Speaker 1: Brought to you by Toyota. Let's go places. Welcome to
Speaker 1: Forward Thinking. Hey there, and welcome to Forward Thinking, the
Speaker 1: podcast that listen the future and says, how does it
Speaker 1: feel to be one of the beautiful people? I'm Jonathan Strickland,
Speaker 1: I'm Lauren foc Obon, and I'm Joe McCormick. And if
Speaker 1: you were listening to our last episode, you realize that
Speaker 1: we were talking about space babbies, making babies in space,
Speaker 1: Babies in spaceace, Yes, with the fact that, uh, I mean,
Speaker 1: if we're going to space, we're gonna have to make
Speaker 1: new humans there sometime. Yeah, barring some form of immortality,
Speaker 1: we will definitely in order to continue the human species
Speaker 1: need to make more babies. And as it stands, there
Speaker 1: are some big challenges in the way, some some risks
Speaker 1: out there, and we aren't completely aware of all the
Speaker 1: consequences those risks may have. Right, So we wanted to
Speaker 1: talk about what are some of the challenges we're facing
Speaker 1: in terms of making babies in space and how might
Speaker 1: we overcome them. Last time, we talked about radiation. There's
Speaker 1: lots of radiation in space, both of a different nature
Speaker 1: than the radiation we usually encounter here on Earth, and
Speaker 1: lots of people have suggested that this poses a risk
Speaker 1: to pregnancy in space, suggested that probably with good reason, right.
Speaker 1: I mean, radiation is one issue, But today we wanted
Speaker 1: to talk about another thing that we really are just
Speaker 1: starting to understand when it comes to its effects on organisms.
Speaker 1: I'm talking about microgravity. Yeah, so what happens when you
Speaker 1: take a pregnant animal and put it in space? Much
Speaker 1: freaks out? Well I imagine, yeah, it does freak out,
Speaker 1: But what happens to its health and the health of
Speaker 1: its children. So we have a little bit of information
Speaker 1: about this, but not not a wealth of information, right
Speaker 1: because we don't have any examples of mammals conceiving or
Speaker 1: giving birth in space. We have some other animals that
Speaker 1: have conceived in space. Will have a lovely inspirational story
Speaker 1: about a cockroach later on in this podcast. But jelly fish.
Speaker 1: Don't forget about the jelly fish. I'd like to call
Speaker 1: them jellies rather than jellyfish because a friend of mine
Speaker 1: works at the Georgia Aquarium and would get on my
Speaker 1: case if I said anything else. Gosh, you should see
Speaker 1: what happens when I call starfish. That's and I'm not
Speaker 1: talking about starfish. Starfish, I'm done. When I call jelly starfish,
Speaker 1: he gets really mad. But anyway, Yeah, we don't have
Speaker 1: a lot of information about what micro gravity's effect would
Speaker 1: be for uh, for especially for for humans, I mean
Speaker 1: humans having a baby in space. We don't really know.
Speaker 1: We're starting to study it, and it looks like micro
Speaker 1: gravity could have some pretty uh some pretty extensive effects
Speaker 1: on some serious and potentially completely unexpected. Yeah. Yeah, so, uh,
Speaker 1: there is evidence that you can subject pregnant animals to
Speaker 1: space and they can still give birth and all and do. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it can happen. The question is what are the total
Speaker 1: effects and what causes these effects? And it it can
Speaker 1: be really tricky to to even come to those conclusions,
Speaker 1: right because you have to take into consideration a lot
Speaker 1: of variables, some of which may not have anything to
Speaker 1: do with the animal being in microgravity. You know, there
Speaker 1: are a lot of genetic markers that you have to
Speaker 1: take into consideration. This is why it's really complicated whenever
Speaker 1: you look at any study that deals with development in
Speaker 1: this case, because there's so many things going on that
Speaker 1: narrowing it down to saying micro gravity causes this can
Speaker 1: be tricky. Although there's certainly some experiments that we'll talk
Speaker 1: about that seemed to have some pretty dramatic results. Yeah, Like,
Speaker 1: for example, there's one that we that you cited. I
Speaker 1: think you found the study, Joe, about a study where
Speaker 1: they used they didn't actually send UH cells up into space. UH,
Speaker 1: they used a device to simulate micro gravity in UH
Speaker 1: doing in vitro fertilization for UM mouse eggs, right, And
Speaker 1: the idea was to find out what would the effects
Speaker 1: of micro gravity be on that and in fact, and
Speaker 1: in this case, we're talking about a three D clino
Speaker 1: stat as the device. Now, what a clono stat does
Speaker 1: is it rotates along at least one axis. Three D
Speaker 1: would rotate on multiple axes, but rotate on at least
Speaker 1: one access, so that gravity would equally affect all parts
Speaker 1: of whatever it is you're testing. The idea being that
Speaker 1: it all cancels out in the end. So for example,
Speaker 1: I saw a lot of experiments that they essentially used
Speaker 1: a set in hand on a clock because usually it's
Speaker 1: like one revolution per minute for these experiments, so second
Speaker 1: out and the clock is that's exactly what you want.
