, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics. Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel Whitson. I'm a particle physicist, and I really

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Speaker 1: really want to believe in aliens.

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Speaker 3: You're an alien enthusiast or an alien or a professional

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Speaker 3: alien believer.

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Speaker 1: I'm a believer enthusiast. I'm enthusiastic about people who believe

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Speaker 1: in aliens who do it professionally. Is somebody out there

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Speaker 1: paying people to believe in aliens? Because I want to

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Speaker 1: sign up for that, or maybe that's this job right here?

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Speaker 3: Well, welcome to your weekly career conspiracy advice podcasts. Daniel

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Speaker 3: and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio in which.

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Speaker 1: We talk about all of the amazing and crazy things

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Speaker 1: about the universe. We explain to you how the universe

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Speaker 1: really works, all the stuff that's happening out there in

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Speaker 1: the center of stars and here on Earth and inside

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Speaker 1: the tiny little particles in your fingertip.

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Speaker 3: That's right, all the things that we can explain about

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Speaker 3: the universe, and all the things that we cannot currently

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Speaker 3: explain about this weird and mysterious universe.

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Speaker 1: Only some of which we chalk up to aliens only some.

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Speaker 3: Do you have a giant column in your physics organization.

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Speaker 1: I'm only allowed to declare aliens two times a day,

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Speaker 1: So if I already use that explanation twice in one day,

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Speaker 1: then I got to come up with actual physics theory

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Speaker 1: to explain what I'm seeing.

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Speaker 3: Oh, no, you actually have to work.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, like, oh, that program didn't work. Must

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Speaker 1: be the aliens.

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Speaker 3: That's right, My lot is too cold, aliens lattes.

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Speaker 1: Who drinks lattes anymore? Man, that's so a pre alien

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Speaker 1: almond milk. When the aliens come, I wonder what kind

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Speaker 1: of coffee.

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Speaker 3: Beverage they will like, hopefully not human coffee.

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Speaker 1: Are you saying, like human milk? Like they don't want

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Speaker 1: cow milk or almond milk, they want like human milk.

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Speaker 3: Hopefully they want to brew us, is what I'm saying.

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Speaker 1: I see. Well, I think I'd rather be a you know,

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Speaker 1: on a human dairy farm than on a human coffee

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Speaker 1: than a source of human coffee.

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Speaker 3: But anyway, yeah, let's not go into let's not go

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Speaker 3: into lat free podcast. That's right, human lactose free podcast. Please. Well,

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Speaker 3: I think most people would vote for that.

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Speaker 1: That's right. But you know, if we're talking about discovering aliens,

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Speaker 1: then that's mostly about looking out into the universe and

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Speaker 1: seeing some crazy stuff. And you know, we haven't yet,

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Speaker 1: of course, discovered aliens, but we have learned a lot

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Speaker 1: of amazing stuff just by looking out into the night sky.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, And I think the way we would discover something

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Speaker 3: like that is by looking at the sky and then

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Speaker 3: seeing if weird things happen, like if you know, suddenly

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Speaker 3: things change or things happen that don't seem natural.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. We talked once on the podcast about a really

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Speaker 1: strange star that seemed to be obscured. It was almost

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Speaker 1: like somebody was building a huge superstructure that was blocking

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Speaker 1: the light between that star and us, like a Dyson sphere.

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Speaker 1: And that's the kind of thing that you might see

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Speaker 1: if you keep looking on to the universe and watching

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Speaker 1: stars and looking for sort of unnatural phenomena.

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Speaker 3: Right, And sometimes those phenomenon can lead to pretty interesting

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Speaker 3: scientific discoveries, even if they're not about aliens or alien lattes.

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Speaker 1: That's right. In nineteen eighty seven, we saw a supernova

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Speaker 1: go and that was the first time in sort of

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Speaker 1: modern astronomy, think we got to watch a supernova happen.

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Speaker 1: Not in real time, of course, it happened, you know,

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Speaker 1: thousands and thousands of years ago, but the light from

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Speaker 1: it arrived here on Earth in nineteen eighty seven, and

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Speaker 1: we learned a tremendous amount about supernovas and how they

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Speaker 1: work and what happens by getting to watch that one.

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Speaker 3: Really, it was only nineteen eighty seven that we saw

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Speaker 3: our first supernova or I guess maybe with a telescope.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that was the first one that came in the

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Speaker 1: era of our modern awesome telescopes. So astronomers saw a

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Speaker 1: few supernova earlier this century. We have records of supernova's

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Speaker 1: sort of like in the Antarctic ice where they deposited

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Speaker 1: all sorts of crazy radiation going back hundreds of years.

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Speaker 1: But it's sort of modern supernova watching when nineteen eighty

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Speaker 1: seven was the first really sort of big science supernova

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Speaker 1: And we should do a whole podcast episode about what

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Speaker 1: we learned about science from that one supernova.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see. So that's the kind of thing that

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Speaker 3: astronomers do is they look at the sky and they

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Speaker 3: kind of you know, to check all the marks there

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Speaker 3: and on their list of how things should act. But

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Speaker 3: then if they see something new, then that's something worth

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Speaker 3: exploring more.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, And that's something sort of fundamentally different about

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Speaker 1: astronomy and astrophysics than the rest of physics. A lot

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Speaker 1: of us in physics, we make experiments happen. I want

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Speaker 1: to know what happens when a proton smashes another proton? Well,

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Speaker 1: I go and I do it. I smash two protons together.

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Speaker 1: But if an astronomer wants to know what happens when

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Speaker 1: you crash one galaxy against another one, you can't build

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Speaker 1: a galaxy collider, right, that's sort of impractical. Instead, they

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Speaker 1: just watch it happen in the universe. They look out

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Speaker 1: into the universe to see their experiment happening.

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Speaker 3: Wow, did you just call a whole field of physics

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Speaker 3: couch potatoes? Is that basically what you're saying. Do guys

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Speaker 3: just sit around in their couches in Hawaii looking up

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Speaker 3: at the sky and wait for things to happen.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: The equivalent is like, if you had some other physicists,

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Speaker 1: You're like, I really wish this experiment would happen. Maybe

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Speaker 1: I'll just sit in my living room and wait and

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Speaker 1: see if it happens in front of me. That's basically

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Speaker 1: the plan.

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Speaker 3: As opposed to particle physicists who endanger the whole human

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Speaker 3: race by building things that might create black holes in.

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Speaker 1: They would you would rather study a nice little black

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Speaker 1: hole close to home than one super far away you

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Speaker 1: can barely see.

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Speaker 3: I think I would rather stay away from black holes

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Speaker 3: as much as possible.

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Speaker 1: All Right, Well, that's good to know. It's a very

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Speaker 1: powerful couch that they're sitting on. They get to see

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Speaker 1: the entire universe. And the amazing thing is that basically

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Speaker 1: anything you want to watch happen is happening out there

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Speaker 1: somewhere in the universe. Neutron stars are crashing into each other,

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Speaker 1: and all sorts of strange galaxies exist. They can't make

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Speaker 1: things happen, but you know, they have a view to

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Speaker 1: one of the greatest tests of experiments in the history

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Speaker 1: of the universe.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it's quite a drama going on out there in

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Speaker 3: the universe. And so today we are going to be

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Speaker 3: talking about one such discovery or one such phenomenon that

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Speaker 3: we're seeing out into the next guy that is kind

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Speaker 3: of weird, inexplicable, almost and totally we're and might be

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Speaker 3: who knows, of some weird alien origin.

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Speaker 1: It might be. I think almost anything can be categorized

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Speaker 1: as potentially of alien origin, which is one reason why

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Speaker 1: I love that explanation. But this is something that's been

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Speaker 1: capturing the mind of astronomers and even popping up in

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Speaker 1: the news media recently. There's something weird happening with one

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Speaker 1: of our favorite stars in the sky.

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Speaker 3: That's right. So today on the program we'll be tackling

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Speaker 3: the question is Beetlejuice blowing up?

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Speaker 1: That's right, And we don't mean blowing up on social media.

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Speaker 1: It's not going viral. But you know, just like anything

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Speaker 1: that's blown up on social media, you do have to

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Speaker 1: wonder is it about to die?

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Speaker 3: And so we're going to be talking about the star

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Speaker 3: beetle Juice, right, not the Broadway play musical, not the

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Speaker 3: movie with Michael Keaton, the original Beetlejuice.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And not some weird new beverage that Gwyneth

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Speaker 1: Paltrow is pushing on people. When you squeeze beetles as

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Speaker 1: to stimulate your alkaline intake in the morning.

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Speaker 3: I think her beatles are sustainably and humanely squeeze.

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Speaker 1: They're gently massaged to get a little bit of one

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Speaker 1: drop of juice out of each beetle every day.

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Speaker 3: But it's not actually beatle juice. It's actually a different spelling,

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Speaker 3: or is it. It's kind of an old word, right,

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Speaker 3: it's I think it's isn't it originally like the name

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Speaker 3: of a demon or something.

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Speaker 1: Uh. Yeah, it comes from Arabic, I think, and so

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Speaker 1: it has nothing to do with beetles or juices. It

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Speaker 1: looks like you might pronounce it like batel goose or something,

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Speaker 1: but it's pronounced beetle juice.

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Speaker 3: Yes, So just just go with that battle goose.

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Speaker 1: That sounds like the name of my character in D

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Speaker 1: and D or something.

