WEBVTT - Anarchism In Mexico feat. Andrew, Pt. 2 0:00:01.720 --> 0:00:03.920 All media. 0:00:05.240 --> 0:00:06.920 Hello and welcome to the Canappan Here. 0:00:07.080 --> 0:00:09.360 I'm back with yere Davis. 0:00:09.360 --> 0:00:10.560 Hello, and I'm. 0:00:10.440 --> 0:00:15.200 Andress Age or androism on YouTube now. Previously we explored 0:00:15.280 --> 0:00:19.639 a lesser known chapter in Mexico's radical history before Margon, 0:00:19.840 --> 0:00:24.360 before the Revolution, when a Greek emigrey named Plotino Rocanati 0:00:24.600 --> 0:00:28.960 arrived in the eighteen sixties, convinced that Mexico's indigenous communal 0:00:29.040 --> 0:00:32.559 traditions could form the basis for a new anarchist society. 0:00:33.360 --> 0:00:37.720 Through schools, pamphlets, and mutual aid societies, he helped sow 0:00:37.760 --> 0:00:41.000 the first seeds of anarchist thought on Mexican soil. Some 0:00:41.040 --> 0:00:44.080 of his students pushed even further and flirted with many 0:00:44.159 --> 0:00:48.440 bersion streams of anarchism. Even as Portfilio Diaz's regime clamped 0:00:48.479 --> 0:00:51.640 down and anything that challenges dry for order and progress. 0:00:52.400 --> 0:00:55.280 Rocanati faded from view and many of his students that 0:00:55.320 --> 0:00:58.160 associates had to go underground for a time, but the 0:00:58.200 --> 0:01:01.760 ideas would live on. Quiet sparks are waiting for the 0:01:01.800 --> 0:01:05.480 next revolt, and an actual volt would come in nineteen 0:01:05.560 --> 0:01:10.399 ten when the Mexican Revolution erupted. But keep in mind 0:01:10.440 --> 0:01:13.520 the context here when we talk about revolutions, the focus 0:01:13.560 --> 0:01:16.440 tends to be on the flashpoints, the gunfire, the slogans, 0:01:16.480 --> 0:01:18.959 the major figures, and I will do a lot of 0:01:18.959 --> 0:01:21.559 focus on some of the major figures throughout this history. 0:01:22.319 --> 0:01:25.240 We have to keep in mind the revolutions have routes 0:01:25.280 --> 0:01:29.480 that run deep, run deep below the surface. The revolutions 0:01:29.480 --> 0:01:33.800 are often shaped by decades or centuries of injustice, and 0:01:33.880 --> 0:01:37.560 Mexico's revolution was no exception because for over three decades 0:01:37.560 --> 0:01:41.320 where Fibiodas ruled Mexico with what is basically a velvet 0:01:41.360 --> 0:01:45.360 glove over an iron fist. He brought railroads in electrification, 0:01:45.880 --> 0:01:49.240 but also crave crave costs for the rural poor, the 0:01:49.240 --> 0:01:53.880 indigenous communities, and the working classes. By nineteen ten, thanks 0:01:53.920 --> 0:01:57.000 to his efforts, almost all the land in Mexico was 0:01:57.040 --> 0:02:00.400 in private hands. The rural port on our phone themselves 0:02:00.440 --> 0:02:03.000 as peons and haciendas. About those that fled to the 0:02:03.000 --> 0:02:06.920 city for themselves, proletarianized, made to work at various industries 0:02:06.960 --> 0:02:11.120 for long hours, low pay, and little protection. Despite appearance 0:02:11.200 --> 0:02:16.840 stable and efficient and odderly, the system in Mexico was 0:02:16.880 --> 0:02:21.800 profoundly unjust, and yet many saw it as a model 0:02:21.919 --> 0:02:26.239 for progress. In a region full of instability, a description 0:02:26.560 --> 0:02:30.720 that seems eerily familiar to the situation that's currently taking 0:02:30.720 --> 0:02:36.480 place in El Salvador. Beneath the Polish Veneer, tensions were 0:02:36.480 --> 0:02:41.280 bread workers were organizing, journalists were risking their lives. Teachers 0:02:41.320 --> 0:02:44.560 and lawyers, and even wealthy landowners began to murmur about 0:02:44.560 --> 0:02:48.800 the need for reform, and the countryside, those old communal 0:02:48.880 --> 0:02:52.600 memories refused to die. Even after the land was taken. 0:02:53.240 --> 0:02:56.960 The land was remembered by the term twentieth century. Diaz 0:02:57.000 --> 0:03:00.200 approached as eighties with no successor in sight, and the 0:03:00.240 --> 0:03:02.960 people will get in feder which brings us into the 0:03:03.000 --> 0:03:07.240 first phase of the Mexican Revolution. According to Ahil Cappelleti, 0:03:07.360 --> 0:03:09.800 the author of Anarchism Latin America and the main source 0:03:09.840 --> 0:03:14.480 of this episode, Francisco I Madero wasn't quite. 