Speaker 1: And they would UM a fix seeds to some sort
Speaker 1: of UM substance that would allow them to grow, you know,
Speaker 1: some sort of soil substitute attached to the second hand,
Speaker 1: and the idea being that because it's rotating around and
Speaker 1: all different sides of the seed are being exposed to
Speaker 1: gravity equally, it's the same as micro gravity. So you've
Speaker 1: gotta understand that we're simulating it in this case. It's
Speaker 1: not true micro gravity. It's because it's tricky to actually
Speaker 1: get time aboard any kind of scientific study that's going
Speaker 1: up into space that that their time is really precious.
Speaker 1: But hey, if you want to subsidize your trip to space,
Speaker 1: you might want to see if there are any scientific
Speaker 1: organizations that will pay you to conduct these experiments while
Speaker 1: you're up there. Yeah. Yeah. One of the tricky things
Speaker 1: is that if you are to harvest egg cells, they
Speaker 1: are only viable for a short time after you've harvested them, right,
Speaker 1: I mean, you can free sperm cells for a really
Speaker 1: long time, but egg cells for mice, you know, you
Speaker 1: you pretty much need to use them quickly in order
Speaker 1: for them to have a chance of producing. So if
Speaker 1: you know, being able to harvest those egg cells and
Speaker 1: then immediately get them aboard of spacecraft, that immediately can launch, which,
Speaker 1: by the way, then exerts hyper gravity on everything because
Speaker 1: potentially solutions right. Well, but at any rate, you don't
Speaker 1: really know what the effect on the cells was at
Speaker 1: that point. You could say, though, was it the hyper
Speaker 1: gravity that caused this effect or the microgravity later on
Speaker 1: that caused this effect. But in other words, it's just
Speaker 1: really hard to get the cells you need up into
Speaker 1: space long enough to look at the effects of micro gravity.
Speaker 1: I mean, you could do a parabolic arc flight on
Speaker 1: a plane, but that doesn't really last long enough to
Speaker 1: perform the experiments that you want to do. You're talking
Speaker 1: about like nineties seconds of weightlessness. It's not enough for
Speaker 1: you to be a boll to really have any meaningful data.
Speaker 1: So that's why they used the clinistat here on Earth
Speaker 1: to kind of simulate micro gravity. Now, in that case,
Speaker 1: when they did this experiment, the scientists discovered that the
Speaker 1: fertilized eggs that developed into embryos and then eventually developed
Speaker 1: into live offspring like the mice that were born, were fine.
Speaker 1: They they took the fertilized eggs and they implanted them
Speaker 1: into mice that carried the live offspring and then gave birth. However,
Speaker 1: it was a much lower rate of live offspring than
Speaker 1: the control group. So, and they discovered that the longer
Speaker 1: the cells remained in microgravity, the less viable they would become.
Speaker 1: So you'd see something like a sevent live birth success
Speaker 1: rate compared to the control groups, uh somewhere around like so, uh,
Speaker 1: that suggests that at least for mice, and at least
Speaker 1: in the simulated micro gravity, there could be some issues
Speaker 1: with embryos developing. Yeah, yeah, with the ability to get pregnant.