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Speaker 3: That sounds sounds like a different Quyneth Paltrow product.

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Speaker 1: I'm going to roll my forty seven sided die to

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Speaker 1: cast a spell from my wizard batel.

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Speaker 3: Goose while you're playing with Gwyneth Paltrow.

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Speaker 1: I don't think Gwyned Paltrow plays D and D. But

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Speaker 1: you know, I don't know. I don't know. I shouldn't

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Speaker 1: say you never know. Maybe she listens to the podcast. No,

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Speaker 1: but there are a lot of people have been watching

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Speaker 1: this star and noticing something really strange happening with it recently.

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Speaker 3: And that strange thing is that it's actually dimming right.

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Speaker 3: It's like somebody is slowly turning it down.

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Speaker 1: You're imagining some sort of cosmic dimming switch, and some on.

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Speaker 3: The wall universe there is a giant little knob.

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Speaker 1: Who's playing with the dimming switch. Some alien dat out there.

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Speaker 3: Or Mary's connected to the universal Alexa, you know, and

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Speaker 3: nobody's like Alexa. Dim Beetlejuice.

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Speaker 1: No, Beetle Juice is a huge star. It's an enormous,

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Speaker 1: super giant red star and it's very bright in the sky.

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Speaker 1: It's one of the where it used to be one

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Speaker 1: of the ten brightest stars in the sky. And now

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Speaker 1: it's been dropping. It's started in October twenty nineteen. It's

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Speaker 1: been dimming, dimming, dimming, and nobody knows why.

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Speaker 3: Okay, so we were wondering and it sounds pretty recent

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Speaker 3: October twenty nineteen. That's it's it's a pretty recent.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, we are topical on this show.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean months. I mean to a physicist, that's

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Speaker 3: like on the dot. I don't know how to respont

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Speaker 3: it that maybe in a few months you'll come over

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Speaker 3: with the response.

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Speaker 1: Giving until October twenty twenty. I'll come back with a

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Speaker 1: really clever comeback.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, there you go.

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Speaker 1: There's something involving how cartoonists are always on deadline.

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Speaker 3: That's right, we are. Yeah, And so it's a recent development.

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Speaker 3: And so we were wondering how many people out there

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Speaker 3: knew that one of the stars in our sky a

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Speaker 3: famous one, even Beetlejuice is actually dimming.

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Speaker 1: So I walked around campus and I asked students at

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Speaker 1: UC Irvine fresh back from their holiday break, if they

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Speaker 1: knew what Beetlejuice was as a star, if they had

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Speaker 1: heard it was dimming, and if they were worried about

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Speaker 1: a potential supernova that could fry their eyebrows off.

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Speaker 3: And so here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 4: I think I've heard of it before, but I don't

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Speaker 4: know or remember much about it.

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Speaker 1: Did you know that the star appears to be dimming

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Speaker 1: in the night sky? No, I didn't know that I have.

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Speaker 3: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Did you know that it's dimming dramatically?

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Speaker 3: I did not.

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Speaker 1: Are you worried about it? Not?

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Speaker 4: Really?

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Speaker 1: No?

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Speaker 3: No? Yes?

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Speaker 1: Did you know that it's dimming in the sky dramatically?

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Speaker 3: No?

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Speaker 1: Does that make you worried? Should I be correct?

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Speaker 3: Is it a red star?

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Speaker 1: I forgot? Yeah, it's a bright red star.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess I'm a little bit worried.

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Speaker 5: I think I've heard of it, but like, I have

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Speaker 5: no idea anything about it.

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Speaker 1: Okay, did you know that it's dimming in the sky,

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Speaker 1: like right now it seems to be fading? Is yeah?

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Speaker 1: Does that make you worried?

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Speaker 5: Not too much, because I know like stars die and

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Speaker 5: stuff all the time.

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Speaker 3: But solo concerning star biod ue, No sorry.

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Speaker 1: No, no, so you didn't know it was dimming in

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Speaker 1: the sky. No, does that make you worried?

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Speaker 6: I mean, it doesn't sound like something that's worrying for me.

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Speaker 6: It just sounds something very interesting now that you've brought

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Speaker 6: it up, So I would want to know a little

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Speaker 6: bit more about it and what it is, and maybe

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Speaker 6: then I could decide if it's worrying or when.

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Speaker 3: They're dimming doesn't just mean their light is going away.

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Speaker 3: So that started with that galaxies or universe or whatever

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Speaker 3: it represents s been dead for a while, so I

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Speaker 3: don't really think it affects us much.

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Speaker 2: There's something I listen.

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Speaker 3: All right, not a lot of concerned or even a

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Speaker 3: lot of people who had heard of this star.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. I thought that was going to be sort of

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Speaker 1: more penetration in the sort of general student population about

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Speaker 1: this incredible astronomic event that's happening above our heads every

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Speaker 1: single night. And we had a bunch of listeners to

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Speaker 1: the podcast right in and ask us, hey, can you

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Speaker 1: talk about what's going on with Beetlejuice explain it to us.

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Speaker 1: So I was expecting the students to have maybe heard

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Speaker 1: about it, but maybe they were too focused on the

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Speaker 1: start of classes and all their new homework assignments, right.

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Speaker 3: Or I imagine most college students now weren't even born

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Speaker 3: when the movie Beetlejuice came out.

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Speaker 1: That might be an issue also. But even when I

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Speaker 1: told them about it, they seem to feel like, you know, hey,

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Speaker 1: this is a supernova. It's going to happen somewhere super

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Speaker 1: far away. So I'm not too worried about it.

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Speaker 3: There's maybe a supernova involved here, But the main mystery

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Speaker 3: is that Beetle Jews you're saying recently in October started

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Speaker 3: dimming like it was one of the brightest stars in

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Speaker 3: the U and then suddenly it wasn't as bright.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, people just watch these stars, you know, and some

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Speaker 1: stars burn constantly. They're just pretty stable. They're just like

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Speaker 1: a huge fire going off in the sky and burning

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Speaker 1: at the same brightness. But other stars are sort of

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Speaker 1: variable stars, and they wiggle, they go up, they go down,

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Speaker 1: they go brighter, they get dimmer.

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Speaker 3: Huh, it's like not a not a stable process, like

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Speaker 3: it's going through some motions.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, when you're looking at a fire,

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Speaker 1: sometimes the fire burns brighter as it gets to a

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Speaker 1: good bit of fuel, and then it dims out a

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Speaker 1: little bit. We can talk a little bit more about

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Speaker 1: the physics of that in a little bit. But people

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Speaker 1: have been watching Beetlejuice for like more than a century

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Speaker 1: and taking some pretty detailed measurements of its brightness, and

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Speaker 1: starting in October twenty nineteen, it started to dim and

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Speaker 1: people thought, oh, it's just going into one of its

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Speaker 1: dimming phases. But then it just kept dimming and dimming

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Speaker 1: and dimming, and now it's dimmer than it has ever

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Speaker 1: been seen before in more than one hundred years.

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Speaker 3: Oh okay, so it has dim before, but now it's

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Speaker 3: dimming more than ever.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Used to sort of wiggle up and down a

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Speaker 1: little bit here and there, but now it's much dimmer

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Speaker 1: than it ever has been.

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Speaker 3: Wow. And how do we notice this? Like, are there

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Speaker 3: people looking at every star in the sky all the

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Speaker 3: time or is there a dedicated Beetlejuice grad student and telescope.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we assigned one student per star. And that's just

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Speaker 1: your job. And you've got to hope that you know

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Speaker 1: something interesting.

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Speaker 3: That's right, otherwise you'll never graduate.

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Speaker 1: That's sort of my problem with astronomy. I mean, I

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Speaker 1: was always interested.

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Speaker 3: In you have a problem with astronomy.

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Speaker 1: I do a personal one, which is, when I was

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Speaker 1: a kid, the thing that attracted me to science and

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Speaker 1: the physics was astronomy. I was like, wow, look the

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Speaker 1: night sky is amazing, and I got a telescope and

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Speaker 1: I looked at a star. But then after a few minutes,

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Speaker 1: you're just sort of like looking at a dot in

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Speaker 1: the sky. It's not that exciting. It's not that often

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Speaker 1: that anything interesting happens, and so.

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Speaker 3: As opposed to when you smash point particles, you're looking

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Speaker 3: at things that are not points.

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Speaker 1: Exciting stuff happens every twenty five nanoseconds. So yeah, you

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Speaker 1: got stuff blowing up. It's pretty dramatic in comparison. But

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Speaker 1: you know, I don't mean to impugne any astronomers. I

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Speaker 1: love astronomy and astronomers, and I'm glad that there's lots

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Speaker 1: of different fields of science and different personalities to go

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Speaker 1: into each. Different fields just not my personal choice. But

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Speaker 1: there are people who do watch the sky and they

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Speaker 1: look for things like supernova. We're always watching to see

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Speaker 1: more supernova upcoming, because they help us measure the size

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Speaker 1: of the universe and its expansion. So yeah, we have

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Speaker 1: surveys that are constantly watching the sky.

