1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:15,000 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,160 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. This is part two of our 5 00:00:18,239 --> 00:00:23,400 Speaker 2: latest installment of Unearthed, talking about things literally and figuratively 6 00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:28,280 Speaker 2: discovered or unearthed over the last few months. As always, 7 00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:32,559 Speaker 2: there's a little hodgepodge of stuff at the beginning that 8 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,160 Speaker 2: didn't quite fit into a category. I like to try 9 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:38,599 Speaker 2: to categorize things so that it's more understandable for all 10 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:41,159 Speaker 2: of you listening at home. But there's always a few things, 11 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:43,920 Speaker 2: so I'm like, this is cool and it doesn't fit 12 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:44,560 Speaker 2: in a group. 13 00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:50,960 Speaker 1: So starting with the hodgepodge, A jar found in eighteen 14 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: fifty three at West Lodge, England, has long been believed 15 00:00:54,240 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: to be a cremation vessel. It contained cremated remains, so 16 00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:01,160 Speaker 1: that did not seem like much of a stretch. Its 17 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:05,520 Speaker 1: exterior is decorated with scenes of a gladiatorial battle, including 18 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:11,440 Speaker 1: an inscription saying that depicted were Memnon and Valentinis. According 19 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:16,160 Speaker 1: to the inscription, it commemorated Memnon's ninth victory and Valentinus 20 00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:18,600 Speaker 1: was from the Roman army, so. 21 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:21,959 Speaker 2: For a long time, people thought that the base piece 22 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:25,840 Speaker 2: with its depiction of these gladiators, was a mass produced piece, 23 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:31,280 Speaker 2: and that that inscription was added later on. So somebody 24 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:34,960 Speaker 2: had taken like a mass produced piece of jar work 25 00:01:35,080 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 2: and had inscribed it to be more specific later. But 26 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:41,679 Speaker 2: more recent study has revealed that the inscription was actually 27 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:44,840 Speaker 2: put on there before the vessel was fired, so when 28 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:47,560 Speaker 2: it was made, the names were an intentional part of 29 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:50,920 Speaker 2: the design, not something that somebody else added on afterward. 30 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,960 Speaker 2: It's also a pretty high quality piece, so it's possible 31 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 2: that somebody intentionally commissioned it and that it wasn't sort 32 00:01:58,600 --> 00:02:03,680 Speaker 2: of like a mass produced almost souvenir. Researchers also believe 33 00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:07,200 Speaker 2: that this piece might depict an actual gladiatorial match that 34 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 2: happened in Britain, which if so, would make it an 35 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:14,800 Speaker 2: extremely rare piece of evidence that there were gladiatorial bouts 36 00:02:14,840 --> 00:02:19,840 Speaker 2: taking place in Britain during that time. The connection between 37 00:02:19,919 --> 00:02:22,560 Speaker 2: the vessel and the remains of the person inside is 38 00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:26,560 Speaker 2: not entirely clear. There's some speculation that it was someone 39 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 2: who was connected to one or both of the gladiators 40 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:32,799 Speaker 2: in some way, or maybe just somebody who really liked 41 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 2: gladiator fights. I mean, I can imagine so many scenarios. Yeah, 42 00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:40,680 Speaker 2: even down to just we needed something to put the 43 00:02:40,880 --> 00:02:41,519 Speaker 2: remains in. 44 00:02:42,240 --> 00:02:44,160 Speaker 1: I mean I have the thing of like that would 45 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:48,720 Speaker 1: be a great peturn, right, just suing them after gladiators. 46 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:52,440 Speaker 2: But and I don't know offhand whether they conclusively know 47 00:02:52,600 --> 00:02:57,760 Speaker 2: that these are human cremated remains. I didn't look into that, 48 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:02,400 Speaker 2: But now we will move on nextsts the Max Plank 49 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 2: Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology have figured out how to extract 50 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:11,560 Speaker 2: DNA from objects, not from the object themselves, but from 51 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 2: evidence that was left behind by people who used or 52 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:19,440 Speaker 2: wore the objects, so kind of like in modern forensic 53 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:23,799 Speaker 2: science getting contact DNA off of surfaces during a criminal investigation. 