Speaker 1: Yea More recently, just last year, there were a bunch
Speaker 1: of articles coming out trying to link this recent paper
Speaker 1: from the University of Montreal research team to the possible
Speaker 1: effects of micro gravity on humans. Now, what this study
Speaker 1: was about was plants. Actually, unless you know some some
Speaker 1: certain humans that I know, don't tend to really be
Speaker 1: equivalent to people, right, okay, uh yeah, So it was
Speaker 1: referred to as cell wall assimily and intracellular trafficking, and
Speaker 1: plant cells are directly affected by changes in the magnitude
Speaker 1: of gravitational acceleration. So in a lot of popular reporting, um,
Speaker 1: basically people cited this study which found that different gravitational
Speaker 1: effects affected the plants, not just on a macro level,
Speaker 1: but on a cellular level. So the ability of the
Speaker 1: plants to do this pro just called intracellular transports, sort
Speaker 1: of taking materials through the cells, sort of the traffic
Speaker 1: flow at the cellular level of materials that was disrupted
Speaker 1: by changes in gravity. And obviously in any early organic development,
Speaker 1: that would be incredibly important. Yeah, it would, h And
Speaker 1: there is some parallel because some of these same intracellular
Speaker 1: transport processes happen in humans. Sure, I mean, stuff like
Speaker 1: like proteins have to get in between different cells, stuff
Speaker 1: like that. And there was evidence in one bit of
Speaker 1: research about fruit flies reproducing a microgravity that a protein
Speaker 1: transfer process was being affected. But we'll talk about that
Speaker 1: in just a couple of minutes. You know what, Lauren, No, no, no,
Speaker 1: I don't want to wait. I don't want to wait
Speaker 1: to find out what happened to those fruit flies in space.
Speaker 1: I want to hear about it right now, right now,
Speaker 1: right now. Okay, So there's some form of issue with
Speaker 1: the way that these cells were being able to exchange proteins.
Speaker 1: How is that going to affect the fruit fly? I mean,
Speaker 1: what does that actually mean? It means it will die
Speaker 1: terribly a fungal infection. WHOA, this got dark fast, Lauren, Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's funny flies, It's okay. Well, fruit flies, as it
Speaker 1: turns out, are really useful for these kind of experiments. Uh.
Speaker 1: And uh in this case, when we're talking about the
Speaker 1: proteins that are being exchanged that helped with being able
Speaker 1: to do things like resist fungal infections. Uh, it's a
Speaker 1: big deal. They did discover that bacterial infection, that that
Speaker 1: immune response was fine. Right. The flies were not more
Speaker 1: susceptible to bacteria, but they were more susceptible to fungus.
Speaker 1: They had not developed that that defense against them. Right.
Speaker 1: And the important thing to note here is that humans
Speaker 1: and other mammals have really similar immune systems to fruit flies.
Speaker 1: The one of the Nobel Prizes in two thousand eleven
Speaker 1: was actually one over the discovery of this. Um. This
Speaker 1: particular study and not the one about the immune systems,
Speaker 1: but the one about the fungal infections was done on
Speaker 1: the Space Shuttle discovery and uh yeah, for for some
Speaker 1: reason or another. And one of the projection is that
Speaker 1: it might have been protein transfer problems. Um. Yeah, that
Speaker 1: the the immune systems of flies that developed in space
Speaker 1: were different. Yeah, and also if they were under hyper
Speaker 1: gravity instead of micro gravity, but asn't they're raised in
Speaker 1: a centrifuge. Essentially, they was discovered that they had umsted boosted, yeah,
Speaker 1: resistance to fungal infections and still no affected. Uh, there
Speaker 1: was no effect on their bacterial resistance. Might you say
Speaker 1: that they had created a super fly? I I would,
Speaker 1: in fact say they created a super fly? Would I know?
Speaker 1: I would? I am just sad that I didn't say
Speaker 1: it first. I have a question, Um, so we've talked
Speaker 1: about how microgravity might affect uh the say a developing fetus,
Speaker 1: but what about mothers, like a what a pregnant woman?
Speaker 1: Have any particular risks associated with micro gravity? Well? I
Speaker 1: I only know of one. The fact that might inform
Speaker 1: us on this would is that in nineteen eighty three,
Speaker 1: the Soviet space program, UH sent up They were like, well,
Speaker 1: let's see what happens to a pregnant rat in space.
Speaker 1: So they sent the pregnant rat into space for several
Speaker 1: days and they're observations and the insaid that the mother
Speaker 1: seemed to suffer more than the offspring. That basically, the
Speaker 1: mother gained less weight than you would expect from a
Speaker 1: from a pregnant rat and had decreases in muscle mass
Speaker 1: and liver mass and um hemoglobin. Yeah, I think the
Speaker 1: muscle mass and I feel like hemoglobin are two common
Speaker 1: things that happened to two astronauts just when they're up
Speaker 1: in space not pregnant at all. Um, you certainly are
Speaker 1: going to lose muscle mass from not uh, not moving,
Speaker 1: not not using your skeletal structure the way that you
Speaker 1: would not under the resistance of gravity, and and bone
Speaker 1: mass also decreases. Stuff like that. And whether whether or
Speaker 1: not that would be a significant impact on a pregnant one,
Speaker 1: and whether or not that would in turn impact the
Speaker 1: fetus is definitely a thing to think about. Oh sure,
Speaker 1: it has a huge concern. And obviously, again a pregnant
Speaker 1: woman undergoing the stresses of both hypergravity assuming that she
Speaker 1: the conception happened on Earth, and also then micro gravity.
