1 00:00:01,720 --> 00:00:03,920 Speaker 1: All media. 2 00:00:05,240 --> 00:00:06,920 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the Canappan Here. 3 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:09,360 Speaker 3: I'm back with yere Davis. 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:10,560 Speaker 2: Hello, and I'm. 5 00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:15,200 Speaker 3: Andress Age or androism on YouTube now. Previously we explored 6 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:19,639 Speaker 3: a lesser known chapter in Mexico's radical history before Margon, 7 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 3: before the Revolution, when a Greek emigrey named Plotino Rocanati 8 00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 3: arrived in the eighteen sixties, convinced that Mexico's indigenous communal 9 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:32,559 Speaker 3: traditions could form the basis for a new anarchist society. 10 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:37,720 Speaker 3: Through schools, pamphlets, and mutual aid societies, he helped sow 11 00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:41,000 Speaker 3: the first seeds of anarchist thought on Mexican soil. Some 12 00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 3: of his students pushed even further and flirted with many 13 00:00:44,159 --> 00:00:48,440 Speaker 3: bersion streams of anarchism. Even as Portfilio Diaz's regime clamped 14 00:00:48,479 --> 00:00:51,640 Speaker 3: down and anything that challenges dry for order and progress. 15 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:55,280 Speaker 3: Rocanati faded from view and many of his students that 16 00:00:55,320 --> 00:00:58,160 Speaker 3: associates had to go underground for a time, but the 17 00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 3: ideas would live on. Quiet sparks are waiting for the 18 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:05,480 Speaker 3: next revolt, and an actual volt would come in nineteen 19 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:10,399 Speaker 3: ten when the Mexican Revolution erupted. But keep in mind 20 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 3: the context here when we talk about revolutions, the focus 21 00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,440 Speaker 3: tends to be on the flashpoints, the gunfire, the slogans, 22 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:18,959 Speaker 3: the major figures, and I will do a lot of 23 00:01:18,959 --> 00:01:21,559 Speaker 3: focus on some of the major figures throughout this history. 24 00:01:22,319 --> 00:01:25,240 Speaker 3: We have to keep in mind the revolutions have routes 25 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:29,480 Speaker 3: that run deep, run deep below the surface. The revolutions 26 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 3: are often shaped by decades or centuries of injustice, and 27 00:01:33,880 --> 00:01:37,560 Speaker 3: Mexico's revolution was no exception because for over three decades 28 00:01:37,560 --> 00:01:41,320 Speaker 3: where Fibiodas ruled Mexico with what is basically a velvet 29 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:45,360 Speaker 3: glove over an iron fist. He brought railroads in electrification, 30 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:49,240 Speaker 3: but also crave crave costs for the rural poor, the 31 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:53,880 Speaker 3: indigenous communities, and the working classes. By nineteen ten, thanks 32 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 3: to his efforts, almost all the land in Mexico was 33 00:01:57,040 --> 00:02:00,400 Speaker 3: in private hands. The rural port on our phone themselves 34 00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:03,000 Speaker 3: as peons and haciendas. About those that fled to the 35 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,920 Speaker 3: city for themselves, proletarianized, made to work at various industries 36 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:11,120 Speaker 3: for long hours, low pay, and little protection. Despite appearance 37 00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:16,840 Speaker 3: stable and efficient and odderly, the system in Mexico was 38 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:21,800 Speaker 3: profoundly unjust, and yet many saw it as a model 39 00:02:21,919 --> 00:02:26,239 Speaker 3: for progress. In a region full of instability, a description 40 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 3: that seems eerily familiar to the situation that's currently taking 41 00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:36,480 Speaker 3: place in El Salvador. Beneath the Polish Veneer, tensions were 42 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 3: bread workers were organizing, journalists were risking their lives. Teachers 43 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:44,560 Speaker 3: and lawyers, and even wealthy landowners began to murmur about 44 00:02:44,560 --> 00:02:48,800 Speaker 3: the need for reform, and the countryside, those old communal 45 00:02:48,880 --> 00:02:52,600 Speaker 3: memories refused to die. Even after the land was taken. 46 00:02:53,240 --> 00:02:56,960 Speaker 3: The land was remembered by the term twentieth century. Diaz 47 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:00,200 Speaker 3: approached as eighties with no successor in sight, and the 48 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:02,960 Speaker 3: people will get in feder which brings us into the 49 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:07,240 Speaker 3: first phase of the Mexican Revolution. According to Ahil Cappelleti, 50 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:09,800 Speaker 3: the author of Anarchism Latin America and the main source 51 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:14,480 Speaker 3: of this episode, Francisco I Madero wasn't quite. 52 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:16,560 Speaker 2: A revolutionary in all honesty. 53 00:03:16,600 --> 00:03:18,680 Speaker 3: He just wants to tweet the status coo to keep 54 00:03:18,680 --> 00:03:22,359 Speaker 3: a free market, but ban the reelection of presidents came 55 00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:25,440 Speaker 3: from money. He was an upper class intellectual, a believer 56 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 3: in parliamentary democracy and in free markets. He read the 57 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:34,760 Speaker 3: Review spirit the religiously. It was a spiritualist journalism, and 58 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 3: he believes in a kind of metaphysical liberalism where good 59 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 3: governance and good intentions could stare history in the right direction. 60 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:46,520 Speaker 3: Madero's party, the Partido Democrata, was formed with a single 61 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:51,560 Speaker 3: claire goal and in Porpyrio diazis decades long grip on power. 