0:03:14.240 --> 0:03:16.560 A revolutionary in all honesty. 0:03:16.600 --> 0:03:18.680 He just wants to tweet the status coo to keep 0:03:18.680 --> 0:03:22.359 a free market, but ban the reelection of presidents came 0:03:22.440 --> 0:03:25.440 from money. He was an upper class intellectual, a believer 0:03:25.720 --> 0:03:29.840 in parliamentary democracy and in free markets. He read the 0:03:29.919 --> 0:03:34.760 Review spirit the religiously. It was a spiritualist journalism, and 0:03:34.880 --> 0:03:38.160 he believes in a kind of metaphysical liberalism where good 0:03:38.160 --> 0:03:41.720 governance and good intentions could stare history in the right direction. 0:03:42.720 --> 0:03:46.520 Madero's party, the Partido Democrata, was formed with a single 0:03:46.840 --> 0:03:51.560 claire goal and in Porpyrio diazis decades long grip on power. 0:03:52.400 --> 0:03:56.000 But the more radical forces like Ricardo Flores Margone and 0:03:56.120 --> 0:04:01.160 the Partido Liberal Mexicano or PLM, Madero's vision was nowhere 0:04:01.280 --> 0:04:04.520 near enough to get fooled by the name. By the way, 0:04:04.640 --> 0:04:09.040 the PLM had some revolutionary credentials. It started off as 0:04:09.040 --> 0:04:13.280 a simple anti clerical, anti dtatorial party, but perhaps with 0:04:13.320 --> 0:04:17.279 the influence of North American and Spanish immigrant anacosynicalists, it 0:04:17.360 --> 0:04:20.960 eventually took on a libertarian character, guided also in part 0:04:21.000 --> 0:04:24.880 of the ideological evolution of Malgone himself. It was neither 0:04:24.920 --> 0:04:28.080 liberal nor truly a party in the end, but rather 0:04:28.200 --> 0:04:33.160 a truly revolutionary libertarian organization. We'll get back to Macgone's 0:04:33.160 --> 0:04:36.159 story in Aseca, but the point is where mcgone was 0:04:36.200 --> 0:04:40.159 calling for social revolution, lanary distribution, and worker's control of production. 0:04:40.839 --> 0:04:45.640 Madero merely wanted electoral reform. He had no real program 0:04:45.720 --> 0:04:49.359 for agrarian justice and was quote generally indifferent to the 0:04:49.360 --> 0:04:53.320 problems of the Mexican masses, as Capeletti put it, still, 0:04:53.440 --> 0:04:57.200 Madero's nineteen ten campaign electrified all of those who unit 0:04:57.279 --> 0:05:01.720 for change, revolutionaries and reformists ali His challenge to Diaz 0:05:01.760 --> 0:05:05.159 helped ignite a broader uprising that managed to bring Madero 0:05:05.240 --> 0:05:08.880 into power in nineteen eleven. Before we get into what 0:05:08.920 --> 0:05:12.320 happened during the Madero presidency, let's go back in time 0:05:12.600 --> 0:05:16.800 to follow Ricardo Flora's Maggone story. Magon was born in 0:05:16.839 --> 0:05:19.800 eighteen seventy three in the village of San Antonio Iloxo 0:05:19.839 --> 0:05:25.840 Chitlan in Osaka. His roots straddled both indigenous and Mestizo heritage. 0:05:26.279 --> 0:05:29.040 As a law students in Mexico City, he found himself 0:05:29.080 --> 0:05:32.920 swept into the tide of anti government agitation. Before he 0:05:32.960 --> 0:05:36.080 even turned twenty, he was jailed for the first time. 0:05:36.680 --> 0:05:39.000 He joined the radical press in eighteen ninety three with 0:05:39.080 --> 0:05:43.320 El Democrat and Anti Diav's people. The regime quickly snuffed out, 0:05:43.600 --> 0:05:48.240 but he wasn't detered. In nineteen hundred, he co founded Regeneracion, 0:05:48.560 --> 0:05:51.080 the publication that would become the voice of the Mexican 0:05:51.160 --> 0:05:54.480 left in the twentieth century. It was while behind bars, 0:05:54.520 --> 0:05:57.839 where he often found himself, that Magone encountered the ideas 0:05:57.920 --> 0:06:01.200 that would shape his life's work. Thanks to the library 0:06:01.320 --> 0:06:05.159 of Liberal landowner Camillo Ariaga, he read the writings of 0:06:05.200 --> 0:06:11.760 Kropotkin and Malichest and through those texts, crystallized his anarchist vision. Now, 0:06:12.120 --> 0:06:16.200 even though Magone's ideology incubated quietly in his early political life, 0:06:16.520 --> 0:06:19.520 it didn't stay buried for law. As his conflicts the 0:06:19.600 --> 0:06:23.120 Diaz regime intensified, so too the radicalism of his actions. 