54 00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:27,960 Speaker 2: In this case, though, this is a twenty thousand year 55 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:31,360 Speaker 2: old pendant made from an elk's tooth that was found 56 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:36,360 Speaker 2: in Siberia's Denisova Cave. Based on this DNA analysis, the 57 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:39,920 Speaker 2: last person to handle this pendant was a woman who 58 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 2: was closely related to a group of hunter gatherers who 59 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:48,040 Speaker 2: lived near Lake by Kal, more than a thousand miles 60 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:50,800 Speaker 2: to the east of the cave. So if all that 61 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:54,720 Speaker 2: is correct, we don't really know how or whether the 62 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 2: pendant or the person who handled it last traveled that 63 00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 2: whole distance. And we also really don't know if this 64 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:03,840 Speaker 2: is the DNA of the person who made the pendant 65 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:07,680 Speaker 2: or someone who wore it, or both. This research was 66 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:10,680 Speaker 2: only possible because of how this pendant had been collected 67 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:16,040 Speaker 2: and handled. Archaeologists who first excavated it had been wearing coveralls, masks, 68 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 2: and gloves, and then the research was carried out in 69 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:22,599 Speaker 2: a clean room environment so researchers would not contaminate the 70 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 2: piece with their own DNA. The DNA extraction also involves 71 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:30,520 Speaker 2: submerging the object in a sodium phosphate solution and then 72 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,159 Speaker 2: slowly heating it to about one hundred and ninety four 73 00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:36,960 Speaker 2: degrees fahrenheit, So this can only be done on objects 74 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:41,960 Speaker 2: that would not be harmed by this kind of intense process. Yeah, 75 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 2: it sounded to me as though the solution is pretty mild, 76 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:50,839 Speaker 2: but it's still like the heat part is different. Yeah, 77 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:54,760 Speaker 2: And lastly, we have a couple of fines that are 78 00:04:54,800 --> 00:05:01,400 Speaker 2: being described as the stone hinge of whatever place. First, 79 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:05,240 Speaker 2: a four thousand year old religious site in the Netherlands 80 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:09,560 Speaker 2: includes multiple burial mounds, and one of those mounds incorporated 81 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:12,960 Speaker 2: passages that the sun would shine through on the longest 82 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,600 Speaker 2: and shortest days of the year. Work at that site, 83 00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 2: nicknamed the Stonehenge of the Netherlands, started in twenty seventeen. 84 00:05:20,800 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 2: And then there is the Arabian Stonehenge being studied in Oman. 85 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:29,160 Speaker 2: This site dates back to about two thousand years ago 86 00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:33,039 Speaker 2: and it includes clusters of triliths that are made each 87 00:05:33,120 --> 00:05:38,159 Speaker 2: of three standing stones. Stonehenge is really not the most 88 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:42,760 Speaker 2: apt comparison for either of these, though. While both Stonehenge 89 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:45,760 Speaker 2: and the burial mounds in the Netherlands have elements that 90 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:49,799 Speaker 2: line up with astronomical events, there's no mention of standing 91 00:05:49,839 --> 00:05:53,160 Speaker 2: stones at the site in the Netherlands. The only structures 92 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:55,159 Speaker 2: known to have been there were made of wood and 93 00:05:55,200 --> 00:05:58,919 Speaker 2: those no longer survive. And while the triliths in Oman 94 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:02,440 Speaker 2: are standing, the stones are described as being fifty to 95 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:06,080 Speaker 2: eighty centimeters tall, or between one point six and two 96 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:09,560 Speaker 2: point six feet. That is much smaller than the stones 97 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 2: used as Stonehenge. Yeah. I get that people want to 98 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,040 Speaker 2: make discoveries sort of approachable to people, but as I 99 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:20,160 Speaker 2: was reading this, I was like, neither of these are 100 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:24,279 Speaker 2: really they're their own thing. They we don't need to 101 00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:27,120 Speaker 2: compare them to Stonehenge. I feel like stone Hinge becomes 102 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:30,080 Speaker 2: the shorthand for a lot of folks of like it's 103 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:35,760 Speaker 2: a big structured layout of some stuff that may have 104 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:40,640 Speaker 2: meaning and is very old, which is pretty vague in 105 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,520 Speaker 2: general in terms of like a thing to compare stuff to. 106 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 2: So moving on to more concrete categories next, we have 107 00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:51,520 Speaker 2: some things that are related to medicine. Research published in 108 00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:55,279 Speaker 2: the journal Antiquity in April details the results of archaeological 109 00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:59,880 Speaker 2: work out of sixteenth century medical waste jump. Most of 110 00:06:59,880 --> 00:07:03,280 Speaker 2: the reporting is describing this dump as being in the 111 00:07:03,320 --> 00:07:06,839 Speaker 2: Forum of Caesar in the Roman Forum. Okay, that's all true, 112 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 2: but it is not from ancient Rome. It is from 113 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 2: much later, when the Baker's Guild was operating a hospital 114 00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:18,000 