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Speaker 3: Just scanning out there, looking for things that change. Like

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Speaker 3: it takes a picture and then takes another picture and

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Speaker 3: compares it to pictures to see if anything is changed.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there are these very general surveys, and that's how

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Speaker 1: you discover things like a new planet or you know, Omuamua,

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Speaker 1: something that's coming towards the Earth. But in this case,

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Speaker 1: I think Beetlejuice is a star of interest because it's

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Speaker 1: so big. It's so huge, it's coming near the end

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Speaker 1: of its life, and it has a really interesting pattern

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Speaker 1: of variability.

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Speaker 3: All right, let's get into more. Tell us about our

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Speaker 3: friend Beetlejuwice and what could maybe be happening to make

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Speaker 3: a dinner. But first let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 3: All right, Danield, So, Beelejuice, one of the brightest stars,

418
00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,800
Speaker 3: or what used to be one of the brightest stars

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Speaker 3: in the sky, has been dimming recently, getting less and

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Speaker 3: less bright, and nobody knows why that's happening.

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00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:04,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, And there's lots of different kinds of stars out

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Speaker 1: there in the sky, and some of them burn for

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00:21:06,560 --> 00:21:09,320
Speaker 1: billions of years and some just for millions of years.

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Speaker 1: And what we're doing is looking at all of them

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Speaker 1: and trying to understand, like, how many different ways is

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00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:16,040
Speaker 1: there to be a star? And you know, there are

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Speaker 1: a lot like the star that is our sun, it's

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Speaker 1: not even one of the most typical stars in the galaxy.

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Speaker 1: And some of them are crazy, and Beetlejuice is one

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Speaker 1: of the most extreme stars out there.

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Speaker 3: Really, all right, tell me about beetle Juice. Let's get

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Speaker 3: into that a little bit. What do we know about

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Speaker 3: beetle juice and how is it different than our Sun.

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Speaker 1: Well, first of all, beetlejuice is huge. Like, it's about

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Speaker 1: twenty times the mass of our Sun.

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Speaker 3: So twenty times.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's an enormous amount of stuff.

438
00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:46,200
Speaker 3: So we should call it beetle huge.

439
00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:48,320
Speaker 1: I don't think it likes when you call it that,

440
00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:48,680
Speaker 1: you know.

441
00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:51,440
Speaker 3: Big old, huge beegle, huge beetle juice.

442
00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:54,000
Speaker 1: It's been trying to cut back recently on the amount

443
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:55,000
Speaker 1: of amount.

444
00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:58,600
Speaker 3: Of the kating it's on the keto astronomical diet.

445
00:21:58,960 --> 00:22:01,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's not just huge in terms of mass,

446
00:22:01,280 --> 00:22:04,160
Speaker 1: like twenty suns is a lot of stuff. It's actually

447
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,120
Speaker 1: physically just the volume is enormous. It has a diameter

448
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:10,680
Speaker 1: of close to a billion miles.

449
00:22:11,359 --> 00:22:15,600
Speaker 3: Wow, and that's much bigger than our sun. Right, Like,

450
00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:18,359
Speaker 3: if if something that big was in our solar system,

451
00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:20,200
Speaker 3: it would probably take up most of the space.

452
00:22:20,359 --> 00:22:23,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. If you put a beetle juice in place

453
00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:28,280
Speaker 1: of our Sun, then Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, even up

454
00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:31,920
Speaker 1: to Jupiter would be inside the radius of the Sun. Right,

455
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:39,679
Speaker 1: So wow, that would totally us Like little juiced beetles.

456
00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:44,080
Speaker 3: Not good. So huge, it's huge, And why is it

457
00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:46,520
Speaker 3: that big? It's just that's how it happened to be

458
00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:47,199
Speaker 3: put together.

459
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, the size of a star just depends on you know,

460
00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:52,760
Speaker 1: the sort of the clumps of stuff that are around

461
00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:55,359
Speaker 1: to form it, and the dynamics of it, whether it

462
00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:57,680
Speaker 1: breaks off to form its own little cloud and stuff.

463
00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:00,080
Speaker 1: That's something that people are still really trying to under

464
00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:03,359
Speaker 1: stand is how stars form and what makes stars form.

465
00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:05,600
Speaker 1: And we have parts of the galaxy where stars are

466
00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:08,119
Speaker 1: still forming and parts where they're not forming anymore, and

467
00:23:08,160 --> 00:23:10,840
Speaker 1: that's not something we understand very well. But what we

468
00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:13,919
Speaker 1: do know is sort of the connection between the size

469
00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:16,080
Speaker 1: of the star and how long it's going to live.

470
00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:21,040
Speaker 3: Oh interesting, you mean how bright it is or how

471
00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:21,560
Speaker 3: big it is.

472
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:24,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, the larger the star, the sort of bigger it

473
00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:27,679
Speaker 1: is than the brighter it burns, and the shorter it's life.

474
00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:30,760
Speaker 1: Like our sun is billions of years old and we

475
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:33,680
Speaker 1: expect it to keep burning for another few billion. But

476
00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:37,399
Speaker 1: Beetlejuice is only eight and a half million years old.

477
00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:38,320
Speaker 1: It's like a baby.

478
00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:43,920
Speaker 3: Really, what But you can have a star that young

479
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,399
Speaker 3: and wait, and you're telling me it's near the end

480
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:48,560
Speaker 3: of it end of its life.

481
00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:52,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, stars this size only burn for like eight point

482
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:55,399
Speaker 1: six or eight point seven million years, people think, And

483
00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:57,719
Speaker 1: this one it's at eight point five million.

484
00:23:58,359 --> 00:23:59,000
Speaker 8: Wow.

485
00:23:59,240 --> 00:24:01,800
Speaker 1: So these things burn bright and they burn hot and

486
00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:04,679
Speaker 1: they're huge, but they just don't last as long in

487
00:24:04,680 --> 00:24:07,600
Speaker 1: the universe. Like the Sun is sort of the turtle

488
00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:10,880
Speaker 1: of stars. It's gonna keep burning for a long time

489
00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:12,160
Speaker 1: after Beetlejuice blows.

490
00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:15,480
Speaker 3: Interesting. It's kind of like a career in Hollywood for

491
00:24:15,560 --> 00:24:16,320
Speaker 3: a Hollywood star.

492
00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:19,439
Speaker 1: I think, actually, in Hollywood it's better to be small,

493
00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:20,239
Speaker 1: isn't it. Isn't it thin?

494
00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:20,840
Speaker 3: Still in.

495
00:24:23,320 --> 00:24:23,480
Speaker 5: Well?

496
00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,639
Speaker 3: I mean you burn bright and then and then nobody

497
00:24:25,640 --> 00:24:26,200
Speaker 3: cares about you.

498
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:30,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, I think that's probably a good analogy.

499
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:32,679
Speaker 3: All right. So that's beetle juice. It's different. It's bigger,

500
00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,359
Speaker 3: it's beetle huge. And where can I find beetle juice?

501
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:40,440
Speaker 3: Is it on a constellation that I know? Where could

502
00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:42,160
Speaker 3: I find it if I wanted to see it from

503
00:24:42,240 --> 00:24:42,679
Speaker 3: the Earth?

504
00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:45,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's sort of a Hollywood star because not only

505
00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:47,000
Speaker 1: is it one of the brightest stars in the sky,

506
00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:50,119
Speaker 1: it's in one of the most famous constellations. It's in

507
00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:53,640
Speaker 1: the Orion constellation. So it's a big one. Yeah, and

508
00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:55,960
Speaker 1: it's it's not that close to the Earth. It's like

509
00:24:56,080 --> 00:24:58,720
Speaker 1: six hundred and twenty five light years away.

510
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,640
Speaker 3: But that's I think that's kind of close, isn't it.

511
00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:05,800
Speaker 3: Isn't it close for relatively astronomical distances.

512
00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:07,800
Speaker 1: That it depends? Yeah, I mean the galaxy is you know,

513
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:11,280
Speaker 1: one hundred thousand light years across, so yet in our neighborhood.

514
00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:13,760
Speaker 1: But there are other stars that are you know, four

515
00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 1: or five ten light years away. So there are definitely

516
00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:17,680
Speaker 1: a lot of stars that are closer.

517
00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:20,000
Speaker 3: And it's not just in the Orion constellation, I think,

518
00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:22,240
Speaker 3: isn't it like the central one, Like if you look

519
00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:25,240
Speaker 3: at the three stars that make up the belt, is

520
00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:27,240
Speaker 3: in Beetle Juice one of them, the middle one.

521
00:25:27,480 --> 00:25:29,480
Speaker 1: I think the managers of the careers of the other

522
00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:32,440
Speaker 1: stars argue about which is sort of the most important star.

523
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:37,960
Speaker 3: Come on, Beetle Jews is the Beyonce of the Orion constellation.

524
00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:38,679
Speaker 3: Let's be honest.

525
00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:40,800
Speaker 1: I mean I think that without Beatle Juice wouldn't really

526
00:25:40,840 --> 00:25:43,679
Speaker 1: be Orion. You know, we have that magic to it.

527
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:46,040
Speaker 1: But people differ, but it is.

528
00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:47,679
Speaker 3: It is one of the ones in the belt right like,

529
00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:50,320
Speaker 3: and that's pretty recognizable in the night sky if you

530
00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:55,840
Speaker 3: see three stars pretty evenly spaced. That's that's the Orion constellation.