0:06:23.880 --> 0:06:28.279 He edited l Ejo del Aquisote, a satirical rat that 0:06:28.360 --> 0:06:31.440 earned him yet another stint in prison, and after his 0:06:31.480 --> 0:06:34.360 release of nineteen oh four, Magaun fled to Texas where 0:06:34.360 --> 0:06:36.839 he Relaunchedacion with renewed purpose. 0:06:37.520 --> 0:06:38.280 By nineteen zho. 0:06:38.240 --> 0:06:40.599 Five, the paper helped spark the creation of the Partido 0:06:40.680 --> 0:06:44.160 Liberal and Hicano or PLA, which, as I said, wasn't 0:06:44.279 --> 0:06:46.560 much of a political party as it was a radical 0:06:46.680 --> 0:06:49.720 organ though it did have some reformist demands mixed it. 0:06:50.279 --> 0:06:53.200 They were trying to soften their language at times to 0:06:53.240 --> 0:06:57.719 appeal to conservative sympathizers of reform. Away from Diadz, the 0:06:57.760 --> 0:07:00.560 PM sought the abolition of the military tri you knows, 0:07:01.000 --> 0:07:04.280 free secular education, workers rights like the eight hour worth 0:07:04.360 --> 0:07:08.719 day minimum wage, and the expropriation of idle lands. In short, 0:07:09.000 --> 0:07:11.760 it went further the nineteen seventeen Constitution that would come 0:07:11.800 --> 0:07:14.880 a decade later. I could be seen as the crystallization 0:07:15.400 --> 0:07:19.760 of many of the Mexican revolutions most popular aims. Magon 0:07:19.840 --> 0:07:24.240 and the PLM established alliances across borders, particularly among the 0:07:24.280 --> 0:07:27.040 industrial workers of the world. But that put a target 0:07:27.080 --> 0:07:30.560 on agone's back for both Mexican and US authorities. You 0:07:30.600 --> 0:07:32.760 already know they can't be having sort of darity like that. 0:07:33.680 --> 0:07:37.720 The Pinkertons rolled up, backed in part by Diaz himself, 0:07:38.240 --> 0:07:42.560 and they were on Magon's tale constantly, even ended up 0:07:42.560 --> 0:07:45.600 as far north as Canada just trying to escape their 0:07:45.680 --> 0:07:51.520 constant harassment. But despite the repression, the momentum could not 0:07:51.600 --> 0:07:54.320 be killed. Between nineteen or six and nineteen oh eight, 0:07:54.360 --> 0:07:57.400 the PLM helped organize a string of strikes and uprisings. 0:07:58.040 --> 0:08:03.000 The most infamous was the Canaean copper strike. Mexican miners 0:08:03.000 --> 0:08:06.440 were paid stop vation wages while their American counterparts earned 0:08:06.560 --> 0:08:09.560 double for the same work. When the miners struck for 0:08:09.600 --> 0:08:13.160 fair pay and better conditions. They were met with deadly force. 0:08:14.120 --> 0:08:17.320 The rebellion that followed saw American rangers in Mexican troops 0:08:17.400 --> 0:08:21.400 massacre more than two hundred people and thousands were yelled. 0:08:22.520 --> 0:08:26.240 Another uprising ignited in Rio Blanco, where textile workers already 0:08:26.240 --> 0:08:29.680 paid a pittance, organized the leadership of Jose Nierra, a 0:08:29.720 --> 0:08:33.640 student of Agon. When negotiations failed and repression ramped up, 0:08:34.040 --> 0:08:38.560 the workers responded, not with another petition, both insurrection. On 0:08:38.640 --> 0:08:42.199 January seventh, nineteen oh seven, they stormed the mill, freed prisoners, 0:08:42.240 --> 0:08:46.600 cut wires, and declared open rebellion. The States responded with 0:08:46.679 --> 0:08:51.360 a bloodbath. Entire families were dragged from their homes and executed. 0:08:52.760 --> 0:08:55.040 Another one of the uprisings was a peasant revolter, began 0:08:55.120 --> 0:08:59.800 in nineteen oh six in Akayukan and spread through Tuxlass, Minettitlan, 0:09:00.120 --> 0:09:04.440 and Tavasco. It was crushed, of course, in nineteen oh 0:09:04.480 --> 0:09:06.880 eight and Viscas, though their plans had been leaked to 0:09:06.880 --> 0:09:10.320 the authorities. Revolutionaries had a fire fight with police and 0:09:10.440 --> 0:09:14.440 freed a town jail. Just two days later, in Las Vegas, 0:09:14.960 --> 0:09:18.480 other students of Magone were fighting for justice. Another set 0:09:18.480 --> 0:09:21.560 of Gorillas of Rose in Palomas, but they failed. Yet 0:09:21.559 --> 0:09:25.160 another insurrection happened in via the lead Yucatan, and they 0:09:25.200 --> 0:09:29.559 suffered summary executions, and all those events, all those small 0:09:29.640 --> 0:09:34.040 revolutionary bands challenging