62 00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:56,000 Speaker 3: But the more radical forces like Ricardo Flores Margone and 63 00:03:56,120 --> 00:04:01,160 Speaker 3: the Partido Liberal Mexicano or PLM, Madero's vision was nowhere 64 00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:04,520 Speaker 3: near enough to get fooled by the name. By the way, 65 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:09,040 Speaker 3: the PLM had some revolutionary credentials. It started off as 66 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:13,280 Speaker 3: a simple anti clerical, anti dtatorial party, but perhaps with 67 00:04:13,320 --> 00:04:17,279 Speaker 3: the influence of North American and Spanish immigrant anacosynicalists, it 68 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:20,960 Speaker 3: eventually took on a libertarian character, guided also in part 69 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:24,880 Speaker 3: of the ideological evolution of Malgone himself. It was neither 70 00:04:24,920 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 3: liberal nor truly a party in the end, but rather 71 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:33,160 Speaker 3: a truly revolutionary libertarian organization. We'll get back to Macgone's 72 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:36,159 Speaker 3: story in Aseca, but the point is where mcgone was 73 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:40,159 Speaker 3: calling for social revolution, lanary distribution, and worker's control of production. 74 00:04:40,839 --> 00:04:45,640 Speaker 3: Madero merely wanted electoral reform. He had no real program 75 00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:49,359 Speaker 3: for agrarian justice and was quote generally indifferent to the 76 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:53,320 Speaker 3: problems of the Mexican masses, as Capeletti put it, still, 77 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:57,200 Speaker 3: Madero's nineteen ten campaign electrified all of those who unit 78 00:04:57,279 --> 00:05:01,720 Speaker 3: for change, revolutionaries and reformists ali His challenge to Diaz 79 00:05:01,760 --> 00:05:05,159 Speaker 3: helped ignite a broader uprising that managed to bring Madero 80 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:08,880 Speaker 3: into power in nineteen eleven. Before we get into what 81 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:12,320 Speaker 3: happened during the Madero presidency, let's go back in time 82 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:16,800 Speaker 3: to follow Ricardo Flora's Maggone story. Magon was born in 83 00:05:16,839 --> 00:05:19,800 Speaker 3: eighteen seventy three in the village of San Antonio Iloxo 84 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:25,840 Speaker 3: Chitlan in Osaka. His roots straddled both indigenous and Mestizo heritage. 85 00:05:26,279 --> 00:05:29,040 Speaker 3: As a law students in Mexico City, he found himself 86 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:32,920 Speaker 3: swept into the tide of anti government agitation. Before he 87 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:36,080 Speaker 3: even turned twenty, he was jailed for the first time. 88 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 3: He joined the radical press in eighteen ninety three with 89 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:43,320 Speaker 3: El Democrat and Anti Diav's people. The regime quickly snuffed out, 90 00:05:43,600 --> 00:05:48,240 Speaker 3: but he wasn't detered. In nineteen hundred, he co founded Regeneracion, 91 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:51,080 Speaker 3: the publication that would become the voice of the Mexican 92 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:54,480 Speaker 3: left in the twentieth century. It was while behind bars, 93 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:57,839 Speaker 3: where he often found himself, that Magone encountered the ideas 94 00:05:57,920 --> 00:06:01,200 Speaker 3: that would shape his life's work. Thanks to the library 95 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:05,159 Speaker 3: of Liberal landowner Camillo Ariaga, he read the writings of 96 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:11,760 Speaker 3: Kropotkin and Malichest and through those texts, crystallized his anarchist vision. Now, 97 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 3: even though Magone's ideology incubated quietly in his early political life, 98 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:19,520 Speaker 3: it didn't stay buried for law. As his conflicts the 99 00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:23,120 Speaker 3: Diaz regime intensified, so too the radicalism of his actions. 100 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:28,279 Speaker 3: He edited l Ejo del Aquisote, a satirical rat that 101 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 3: earned him yet another stint in prison, and after his 102 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:34,360 Speaker 3: release of nineteen oh four, Magaun fled to Texas where 103 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:36,839 Speaker 3: he Relaunchedacion with renewed purpose. 104 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:38,280 Speaker 2: By nineteen zho. 105 00:06:38,240 --> 00:06:40,599 Speaker 3: Five, the paper helped spark the creation of the Partido 106 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:44,160 Speaker 3: Liberal and Hicano or PLA, which, as I said, wasn't 107 00:06:44,279 --> 00:06:46,560 Speaker 3: much of a political party as it was a radical 108 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:49,720 Speaker 3: organ though it did have some reformist demands mixed it. 109 00:06:50,279 --> 00:06:53,200 Speaker 3: They were trying to soften their language at times to 110 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:57,719 Speaker 3: appeal to conservative sympathizers of reform. Away from Diadz, the 111 00:06:57,760 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 3: PM sought the abolition of the military tri you knows, 112 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:04,280 Speaker 3: free secular education, workers rights like the eight hour worth 113 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:08,719 Speaker 3: day minimum wage, and the expropriation of idle lands. In short, 114 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:11,760 Speaker 3: it went further the nineteen seventeen Constitution that would come 115 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:14,880 Speaker 3: a decade later. I could be seen as the crystallization 116 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:19,760 Speaker 3: of many of the Mexican revolutions most popular aims. Magon 117 00:07:19,840 --> 00:07:24,240 Speaker 3: and the PLM established alliances across borders, particularly among the 118 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 3: industrial workers of the world. But that put a target 119 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:30,560 Speaker 3: on agone's back for both Mexican and US authorities. You 120 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 3: already know they can't be having sort of darity like that. 121 00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:37,720 Speaker 3: The Pinkertons rolled up, backed in part by Diaz himself, 122 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:42,560 Speaker 3: and they were on Magon's tale constantly, even ended up 123 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:45,600 Speaker 3: as far north as Canada just trying to escape their 124 00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:51,520 Speaker 3: constant harassment. But despite the repression, the momentum could not 125 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:54,320 Speaker 3: be killed. Between nineteen or six and nineteen oh eight, 126 00:07:54,360 --> 00:07:57,400 Speaker 3: the PLM helped organize a string of strikes and uprisings. 127 00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:03,000 Speaker 3: The most infamous was the Canaean copper strike. Mexican miners 128 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:06,440 Speaker 3: were paid stop vation wages while their American counterparts earned 129 00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:09,560 Speaker 3: double for the same work. When the miners struck for 130 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:13,160 Speaker 3: fair pay and better conditions. They were met with deadly force. 