531
00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:57,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, so Beetle Juice doesn't provide part of the belt,

532
00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:00,400
Speaker 1: but it's critical. You know, it's the top left shoulder Ryan,

533
00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:02,760
Speaker 1: and that's his throwing shoulder, I think, and you know

534
00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:05,040
Speaker 1: he's a hunter, and so I think people just can

535
00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:07,520
Speaker 1: make a pretty good argument to being sort of a

536
00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 1: foundational star.

537
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:12,720
Speaker 3: And that's why I'm not an astronomer with anyone reason

538
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:17,480
Speaker 3: number what I've lost jack reason number. You don't even

539
00:26:17,480 --> 00:26:20,280
Speaker 3: need to count them. Really, I would just actually cartoonist.

540
00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:21,320
Speaker 3: I would just draw it wherever.

541
00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:24,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, Well in fact check that later.

542
00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:27,600
Speaker 3: All right, So then you guys noticed that it started dimming,

543
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:31,680
Speaker 3: and so that's kind of weird, right, Like stars don't

544
00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:34,240
Speaker 3: just suddenly dim like that so much.

545
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:37,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, well it's sort of weird, but it's also sort

546
00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:40,000
Speaker 1: of not weird. And so to understand how weird it is,

547
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:42,520
Speaker 1: we have to know what the context is. It turns

548
00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:44,919
Speaker 1: out there's a huge population of stars out there, Like

549
00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:47,600
Speaker 1: a good fraction of them are variable. Some of them

550
00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:50,240
Speaker 1: do dim and brighten and dim and brighten, and these

551
00:26:50,240 --> 00:26:52,400
Speaker 1: are stars we call them variable stars.

552
00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:55,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, you mean there's a lot of stars out there twinkling.

553
00:26:56,760 --> 00:27:00,800
Speaker 1: Well, twinkling is actually because the light is being mitigated

554
00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:03,919
Speaker 1: by dust and atmospheric effects and stuff like that. So

555
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,600
Speaker 1: that's what causes twinkling. But there are stars that if

556
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:08,600
Speaker 1: you were like in a spaceship near them, you would

557
00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:11,480
Speaker 1: notice them brighten and then dim and brighten and dim.

558
00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:13,919
Speaker 1: And some of those stars played in a really important

559
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:15,920
Speaker 1: role in our understanding of the universe.

560
00:27:16,119 --> 00:27:18,320
Speaker 3: And I guess that would be rid of our sun

561
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:19,760
Speaker 3: did that as well put an.

562
00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:22,240
Speaker 1: End, Yeah, that would be really weird because six.

563
00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:25,040
Speaker 3: Years we're like, yeah, like solar seasons.

564
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:27,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, there are some solar seasons, like the Sun

565
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:32,359
Speaker 1: has eleven year magnetic CycL cycle I think, where it's

566
00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:36,000
Speaker 1: magnetic field flips every eleven years, and there are seasons

567
00:27:36,040 --> 00:27:38,600
Speaker 1: when there's more solar wind and less solar wind. But

568
00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:41,280
Speaker 1: these effects are very small compared to what we're talking about.

569
00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:45,520
Speaker 1: You know, the Sun doesn't significantly brighten and dim compared

570
00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:48,119
Speaker 1: to what's happening in these other variable stars. It's a

571
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,000
Speaker 1: really noticeable effect. And so we talked about these stars,

572
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,320
Speaker 1: these cephids recently. These are the stars that pulsate.

573
00:27:54,480 --> 00:27:56,800
Speaker 3: All right, let's get into that, and like, what could

574
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,879
Speaker 3: be happening with beetlejuice because you guys, notice it's dimming

575
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:03,160
Speaker 3: and that's kind of unusual and it could mean some

576
00:28:03,280 --> 00:28:07,879
Speaker 3: pretty dramatic things. So what are some possibilities for what

577
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:09,639
Speaker 3: could be happening to beetlejuice?

578
00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:12,159
Speaker 1: All right? Well, I have sort of three categories of

579
00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:14,880
Speaker 1: explanation for what might be happening to beetlejuice.

580
00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:18,040
Speaker 3: Okay, and you're going to tell tell us an order

581
00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:19,199
Speaker 3: of how alarm we should be.

582
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:23,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, So the most boring possibilities, right, and then we

583
00:28:24,080 --> 00:28:28,159
Speaker 1: got them maybe more exciting crazy ideas, and then we

584
00:28:28,240 --> 00:28:31,399
Speaker 1: got the alarming Everybody builds a bunker and starts to

585
00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:33,480
Speaker 1: live underground for the next one hundred year's situation.

586
00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:38,000
Speaker 3: Everybody start eating beetle juice and praying to the Greenith

587
00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:39,120
Speaker 3: Paltra demons.

588
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:40,920
Speaker 1: Out there, that's right, or invest in lental futures.

589
00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:43,360
Speaker 3: All right, So what are the three possibilities that could

590
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:46,440
Speaker 3: be causing beetle juws to go dimmer? Right?

591
00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,320
Speaker 1: Well, the first thing to understand, as we've mentioned, is

592
00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:52,600
Speaker 1: that some stars just do this. They are variable stars.

593
00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:56,080
Speaker 1: Now some of them when this happens, usually it's very regular.

594
00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:58,760
Speaker 1: So the stars we talked about before. There are stars

595
00:28:58,760 --> 00:29:02,200
Speaker 1: called sephids pulsate and it's very regular. In fact, the

596
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:05,560
Speaker 1: key thing about sephid's is that how fast they pulsate

597
00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:08,760
Speaker 1: tells you how bright they are at the source. And

598
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,480
Speaker 1: that's a key thing to knowing like how far away

599
00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:13,520
Speaker 1: the star is, because you have to know how far

600
00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:15,720
Speaker 1: bright it is at the source compared to how bright

601
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:17,719
Speaker 1: it is here. That tells you how far away it is.

602
00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:20,280
Speaker 1: So you make a bunch of measurements. You measure how

603
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,360
Speaker 1: often it gets dimmer and brighter and dimmer and bright.

604
00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:24,520
Speaker 1: It does it sort of like a clock, and that

605
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,560
Speaker 1: tells you something about how bright it is over there

606
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:30,480
Speaker 1: near the star. So it's really key for those stars

607
00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:33,520
Speaker 1: that they are very regular, right, they're variable and something

608
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,080
Speaker 1: happening inside them to make them pulsate. And these are

609
00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:38,640
Speaker 1: not stars that are rotating. It's not like a flashlight

610
00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:41,600
Speaker 1: swinging through the universe that's just flashing over us.

611
00:29:41,840 --> 00:29:45,240
Speaker 3: It's really really like a pulsating reaction kind of.

612
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a radial pulsation. So no matter where you

613
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:50,280
Speaker 1: are around the star, you would see it going brighter

614
00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:53,840
Speaker 1: and dimmer. Beetlejuice is not one of these very regular stars.

615
00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:56,760
Speaker 1: It's not a cephid. It has some variation in it.

616
00:29:56,760 --> 00:29:58,800
Speaker 1: It goes up and it goes down, but it's not

617
00:29:58,920 --> 00:29:59,480
Speaker 1: like a clock.

618
00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:01,520
Speaker 3: Okay, so I see. So it's normal for a star

619
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:05,600
Speaker 3: to change to like get brighter and dimmer. But you're

620
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:07,520
Speaker 3: saying most stars sort of do it on a clock

621
00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:10,479
Speaker 3: like regularly, but Beetle Juice maybe is different.

622
00:30:10,960 --> 00:30:13,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, Beetle Juice has sort of two different cycles that

623
00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:16,360
Speaker 1: people have been noticing over the last few decades. It's

624
00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,160
Speaker 1: got like a long cycle that takes about six years

625
00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:21,320
Speaker 1: to go up and down, and it also has sort

626
00:30:21,360 --> 00:30:24,160
Speaker 1: of a shorter cycle that's less than a year. And

627
00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:26,520
Speaker 1: so we don't know what's going on. We don't have

628
00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,720
Speaker 1: an explanation for how Beetlejuice has these two weird cycles

629
00:30:29,720 --> 00:30:29,959
Speaker 1: in it.

630
00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:32,840
Speaker 3: You're saying, there it might be two kinds of aliens

631
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:40,280
Speaker 3: interfering with the star inside the start it's a star war, right,

632
00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:41,160
Speaker 3: the Beetlejuice.

633
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:43,200
Speaker 1: And for those of you who are interested in, like

634
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:46,400
Speaker 1: how can that happen? How can a star burn more

635
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:48,880
Speaker 1: brightly and dimly? Remember that it's not just that the

636
00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:52,120
Speaker 1: star itself is like burning hotter or colder it's about

637
00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,280
Speaker 1: the light we're seeing from the star. And so sometimes

638
00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:58,080
Speaker 1: what's happening inside the star can make like the outer

639
00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:01,200
Speaker 1: shell of the star more opaque because it changes it

640
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,920
Speaker 1: from like helium two to helium three. Or it can

641
00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:05,960
Speaker 1: make it contract, which makes it heat up, or it

642
00:31:05,960 --> 00:31:08,800
Speaker 1: can make it expand, which makes it cool down. So

643
00:31:08,920 --> 00:31:11,080
Speaker 1: all this stuff can happen to a star. It's not

644
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:13,040
Speaker 1: just about how hot and bright it is. It's about

645
00:31:13,040 --> 00:31:15,640
Speaker 1: like the shells and the layers and the folks who

646
00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:19,240
Speaker 1: study this have these amazing models of these enormous cosmic

647
00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:23,080
Speaker 1: fusion explosions that they can Frankly, it's blows my mind

648
00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:24,400
Speaker 1: that they can understand them at all.