the states. They failed, but they emboldened 0:09:34.320 --> 0:09:37.199 the dream of a different world with their will to act. 0:09:47.840 --> 0:09:50.360 Lagoon was jailed again in nineteen oh seven, but it 0:09:50.440 --> 0:09:51.680 wasn't over for him yet. 0:09:52.400 --> 0:09:53.160 And I really don't like. 0:09:53.160 --> 0:09:56.520 To romanticize, you know, this idea of the uprisings that 0:09:56.600 --> 0:10:00.280 they failed, but you know they're still inspiring. You want 0:10:00.280 --> 0:10:02.319 to go too far into that where you know, your 0:10:02.400 --> 0:10:06.719 self sacrifice for self sacrifice sake. But I think it's 0:10:06.720 --> 0:10:10.040 important to point out that there were multiple failed attempts 0:10:10.080 --> 0:10:13.280 before the successful uprising that ushered in the Mexican Revolution. 0:10:14.240 --> 0:10:18.880 It wasn't, you know, a first time successful attempt, And 0:10:18.880 --> 0:10:21.440 by the time Macgaun was released from prison in nineteen ten, 0:10:21.840 --> 0:10:25.160 the revolution had already begun to burn across Mexico, and 0:10:25.200 --> 0:10:27.520 that is in part in thanks to the efforts of 0:10:27.559 --> 0:10:32.280 those uprisings. Even though those individual uprisings failed, the Catalan 0:10:32.280 --> 0:10:36.079 immigrant Amadeo Ferez pumped up this energy in nineteen eleven 0:10:36.160 --> 0:10:40.319 with ltipograph Fo Mexicano, yet another newspaper with a fierce 0:10:40.400 --> 0:10:44.840 anarcho syndicalist spirit, meant to mobilize urban workers. At the 0:10:44.880 --> 0:10:49.080 same time, old anarchist typographers were not only printing their message, 0:10:49.360 --> 0:10:53.280 they were forming unions like the Union de Canteras Mexicanos. 0:10:54.240 --> 0:10:58.559 In mid nineteen twelve, Juan Francisco Moncaliano arrived from Qure 0:10:58.720 --> 0:11:01.280 and quickly rallied a dive first group of workers into 0:11:01.360 --> 0:11:06.000 Grupo Loose, set on establishing a progressive education platform at 0:11:06.080 --> 0:11:07.200 La Francisco Ferrer. 0:11:08.160 --> 0:11:09.480 By September nineteen. 0:11:09.120 --> 0:11:12.800 Twelve, these unions and Groupo Loose united to form La 0:11:12.840 --> 0:11:17.880 Cassa del Brero, forging a distinctly anarcho synicalist identity. The 0:11:18.040 --> 0:11:21.959 organized lectures built libraries of classic anarchist works and launched 0:11:21.960 --> 0:11:26.240 a new biweekly called Lucca, all while energizing a massive 0:11:26.360 --> 0:11:29.880 May Day rally in nineteen thirteen, where twenty eight thousand 0:11:29.920 --> 0:11:34.080 workers rallied. Like Margone, these radicals saw through the hollow 0:11:34.080 --> 0:11:37.800 promises of Madero's democracy. Voting for a new president wouldn't 0:11:37.800 --> 0:11:42.640 free the peasantry, The legislative seats wouldn't redistribute land, no congress, 0:11:42.640 --> 0:11:46.120 no matter whole liberal, would ever voluntarily dismantle the system. 0:11:45.800 --> 0:11:46.320 That fed it. 0:11:47.120 --> 0:11:50.000 For them, revolution was no less than put in land 0:11:50.080 --> 0:11:53.439 and production in the hands of the people. No bosses, 0:11:53.520 --> 0:11:58.120 no landlords, no masters, just workers organizing life on their 0:11:58.120 --> 0:12:02.719 own terms. Revolution, if we could even be called, that 0:12:02.920 --> 0:12:07.440 had mobilized peasants, workers and radicals. But that moderate phase 0:12:07.520 --> 0:12:10.439 was about to end because once seated as president, Madero 0:12:10.600 --> 0:12:14.720 leaned heavily on old elites. He really siphoned energy away 0:12:14.720 --> 0:12:17.680 from genuine social change with that reformance to push that 0:12:17.760 --> 0:12:20.840 he was doing, a move that sounds all too familiar. 0:12:21.720 --> 0:12:25.040 Madero's refusal to enact meaningful change lost in his allies 0:12:25.160 --> 0:12:30.040 very quickly. Figures like Pasqual Orosco and even Emiliano Zapata, 0:12:30.080 --> 0:12:33.760 who had initially supported the rebellion against Diaz, became dissillusion. 