Speaker 1: These are now big things to to consider and really
Speaker 1: hard to test for, you know, just like we were
Speaker 1: saying with the radiation episode, developing tests that that would allow, Yeah,
Speaker 1: we'd have to be able to simulate in some way
Speaker 1: so that we could gain more information and have the
Speaker 1: best practices but you know it raises lots of ethical issues. Well,
Speaker 1: let's look at some actual practical examples of animals born
Speaker 1: or not born, but born or conceived in space. Yeah, okay,
Speaker 1: all right, how about how about cockroaches? You mentioned him earlier. Yeah, fantastic.
Speaker 1: So this cockroach was named Hope, was named uh not
Speaker 1: as to I don't speak Russian, which translates to hope.
Speaker 1: And I believe that this cockroaches as far as I know,
Speaker 1: it's the first animal to have conceived in space that
Speaker 1: at least has admitted to it. Yeah, they got pregnant
Speaker 1: in space. So there was a twelve day space mission
Speaker 1: September of two thousand seven, conducted aboard a Russian satellite
Speaker 1: by the Institute of Biomedical Problems. I love that the
Speaker 1: Institute of Biomedical Problems. They don't have solutions. Hope conceived
Speaker 1: a brood of thirty three little cockroach babies, which hatched
Speaker 1: later after they returned to Earth. So how do the
Speaker 1: space conceived baby cockroaches hold up? Well? So there was
Speaker 1: first an early report in October of two thousand and
Speaker 1: seven in Novosti, uh, the Russian newspaper, and it said
Speaker 1: that they were eating and drinking and seemed healthy. But
Speaker 1: the researchers noticed an accelerated darkening of the carapace UH,
Speaker 1: which usually remains translucent longer in juveniles. And then there
Speaker 1: was a subsequent report in January two thousand and eight,
Speaker 1: again from Novosti, which quoted the lead researcher here dmitri
Speaker 1: ac action at the auction, and so here is what
Speaker 1: was reported, accelerated body and limb growth. UH. The ones
Speaker 1: conceived in space could crawl faster than the average cockroach,
Speaker 1: and they were quote much more energetic and resilient than
Speaker 1: the others. So this is terrifying, right. So okay, so
Speaker 1: let me get this straight. Micro gravity makes fruit flies
Speaker 1: vulnerable to fungus, but turns cockroaches into super cockroaches, according
Speaker 1: to this report. I don't know the thirty three little
Speaker 1: baby cockroaches are the result of this mad science experiment. Doom,
Speaker 1: that's gonna do. The question is does the line in there? Yeah,
Speaker 1: what happens with the next generation? Joe? Are you telling
Speaker 1: me that there are super duper cockroaches running around Russia? No? I? Okay,
Speaker 1: So hopes children number one not sterile from the procedure.
Speaker 1: So conceived in space fertile on Earth. So so she
Speaker 1: she's a grandmother, right, So it's a batch of thirty
Speaker 1: plus little critters of Hope's grandchildren. But I haven't read
Speaker 1: any reports of them carrying over the super duper traits
Speaker 1: that were initially reported, And I have to admit, for
Speaker 1: some reason, I just feel a little bit skeptical about
Speaker 1: the super cockroaches. But you know, maybe yeah, Actually the
Speaker 1: reports I read specifically said that the the grand children
Speaker 1: of Hope we're indistinguishable from our ordinary, boring earth cockroaches
Speaker 1: that continue to give me the hebes and the g bs. Well,
Speaker 1: there's there's, of course a difference between genetic effects that
Speaker 1: happened to a person's somatic cells, their body cells, and
Speaker 1: the genetic effects of something that happens to their reproductive cells. Well,
Speaker 1: maybe we'll see that it's skips a generation and the
Speaker 1: great great grandchildren will end up towering over Kiev. Well
Speaker 1: their cockroaches. So I'm sure there's been several generations since then.
Speaker 1: I'm not sure what happened to them. Terrifying Uh, though,
Speaker 1: it's worth stating that this is not the same as
Speaker 1: a mammal giving conceiving in space and then having grandchildren
Speaker 1: about not even for lawyers. You know, these are these
Speaker 1: are cockroaches. They're not mammals, and and that really doesn't matter.