649
00:31:24,560 --> 00:31:26,360
Speaker 3: So it's like if you were standing next to the Sun,

650
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:29,200
Speaker 3: you wouldn't see it get bigger or smaller. You just

651
00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,000
Speaker 3: see it get brighter and dimmer.

652
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:32,760
Speaker 1: Well, if you're standing next to one of these stars

653
00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:35,840
Speaker 1: that is variable, then they know they do expand and contract.

654
00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:38,720
Speaker 1: They certainly they do, Oyeah, they do, And the outer

655
00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:42,280
Speaker 1: shell of the star can become more opaque or less opaque.

656
00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:44,320
Speaker 1: And so what you see from far away is just,

657
00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:46,200
Speaker 1: of course is it brighter or dimmer, But it's a

658
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:48,600
Speaker 1: lot of really complex stuff going on. It's not just

659
00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:50,880
Speaker 1: that the star gets bigger and hotter and smaller and

660
00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:52,280
Speaker 1: colder very I see.

661
00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:54,880
Speaker 3: But it's all about sort of the mechanics of the

662
00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:58,040
Speaker 3: reaction inside the star. Like'll the reaction will sort of

663
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:00,240
Speaker 3: lean one way, but then it'll lean the other way.

664
00:32:00,360 --> 00:32:04,160
Speaker 3: And you know, things sort of are constantly in flux.

665
00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:06,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, sort of sloshing back and forth. Not in a

666
00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:10,360
Speaker 1: stable situation. But Beetlejuice has these two cycles, sort of

667
00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:12,800
Speaker 1: the shorter one and the longer one, and so you know,

668
00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:16,280
Speaker 1: the most boring explanation for what's happening in Beetlejuice is

669
00:32:16,280 --> 00:32:18,479
Speaker 1: that it might just be sort of the combination of

670
00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:22,360
Speaker 1: these two different cycles happening at the same time that

671
00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:24,560
Speaker 1: both are sort of in their dimming mode.

672
00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:26,840
Speaker 3: I see. It's just like a low point in its

673
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:27,840
Speaker 3: career as a star.

674
00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:32,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. But it doesn't really explain it because Beetlejuice

675
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:34,840
Speaker 1: has these two cycles that are like on a year

676
00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:37,560
Speaker 1: and a six year timeline, so you would expect to

677
00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:39,959
Speaker 1: see those things sort of line up more often than

678
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:41,240
Speaker 1: every one hundred years.

679
00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:44,960
Speaker 3: Oh, I see. Oh, so there's something else going on here.

680
00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:47,280
Speaker 1: I think there's probably something else going on there, something

681
00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:51,840
Speaker 1: else to learn. There could be another longer time scale

682
00:32:51,920 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 1: variation that's happening. It could be these two things when

683
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:56,480
Speaker 1: they do line up in some way, they sort of

684
00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:59,120
Speaker 1: like accentuate each other, you know, But we don't understand

685
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,720
Speaker 1: the mechanism physics behind either one, and so it's hard

686
00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,680
Speaker 1: to know specifically what might make this happen.

687
00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:09,560
Speaker 3: All right, So that's possibly a is that it's just

688
00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:12,960
Speaker 3: a normal cycle of a you know, hormonal cycle or

689
00:33:12,960 --> 00:33:18,640
Speaker 3: a teenage star with crazy moods. But then there are

690
00:33:18,680 --> 00:33:21,160
Speaker 3: other possibilities, some of which we might want to be

691
00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:21,760
Speaker 3: concerned about.

692
00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:24,600
Speaker 1: So that's sort of like taking the normal, boring stuff

693
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:26,600
Speaker 1: and saying, maybe it's a little weird, but there's other

694
00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:29,560
Speaker 1: really weird stuff that does happen to stars that could

695
00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:32,920
Speaker 1: be explaining this. And you know, sometimes stars don't just

696
00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:35,840
Speaker 1: burn happily. They have like you know, indigestion and you

697
00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:40,160
Speaker 1: get like an enormous eruption and it's stuff into space

698
00:33:40,360 --> 00:33:42,480
Speaker 1: a starburb. Yeah, or you could have like a star

699
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,360
Speaker 1: quake or like cracks on the surface of the star

700
00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:48,520
Speaker 1: and internal stuff shoots out and you could get an

701
00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:52,040
Speaker 1: enormous eruption of plasma. So you know, it could be

702
00:33:52,080 --> 00:33:53,920
Speaker 1: that that's what happened. It happened on the other side

703
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:57,080
Speaker 1: of the star and dimming as a result. This is

704
00:33:57,160 --> 00:33:58,560
Speaker 1: really just really speculative.

705
00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:03,320
Speaker 3: Stars are not these constant balls of fire there. They

706
00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:04,480
Speaker 3: can have big events.

707
00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:07,920
Speaker 1: They can have big events, especially big stars that tend

708
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:11,160
Speaker 1: to be more dynamic and more violent, and stars near

709
00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:12,680
Speaker 1: the end of their life they get to be a

710
00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:15,680
Speaker 1: little bit less predictable to sort of as the fires

711
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:16,880
Speaker 1: is sputtering.

712
00:34:16,440 --> 00:34:18,879
Speaker 3: Out, kind of like that older uncle you have that's just.

713
00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:22,520
Speaker 1: The one who's no longer invited to Thanksgiving.

714
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:24,040
Speaker 3: Does a lot of weird starburds.

715
00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:27,239
Speaker 1: At least now he puts on pants every time it

716
00:34:27,280 --> 00:34:28,840
Speaker 1: comes to dinner, Right, that's an improvement.

717
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:33,560
Speaker 3: At least when it ejects star material, it has pants on.

718
00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:36,520
Speaker 1: Yes, yeah. Or it could just be some really weird

719
00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:39,279
Speaker 1: thing happening with the magnetic field of the star. And

720
00:34:39,440 --> 00:34:42,520
Speaker 1: you remember what we're seeing is dimming. That doesn't mean

721
00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:45,120
Speaker 1: that the star is dimmer. It could also mean that

722
00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:48,520
Speaker 1: there's some like it's ejected some matter which then cooled

723
00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:50,880
Speaker 1: and is now blocking our view of the stars.

724
00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:53,200
Speaker 3: See, it could just be winking at us.

725
00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,880
Speaker 1: It could be winking at us, yeah, or of course,

726
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,600
Speaker 1: you know, my favorite explanation is that there's you know,

727
00:35:01,160 --> 00:35:04,719
Speaker 1: some awesome civilization out there that's like building some structure

728
00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:08,000
Speaker 1: between us and Beetlejuice. Or really they've just now closed

729
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:09,160
Speaker 1: the blinds.

730
00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:10,400
Speaker 3: Since since October.

731
00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:15,320
Speaker 1: You know, it's a long construction project, and maybe they've

732
00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:18,959
Speaker 1: just now started to ramp this thing up and turn

733
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:20,400
Speaker 1: on their dice and sphere or whatever.

734
00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:23,399
Speaker 3: Maybe it's aliens burping too or and or flirting with us.

735
00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:24,720
Speaker 3: Maybe that is how they diffurt.

736
00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:27,800
Speaker 1: Maybe maybe it's alien uncles, you know, and they're grumpy

737
00:35:27,840 --> 00:35:30,120
Speaker 1: they didn't get invited to Thanksgiving dinner. I don't know.

738
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,239
Speaker 1: But anytime something happens in the night sky that's sort

739
00:35:33,280 --> 00:35:37,279
Speaker 1: of rapid, that's unusual and changes quickly, then you got

740
00:35:37,320 --> 00:35:39,600
Speaker 1: to wonder, you know, is that a sign of sort

741
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,680
Speaker 1: of intelligent life, of of somebody's being like activist and

742
00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:47,120
Speaker 1: constructing something and actively changing the way the universe is organized,

743
00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:48,480
Speaker 1: not just sort of watching it happen.

744
00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:51,120
Speaker 3: Okay, so I'm getting that idea. A for what might

745
00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:53,840
Speaker 3: be happening to Beetlejuics is just the normal phase in

746
00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:56,719
Speaker 3: its cycle. Idea number two is that maybe it's some

747
00:35:56,800 --> 00:36:00,840
Speaker 3: kind of event that's happening, like a quake or a starburb,

748
00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:05,440
Speaker 3: or an ejection, or an aliens and or all of

749
00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:06,799
Speaker 3: those things at the same time.

750
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,359
Speaker 1: Aliens causing a starquake because of their burping.

751
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:13,640
Speaker 3: That's right, while flirting with you. All right, let's get

752
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:16,719
Speaker 3: into the third idea for what might be happening to Beetlejuice,

753
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:20,200
Speaker 3: which might be an explosive idea.

754
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:23,359
Speaker 1: A cataclysmic finish to Beetlejuice's run on the Hall of Fame.

755
00:36:24,120 --> 00:36:26,480
Speaker 3: That's right, not just a burb, but a big boom.

756
00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:29,279
Speaker 1: Perhaps, don't we all want to end our career so

757
00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:32,600
Speaker 1: like mel Gibson exploding in a firing disaster.

758
00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:37,040
Speaker 3: With a big racist grant. Yeah, sounds like a great

759
00:36:37,080 --> 00:36:37,880
Speaker 3: way to go.