0:12:34.760 --> 0:12:38.080 So while Madero governed, the PLM continued its fight, now 0:12:38.080 --> 0:12:42.599 against the emergent new regime in northern Mexico. P M 0:12:42.640 --> 0:12:46.640 aligned forces initially rose alongside Madero's but they did not 0:12:46.800 --> 0:12:50.680 make common cause with him. When strategic positions and two 0:12:50.720 --> 0:12:54.320 hour were lost with the middle class and Orosco sided 0:12:54.320 --> 0:12:59.000 with Madero, the mogonists turned their attention elsewhere. The next 0:12:59.000 --> 0:13:03.400 target was bad Her California. In early nineteen eleven, they 0:13:03.400 --> 0:13:09.760 began seasoned towns Mexicali, Los Alcodonis, Tecate, and finally Tijouhanna, 0:13:10.240 --> 0:13:14.120 seeking to establish a libertarian society, a model for what 0:13:14.160 --> 0:13:19.240 they called a free America. But the backlash was swift. American, 0:13:19.400 --> 0:13:23.679 British and French businesses owned pretty much all of Baja California. 0:13:24.200 --> 0:13:29.600 Landowners and newspaper mogules in California, USA, which were often 0:13:29.640 --> 0:13:33.360 the same people, panicked and ended up smearing the mcgonists 0:13:33.400 --> 0:13:36.920 as secessionists trying to handle from Mexican land to the US. 0:13:38.040 --> 0:13:41.880 In truth, as mcgonn wrote in Regeneracion, does Baja California 0:13:41.920 --> 0:13:42.960 belonged to Mexico. 0:13:43.559 --> 0:13:43.959 It does not. 0:13:44.760 --> 0:13:48.440 It is under the control of foreign capital. Mexicans owned 0:13:48.559 --> 0:13:51.920 nothing of it. The PLM's campaign was not about taking 0:13:51.960 --> 0:13:55.120 Mexico apart. It was about reclaiming it from the hands 0:13:55.160 --> 0:13:59.560 of foreign elites. Nothing less than land and liberty as 0:13:59.559 --> 0:14:00.520 a couple of he put it. 0:14:00.760 --> 0:14:01.160 Quote. 0:14:01.200 --> 0:14:04.480 On the contrary, mcgon's goal was nothing other than a 0:14:04.480 --> 0:14:08.679 classless and stateless libertarian society that would provide the archetype 0:14:08.720 --> 0:14:12.679 and pointed departure for the Mexican and World revolutionia end quote. 0:14:13.679 --> 0:14:16.280 The downfall of the Baja California campaign came in the 0:14:16.280 --> 0:14:19.960 hands of bourgeois champion Madero, backed by the US government 0:14:20.040 --> 0:14:24.000 and capitalists. By mid nineteen eleven, the mcgonists uprising in 0:14:24.000 --> 0:14:28.200 Baja California had effectively been extinguished, yet the saga didn't 0:14:28.280 --> 0:14:31.280 end there. On the fourteenth of June and nineteen eleven, 0:14:31.760 --> 0:14:34.680 Macgone and three of US associates were arrested, tried in 0:14:34.720 --> 0:14:38.160 Los Angeles, and mcgone himself was sentenced to McNeil Island 0:14:38.200 --> 0:14:42.440 Prison in Washington, State of Faith. He endured until nineteen fourteen, 0:14:43.160 --> 0:14:45.600 which meant that Macgone wouldn't be present in Mexico for 0:14:45.640 --> 0:14:47.400 the death of one of his biggest ops. 0:14:48.040 --> 0:14:49.560 Since Madero failed to gain. 0:14:49.400 --> 0:14:52.560 The support of radicals or secure the loyalty of reactionaries, 0:14:52.880 --> 0:14:57.680 the conservative military overthrew and assassinated him in stalling Victoriano 0:14:57.800 --> 0:15:01.640 Huerta into power in nineteen thirty and just like that, 0:15:02.040 --> 0:15:04.240 the so called moderate phase the Mexican. 0:15:03.920 --> 0:15:05.800 Revolution ended in blood. 0:15:07.040 --> 0:15:09.440 Quieta's dictator ship tried to to imact the clock to 0:15:09.480 --> 0:15:13.760 the Portphyrian era, Cuarta ruled with military force and repression, 0:15:14.360 --> 0:15:18.800 the usual stuff, persecuting labor organizers, shutting down radical spaces, 0:15:19.200 --> 0:15:24.640 deporting foreign activists, jailen dissenters, murdering people. Crackdowns eventually hit 0:15:24.720 --> 0:15:28.560 La Cassa de Lobrero's publications and destroyed the anarchist library. 