Speaker 2: in this same space. This excavation took place in twenty 115 00:07:18,040 --> 00:07:21,120 Speaker 2: twenty one and the team found a lot of ordinary 116 00:07:21,160 --> 00:07:23,600 Speaker 2: items that would have been used in medical care and 117 00:07:23,680 --> 00:07:26,480 Speaker 2: for patients dated day needs at the hospital. Like it 118 00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 2: appears that each patient was given their own jug, drinking 119 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:32,679 Speaker 2: glass and bowl when they were admitted, so that people 120 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 2: were not eating and drinking after one another. That makes 121 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:39,920 Speaker 2: all the sense on earth. Yeah, More than half of 122 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:43,160 Speaker 2: the glass vessels that were recovered from this dump, though, 123 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:47,600 Speaker 2: were urine flasks, not just for patients to relieve their bladders, 124 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:50,960 Speaker 2: but for doctors to study their urine as a diagnostic 125 00:07:51,080 --> 00:07:55,000 Speaker 2: tool in other contacts. These flasks can actually be pretty 126 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:58,600 Speaker 2: difficult to identify because they are shaped very similarly to 127 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 2: oil lamps, but their purpose becomes a lot clearer when 128 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 2: there are this many of them and a place that 129 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:07,720 Speaker 2: we know was a hospital. Other items that were found 130 00:08:07,760 --> 00:08:11,560 Speaker 2: in the dump also included clamped cisterns that would have 131 00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:14,760 Speaker 2: been used to burn items from homes where somebody had 132 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:20,200 Speaker 2: contracted plague. Moving on, archaeologists in central Hungary have found 133 00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:23,000 Speaker 2: the gravesite of a man who was buried along with 134 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 2: a set of high quality surgical tools that date back 135 00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:30,520 Speaker 2: to the first century. These were Roman surgical instruments, including 136 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:34,760 Speaker 2: things like forceps, needles, tweezers, and scalpels, which were packed 137 00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:37,920 Speaker 2: together in two wooden chests and buried at the man's feet. 138 00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:42,479 Speaker 2: There was also a grinding stone, possibly used for preparing medicines, 139 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:45,760 Speaker 2: and that was placed at the man's knees, so this 140 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:49,840 Speaker 2: appears to be a complete surgical kit. Very finely made 141 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:54,040 Speaker 2: with silver inlay on some of the handles. It's rare 142 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:56,760 Speaker 2: to find a full kit like this at all, but 143 00:08:56,840 --> 00:09:01,520 Speaker 2: this one's particularly unusual because of how far this was from. 144 00:09:01,559 --> 00:09:04,920 Speaker 2: Like the central areas of the Roman Empire, it's actually 145 00:09:04,920 --> 00:09:09,160 Speaker 2: not totally clear whether this area was under Roman control 146 00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:13,440 Speaker 2: by the first century. It's possible that this belonged to 147 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 2: somebody who had traveled from a more central part of 148 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:20,600 Speaker 2: the empire to treat a prominent person, or maybe had 149 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:24,120 Speaker 2: been accompanying a military unit. There are some plans for 150 00:09:24,200 --> 00:09:27,439 Speaker 2: future research into this grave site and the person's remains 151 00:09:27,480 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 2: that might reveal more about this person, where they were from. 152 00:09:32,200 --> 00:09:35,440 Speaker 2: And In our last medical find, divers in Dry Tortuga's 153 00:09:35,559 --> 00:09:38,199 Speaker 2: National Park, which is about seventy miles off the coast 154 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:42,000 Speaker 2: of Key West, Florida, have found a nineteenth century quarantine 155 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 2: hospital on a now submerged island. This hospital was used 156 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:50,000 Speaker 2: to house and treat people who contracted yellow fever. The 157 00:09:50,040 --> 00:09:54,360 Speaker 2: team also found one grave marker from Fort Jefferson Post Cemetery, 158 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:58,079 Speaker 2: which was mainly used for soldiers and prisoners at Fort Jefferson, 159 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 2: but was also home to sums civilian burials. Although only 160 00:10:02,559 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 2: one marker was found in this survey. Dozens of people 161 00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:09,920 Speaker 2: are known to have been interred there. So this quarantine 162 00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:14,400 Speaker 2: hospital was established by the US Marine Hospital Service in 163 00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:19,000 Speaker 2: eighteen ninety and it operated until nineteen hundred. Before that point, 164 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:22,559 Speaker 2: there had been a lot of other smaller, sometimes temporary 165 00:10:22,679 --> 00:10:25,640 Speaker 2: quarantine facilities for yellow fever patients as well as people 166 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:29,760 Speaker 2: who contracted other diseases on islands all around the Keys. 167 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:33,520 Speaker 2: That Island in Key West is one of several in 168 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:37,720 Speaker 2: the area that are now submerged due to sea level rise, erosion, 169 00:10:38,080 --> 00:10:41,240 Speaker 2: and the effects of major storms. So we're following that 170 