760
00:36:37,760 --> 00:36:40,440
Speaker 1: Out, Beetlejuice, your astronomical racist uncle.

761
00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:42,160
Speaker 3: All right, let's take a quick break first.

762
00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:48,520
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

763
00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:51,760
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

764
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:55,840
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

765
00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:58,520
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

766
00:36:58,560 --> 00:37:02,839
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambition sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

767
00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:05,439
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

768
00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:07,799
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

769
00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:12,120
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

770
00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:15,760
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

771
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:19,160
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

772
00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:22,920
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

773
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:26,000
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

774
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:29,440
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

775
00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:31,720
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

776
00:37:31,719 --> 00:37:33,600
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

777
00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,320
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

778
00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:40,160
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

779
00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:42,879
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

780
00:37:42,960 --> 00:37:45,520
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

781
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:48,759
Speaker 8: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

782
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:52,840
Speaker 8: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

783
00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:55,480
Speaker 8: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

784
00:37:55,719 --> 00:37:58,239
Speaker 8: Does it strengthen your House dot com to learn how

785
00:37:58,239 --> 00:38:01,600
Speaker 8: to strengthen your home and how protect it from damage.

786
00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:04,239
Speaker 8: The work may cost less than you think and can

787
00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:07,279
Speaker 8: often be done in just a few days. Strengthen your

788
00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:10,960
Speaker 8: home and help protect your family. Get prepared today and

789
00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:16,400
Speaker 8: worry less tomorrow. Visit strengthen your House dot com.

790
00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:20,080
Speaker 5: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

791
00:38:20,080 --> 00:38:22,480
Speaker 5: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

792
00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:24,719
Speaker 5: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

793
00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:28,279
Speaker 5: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

794
00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:31,040
Speaker 5: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltran's.

795
00:38:39,080 --> 00:38:41,719
Speaker 3: All right, So Beetlejuice is dimming. It used to be

796
00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:44,440
Speaker 3: like the number one brightest star in the universe, but

797
00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:47,640
Speaker 3: now it's stock has gone down, Daniel, Yeah.

798
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:50,160
Speaker 1: And it's not the number one bright star in the universe.

799
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:53,120
Speaker 3: Right, Oh, I see hey to us to my universe.

800
00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:55,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, to our to the Jorge universe.

801
00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:57,439
Speaker 3: It was one of the time which we all live.

802
00:38:59,040 --> 00:39:01,160
Speaker 1: We're all just bit played on your stage, sir.

803
00:39:01,520 --> 00:39:02,680
Speaker 3: That's right, that's right.

804
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,600
Speaker 1: But yeah, and we're trying to figure out what could

805
00:39:05,640 --> 00:39:08,280
Speaker 1: explain that. And we talked about the sort of boring ideas,

806
00:39:08,280 --> 00:39:11,239
Speaker 1: but there is one more sort of explosive possibility.

807
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:15,720
Speaker 3: M all right, sounds exciting. What else could be happening

808
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:16,400
Speaker 3: to Beetlejuice.

809
00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:19,640
Speaker 1: Well, remember that Beetle Juice is a massive star and

810
00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:21,880
Speaker 1: it's near the end of its life. And what happens

811
00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:25,120
Speaker 1: to really big stars when they go out is you

812
00:39:25,239 --> 00:39:26,640
Speaker 1: often get a supernova.

813
00:39:26,719 --> 00:39:29,319
Speaker 3: So some stars, when they get old, they go into supernova.

814
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,640
Speaker 3: And you're saying, this diming could be like a sign

815
00:39:32,719 --> 00:39:32,880
Speaker 3: of that.

816
00:39:33,120 --> 00:39:36,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, if beetle Juice is about to go, then you know,

817
00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:39,719
Speaker 1: the last few hundreds or thousands of years before it

818
00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:42,239
Speaker 1: goes supernova could be a little more volatile. It could

819
00:39:42,239 --> 00:39:46,000
Speaker 1: be hard to predict. And you know, Beetlejuice is expected

820
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,640
Speaker 1: to last, you know, up to maybe another one hundred thousand,

821
00:39:48,680 --> 00:39:51,080
Speaker 1: two hundred thousand years, but there's a lot of uncertainty

822
00:39:51,080 --> 00:39:53,839
Speaker 1: in these predictions for when it will go supernova.

823
00:39:54,040 --> 00:39:56,080
Speaker 3: Right, I mean it's it's like it's eight and a

824
00:39:56,080 --> 00:39:59,359
Speaker 3: half million years old. What's plus or minds one hundred

825
00:39:59,400 --> 00:39:59,919
Speaker 3: thousand years?

826
00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:02,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's basically a few months. Yeah, it's you know,

827
00:40:02,239 --> 00:40:05,440
Speaker 1: it's seventy five in star years, right, it's been retired

828
00:40:05,480 --> 00:40:07,560
Speaker 1: for a while and it's sort of, you know, ready

829
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:07,919
Speaker 1: to go.

830
00:40:08,560 --> 00:40:10,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean, that's kind of why I'm always late

831
00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:13,320
Speaker 3: with my deadlines, to be honest, Daniel, because you're waiting

832
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:17,640
Speaker 3: for what's one hundred thousand years in the grand scheme

833
00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:18,360
Speaker 3: of the universe.

834
00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:21,680
Speaker 1: Three months to a physist is one hundred thousand years

835
00:40:21,680 --> 00:40:22,560
Speaker 1: to a cartoonist.

836
00:40:23,280 --> 00:40:26,879
Speaker 3: Yeah, there you go. Just wait for me to go supernova.

837
00:40:27,080 --> 00:40:30,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, But there's not too much to worry about here

838
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:34,480
Speaker 1: for a couple of reasons. One is, when we've seen supernova,

839
00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:37,920
Speaker 1: the stars don't usually dim just beforehand. Usually they get.

840
00:40:37,760 --> 00:40:41,160
Speaker 3: Brellier, they like ramp up to the explosion.

841
00:40:41,320 --> 00:40:44,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, they ramp up to the explosion, and so dimming

842
00:40:44,239 --> 00:40:47,399
Speaker 1: is not usually a precursor of supernova. So you don't

843
00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:48,360
Speaker 1: really have to worry.

844
00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:48,560
Speaker 3: Now.

845
00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:51,080
Speaker 1: We don't know because we haven't seen a lot of

846
00:40:51,120 --> 00:40:54,160
Speaker 1: stars like this this close go supernova. We don't have

847
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:55,280
Speaker 1: a huge amount of data.

848
00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:58,399
Speaker 3: We just have one. Right then, you say, or we've

849
00:40:58,400 --> 00:40:59,520
Speaker 3: seen many over the years.

850
00:40:59,560 --> 00:41:01,600
Speaker 1: We've seen few supernova over the years, and we've seen

851
00:41:01,640 --> 00:41:05,239
Speaker 1: a lot of the type one A supernova recently, and

852
00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:08,400
Speaker 1: so since then we've got much better capturing supernova and

853
00:41:08,440 --> 00:41:10,320
Speaker 1: seeing more of them, so we don't, but we still

854
00:41:10,360 --> 00:41:14,040
Speaker 1: you know, we're talking about hundreds of examples, maybe thousands,

855
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:15,480
Speaker 1: so this could be a weird one.

856
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:18,720
Speaker 3: You're not sure none of them have dimmed right before exploding.

857
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:20,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's not a typical thing for a start to

858
00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:22,200
Speaker 1: do just before it explodes.

859
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:25,239
Speaker 3: It's not gathering its energy, kind of like a d

860
00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:29,799
Speaker 3: kid in Street Fighter, too finish him.

861
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:32,080
Speaker 1: We know that was the wrong that's the wrong.

862
00:41:31,920 --> 00:41:35,960
Speaker 3: Way, that's the wrong fighting Beata, But good try, good try.

863
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:38,560
Speaker 1: I always wondered why we can have Street Fighter versus

864
00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:40,760
Speaker 1: Mortal Kombat, you know, like sort of the epic balance,

865
00:41:40,840 --> 00:41:41,720
Speaker 1: the epic challenge.

866
00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:43,239
Speaker 3: I would buy the video that video game.

867
00:41:43,520 --> 00:41:46,080
Speaker 1: But the other reason not to worry is that Beetlejuice

868
00:41:46,120 --> 00:41:48,239
Speaker 1: is sort of far enough away that even if it

869
00:41:48,320 --> 00:41:50,800
Speaker 1: were about to go supernova, we'd be pretty safe.

870
00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:54,600
Speaker 3: Okay, it wouldn't. We wouldn't again roasted by this explosion.

871
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:57,960
Speaker 1: No, it's six hundred and fifty light years away, so

872
00:41:58,239 --> 00:42:01,000
Speaker 1: if there were a supernova, then.

873
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:04,080
Speaker 3: It would be good for six and fifty two years.

874
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:07,080
Speaker 1: What you're saying, No, it's not about that. It's not

875
00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:09,239
Speaker 1: about the time difference. It's just about the fact that

876
00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:12,520
Speaker 1: the further you are away from the explosion, the less

877
00:42:12,560 --> 00:42:15,160
Speaker 1: you feel it. It's why in the movies everybody's always

878
00:42:15,280 --> 00:42:17,840
Speaker 1: running away from the explosion, right, because the further you

879
00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:20,840
Speaker 1: are away, the more the energy, the temperature, the heat,

880
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:23,920
Speaker 1: or the radiation has had a chance to dilute, to

881
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:25,480
Speaker 1: diffuse over a larger volume.