0:15:29.360 --> 0:15:33.920 But outter this repression emerged a new tactic. They basically said, 0:15:33.960 --> 0:15:36.440 you know, you could build in our books, That's fine, 0:15:36.640 --> 0:15:38.680 do what you have to do. We're not going to 0:15:38.680 --> 0:15:43.200 stop us from spreading our message. They established grassroots orators, 0:15:43.720 --> 0:15:47.800 the Tribuna Roja, who took the revolutionary message directly to 0:15:47.840 --> 0:15:51.440 the working classes, given speeches where they were at and 0:15:51.480 --> 0:15:55.560 sharing the message even without access to literature. By May 0:15:55.760 --> 0:15:59.920 nineteen fourteen, a new people in Antipascion Obrera was law, 0:16:00.840 --> 0:16:04.320 though it too felt praide the regime's brutality. Thankfully, the 0:16:04.360 --> 0:16:09.040 regime wouldn't last long. Becausetor's power didn't go unchallenged. From 0:16:09.040 --> 0:16:13.840 the north, Venustiano Carranza and the Constitutionalists rose to oppose him, 0:16:14.240 --> 0:16:18.600 claiming to defend the Madero's legacy. From the south, Emiliano 0:16:18.720 --> 0:16:22.080 Zapata refused to accept any government that ignore the demands 0:16:22.080 --> 0:16:27.440 of landless peasants. As throughout the country armed, the struggle reignited, 0:16:28.200 --> 0:16:32.000 which brings us to Emiliano Zapata himself. He was doing 0:16:32.000 --> 0:16:34.480 his own thing politically, but he was inspired in part 0:16:34.480 --> 0:16:38.600 for the anarchist supporterism Agne. His ideology was rooted in Nikalpui, 0:16:39.200 --> 0:16:43.040 the collective land systems of his conditionous ancestors. He eventually 0:16:43.080 --> 0:16:47.120 adopted the slogan Tierra Ileritad and rallied behind the Plan 0:16:47.240 --> 0:16:52.160 de Ayala, demanding land redistribution and local self governance. He 0:16:52.200 --> 0:16:55.400 had little tolerance for political maneuvering. He saw the false 0:16:55.440 --> 0:16:59.440 promises of figures like Cuerta and Caranza for Zapata revolution, 0:16:59.560 --> 0:17:03.640 masara wa, elections or modernization. It was what given land back. 0:17:03.920 --> 0:17:06.960 That's really all he cared about. In contrast, as the 0:17:07.119 --> 0:17:12.320 warriotis Mario, there was Pancho Villa. He was a charismatic 0:17:12.480 --> 0:17:16.440 northern general and a populist who worked with and against Carranza. 0:17:17.119 --> 0:17:20.840 As Magon described him, Zapata delivers riches. 0:17:20.560 --> 0:17:22.240 To their true owners, the poor. 0:17:23.080 --> 0:17:26.600 Villa executes the proletarian who takes a piece of bread 0:17:27.240 --> 0:17:31.560 end cooked. Though both were opposed to Caranza, their goals, 0:17:31.560 --> 0:17:36.000 strategies and ethics were far part Like I said, Mariotis 0:17:36.040 --> 0:17:39.800 warrior quet didn't last long. As I mentioned, he was 0:17:39.960 --> 0:17:43.000 ousted by nineteen fourteen, so just about a year of 0:17:43.080 --> 0:17:47.080 being in power and being a violent dictator. And after 0:17:47.119 --> 0:17:51.399 predator fell, Pinustiano Caranza rose to fill the vacuue. Like 0:17:51.480 --> 0:17:55.080 I said, he claimed to be continuing Madero's legacy, and 0:17:55.160 --> 0:17:58.639 his vision of Mexico was just as top down. He 0:17:58.720 --> 0:18:02.199 wasn't exactly fond of anarchists or the radical left in general, 0:18:02.800 --> 0:18:05.720 but faced with pressure from these zapatistas in the south 0:18:05.880 --> 0:18:08.360 and VIA's forces in the north, he courted his labor 0:18:08.440 --> 0:18:12.840 organizations like Cassa de la Brero Mundial, offer gestures of support, 0:18:13.040 --> 0:18:16.439 a few favorable labor reforms, and even physical space like 0:18:16.520 --> 0:18:19.640 giving them the Jesuit College Santa Brigida as headquarters. 0:18:20.600 --> 0:18:23.600 In return, Kranza hoped to build a loyal. 0:18:23.359 --> 0:18:27.359 Base of organized workers, integrate them into his constitutional army, 0:18:27.760 --> 0:18:32.320 and neutralize the more radical strains of revolution. I'm sorry 0:18:32.320 --> 0:18:35.359 to say that it partially worked. He was able to 0:18:35.359 --> 0:18:39.080 buy off some of these workers. While this alliance gave 0:18:39.160 --> 0:18:41.879 La Casa de Lobrero's space to organize workers throughout the 0:18:41.880 --> 0:18:46.199 country and ramp up educational and prostatizing efforts, much like 0:18:46.240 --> 0:18:49.080 what would take place in Spain years later, the anarchists 0:18:49.119 --> 0:18:53.480 began to lose their anarchist roots from the collaboration. Instead 0:18:53.520 --> 0:18:57.720 of back in Zapata. In February nineteen fifteen, Lacassa signed 0:18:57.760 --> 0:19:02.000 a pact with the constitutionalist forces and created quote unquote 0:19:02.119 --> 0:19:07.080 Red Battalions within Caranzas Army. But although Lacassa expanded its 0:19:07.119 --> 0:19:11.240 influence and managed amount strikes among miners, teachers, drivers, bakers, 0:19:11.320 --> 0:19:14.760 oil workers, textile workers, carpenters, button makers, and barbers in 0:19:14.840 --> 0:19:18.000 nineteen fifteen in response to the economic pressures of inflation 0:19:18.080 --> 0:19:22.760 and unemployment, by early nineteen sixteen, their government allies were 0:19:22.800 --> 0:19:26.520 cracking down on them. Not long after hiring the Red Battalions. 