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:42,120 Speaker 2: with a few. 171 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:46,280 Speaker 1: Other finds that are related to climate and climate change. First, 172 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:50,280 Speaker 1: we've covered research involving tree rings on various episodes, including 173 00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:54,080 Speaker 1: studies of trees themselves and of items made from wood, 174 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:58,640 Speaker 1: including timber frames and shipholes. This time the research is 175 00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 1: on wooden labels that were affixed to mummies when Egypt 176 00:11:01,960 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: was under the control of the Roman Empire. So these 177 00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:08,200 Speaker 1: wooden labels were a way to prevent mix ups with 178 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:12,480 Speaker 1: people's remains, since the remains were no longer identifiable by 179 00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:15,160 Speaker 1: things like what a person looked like once they had 180 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: been embalmed and wrapped. The labels would include a person's name, 181 00:11:19,559 --> 00:11:22,560 Speaker 1: the names of their parents, sometimes some other writing, like 182 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:27,040 Speaker 1: maybe a religious message. There are thousands of these labels 183 00:11:27,080 --> 00:11:29,920 Speaker 1: and museums around the world, made from the wood of 184 00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 1: different types of trees, and taken together, they can provide 185 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:38,160 Speaker 1: an account of how the climate fluctuated during the period 186 00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:42,199 Speaker 1: that they were used. This study looked at three hundred labels, 187 00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:46,360 Speaker 1: finding places where the tree rings overlapped on two different labels. 188 00:11:46,960 --> 00:11:49,120 Speaker 1: The trees used to make these labels were from the 189 00:11:49,160 --> 00:11:52,960 Speaker 1: Mediterranean modern day Lebanon and the region around the mouth 190 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:56,880 Speaker 1: of the Nile River, and there is so much information 191 00:11:57,040 --> 00:12:00,000 Speaker 1: that can be gleaned from them, including about long distance 192 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:03,760 Speaker 1: trading networks, shifts in the climate, and the people whose 193 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 1: remains bore these labels. For example, in some cases two 194 00:12:07,679 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: labels were made from the same piece of wood, and 195 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:12,559 Speaker 1: in some cases both of them seem to have been 196 00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:15,320 Speaker 1: made at the same time for people who were part 197 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:19,840 Speaker 1: of the same family. This suggests that multiple people from 198 00:12:19,880 --> 00:12:23,679 Speaker 1: that family died at the same time. The Three Starts 199 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:27,200 Speaker 1: was actually published in the International Journal of Wood Culture 200 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 1: in January, but more general publications didn't really start reporting 201 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 1: on it until the spring. Next, research on a thousand 202 00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:39,720 Speaker 1: year old earthen wall in northwestern Peru suggests that it 203 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: was built as protection from flooding due to the recurring 204 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:46,880 Speaker 1: climate pattern known as El Nino. This wall is about 205 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:50,520 Speaker 1: six miles or ten kilometers long and eight feet or 206 00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:54,720 Speaker 1: two point five meters high. It's known as Maria la Cumbre, 207 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:58,080 Speaker 1: and before this point many researchers had concluded that it 208 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:00,559 Speaker 1: was built by the Chimu people as a defense against 209 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:05,360 Speaker 1: invasions by the Inca, But new research has found that 210 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:08,840 Speaker 1: there are layers and layers of flood sediment only on 211 00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:12,240 Speaker 1: one side of the wall, leaving the canals and farmlands 212 00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:16,160 Speaker 1: on the other side unaffected by flooding. This wall also 213 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:21,600 Speaker 1: crosses two dry riverbeds that regularly flood during that Alnino cycle. 214 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:26,840 Speaker 1: And lastly, archaeologists and other researchers in Iraq are reporting 215 00:13:26,840 --> 00:13:31,319 Speaker 1: that archaeological sites there are being buried and otherwise damaged 216 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:35,240 Speaker 1: by sandstorms, which are becoming larger, more frequent, and more 217 00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:39,840 Speaker 1: destructive due to global warming. This includes the reburial of 218 00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:44,240 Speaker 1: sites that had previously been excavated, including Sumerian ruins of 219 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:47,599 Speaker 1: um Al al Karibe. In addition, to the reburial of 220 00:13:47,720 --> 00:13:53,880 Speaker 1: archaeological sites. Sandstorms are essentially sand blasting exposed surfaces. The 221 00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:57,280 Speaker 1: effects of climate change in a rack are also compounded 222 00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: by a number of other factors, including the dam of 223 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:03,760 Speaker 1: rivers both within and outside of a rock, and the 224 00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:08,200 Speaker 1: abandonment of farms as irrigation becomes unsustainable. This is all, 225 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:13,439 Speaker 1: of course, very complicated. The irrigation practices themselves are often wasteful, 226 00:14:13,559 --> 00:14:16,960 Speaker 1: but without the crops being grown, there isn't enough plant 227 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:19,040 Speaker 1: life to help keep the soil in place. 