131 00:08:14,120 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 3: The rebellion that followed saw American rangers in Mexican troops 132 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 3: massacre more than two hundred people and thousands were yelled. 133 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:26,240 Speaker 3: Another uprising ignited in Rio Blanco, where textile workers already 134 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,680 Speaker 3: paid a pittance, organized the leadership of Jose Nierra, a 135 00:08:29,720 --> 00:08:33,640 Speaker 3: student of Agon. When negotiations failed and repression ramped up, 136 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:38,560 Speaker 3: the workers responded, not with another petition, both insurrection. On 137 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:42,199 Speaker 3: January seventh, nineteen oh seven, they stormed the mill, freed prisoners, 138 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:46,600 Speaker 3: cut wires, and declared open rebellion. The States responded with 139 00:08:46,679 --> 00:08:51,360 Speaker 3: a bloodbath. Entire families were dragged from their homes and executed. 140 00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:55,040 Speaker 3: Another one of the uprisings was a peasant revolter, began 141 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:59,800 Speaker 3: in nineteen oh six in Akayukan and spread through Tuxlass, Minettitlan, 142 00:09:00,120 --> 00:09:04,440 Speaker 3: and Tavasco. It was crushed, of course, in nineteen oh 143 00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:06,880 Speaker 3: eight and Viscas, though their plans had been leaked to 144 00:09:06,880 --> 00:09:10,320 Speaker 3: the authorities. Revolutionaries had a fire fight with police and 145 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:14,440 Speaker 3: freed a town jail. Just two days later, in Las Vegas, 146 00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:18,480 Speaker 3: other students of Magone were fighting for justice. Another set 147 00:09:18,480 --> 00:09:21,560 Speaker 3: of Gorillas of Rose in Palomas, but they failed. Yet 148 00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:25,160 Speaker 3: another insurrection happened in via the lead Yucatan, and they 149 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:29,559 Speaker 3: suffered summary executions, and all those events, all those small 150 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 3: revolutionary bands challenging the states. They failed, but they emboldened 151 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:37,199 Speaker 3: the dream of a different world with their will to act. 152 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 3: Lagoon was jailed again in nineteen oh seven, but it 153 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:51,680 Speaker 3: wasn't over for him yet. 154 00:09:52,400 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 2: And I really don't like. 155 00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 3: To romanticize, you know, this idea of the uprisings that 156 00:09:56,600 --> 00:10:00,280 Speaker 3: they failed, but you know they're still inspiring. You want 157 00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:02,319 Speaker 3: to go too far into that where you know, your 158 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:06,719 Speaker 3: self sacrifice for self sacrifice sake. But I think it's 159 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:10,040 Speaker 3: important to point out that there were multiple failed attempts 160 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:13,280 Speaker 3: before the successful uprising that ushered in the Mexican Revolution. 161 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:18,880 Speaker 3: It wasn't, you know, a first time successful attempt, And 162 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:21,440 Speaker 3: by the time Macgaun was released from prison in nineteen ten, 163 00:10:21,840 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 3: the revolution had already begun to burn across Mexico, and 164 00:10:25,200 --> 00:10:27,520 Speaker 3: that is in part in thanks to the efforts of 165 00:10:27,559 --> 00:10:32,280 Speaker 3: those uprisings. Even though those individual uprisings failed, the Catalan 166 00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:36,079 Speaker 3: immigrant Amadeo Ferez pumped up this energy in nineteen eleven 167 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:40,319 Speaker 3: with ltipograph Fo Mexicano, yet another newspaper with a fierce 168 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:44,840 Speaker 3: anarcho syndicalist spirit, meant to mobilize urban workers. At the 169 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:49,080 Speaker 3: same time, old anarchist typographers were not only printing their message, 170 00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:53,280 Speaker 3: they were forming unions like the Union de Canteras Mexicanos. 171 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:58,559 Speaker 3: In mid nineteen twelve, Juan Francisco Moncaliano arrived from Qure 172 00:10:58,720 --> 00:11:01,280 Speaker 3: and quickly rallied a dive first group of workers into 173 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 3: Grupo Loose, set on establishing a progressive education platform at 174 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:07,200 Speaker 3: La Francisco Ferrer. 175 00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:09,480 Speaker 2: By September nineteen. 176 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:12,800 Speaker 3: Twelve, these unions and Groupo Loose united to form La 177 00:11:12,840 --> 00:11:17,880 Speaker 3: Cassa del Brero, forging a distinctly anarcho synicalist identity. The 178 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:21,959 Speaker 3: organized lectures built libraries of classic anarchist works and launched 179 00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:26,240 Speaker 3: a new biweekly called Lucca, all while energizing a massive 180 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:29,880 Speaker 3: May Day rally in nineteen thirteen, where twenty eight thousand 181 00:11:29,920 --> 00:11:34,080 Speaker 3: workers rallied. Like Margone, these radicals saw through the hollow 182 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:37,800 Speaker 3: promises of Madero's democracy. Voting for a new president wouldn't 183 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:42,640 Speaker 3: free the peasantry, The legislative seats wouldn't redistribute land, no congress, 184 00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:46,120 Speaker 3: no matter whole liberal, would ever voluntarily dismantle the system. 185 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:46,320 Speaker 2: That fed it. 186 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:50,000 Speaker 3: For them, revolution was no less than put in land 187 00:11:50,080 --> 00:11:53,439 Speaker 3: and production in the hands of the people. No bosses, 188 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:58,120 Speaker 3: no landlords, no masters, just workers organizing life on their 189 00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:02,719 Speaker 3: own terms. Revolution, if we could even be called, that 190 00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:07,440 Speaker 3: had mobilized peasants, workers and radicals. But that moderate phase 191 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:10,439 Speaker 3: was about to end because once seated as president, Madero 192 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:14,720 Speaker 3: leaned heavily on old elites. He really siphoned energy away 193 00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:17,680 Speaker 3: from genuine social change with that reformance to push that 194 00:12:17,760 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 3: he was doing, a move that sounds all too familiar. 