0:19:26.600 --> 0:19:30.160 They fired the Red Battalion, so they shut down Lacasa's offices. 0:19:30.640 --> 0:19:34.320 They sent key figures to jail. In response, the workers' 0:19:34.359 --> 0:19:37.760 movement held a national congress in Veracruz, and out of 0:19:37.800 --> 0:19:42.480 this emerged a new labor federation built on anarchist syneclist principles, 0:19:42.920 --> 0:19:46.520 committed not to capturing power but to dismantle it the 0:19:46.560 --> 0:19:52.000 Confederaci del Trabajo de Larijon and Hicana. In May nineteen sixteen, 0:19:52.400 --> 0:19:55.280 a general strike erupted in protest of the imprisonment of 0:19:55.359 --> 0:19:59.800 La Caasa's leadership and to demand urgent economic relief. While 0:19:59.800 --> 0:20:03.080 the strike was an immediate success, its ease led many 0:20:03.119 --> 0:20:05.399 young militians to believe the change could come through a 0:20:05.400 --> 0:20:10.200 benevolent state. Notably Luis Morons, who would later lead the 0:20:10.240 --> 0:20:15.520 Confederacion Brera Mexicana was crom signed agreements. 0:20:14.920 --> 0:20:16.240 With Caranza's government. 0:20:17.640 --> 0:20:21.320 Matters intensified ten months later when a second strike broke 0:20:21.359 --> 0:20:25.399 out due to Lope. In response, Caranza ordered mounted police 0:20:25.440 --> 0:20:29.720 to break up assemblies and declared martial law. The strike 0:20:29.840 --> 0:20:33.760 was crushed, its committee suspended all activities, and one prominent 0:20:33.800 --> 0:20:37.080 leader was nearly executed before his sentence was finally commuted. 0:20:38.200 --> 0:20:41.800 La Casa shut down and the strike failed, but the 0:20:41.840 --> 0:20:56.840 anarchists endured. By mid nineteen seventeen, new groups like Loose 0:20:57.040 --> 0:21:01.280 and several local cassas had reappeared throughout the country. However, 0:21:01.520 --> 0:21:05.879 internal debates culminated in the October nineteen seventeen National Workers Congress, 0:21:06.359 --> 0:21:11.160 where reformist forces led by Luis Moronees properly marginalized the anarchists, 0:21:11.600 --> 0:21:13.919 set in the stage for the rise of the crom 0:21:14.200 --> 0:21:18.280 and a more moderate pro management approach aligned with of 0:21:18.320 --> 0:21:23.520 all People, the American Federation of Labor the AFL. Kranza's 0:21:23.600 --> 0:21:26.600 crowning achievement came in that same year with the signing 0:21:26.640 --> 0:21:30.359 of the Constitution of nineteen seventeen on people. It was 0:21:30.440 --> 0:21:36.440 progressive land reform, limitish power, labor protections. But to many revolutionaries, 0:21:36.480 --> 0:21:40.720 including Magon, this wasn't the revolution fulfilled. Far from it. 0:21:40.720 --> 0:21:41.200 It was a. 0:21:41.160 --> 0:21:45.920 Revolution managed their wireless dreams trimmed down to a policy. 0:21:45.960 --> 0:21:49.240 Even its better reforms were hardly enforced. But with the 0:21:49.240 --> 0:21:53.399 Constitution of nineteen seventeen, Krantzer could still claim legitimacy, he 0:21:53.400 --> 0:21:57.240 could claim progress, and he could claim that the revolution 0:21:57.680 --> 0:21:58.119 was over. 0:21:59.359 --> 0:22:00.960 But what happened to revolutionaries. 0:22:02.040 --> 0:22:04.520 Zapata was still fighting for land in the South, but 0:22:04.720 --> 0:22:08.320 Kranzo would assassinate him in By nineteen nineteen, Macgone was 0:22:08.320 --> 0:22:11.720 in prison in the USA, denouncing the betrayal from behind bars. 0:22:12.359 --> 0:22:15.320 Workers were still struggling for real power in they were places, 0:22:15.800 --> 0:22:20.080 and the vast majority of rural Mexicans remained poor dispossessed, 0:22:20.119 --> 0:22:24.119 and dissolution. In case you're wondering what happened to Macgone. 0:22:24.480 --> 0:22:26.920 In nineteen sixteen, he was jail in the US until 0:22:26.920 --> 0:22:29.720 a group of exiled anarchists led by Emma Goldman and 0:22:29.760 --> 0:22:33.080 Alexander Berkman paid his bond. So that feels like a 0:22:33.160 --> 0:22:35.560 cameo or crossover episode of some kind, right. 