228 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:23,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, the roots help stabilize the soil, and when they're 229 00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:27,360 Speaker 2: not there anymore, even though keeping them watered was often 230 00:14:27,480 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 2: like not efficient in terms of water use. Like without 231 00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:35,240 Speaker 2: their roots, the soils starts to erode and turn into sandstorms. 232 00:14:36,080 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 2: Of course, the Rock is not the only nation to 233 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:40,560 Speaker 2: be facing these kinds of issues. There are a lot 234 00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:43,680 Speaker 2: of other, you know, global issues at play, but according 235 00:14:43,720 --> 00:14:46,760 Speaker 2: to the United Nations, it's one of the five countries 236 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:49,880 Speaker 2: most impacted by some of the effects of climate change, 237 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:54,080 Speaker 2: including drought. We are going to cover repatriations in just 238 00:14:54,120 --> 00:14:56,320 Speaker 2: a moment, but first we will hear from the sponsors 239 00:14:56,320 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 2: that keep stuff you missed in history class going as 240 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,880 Speaker 2: Holly mentioned, now we are going to talk about some repatriations. 241 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:15,040 Speaker 2: In July of twenty twenty two, we talked about an 242 00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:19,720 Speaker 2: ancient Roman bust that Laura Young, proprietor of Temple of Vintage, 243 00:15:20,360 --> 00:15:23,920 Speaker 2: founded a goodwill in Austin, Texas. This bust has been 244 00:15:23,960 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 2: on display at the San Antonio Museum of Art for 245 00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:29,840 Speaker 2: about a year, but now it is being returned not 246 00:15:30,040 --> 00:15:34,080 Speaker 2: to Italy but to the replica Pompeiian Villa, built by 247 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:36,720 Speaker 2: King Lidvig, the First of Bavaria in the eighteen forties. 248 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:41,440 Speaker 2: That replica is known as the Pompianum. I think I'm 249 00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:45,520 Speaker 2: saying that right. The Pompianum was the last known home 250 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:48,080 Speaker 2: of this bust. It was part of the collection of 251 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:52,360 Speaker 2: King Lidvig the First. The plan is to either have 252 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 2: it displayed there or to place it in the collection 253 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:58,720 Speaker 2: of the Glyptotech, which is the museum in Munich that 254 00:15:58,920 --> 00:16:02,440 Speaker 2: holds the rest of King Ledwig's the First's collection. 255 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:08,000 Speaker 1: The Manhattan Antiquities Trafficking Unit is returning an Olmec sculpture 256 00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:12,360 Speaker 1: to Mexico. This piece represents an earth monster with a 257 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:15,720 Speaker 1: very large open mouth to grant access to the Underworld. 258 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:18,920 Speaker 1: It likely dates back to some time between eight hundred 259 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 1: and four hundred BCE. It is not clear when or 260 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:26,040 Speaker 1: how this piece was removed from Mexico, but it was 261 00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:30,840 Speaker 1: documented as being in the United States by nineteen sixty eight. Yeah, 262 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:34,200 Speaker 1: I'm not sure if monster is absolutely the best word 263 00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:37,400 Speaker 1: for what this being was, but that is how it 264 00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:43,040 Speaker 1: has been translated from every Spanish language source that I found. Next, 265 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:47,360 Speaker 1: a number of repatriation announcements that came out this spring 266 00:16:47,440 --> 00:16:50,560 Speaker 1: were all connected to the collection of Shelby White, who's 267 00:16:50,560 --> 00:16:54,680 Speaker 1: the trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. White and 268 00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:58,760 Speaker 1: her late husband, Leon Levy amassed a just huge collection 269 00:16:58,840 --> 00:17:01,560 Speaker 1: of art and antiquity and then donated some of that 270 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:06,000 Speaker 1: collection or loaned it to museums. But this collection has 271 00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:09,120 Speaker 1: come under a lot of scrutiny in more recent years 272 00:17:09,160 --> 00:17:11,480 Speaker 1: because of a lot of the items in it didn't 273 00:17:11,520 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: have a clear providence, and investigators have concluded that a 274 00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:19,440 Speaker 1: number of them had been looted or stolen. The Manhattan 275 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:22,919 Speaker 1: District Attorney's Office issued search warrants in this matter in 276 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:26,400 Speaker 1: twenty twenty one, and then over the course of an investigation, 277 00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,400 Speaker 1: authorities seized eighty nine items from ten different countries, estimated 278 00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: to be worth roughly sixty nine million dollars. Several items 279 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:40,680 Speaker 1: were returned to their countries of origin this spring, including 280 00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:44,120 Speaker 1: two alabaster figures and a silver vessel that were returned 281 00:17:44,119 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: to Yemen, two seven century stone carvings that were returned 282 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 1: to China, a Sumerian alabaster bull that was returned to 283 00:17:51,880 --> 00:17:55,040 Speaker 1: a rock and other items that were included along with 284 00:17:55,119 --> 00:17:58,120 Speaker 1: others not connected to white that were returned to Turkya. 