195 00:12:21,720 --> 00:12:25,040 Speaker 3: Madero's refusal to enact meaningful change lost in his allies 196 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:30,040 Speaker 3: very quickly. Figures like Pasqual Orosco and even Emiliano Zapata, 197 00:12:30,080 --> 00:12:33,760 Speaker 3: who had initially supported the rebellion against Diaz, became dissillusion. 198 00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:38,080 Speaker 3: So while Madero governed, the PLM continued its fight, now 199 00:12:38,080 --> 00:12:42,599 Speaker 3: against the emergent new regime in northern Mexico. P M 200 00:12:42,640 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 3: aligned forces initially rose alongside Madero's but they did not 201 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,680 Speaker 3: make common cause with him. When strategic positions and two 202 00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:54,320 Speaker 3: hour were lost with the middle class and Orosco sided 203 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:59,000 Speaker 3: with Madero, the mogonists turned their attention elsewhere. The next 204 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 3: target was bad Her California. In early nineteen eleven, they 205 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:09,760 Speaker 3: began seasoned towns Mexicali, Los Alcodonis, Tecate, and finally Tijouhanna, 206 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:14,120 Speaker 3: seeking to establish a libertarian society, a model for what 207 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:19,240 Speaker 3: they called a free America. But the backlash was swift. American, 208 00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:23,679 Speaker 3: British and French businesses owned pretty much all of Baja California. 209 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:29,600 Speaker 3: Landowners and newspaper mogules in California, USA, which were often 210 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 3: the same people, panicked and ended up smearing the mcgonists 211 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,920 Speaker 3: as secessionists trying to handle from Mexican land to the US. 212 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:41,880 Speaker 3: In truth, as mcgonn wrote in Regeneracion, does Baja California 213 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:42,960 Speaker 3: belonged to Mexico. 214 00:13:43,559 --> 00:13:43,959 Speaker 2: It does not. 215 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 3: It is under the control of foreign capital. Mexicans owned 216 00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:51,920 Speaker 3: nothing of it. The PLM's campaign was not about taking 217 00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:55,120 Speaker 3: Mexico apart. It was about reclaiming it from the hands 218 00:13:55,160 --> 00:13:59,560 Speaker 3: of foreign elites. Nothing less than land and liberty as 219 00:13:59,559 --> 00:14:00,520 Speaker 3: a couple of he put it. 220 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:01,160 Speaker 2: Quote. 221 00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:04,480 Speaker 3: On the contrary, mcgon's goal was nothing other than a 222 00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:08,679 Speaker 3: classless and stateless libertarian society that would provide the archetype 223 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:12,679 Speaker 3: and pointed departure for the Mexican and World revolutionia end quote. 224 00:14:13,679 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 3: The downfall of the Baja California campaign came in the 225 00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:19,960 Speaker 3: hands of bourgeois champion Madero, backed by the US government 226 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:24,000 Speaker 3: and capitalists. By mid nineteen eleven, the mcgonists uprising in 227 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:28,200 Speaker 3: Baja California had effectively been extinguished, yet the saga didn't 228 00:14:28,280 --> 00:14:31,280 Speaker 3: end there. On the fourteenth of June and nineteen eleven, 229 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 3: Macgone and three of US associates were arrested, tried in 230 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:38,160 Speaker 3: Los Angeles, and mcgone himself was sentenced to McNeil Island 231 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:42,440 Speaker 3: Prison in Washington, State of Faith. He endured until nineteen fourteen, 232 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:45,600 Speaker 3: which meant that Macgone wouldn't be present in Mexico for 233 00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:47,400 Speaker 3: the death of one of his biggest ops. 234 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:49,560 Speaker 2: Since Madero failed to gain. 235 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,560 Speaker 3: The support of radicals or secure the loyalty of reactionaries, 236 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:57,680 Speaker 3: the conservative military overthrew and assassinated him in stalling Victoriano 237 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,640 Speaker 3: Huerta into power in nineteen thirty and just like that, 238 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:04,240 Speaker 3: the so called moderate phase the Mexican. 239 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:05,800 Speaker 2: Revolution ended in blood. 240 00:15:07,040 --> 00:15:09,440 Speaker 3: Quieta's dictator ship tried to to imact the clock to 241 00:15:09,480 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 3: the Portphyrian era, Cuarta ruled with military force and repression, 242 00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:18,800 Speaker 3: the usual stuff, persecuting labor organizers, shutting down radical spaces, 243 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:24,640 Speaker 3: deporting foreign activists, jailen dissenters, murdering people. Crackdowns eventually hit 244 00:15:24,720 --> 00:15:28,560 Speaker 3: La Cassa de Lobrero's publications and destroyed the anarchist library. 245 00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:33,920 Speaker 3: But outter this repression emerged a new tactic. They basically said, 246 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,440 Speaker 3: you know, you could build in our books, That's fine, 247 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:38,680 Speaker 3: do what you have to do. We're not going to 248 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 3: stop us from spreading our message. They established grassroots orators, 249 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:47,800 Speaker 3: the Tribuna Roja, who took the revolutionary message directly to 250 00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:51,440 Speaker 3: the working classes, given speeches where they were at and 251 00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:55,560 Speaker 3: sharing the message even without access to literature. By May 252 00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 3: nineteen fourteen, a new people in Antipascion Obrera was law, 253 00:16:00,840 --> 00:16:04,320 Speaker 3: though it too felt praide the regime's brutality. Thankfully, the 254 00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:09,040 Speaker 3: regime wouldn't last long. Becausetor's power didn't go unchallenged. From 255 00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:13,840 Speaker 3: the north, Venustiano Carranza and the Constitutionalists rose to oppose him, 256 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:18,600 Speaker 3: claiming to defend the Madero's legacy. From the south, Emiliano 257 00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 3: Zapata refused to accept any government