0:22:36.760 --> 0:22:37.119 And then in. 0:22:37.160 --> 0:22:39.800 Nineteen seventeen, the year of the New Constitution, he was 0:22:40.000 --> 0:22:42.400 back in jail again for speaking out against the First 0:22:42.440 --> 0:22:45.640 World War and calling for a social revolutionary war instead. 0:22:46.480 --> 0:22:50.520 He was sentenced to twenty years and his health deteriorated steadily. 0:22:51.440 --> 0:22:54.040 He wasn't a fan of Carnzer at Tall. He called 0:22:54.119 --> 0:22:56.520 him a strike breaker, an assassin, and a wolf in 0:22:56.560 --> 0:23:01.000 sheep's clothing. When Karanza's government offered him a pension, he said, quote, 0:23:01.359 --> 0:23:04.880 all money obtained by the state represents the sweat, the anguish, 0:23:04.920 --> 0:23:09.119 and sacrifice of workers. If this money came directly from workers, 0:23:09.480 --> 0:23:12.280 I would gladly and even proudly accept it, because they 0:23:12.320 --> 0:23:15.200 are my brothers. But when it comes to the invention 0:23:15.359 --> 0:23:18.960 of the state, after being compelled from the people the money, 0:23:18.960 --> 0:23:21.720 you would only burn my hands and fill my heart 0:23:21.800 --> 0:23:26.560 with remorse end quote So long story short, he didn't 0:23:26.560 --> 0:23:30.400 accept the money. When the US said they might let 0:23:30.440 --> 0:23:33.240 him go if he said sorry and petitioned for a pardon, 0:23:33.760 --> 0:23:38.720 he said, in many words, hell no. Among his more 0:23:38.760 --> 0:23:43.159 beautiful words, he said, quote repentance. I have not exploited 0:23:43.160 --> 0:23:47.040 the sweat, anguish, fatigue, and labor of others. I have 0:23:47.080 --> 0:23:50.280 not oppressed a single soul. I have nothing to repent for. 0:23:50.960 --> 0:23:54.200 My life has been lived without my having acquired any wealth, power, 0:23:54.280 --> 0:23:56.879 or glory, when I could have gotten these three things 0:23:57.160 --> 0:24:01.280 very easily. But I do not regret it. Wealth power 0:24:01.280 --> 0:24:05.520 and gloria only won by trampling others' rights. My conscience 0:24:05.640 --> 0:24:08.200 is at peace, for it knows that under my convict's 0:24:08.200 --> 0:24:12.399 garb beats an honest heart. So he died in his 0:24:12.480 --> 0:24:17.600 jail cell in nineteen twenty two, possibly assassinated. Zapata, like 0:24:17.640 --> 0:24:20.399 I said, was assassinated by Cranzer in nineteen nineteen, and 0:24:20.520 --> 0:24:24.919 Kranz himself was assassinated in nineteen twenty in case who 0:24:24.920 --> 0:24:28.600 Are Keeping Truck? Both of Magon's major ops. He ended 0:24:28.680 --> 0:24:33.520 up outliving right. He outlived Madero and then he outlived Caranzer, 0:24:34.200 --> 0:24:36.159 but he still died in jail, which is, you know, 0:24:36.400 --> 0:24:42.040 kind of tragic. But Kranza's successor, Alvaro Obregon, was both 0:24:42.119 --> 0:24:45.359 friendly with reformists in the YIOM and not as hostile 0:24:45.400 --> 0:24:48.119 to the anarchists as Caranza, which gave the anarchists an 0:24:48.119 --> 0:24:53.480 opportunity to regroup. Strikes built up across the country miners, 0:24:53.520 --> 0:24:57.719 oil workers, textile workers, dock workers and more, some sixty 0:24:57.720 --> 0:25:01.359 five thousand workers in July nineteen twenty. Out of this 0:25:01.400 --> 0:25:07.720 momentum came the Ferracion Communista del Proletariado Mexicano or FCPM. 0:25:07.880 --> 0:25:10.520 It was an ideologically mixed group, but leaned in an 0:25:10.600 --> 0:25:14.440 arctic direction and starkly contrasted itself with the reformist ways 0:25:14.480 --> 0:25:19.159 the CROM and the international ally the AFL. The FCPM 0:25:19.240 --> 0:25:22.800 went on to establish the Confederacion General de Tabajadores or 0:25:22.840 --> 0:25:26.320 CGT in nineteen twenty one as a direct challenge to 0:25:26.320 --> 0:25:30.200 the CROM. They were fully declaring their independence from state 0:25:30.320 --> 0:25:34.800 and party. Their focus was on class struggle. The Mexican 0:25:34.840 --> 0:25:37.440 government flew to his socialist language from time to time, 0:25:37.600 --> 0:25:40.400 but the anarchists saw through the charade. They called out 0:25:40.440 --> 0:25:44.640