285 00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:03,240 Speaker 2: The Kunstastoris Museum in Austria has announced plans to return 286 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,800 Speaker 2: two small pieces that are part of the Parthenon marbles 287 00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 2: to Greece. I have some questions about this particular announcement 288 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:16,119 Speaker 2: because reports quote Austrian Foreign Minister Alexander Shallenberg is saying 289 00:18:16,119 --> 00:18:21,040 Speaker 2: that the museum was in discussion for quote mutual loans 290 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 2: with the Acropolis Museum in Greece. But Greek authorities have 291 00:18:25,880 --> 00:18:31,960 Speaker 2: reportedly rejected previously proposed loans from other institutions because in 292 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:36,800 Speaker 2: their view, these items already belonged to Greece, so whoever 293 00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:40,000 Speaker 2: outside of Greece is proposing to loan them back to 294 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:42,679 Speaker 2: Greece like doesn't actually have the authority to do so. 295 00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 2: These pieces are two pretty small fragments. They're the only 296 00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:50,360 Speaker 2: items from the Parthenon that are currently in this museum's collection. 297 00:18:51,640 --> 00:18:56,080 Speaker 2: Authorities in Italy have returned a second century Feuderary stelay 298 00:18:56,440 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 2: known as Bride of the Desert to Turkya. The stele 299 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:03,359 Speaker 2: had illegally excavated and it was sold in France before 300 00:19:03,359 --> 00:19:07,119 Speaker 2: making its way to a private home in Italy. Next, 301 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 2: the painting Madonna and Child by Italian Baroque painter Alessandro 302 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:15,680 Speaker 2: Turci was slated to be sold at auction in Tokyo, 303 00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:20,520 Speaker 2: but the auction was canceled when Polish officials reported that 304 00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 2: this piece had been looted by the Nazis during World 305 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:28,639 Speaker 2: War II. The painting seller, who remained anonymous, agreed to 306 00:19:28,720 --> 00:19:30,960 Speaker 2: return it to Poland at no cost. 307 00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:34,560 Speaker 1: This painting was handed over to Polish officials at the 308 00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:38,439 Speaker 1: Polish Embassy in Tokyo in May. This is the first 309 00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:40,680 Speaker 1: work to have been looted by the Nazis during World 310 00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:44,720 Speaker 1: War II that was returned to Poland from Japan. It's 311 00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:47,240 Speaker 1: planned for the painting to be placed in a public 312 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:49,080 Speaker 1: museum next. 313 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:52,959 Speaker 2: Authorities in Germany have returned two sacred masks to the 314 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:57,200 Speaker 2: indigenous Kogi people in Colombia. These masks had been part 315 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:02,640 Speaker 2: of a collection in the Berlin Ethnologi Museum. While these 316 00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:07,200 Speaker 2: have been returned, the museum also routinely treated the masks 317 00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:11,080 Speaker 2: with insecticides while they were in their collection to try 318 00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:15,240 Speaker 2: to prevent insect infestation, and these insecticides could be toxic 319 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:19,359 Speaker 2: to people as well. There are concerns about whether they 320 00:20:19,359 --> 00:20:22,560 Speaker 2: can actually be handled safely or used for the religious 321 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:25,840 Speaker 2: purposes that they were made for back in the fifteenth century. 322 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:28,280 Speaker 2: And it was the intent of the people being returned 323 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:32,280 Speaker 2: to that they would be restored to their original ceremonial use. 324 00:20:33,160 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: And lastly, the National Museum of Denmark is donating a 325 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,400 Speaker 1: truly beautiful feather cape to the National Museum of Brazil. 326 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:44,320 Speaker 1: You might recall that the National Museum of Brazil burned 327 00:20:44,359 --> 00:20:48,159 Speaker 1: in twenty eighteen and lost almost its entire collection. The 328 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: museum is currently working to rebuild that collection and collaboration 329 00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:55,600 Speaker 1: with the indigenous peoples of Brazil as well as foreign museums. 