that ignore the demands 258 00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:27,440 Speaker 3: of landless peasants. As throughout the country armed, the struggle reignited, 259 00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:32,000 Speaker 3: which brings us to Emiliano Zapata himself. He was doing 260 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,480 Speaker 3: his own thing politically, but he was inspired in part 261 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:38,600 Speaker 3: for the anarchist supporterism Agne. His ideology was rooted in Nikalpui, 262 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:43,040 Speaker 3: the collective land systems of his conditionous ancestors. He eventually 263 00:16:43,080 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 3: adopted the slogan Tierra Ileritad and rallied behind the Plan 264 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:52,160 Speaker 3: de Ayala, demanding land redistribution and local self governance. He 265 00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,400 Speaker 3: had little tolerance for political maneuvering. He saw the false 266 00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:59,440 Speaker 3: promises of figures like Cuerta and Caranza for Zapata revolution, 267 00:16:59,560 --> 00:17:03,640 Speaker 3: masara wa, elections or modernization. It was what given land back. 268 00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:06,960 Speaker 3: That's really all he cared about. In contrast, as the 269 00:17:07,119 --> 00:17:12,320 Speaker 3: warriotis Mario, there was Pancho Villa. He was a charismatic 270 00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:16,440 Speaker 3: northern general and a populist who worked with and against Carranza. 271 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:20,840 Speaker 3: As Magon described him, Zapata delivers riches. 272 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:22,240 Speaker 2: To their true owners, the poor. 273 00:17:23,080 --> 00:17:26,600 Speaker 3: Villa executes the proletarian who takes a piece of bread 274 00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:31,560 Speaker 3: end cooked. Though both were opposed to Caranza, their goals, 275 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:36,000 Speaker 3: strategies and ethics were far part Like I said, Mariotis 276 00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 3: warrior quet didn't last long. As I mentioned, he was 277 00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:43,000 Speaker 3: ousted by nineteen fourteen, so just about a year of 278 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:47,080 Speaker 3: being in power and being a violent dictator. And after 279 00:17:47,119 --> 00:17:51,399 Speaker 3: predator fell, Pinustiano Caranza rose to fill the vacuue. Like 280 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:55,080 Speaker 3: I said, he claimed to be continuing Madero's legacy, and 281 00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:58,639 Speaker 3: his vision of Mexico was just as top down. He 282 00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:02,199 Speaker 3: wasn't exactly fond of anarchists or the radical left in general, 283 00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,720 Speaker 3: but faced with pressure from these zapatistas in the south 284 00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:08,360 Speaker 3: and VIA's forces in the north, he courted his labor 285 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:12,840 Speaker 3: organizations like Cassa de la Brero Mundial, offer gestures of support, 286 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:16,439 Speaker 3: a few favorable labor reforms, and even physical space like 287 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:19,640 Speaker 3: giving them the Jesuit College Santa Brigida as headquarters. 288 00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 2: In return, Kranza hoped to build a loyal. 289 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:27,359 Speaker 3: Base of organized workers, integrate them into his constitutional army, 290 00:18:27,760 --> 00:18:32,320 Speaker 3: and neutralize the more radical strains of revolution. I'm sorry 291 00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:35,359 Speaker 3: to say that it partially worked. He was able to 292 00:18:35,359 --> 00:18:39,080 Speaker 3: buy off some of these workers. While this alliance gave 293 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:41,879 Speaker 3: La Casa de Lobrero's space to organize workers throughout the 294 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:46,199 Speaker 3: country and ramp up educational and prostatizing efforts, much like 295 00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:49,080 Speaker 3: what would take place in Spain years later, the anarchists 296 00:18:49,119 --> 00:18:53,480 Speaker 3: began to lose their anarchist roots from the collaboration. Instead 297 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:57,720 Speaker 3: of back in Zapata. In February nineteen fifteen, Lacassa signed 298 00:18:57,760 --> 00:19:02,000 Speaker 3: a pact with the constitutionalist forces and created quote unquote 299 00:19:02,119 --> 00:19:07,080 Speaker 3: Red Battalions within Caranzas Army. But although Lacassa expanded its 300 00:19:07,119 --> 00:19:11,240 Speaker 3: influence and managed amount strikes among miners, teachers, drivers, bakers, 301 00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:14,760 Speaker 3: oil workers, textile workers, carpenters, button makers, and barbers in 302 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:18,000 Speaker 3: nineteen fifteen in response to the economic pressures of inflation 303 00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:22,760 Speaker 3: and unemployment, by early nineteen sixteen, their government allies were 304 00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:26,520 Speaker 3: cracking down on them. Not long after hiring the Red Battalions. 305 00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,160 Speaker 3: They fired the Red Battalion, so they shut down Lacasa's offices. 306 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:34,320 Speaker 3: They sent key figures to jail. In response, the workers' 307 00:19:34,359 --> 00:19:37,760 Speaker 3: movement held a national congress in Veracruz, and out of 308 00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:42,480 Speaker 3: this emerged a new labor federation built on anarchist syneclist principles, 309 00:19:42,920 --> 00:19:46,520 Speaker 3: committed not to capturing power but to dismantle it the 310 00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:52,000 Speaker 3: Confederaci del Trabajo de Larijon and Hicana. In May nineteen sixteen, 311 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,280 Speaker 3: a general strike erupted in protest of the imprisonment of 312 00:19:55,359 --> 00:19:59,800 Speaker 3: La Caasa's leadership and to demand urgent economic relief. While 313 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:03,080 Speaker 3: the strike was an immediate success, its ease led many 314 00:20:03,119 --> 00:20:05,399 Speaker 3: young militians to believe the change could come through a 315 00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:10,200 Speaker 3: benevolent state. Notably Luis Morons, who would later lead the 316 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:15,520 Speaker 3: Confederacion Brera Mexicana was crom signed agreements. 317 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:16,240 Speaker 2: With Caranza's government. 