882
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:28,759
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, but what would we see? Would we

883
00:42:28,760 --> 00:42:30,680
Speaker 3: see it go bright or would we see like a

884
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:32,480
Speaker 3: big fun explosion. What would we see?

885
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:35,319
Speaker 1: Well, it's really fascinating. The first thing you would see

886
00:42:35,320 --> 00:42:38,280
Speaker 1: from a supernova is not the light. You would actually

887
00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:39,800
Speaker 1: first see the neutrinos.

888
00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:42,040
Speaker 3: Interesting if you can see neutrinos.

889
00:42:42,120 --> 00:42:45,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we can see neutrinos because we have neutrino detectors.

890
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,600
Speaker 1: And fascinatingly, you might wonder, like, how can neutrinos get

891
00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:52,920
Speaker 1: to Earth before photons? Right? Photons travel at the speed

892
00:42:52,920 --> 00:42:54,120
Speaker 1: of light, being.

893
00:42:54,040 --> 00:42:56,319
Speaker 3: Mighty because they travel backwards in time.

894
00:42:58,239 --> 00:43:01,960
Speaker 1: That article, Neutrinos do not travel fast than the speed

895
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:04,719
Speaker 1: of light. They do not travel backwards in time. They

896
00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:07,640
Speaker 1: travel almost to the speed of light, but they are

897
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:11,200
Speaker 1: emitted first from the supernova. And the reason is that

898
00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:14,000
Speaker 1: is that the supernova sort of happens from the beginning

899
00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:17,520
Speaker 1: out and the neutrinos can penetrate the star. They can

900
00:43:17,719 --> 00:43:20,040
Speaker 1: Neutrinos made in the middle of the star can make

901
00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:23,000
Speaker 1: it out of the star, whereas light made in the

902
00:43:22,719 --> 00:43:25,640
Speaker 1: middle of the star gets absorbed by the star. So

903
00:43:26,040 --> 00:43:29,480
Speaker 1: the supernova sort of makes neutrinos first, and then you

904
00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,239
Speaker 1: don't see light from the star until the shock wave

905
00:43:32,280 --> 00:43:34,800
Speaker 1: of the supernova has hit the surface of the star

906
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:36,280
Speaker 1: and then it starts to glow.

907
00:43:36,560 --> 00:43:39,200
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, like the explosion has to make it

908
00:43:39,360 --> 00:43:42,640
Speaker 3: through the star before it actually makes it out.

909
00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:45,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, so we see neutrinos here on Earth from a

910
00:43:45,040 --> 00:43:48,120
Speaker 1: supernova before we see the light from it, which is

911
00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:50,280
Speaker 1: kind of awesome. It's like a pre warning system.

912
00:43:50,320 --> 00:43:52,360
Speaker 3: Are you trying to argue for more funding for a

913
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:53,440
Speaker 3: neutrino detectors.

914
00:43:55,160 --> 00:43:58,239
Speaker 1: You'll get about two or three hours notice, so it's

915
00:43:58,320 --> 00:44:01,360
Speaker 1: not that much you do in two hours to organize

916
00:44:01,360 --> 00:44:02,160
Speaker 1: your life.

917
00:44:02,680 --> 00:44:05,880
Speaker 3: I'm going to order more grizth Palk products, all the

918
00:44:05,920 --> 00:44:10,040
Speaker 3: ones I've always wanted to order, and or play Sweet Fighter.

919
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:12,480
Speaker 1: But so first we would se an enormous amount of

920
00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:15,960
Speaker 1: neutrinos and also things people probably don't understand is that

921
00:44:16,080 --> 00:44:18,719
Speaker 1: most of the energy of supernova is not emitted in

922
00:44:18,719 --> 00:44:21,160
Speaker 1: the form of light. Most of it comes out in

923
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:24,560
Speaker 1: the form of neutrinos and then in ejecting the mass

924
00:44:24,560 --> 00:44:27,560
Speaker 1: of the star. So while we would see a really

925
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:29,960
Speaker 1: bright light here on Earth, like the star could be

926
00:44:29,960 --> 00:44:32,040
Speaker 1: as bright as the full moon in the sky when

927
00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:35,440
Speaker 1: it eventually does do suprinova, that's just a tiny fraction

928
00:44:35,520 --> 00:44:36,680
Speaker 1: of the energy it's released.

929
00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:39,239
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, huh, But isn't that the stuff that

930
00:44:39,239 --> 00:44:40,080
Speaker 3: can actually kill you?

931
00:44:40,120 --> 00:44:42,960
Speaker 1: Though? It can kill you because the light that's emitted

932
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:45,120
Speaker 1: from the star comes long and it's in X rays,

933
00:44:45,160 --> 00:44:49,080
Speaker 1: and X rays are pretty deadly, But Beetlejuice is far

934
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:51,480
Speaker 1: enough away that by the time the X rays get here,

935
00:44:51,719 --> 00:44:54,960
Speaker 1: they'll be dilute enough that our atmosphere can mostly absorb them,

936
00:44:55,040 --> 00:44:56,280
Speaker 1: so you don't really have to worry.

937
00:44:56,440 --> 00:44:58,720
Speaker 3: I see. But then it doesn't shoot other things too.

938
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, most of them. The mass of the star is

939
00:45:01,280 --> 00:45:04,759
Speaker 1: actually blown out also, and so Beetlejuice, which is a

940
00:45:04,880 --> 00:45:08,080
Speaker 1: hugely massive star. Remember it's twenty times the mass of

941
00:45:08,120 --> 00:45:11,040
Speaker 1: the Sun. It will blow out something like ten to

942
00:45:11,120 --> 00:45:12,280
Speaker 1: the sixty.

943
00:45:11,920 --> 00:45:15,839
Speaker 3: Protons, ten to the sixty protons.

944
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:18,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, ess actually disintegrate, and I mean some of it

945
00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:20,640
Speaker 1: will be left behind to form a neutron star or

946
00:45:20,680 --> 00:45:23,000
Speaker 1: a black hole, but something like half the mass of

947
00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:25,400
Speaker 1: the star will get blown out into space. And so

948
00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:27,560
Speaker 1: if you two near that thing, you're just going to

949
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:30,760
Speaker 1: get riddled with tiny little proton bullets.

950
00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:33,320
Speaker 3: Right, which are super dangerous, right they are, which.

951
00:45:33,120 --> 00:45:35,640
Speaker 1: Try to be dangerous. Yeah, and you know we are

952
00:45:35,680 --> 00:45:38,760
Speaker 1: constantly being hit by proton bullets from our own star,

953
00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:41,160
Speaker 1: not because it's coming supernova. It's just sort of a

954
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:43,719
Speaker 1: normal thing for a star to do. But these will

955
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:46,640
Speaker 1: come at a much higher velocity the solar wind. The

956
00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:49,560
Speaker 1: protons just from our sun come at about four hundred

957
00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:52,640
Speaker 1: and fifty kilometers per second, which seems pretty fast, but

958
00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:55,040
Speaker 1: from a supernova these things will come at like ten

959
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:58,320
Speaker 1: thousand kilometers per second. But again, we don't have anything

960
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:00,640
Speaker 1: really to worry about because beal juice is far enough

961
00:46:00,680 --> 00:46:03,520
Speaker 1: away that the flux will not be very high, and

962
00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:06,800
Speaker 1: our magnetic field should be strong enough to protect us. Remember,

963
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:09,440
Speaker 1: charged particles get bent by magnetic fields, and so we

964
00:46:09,480 --> 00:46:12,480
Speaker 1: have this force field that prevents charged particles from sort

965
00:46:12,480 --> 00:46:13,600
Speaker 1: of raining down on us.

966
00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:16,920
Speaker 3: So we don't have to worry about it, but it is.

967
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:18,799
Speaker 3: It would be sort of interesting, right, because I think

968
00:46:18,840 --> 00:46:21,840
Speaker 3: you were telling me that Beetlejuice, if it goes supernova,

969
00:46:21,960 --> 00:46:27,400
Speaker 3: which you don't actually will when it go now tomorrow

970
00:46:27,760 --> 00:46:31,200
Speaker 3: six and fifty years, when it goes supernova, it would

971
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:34,319
Speaker 3: be kind of like the closest supernova to Earth ever.

972
00:46:34,520 --> 00:46:37,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, it would be the closest one ever to Earth.

973
00:46:37,840 --> 00:46:40,439
Speaker 1: And you know, there have been supernova in the past,

974
00:46:40,480 --> 00:46:42,440
Speaker 1: and there may have been ones closer to Earth in

975
00:46:42,480 --> 00:46:45,320
Speaker 1: the past, but if so, they could have like sterilized

976
00:46:45,360 --> 00:46:47,920
Speaker 1: all life on Earth, and so we're on the watch

977
00:46:47,960 --> 00:46:51,160
Speaker 1: out for nearby supernovas. This one would be the closest

978
00:46:51,160 --> 00:46:53,160
Speaker 1: one to Earth, which would be sort of spectacular from

979
00:46:53,160 --> 00:46:56,080
Speaker 1: the point of view of astrophysics, but not close enough

980
00:46:56,080 --> 00:46:56,680
Speaker 1: to fry us.