330 00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,159 Speaker 2: So this cape is at least three hundred years old 331 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:02,240 Speaker 2: and it was made by that Tupanaba people. It's one 332 00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:06,879 Speaker 2: of only eleven known pieces like this to still exist, 333 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:11,200 Speaker 2: and before this donation, all of them were in European museums, 334 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:16,280 Speaker 2: nearly half of them in museums in Denmark. This specific cape, 335 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:21,159 Speaker 2: which again it's just it's gorgeous, it has generally agreed 336 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,199 Speaker 2: to be the best preserved of all of these. It 337 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 2: was originally used for religious and ceremonial purposes, and in 338 00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:33,080 Speaker 2: a statement Tupanaba Babao, who is the tribe's chief, described 339 00:21:33,119 --> 00:21:36,200 Speaker 2: the return as the returning of an ancestor. 340 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:40,359 Speaker 1: Moving on to some books and letters. While working on 341 00:21:40,359 --> 00:21:43,600 Speaker 1: a new biography of Martin Luther King, Junior, Jonathan Eig 342 00:21:43,720 --> 00:21:47,560 Speaker 1: found evidence that a widely repeated quote from King about 343 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:52,440 Speaker 1: Malcolm X may have been partially fabricated. The quote came 344 00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:55,720 Speaker 1: from an interview conducted by Alex Haley for the January 345 00:21:55,800 --> 00:22:00,600 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty five edition of Playboy magazine as print. When 346 00:22:00,640 --> 00:22:03,359 Speaker 1: asked to comment on Malcolm X, King said, in part 347 00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:07,320 Speaker 1: quote and in his litany of articulating the despair of 348 00:22:07,320 --> 00:22:12,040 Speaker 1: the Negro without offering any positive creative alternative, I feel 349 00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 1: that Malcolm has done himself and our people a great disservice. Fiery, 350 00:22:17,119 --> 00:22:20,960 Speaker 1: demagogic oratory in the black ghettos. Urging negroes to arm 351 00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:24,200 Speaker 1: themselves and prepare to engage in violence as he has done, 352 00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:28,919 Speaker 1: can reap nothing but grief. But there is a typed 353 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,600 Speaker 1: transcript of the recording of this interview, which was prepared 354 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:36,440 Speaker 1: by a secretariat, appears at the recording itself doesn't exist anymore. 355 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:41,919 Speaker 1: In that type transcript, King's response is nothing like that 356 00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:47,280 Speaker 1: printed quote. He does still criticize Malcolm X, but the criticisms. 357 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:49,800 Speaker 2: Are a lot more moderate. The quote from the transcript 358 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 2: ends quote, but I know that I have so often 359 00:22:52,840 --> 00:22:56,240 Speaker 2: felt that I wished that he would talk less of violence, 360 00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 2: because I don't think that violence can solve our problem. 361 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,720 Speaker 2: And in his life litany of expressing the despair of 362 00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:05,080 Speaker 2: the negro without offering a positive creative approach, I think 363 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:06,600 Speaker 2: that he falls into a rut. 364 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: Sometimes some of that printed interview seems like a mish 365 00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:14,840 Speaker 1: mash of things King did say, But in other parts 366 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: of the interview, in response to other questions that didn't 367 00:23:17,960 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 1: directly reference Malcolm X, other parts of that published quote 368 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:26,439 Speaker 1: don't align with anything that appears in the transcript at all. So, 369 00:23:26,560 --> 00:23:29,280 Speaker 1: of course, Alex Haley is best known for his books 370 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:32,720 Speaker 1: Roots and the Autobiography of Malcolm X, as Told to 371 00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: Alex Haley. Roots was a best seller, and it won 372 00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:40,719 Speaker 1: the Pulitzer Prize was adapted into a widely known mini series. 373 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:45,119 Speaker 1: But then Haley also faced allegations of both plagiarism and 374 00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:50,160 Speaker 1: historical inaccuracy. He settled a plagiarism lawsuit in nineteen seventy eight. 375 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: And so this discovery has led to calls for like 376 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:56,639 Speaker 1: a closer examination of the Autobiography of Malcolm X and 377 00:23:56,840 --> 00:24:00,400 Speaker 1: questions about whether everything that's in it was reported accurately. 378 00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:05,000 Speaker 1: Moving On. A manuscript known as the Codex Sassoon is 379 00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:07,840 Speaker 1: one of the oldest most complete copies of the Hebrew 380 00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:11,080 Speaker 1: Bible in existence, dating back to some time between the 381 00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:15,119 Speaker 1: years eight eighty and nine sixty. It was named for 382 00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:19,520 Speaker 1: David Solomon Sassoon, who purchased it in nineteen twenty nine. 383 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:23,520 Speaker 1: In May, this manuscript was sold at auction at Sotheby's 384 00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:27,960 Speaker 1: for thirty eight million dollars. The buyer was Alfred H. 385 00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:31,640 Speaker 1: Moses On, behalf of the American Friends of Anu, who 386 00:24:31,640 --> 00:24:34,200 Speaker 1: then donated the codex to the A and U Museum 387 00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:36,960 Speaker 1: of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv. It had been 388 00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:39,240 Speaker 1: on exhibit there prior to this auction. 