318 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:21,320 Speaker 3: Matters intensified ten months later when a second strike broke 319 00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:25,399 Speaker 3: out due to Lope. In response, Caranza ordered mounted police 320 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:29,720 Speaker 3: to break up assemblies and declared martial law. The strike 321 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:33,760 Speaker 3: was crushed, its committee suspended all activities, and one prominent 322 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,080 Speaker 3: leader was nearly executed before his sentence was finally commuted. 323 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,800 Speaker 3: La Casa shut down and the strike failed, but the 324 00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 3: anarchists endured. By mid nineteen seventeen, new groups like Loose 325 00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:01,280 Speaker 3: and several local cassas had reappeared throughout the country. However, 326 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:05,879 Speaker 3: internal debates culminated in the October nineteen seventeen National Workers Congress, 327 00:21:06,359 --> 00:21:11,160 Speaker 3: where reformist forces led by Luis Moronees properly marginalized the anarchists, 328 00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:13,919 Speaker 3: set in the stage for the rise of the crom 329 00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 3: and a more moderate pro management approach aligned with of 330 00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 3: all People, the American Federation of Labor the AFL. Kranza's 331 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,600 Speaker 3: crowning achievement came in that same year with the signing 332 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:30,359 Speaker 3: of the Constitution of nineteen seventeen on people. It was 333 00:21:30,440 --> 00:21:36,440 Speaker 3: progressive land reform, limitish power, labor protections. But to many revolutionaries, 334 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:40,720 Speaker 3: including Magon, this wasn't the revolution fulfilled. Far from it. 335 00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:41,200 Speaker 2: It was a. 336 00:21:41,160 --> 00:21:45,920 Speaker 3: Revolution managed their wireless dreams trimmed down to a policy. 337 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:49,240 Speaker 3: Even its better reforms were hardly enforced. But with the 338 00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:53,399 Speaker 3: Constitution of nineteen seventeen, Krantzer could still claim legitimacy, he 339 00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:57,240 Speaker 3: could claim progress, and he could claim that the revolution 340 00:21:57,680 --> 00:21:58,119 Speaker 3: was over. 341 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:00,960 Speaker 2: But what happened to revolutionaries. 342 00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:04,520 Speaker 3: Zapata was still fighting for land in the South, but 343 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:08,320 Speaker 3: Kranzo would assassinate him in By nineteen nineteen, Macgone was 344 00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:11,720 Speaker 3: in prison in the USA, denouncing the betrayal from behind bars. 345 00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 3: Workers were still struggling for real power in they were places, 346 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:20,080 Speaker 3: and the vast majority of rural Mexicans remained poor dispossessed, 347 00:22:20,119 --> 00:22:24,119 Speaker 3: and dissolution. In case you're wondering what happened to Macgone. 348 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:26,920 Speaker 3: In nineteen sixteen, he was jail in the US until 349 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:29,720 Speaker 3: a group of exiled anarchists led by Emma Goldman and 350 00:22:29,760 --> 00:22:33,080 Speaker 3: Alexander Berkman paid his bond. So that feels like a 351 00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 3: cameo or crossover episode of some kind, right. 352 00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:37,119 Speaker 2: And then in. 353 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:39,800 Speaker 3: Nineteen seventeen, the year of the New Constitution, he was 354 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,400 Speaker 3: back in jail again for speaking out against the First 355 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:45,640 Speaker 3: World War and calling for a social revolutionary war instead. 356 00:22:46,480 --> 00:22:50,520 Speaker 3: He was sentenced to twenty years and his health deteriorated steadily. 357 00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:54,040 Speaker 3: He wasn't a fan of Carnzer at Tall. He called 358 00:22:54,119 --> 00:22:56,520 Speaker 3: him a strike breaker, an assassin, and a wolf in 359 00:22:56,560 --> 00:23:01,000 Speaker 3: sheep's clothing. When Karanza's government offered him a pension, he said, quote, 360 00:23:01,359 --> 00:23:04,880 Speaker 3: all money obtained by the state represents the sweat, the anguish, 361 00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:09,119 Speaker 3: and sacrifice of workers. If this money came directly from workers, 362 00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:12,280 Speaker 3: I would gladly and even proudly accept it, because they 363 00:23:12,320 --> 00:23:15,200 Speaker 3: are my brothers. But when it comes to the invention 364 00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:18,960 Speaker 3: of the state, after being compelled from the people the money, 365 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:21,720 Speaker 3: you would only burn my hands and fill my heart 366 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:26,560 Speaker 3: with remorse end quote So long story short, he didn't 367 00:23:26,560 --> 00:23:30,400 Speaker 3: accept the money. When the US said they might let 368 00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:33,240 Speaker 3: him go if he said sorry and petitioned for a pardon, 369 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:38,720 Speaker 3: he said, in many words, hell no. Among his more 370 00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:43,159 Speaker 3: beautiful words, he said, quote repentance. I have not exploited 371 00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:47,040 Speaker 3: the sweat, anguish, fatigue, and labor of others. I have 372 00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 3: not oppressed a single soul. I have nothing to repent for. 373 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,200 Speaker 3: My life has been lived without my having acquired any wealth, power, 374 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:56,879 Speaker 3: or glory, when I could have gotten these three things 375 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:01,280 Speaker 3: very easily. But I do not regret it. Wealth power 376 00:24:01,280 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 3: and gloria only won by trampling others' rights. My conscience 377 00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:08,200 Speaker 3: is at peace, for it knows that under my convict's 378 00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:12,399 Speaker 3: garb beats an honest heart. So he died in his 379 00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:17,600 Speaker 3: jail cell in nineteen twenty two, possibly assassinated. Zapata, like 380 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:20,399 Speaker 3: I said, was assassinated by Cranzer in nineteen nineteen, and 381 00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:24,919 Speaker 3: Kranz himself was assassinated in nineteen twenty in case who 382 00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:28,600 Speaker 3: Are Keeping Truck? Both of Magon's major ops. He ended 383 00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:33,520 Speaker 3: up outliving right. He outlived Madero and then he outlived Caranzer, 384 00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,159 