Speaker 1: Like cockroaches are known to be fairly resistant to radiation.
Speaker 1: That's something we talked about in the last episode, was
Speaker 1: the risk that radiation poses. And I imagine while micro
Speaker 1: gravity obviously is a big factor here, radiation was probably
Speaker 1: the main risk for the cockroaches giving birth to sterile children.
Speaker 1: But but so we know that the roaches got past it, alright. So,
Speaker 1: uh so we've talked about the cockroaches. Do we have
Speaker 1: any other examples of critters what we're either born or
Speaker 1: conceived in space? Well, we mentioned not jelly fish, but jellies,
Speaker 1: jellies jon jellies Aurelia arita, so not conceived but born
Speaker 1: in space. Maybe not born born ishes as much as
Speaker 1: jellies are born at all. They're they're they're kind of
Speaker 1: polyps and then they sort of yeah, they basically the
Speaker 1: polyps separates into what's called f array, which are like larvae.
Speaker 1: Uh and and these were timed before and after launch.
Speaker 1: So there's a study published in chronicling what happened here. Uh,
Speaker 1: jellies spent nine days aboard the Space Shuttle during their
Speaker 1: fray and polyp stages, and then they returned to Earth.
Speaker 1: Now what's interesting here is that jellyfish have gravisceptors, these
Speaker 1: organs that receive fields of gravity so that they can
Speaker 1: tell which way is up underwater, right, And they're these
Speaker 1: little hairy pockets containing calcium sulfate crystals, and that helps
Speaker 1: them orient their bodies with respect to Earth's gravity. That
Speaker 1: that would become. Anyone who's ever been underwater and then
Speaker 1: gotten disoriented knows how how crazy, confusing and scary that is.
Speaker 1: In humans. It's an inner ear fluid issue, I think. Yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: So you know, having this kind of oregon is very
Speaker 1: important for animals that need to be able to maintain
Speaker 1: their orientation at any given time under the water or anywhere. Right.
Speaker 1: For jellies, under the water is pretty much where you
Speaker 1: want to be. Yeah, that are in space or in
Speaker 1: Jonathan's bed. Oh please, no, no more jellies in bed.
Speaker 1: My wife has already yelled at me for peanut butter
Speaker 1: in bed. I don't. I don't need jellies in there too. Okay.
Speaker 1: So the study found that the jellies that developed in
Speaker 1: space were quote morphologically very similar to the ones from Earth.
Speaker 1: So basically you look at them, you don't see a
Speaker 1: big difference. Um, they seem pretty healthy. But what were
Speaker 1: observed were quote pulsing abnormalities. So the ones that were
Speaker 1: born in space, and that just means you see like
Speaker 1: a jellyfish pulse through the watch, like the contraction movement
Speaker 1: that propels it. So they moved, meant their their mechanism
Speaker 1: for movement had changed. Yeah, the pulsing abnormalities were found
Speaker 1: in about eighteen point three per cent of the space
Speaker 1: developed larvae, whereas the one the controls back on Earth
Speaker 1: it was just two. So it was definitely observed that
Speaker 1: the ones that were sort of born ish if you
Speaker 1: call that born and whatever in space had troubles with
Speaker 1: orientation and with their their gravity organs. Interesting. So yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean that now obviously that would be different for
Speaker 1: humans than jellies. I mean, oh yes, But but the
Speaker 1: the implication is that when you have such a different
Speaker 1: environment than the one that we've evolved to uh interact
Speaker 1: with on on, you know, in irregular lives, uh, the
Speaker 1: the outcomes can be unpredictable. Right, we don't necessarily know
Speaker 1: what's going to happen. I mean, you know, if if
Speaker 1: we are evolved so that we can deal with a
Speaker 1: certain amount of radiation and a certain amount of gravity,
Speaker 1: then when you take us out of that that scenario
Speaker 1: and then uh, you know, try to reproduce, there could
Speaker 1: be some some big issues. And that's really what this
Speaker 1: is all about is, you know, how do we how
Speaker 1: do we find out what those are, how do we
Speaker 1: address them, how do we prevent them? In fact, that's
Speaker 1: what we should really talk about. How do we prevent
Speaker 1: any problems from micro gravity possibly interfering with our reproductive cycle? Well,
Speaker 1: we could just go to a planet with accelerated gravity,
Speaker 1: give birth to all children there, and then they'd all
Speaker 1: be superhumans, right so right, yeah, so crypton type thing
Speaker 1: right right with a different color sun so that we
Speaker 1: all get we have to be able to absorb that
Speaker 1: energy and then science we can fly through some mechanism
Speaker 1: that has never been adequately explained. I like this idea.