981
00:46:57,160 --> 00:46:59,040
Speaker 3: Would we see it in the nice sky? Were like,

982
00:46:59,040 --> 00:47:01,560
Speaker 3: would it look cool? Would you see an explosion or

983
00:47:01,800 --> 00:47:03,839
Speaker 3: would you just see the star get brighter from our

984
00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:04,600
Speaker 3: point of view.

985
00:47:05,040 --> 00:47:08,000
Speaker 1: You might see with a telescope from interesting features because

986
00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:10,200
Speaker 1: Beetlejuice is not only one of the brightest stars in

987
00:47:10,200 --> 00:47:12,440
Speaker 1: the sky, it's one of the biggest, and so it

988
00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:15,120
Speaker 1: sort of takes it the largest area in the sky

989
00:47:15,239 --> 00:47:18,160
Speaker 1: of any star in the night sky. When a star

990
00:47:18,239 --> 00:47:21,000
Speaker 1: goes supernova, makes this ring and explodes out, it's like

991
00:47:21,239 --> 00:47:23,400
Speaker 1: not just like a Michael Bay move. It's beautiful, right,

992
00:47:23,640 --> 00:47:25,279
Speaker 1: and so you might be able to see that with

993
00:47:25,360 --> 00:47:28,320
Speaker 1: a telescope in your backyard. Plus it would be really bright.

994
00:47:28,360 --> 00:47:30,000
Speaker 1: It would be as bright as the full moon.

995
00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:31,640
Speaker 3: So that should be pretty cool. And it could happen

996
00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:35,279
Speaker 3: at any moment, or maybe we would see it. We

997
00:47:35,320 --> 00:47:38,440
Speaker 3: could see it at any moment. But technically if it happened,

998
00:47:39,239 --> 00:47:42,560
Speaker 3: it would already have happened, right, because it's so far away.

999
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:45,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, this thing is six hundred and fifty light years away,

1000
00:47:46,040 --> 00:47:49,040
Speaker 1: and so anything we're seeing today happened six hundred and

1001
00:47:49,040 --> 00:47:52,080
Speaker 1: fifty years ago. So we can blame it on whoever

1002
00:47:52,239 --> 00:47:54,640
Speaker 1: was live on that back then, whatever they did to

1003
00:47:54,640 --> 00:47:58,680
Speaker 1: trigger it. And so we're looking into the past for sure,

1004
00:47:59,400 --> 00:48:01,560
Speaker 1: But it could happen at anytime, right. We don't really

1005
00:48:01,640 --> 00:48:04,879
Speaker 1: understand how these stars work. I think most astronomers think

1006
00:48:04,960 --> 00:48:07,760
Speaker 1: it's more likely to happen in one hundred thousand years

1007
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:11,960
Speaker 1: than tomorrow. But you know, astronomers also weren't expecting beetlejuice

1008
00:48:11,960 --> 00:48:14,000
Speaker 1: to dim this much. So it's not like they really

1009
00:48:14,120 --> 00:48:16,240
Speaker 1: understand the insides of the star that well.

1010
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:19,759
Speaker 3: All right, so it sounds like our mystery why Beetlejuice

1011
00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:23,839
Speaker 3: is going dimmer is tbd to be determined. I mean,

1012
00:48:23,840 --> 00:48:26,839
Speaker 3: we don't really have a good explanation for it. But

1013
00:48:27,080 --> 00:48:30,320
Speaker 3: it's happening, and it's happening right now. It's going dimmer.

1014
00:48:30,480 --> 00:48:33,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's probably not a signal that aliens are coming.

1015
00:48:33,680 --> 00:48:37,080
Speaker 1: It's unlikely that it's going to go supernova tomorrow or

1016
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:40,239
Speaker 1: next week or next year, but it's very likely that

1017
00:48:40,239 --> 00:48:42,480
Speaker 1: we're going to learn some interesting astrophysics. We're going to

1018
00:48:42,560 --> 00:48:46,799
Speaker 1: learn about how these enormous cosmic furnaces blow and how

1019
00:48:46,840 --> 00:48:50,040
Speaker 1: they burn and how they change. And so astronomers will

1020
00:48:50,080 --> 00:48:51,480
Speaker 1: keep watching it and see is it going to keep

1021
00:48:51,520 --> 00:48:53,719
Speaker 1: getting dimmer? Is it going to go brighter again? It's

1022
00:48:53,719 --> 00:48:56,840
Speaker 1: like everybody wants to know the answer to this question

1023
00:48:56,920 --> 00:48:59,600
Speaker 1: the end of this story, and every day, every week

1024
00:48:59,640 --> 00:49:01,600
Speaker 1: they keep watching it just to see, like, what's it

1025
00:49:01,760 --> 00:49:03,320
Speaker 1: going to do today. It's exciting.

1026
00:49:03,400 --> 00:49:05,719
Speaker 3: It's really amazing to me that something like a sun

1027
00:49:05,840 --> 00:49:09,560
Speaker 3: a star, I mean, it's so bright, but we don't

1028
00:49:09,560 --> 00:49:12,680
Speaker 3: really know what's going on inside of it. Or you

1029
00:49:12,719 --> 00:49:15,640
Speaker 3: know all the mechanisms inside and what makes it burn

1030
00:49:16,640 --> 00:49:17,560
Speaker 3: or dim like this.

1031
00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:19,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, it's amazing to me that you would think

1032
00:49:19,960 --> 00:49:21,920
Speaker 1: we could understand it. I mean, it's like ten to

1033
00:49:21,960 --> 00:49:24,520
Speaker 1: the fifty eight protons. I can hardly understand what happens

1034
00:49:24,520 --> 00:49:27,640
Speaker 1: when two protons interact with each other. It's incredible to

1035
00:49:27,680 --> 00:49:32,200
Speaker 1: me that plasma physicists and astrophysicists can do the magneto

1036
00:49:32,320 --> 00:49:35,920
Speaker 1: hydrodynamics to understand a system like that. It's crazy to me.

1037
00:49:36,440 --> 00:49:38,800
Speaker 1: It's impressive. I'm in all of those folks.

1038
00:49:39,040 --> 00:49:40,880
Speaker 3: Yeah, pretty good for some couch potatoes.

1039
00:49:41,040 --> 00:49:43,759
Speaker 1: Huh, pretty good for some couch potatoes. Turns out, sit

1040
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:45,839
Speaker 1: on your couch and think about the universe. You can

1041
00:49:45,920 --> 00:49:46,319
Speaker 1: learn some.

1042
00:49:46,320 --> 00:49:49,000
Speaker 3: Things, yeah, and be very comfortable at the same time.

1043
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:53,520
Speaker 1: And they probably have the best snacks astronomers, really good snacks.

1044
00:49:53,840 --> 00:49:54,960
Speaker 1: They stay up late all the.

1045
00:49:54,880 --> 00:50:00,680
Speaker 3: Time, drink lattes made out of coffee beans. Alien milk,

1046
00:50:02,960 --> 00:50:06,160
Speaker 3: give me like the green milk in the Star Wars movie.

1047
00:50:06,680 --> 00:50:08,680
Speaker 1: I don't know what you're talking about, but every milk

1048
00:50:08,719 --> 00:50:10,840
Speaker 1: that's not cow milk tastes like alien milk to me.

1049
00:50:11,080 --> 00:50:14,719
Speaker 1: My wife likes this macadamia nut milk, oh I can't even.

1050
00:50:14,719 --> 00:50:22,440
Speaker 3: All right, well, lactic products discussions aside la galactic galactic

1051
00:50:22,880 --> 00:50:27,399
Speaker 3: and galactic discussion side. It's all coming together, the milky way,

1052
00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:30,799
Speaker 3: the milk in your coffee. It's all part of the

1053
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:34,400
Speaker 3: part of the same crazy universe, that's right, and the

1054
00:50:34,440 --> 00:50:35,560
Speaker 3: same crazy podcast.

1055
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:39,879
Speaker 1: So keep watching the skies and we'll keep learning about

1056
00:50:39,880 --> 00:50:40,440
Speaker 1: the universe.

1057
00:50:40,520 --> 00:50:42,759
Speaker 3: Thanks for joining us, See you next time.

1058
00:50:50,480 --> 00:50:52,799
Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening to all

1059
00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:56,080
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

1060
00:50:56,080 --> 00:50:58,520
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter,

1061
00:50:58,560 --> 00:51:02,319
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

1062
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:07,120
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

1063
00:51:07,120 --> 00:51:09,840
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

1064
00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:14,479
Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit

1065
00:51:14,520 --> 00:51:18,600
Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

1066
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Speaker 1: your favorite shows.

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1076
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1080
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00:52:31,239 --> 00:52:35,160
Speaker 4: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

1086
00:52:35,239 --> 00:52:37,759
Speaker 4: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

1087
00:52:37,840 --> 00:52:40,520
Speaker 4: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

1088
00:52:40,560 --> 00:52:43,880
Speaker 4: at hotels. Become an Explorer and seek out unforgettable places

1089
00:52:43,880 --> 00:52:47,319
Speaker 4: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

1090
00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:51,080
Speaker 4: Morgan Chase Bank NA member FDIC, subject to credit approval,

1091
00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:52,480
Speaker 4: offer subject to change.

1092
00:52:52,560 --> 00:52:53,320
Speaker 1: Terms apply