Speaker 3: but he still died in jail, which is, you know, 385 00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:42,040 Speaker 3: kind of tragic. But Kranza's successor, Alvaro Obregon, was both 386 00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:45,359 Speaker 3: friendly with reformists in the YIOM and not as hostile 387 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:48,119 Speaker 3: to the anarchists as Caranza, which gave the anarchists an 388 00:24:48,119 --> 00:24:53,480 Speaker 3: opportunity to regroup. Strikes built up across the country miners, 389 00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:57,719 Speaker 3: oil workers, textile workers, dock workers and more, some sixty 390 00:24:57,720 --> 00:25:01,359 Speaker 3: five thousand workers in July nineteen twenty. Out of this 391 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:07,720 Speaker 3: momentum came the Ferracion Communista del Proletariado Mexicano or FCPM. 392 00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:10,520 Speaker 3: It was an ideologically mixed group, but leaned in an 393 00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:14,440 Speaker 3: arctic direction and starkly contrasted itself with the reformist ways 394 00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:19,159 Speaker 3: the CROM and the international ally the AFL. The FCPM 395 00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:22,800 Speaker 3: went on to establish the Confederacion General de Tabajadores or 396 00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:26,320 Speaker 3: CGT in nineteen twenty one as a direct challenge to 397 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:30,200 Speaker 3: the CROM. They were fully declaring their independence from state 398 00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:34,800 Speaker 3: and party. Their focus was on class struggle. The Mexican 399 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:37,440 Speaker 3: government flew to his socialist language from time to time, 400 00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:40,400 Speaker 3: but the anarchists saw through the charade. They called out 401 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:44,640 Speaker 3: that so called socialist light government's deportation of anarchists and socialists. 402 00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:50,400 Speaker 3: They even called Maroney the guy who started crom Mexico's Mussolini. 403 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,160 Speaker 2: It's an interesting insult. 404 00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:56,600 Speaker 3: The CGT stood against the Moscow backed Third International and 405 00:25:56,680 --> 00:26:01,360 Speaker 3: instead allied with councilorsts like Rosa Luxembourg and Anton Panacoec. 406 00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 3: They also formed a specifically anarchist section within the group, 407 00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:07,680 Speaker 3: meant to play the same role played by the FAI 408 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 3: for the Spanish CGT. The Mexican CGT backed strikes, including 409 00:26:12,359 --> 00:26:14,800 Speaker 3: in nineteen twenty one when they backed a real workers' 410 00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:18,520 Speaker 3: strike against US companies, and in nineteen twenty two they 411 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,119 Speaker 3: expelled the CGT leaders who had flirted with electoral politics, 412 00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:24,639 Speaker 3: reiterating their anti party stance. 413 00:26:25,119 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 2: They would not. 414 00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:30,640 Speaker 3: Allow themselves to be retaken and capitulated to reformist aims. 415 00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:35,440 Speaker 3: That same year, media protests turned into confrontations when right 416 00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,119 Speaker 3: wing thugs kill the demonstrator's child in front of the 417 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:42,359 Speaker 3: US consolate, and they didn't stop there. Anarchists in the 418 00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:46,080 Speaker 3: CGT helped organize tenant strikes in Mexico City and Veracruz. 419 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,359 Speaker 3: They led general strikes and textile mills and rallied against 420 00:26:49,359 --> 00:26:53,960 Speaker 3: steed violence They protested in solidarity with international struggles from 421 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:57,200 Speaker 3: Spain to Boston, from the murder of Salvador Sigwi to 422 00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:01,000 Speaker 3: the gelin of Sacco and Vencetti. They also to deal 423 00:27:01,040 --> 00:27:04,359 Speaker 3: with efforts to defame them through misinformation, such as the 424 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:08,120 Speaker 3: accusation that they were embstling workers' funds. Throughout the early 425 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:12,240 Speaker 3: nineteen twenties you had some new libertarian publications jumping out. 426 00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:18,400 Speaker 3: You had Viberrojo, you had Lahumi, Dad Sachi, Tario, Tierra Libre, Alba, Anakika, 427 00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:22,360 Speaker 3: and so on. And by nineteen twenty four, under President Kayes, 428 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,600 Speaker 3: who followed the assassinated Obrigon, the tides began to shift. 429 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 3: Kays was more hostile to the anarchists than a brigon 430 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:35,480 Speaker 3: and openly favored cron. He gave Morones a cabinet post. 431 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:41,440 Speaker 3: Past Lowist undermined CGT, organizing and escalated repression. The CGT 432 00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:45,280 Speaker 3: held its ground, organizing general strikes, occupying textile mills, confronting 433 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:48,240 Speaker 3: the police, expand into the countryside all their usual stuff. 434 00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:51,320 Speaker 3: They fought for short term relief and long term revolution. 435 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:54,840 Speaker 3: By nineteen twenty six, CGT had grown into a federation 436 00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:59,600 Speaker 3: of one hundred and fifty seven affiliated groups, unions, syndicates 437 00:27:59,640 --> 00:28:03,120 Speaker 3: occur in communities all included. And yet by the late 438 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:08,000 Speaker 3: nineteen twenties things started to free. The CROM was declining 439 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:10,040 Speaker 3: due to their attachments to a government that was no 440 00:28:10,119 --> 00:28:14,359 Speaker 3: longer conciliatory to their political ambitions, and the CGT couldn't 441 00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:18,080 Speaker 3: capitalize on that decline of the CROM. The government sought 442 00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:23,280 Speaker 3: to marginalize them entirely. Thousands of former CROM members joined 443 00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:26,000 Speaker 3: the CGT, while the CGT itself began to make some 444 00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:29,840 Speaker 3: slides toward concession and reformer zone, and so it reached 445 00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:32,960 Speaker 3: a point where they were calling