Speaker 1: Let's not even discuss anything. Okay, Well, we gotta we
Speaker 1: kind of have to just we have to be we
Speaker 1: have to be thorough well. I mean, of course, the
Speaker 1: other one would be a big one for humans in
Speaker 1: space in general, which is artificial gravity. Yeah, they have
Speaker 1: that on all of those fancy Star Trek programs. Basically
Speaker 1: everything else that happens in space and sci fi. Ever,
Speaker 1: you just gotta make sure you flip the switch, and
Speaker 1: as long as the switches on, you're good to go.
Speaker 1: How would you actually create artificial gravity? Well, we won't
Speaker 1: go into too much detail because we'll probably do a
Speaker 1: whole episode about this in the future. Yeah, there's there's
Speaker 1: ways that you can simulate gravity, although there are questions
Speaker 1: about how effective that would be. So essentially creating the
Speaker 1: whole centripical force and centrifical effect by rotating whatever spacecraft
Speaker 1: you're on along an access so that you can, you know, uh,
Speaker 1: create an artificial kind of gravity that way, but there's
Speaker 1: some debate about how effective that would be. Then there's
Speaker 1: always the well, all we have to do is figure
Speaker 1: out what the heck gravitons are and then harness them
Speaker 1: to our will, and we're fine, Oh yeah, that sounds easy. Perfect.
Speaker 1: Let's just first let's prove this hypothetical thing exists, and
Speaker 1: then second we have to find a way of manipulating it,
Speaker 1: and then it's all ray. But yeah, I mean, these
Speaker 1: are these are real problems. I love the idea that
Speaker 1: in the future we have like a planet set aside
Speaker 1: that's kind of like those those motels where you rent
Speaker 1: by the hour. That's just where you go when it's time. Yeah,
Speaker 1: for babies. That's that's the space baby motel. Is that
Speaker 1: one planet that's gonna that plant is going to have
Speaker 1: a great reputation. Well, the joke you made actually does
Speaker 1: raise good questions because a lot of what's still to
Speaker 1: be determined is but these two major risk factors, radiation
Speaker 1: and microgravity, we don't know exactly the duration and the
Speaker 1: stage of development where these are most important. So like
Speaker 1: it may be that there are only certain times when
Speaker 1: it's really important to avoid these things, and that other times,
Speaker 1: you know that a fetus might be just as resilient.
Speaker 1: You don't know yet, like with with the kind of
Speaker 1: radiation that we are exposed to on Earth, knowing that
Speaker 1: the first trimester is really where it gets in to
Speaker 1: kind of scary danger territory, but during the second and
Speaker 1: third you're more or less okay. Yeah, who knows. What
Speaker 1: if we were to find out that you can be
Speaker 1: pregnant in micro gravity as long as you give birth
Speaker 1: in a gravity environment. I'm not saying that's true. That's
Speaker 1: just one example of weird things we could find out. Yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: we don't know. I mean, it's it is interesting, especially
Speaker 1: when you but when we do look at the effects
Speaker 1: that micro gravity has had on adults out in space,
Speaker 1: it certainly raises some questions. Things like the fact that
Speaker 1: you know, muscle mass and and and your bone mass
Speaker 1: uh deteriorate over time. It makes you wonder how would
Speaker 1: that develop in a new life form. I mean, these
Speaker 1: are big questions and we don't have the answers yet.
Speaker 1: And like we've been saying, you know, developing a way
Speaker 1: of addressing these questions ethically is that's that's a big trick,
Speaker 1: you know, it's it's tough. It's one of those, you know,
Speaker 1: areas of study that I expect is going to take
Speaker 1: some time for us to really to really get a
Speaker 1: handle on. Yeah. The moral the story is, if you're
Speaker 1: one of those people who really really loves babies and
Speaker 1: you really really love space, you need to get to
Speaker 1: work on artificial gravity and active radiation shielding. Yep. So
Speaker 1: get back to us because we'd be really interested to
Speaker 1: hear about your work. Definitely, uh. And in fact that
Speaker 1: that leads me to another another thing I wanted to address. Uh,
Speaker 1: go to fw thinking dot com. It's a great website. No, seriously,
Speaker 1: should go. It's actually that's where all of our podcasts are,
Speaker 1: It's where our blog posts are, is where videos are.
Speaker 1: We talk about a lot of stuff in a lot
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