themselves anarchists. But the 446 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:39,240 Speaker 3: anarchism was nowhere never and yet anarchism didn't die. It morphed, 447 00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:42,680 Speaker 3: it migrated, and it regrouped. After the fall of Spain 448 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:46,280 Speaker 3: in nineteen thirty nine, exiled members the CNT and FAI 449 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:50,400 Speaker 3: arrived in Mexico, reinvigorating the scene for a time. They 450 00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:54,840 Speaker 3: published Tierai Libertad, built new organizations, and kept the memory 451 00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:59,040 Speaker 3: and the fight alive. A few anarchists impulses managed to 452 00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:02,120 Speaker 3: emolish within the Mecha Concommunist Party into the early nineteen 453 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:06,080 Speaker 3: thirties as well. At least according to Kirkschaffer, President Cais 454 00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:10,320 Speaker 3: ended up founding what became the Institutional Revolutionary Party, a 455 00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:13,680 Speaker 3: contradiction if I ever heard it. And they basically ran 456 00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:16,880 Speaker 3: the show in Mexico for seventy one years straight from 457 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:21,120 Speaker 3: nineteen twenty nine to two thousand. The administration co created 458 00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:24,000 Speaker 3: the conditions. They were both the NEOs Apatis Molls in 459 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,680 Speaker 3: nineteen ninety four. They're anarchists, as they have been very 460 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 3: clear to state, but maybe they'll get a two parter 461 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:33,480 Speaker 3: in the future going into their history in more depth. 462 00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:38,320 Speaker 3: The history of anarchism in Mexico has been quite the story, 463 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,760 Speaker 3: I must say, and with that we've reached the end 464 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:46,280 Speaker 3: of that classical history. Its modern history is still being written, 465 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:48,600 Speaker 3: still being told. But this is the end of our 466 00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:52,120 Speaker 3: exploration for now, much as of Mexico's anarchist history, but 467 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:55,840 Speaker 3: of this entire series of anarchism in Latin America. I 468 00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:59,160 Speaker 3: joked about baking an episode about Quebec's anarchism see but 469 00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:02,320 Speaker 3: that may remain a joke for now. 470 00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:04,560 Speaker 2: We'veur neyed a very. 471 00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:07,520 Speaker 3: Long way together, from the Andes to Buenos Aires, to 472 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:12,360 Speaker 3: Montevideo to South Bolo to all over We've seen how 473 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:15,200 Speaker 3: long before the name anarchism arrived in the Latin America's 474 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:19,760 Speaker 3: shows people who resisting hierarchy through indigenous forms of autonomy, 475 00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:24,960 Speaker 3: African Maroon communities, and peasant traditions of land sharing and reciprocity. 476 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:29,240 Speaker 3: We saw how these anarchic and anarchist instincts met new 477 00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 3: ideas genuinely and intentionally. Anarchist ideas coming from Pudin, Bacunan 478 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:38,720 Speaker 3: and Kropotkin brought over in pamphlets and in the minds 479 00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:43,440 Speaker 3: of exiles and immigrants in Mexico. Those forces took on 480 00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:49,160 Speaker 3: a revolutionary scale. Rota Kanati planted the seed, Macgone amplified 481 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:52,480 Speaker 3: its voice. The workers, the peasants, the students. They all 482 00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:55,760 Speaker 3: gave it their all, their fire, And even when that 483 00:30:55,840 --> 00:31:01,120 Speaker 3: fire was smothered by reformists, by nationalists, by reactionaries, by capitalists, 484 00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:04,560 Speaker 3: by the bullets and the bribe, it never truly went out. 485 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:10,400 Speaker 3: Across the Americas, these movements rarely one in the traditional sense. 486 00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:15,320 Speaker 3: They will often betrayed, suppressed, and erased from history. But 487 00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 3: although anarchy was not achieved, anarchists and the anarchist idea 488 00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:20,120 Speaker 3: will survive. 489 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:22,040 Speaker 2: Anarchists thought is. 490 00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:25,840 Speaker 3: Radically resilient, and it never really disappears, and usually just 491 00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:29,600 Speaker 3: goes underground or into the margins, or into new forms, 492 00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:35,160 Speaker 3: from student collectives to feminist organizations to squads to ecological struggles, 493 00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:39,680 Speaker 3: inspiring movements that aren't necessarily anarchists, but lean in a 494 00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:44,480 Speaker 3: direction that questions some of the familiar patterns of authority. 495 00:31:44,880 --> 00:31:47,760 Speaker 3: Thank you for walking this journey with me. I've been 496 00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,280 Speaker 3: Andrew Saige. You can find me on YouTube at androism 497 00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:52,840 Speaker 3: support the work over a Patreon dot com slash change True. 498 00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:57,400 Speaker 3: All sources, citations, and further reading can be found in 499 00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 3: the show notes. This has been, It Could Happen, Walpoworks, all. 500 00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:03,440 Speaker 2: The People Peace. 501 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:08,760 Speaker 1: It could Happen Here is a production of cool Zone Media. 502 00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:12,000 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website 503 00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:15,640 Speaker 1: coolzonmedia dot com, or check us out on the iHeartRadio app, 504 00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:19,280 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can 505 00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:21,640 Speaker 1: now find sources for it Could Happen here, listed directly 506 00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:23,959 Speaker 1: in episode descriptions. Thanks for listening.