389 00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:44,919 Speaker 2: Next, research into a fifteenth century manuscript suggests that it 390 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:48,040 Speaker 2: was the work of a traveling menstrul basically writing out 391 00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:51,800 Speaker 2: his songs and his jokes for an act, probably a 392 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:56,480 Speaker 2: man don't actually really know, though. This work is a copy. 393 00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,359 Speaker 2: According to a note that is written inside of it, 394 00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:01,960 Speaker 2: this copy of made by Richard Heey because he was 395 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:04,960 Speaker 2: at a feast that he didn't have a drink, which 396 00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:07,840 Speaker 2: I find hilarious. He was a tutor, not a performer, 397 00:25:07,960 --> 00:25:11,480 Speaker 2: so this was definitely not his own work. This manuscript 398 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:14,840 Speaker 2: has been studied previously, but most of that earlier research 399 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:17,639 Speaker 2: was looking at how the booklet was made, not at 400 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:21,720 Speaker 2: the actual contents of it. It includes a lot of nonsense. First, 401 00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:26,160 Speaker 2: there's a mock sermon. There's also a burlesque romance called 402 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:28,920 Speaker 2: the Hunting of the Hair, in which there is a 403 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:33,560 Speaker 2: bloodthirsty rabbit, which is actually kind of a common theme 404 00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:35,640 Speaker 2: in literature of this era, but a lot of people 405 00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:37,360 Speaker 2: have compared it to Monty Python. 406 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:42,120 Speaker 1: I was gonna say, bugs Bunny, that sure certainly top 407 00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:44,840 Speaker 1: of mind. The scholar who looked at all of this, 408 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: doctor James Wade, thinks that the original work was something 409 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,920 Speaker 1: a performer wrote out because they were creating their own 410 00:25:50,960 --> 00:25:54,639 Speaker 1: original material but not really using a lot of the tricks. 411 00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:57,640 Speaker 1: It would make it easier to remember during a live performance, 412 00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:00,879 Speaker 1: like repeated lines or verses. As far as we know, 413 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:04,199 Speaker 1: that original work is lost, but this copy provides a 414 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 1: glimpse of what comedy was like in the time and 415 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:10,679 Speaker 1: on our last books and letters find. A team of 416 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:14,040 Speaker 1: experts has confirmed that a book of hours or a 417 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:17,879 Speaker 1: prayer book in the collection of Wren Library at Trinity College, 418 00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:22,760 Speaker 1: Cambridge belonged to Henry the Eights minister Thomas Cromwell, not 419 00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:26,399 Speaker 1: just that it's specifically a prayer book shown in a 420 00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:30,200 Speaker 1: portrait of Cromwell that was made by court painter Hans Holbein. 421 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:36,080 Speaker 1: Alison Palmer, curator at Heaver Castle, and Kate McCaffrey, assistant curator, 422 00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:40,120 Speaker 1: were both involved in this find. Heaver Castle was Anne 423 00:26:40,119 --> 00:26:43,480 Speaker 1: Boleyn's childhood home and its collection included a book of 424 00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:46,399 Speaker 1: Hours that belonged to her, which was probably printed in 425 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:50,919 Speaker 1: fifteen twenty seven by French printer Germain Hadua. In twenty 426 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:54,160 Speaker 1: twenty one, McCaffrey had realized that there was another copy 427 00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:56,720 Speaker 1: of this fifteen twenty seven book in the collection of 428 00:26:56,760 --> 00:27:00,880 Speaker 1: the Morgan Library, that one belonging to Throne of Aragon. 429 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:04,520 Speaker 1: An inscription in the book names it as Catherine, so 430 00:27:04,680 --> 00:27:08,080 Speaker 1: that part was already known. What McCaffrey realized was that 431 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:11,639 Speaker 1: it and Anne Boleyn's book were two different copies of 432 00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:15,760 Speaker 1: the same book of ours. So after realizing that there 433 00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:18,760 Speaker 1: was a third possible copy of this same book in 434 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,840 Speaker 1: the collection at Trinity College, McCaffrey arranged a visit and 435 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:27,600 Speaker 1: Palmer recognized the books ornate binding as the same that 436 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:30,440 Speaker 1: was as what's shown in this portrait of Thomas Cromwell. 437 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,919 Speaker 1: The team then traced the book's provenance, which at that 438 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:36,560 Speaker 1: point wasn't that well documented, and they traced it back 439 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:41,000 Speaker 1: to Cromwell. The book is temporarily on display at Heaver Castle, 440 00:27:41,119 --> 00:27:43,440 Speaker 1: which is believed to be the first time that it's 441 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:46,600 Speaker 1: been loaned from the Trinity College library since it was 442 00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:49,360 Speaker 1: donated to the college in sixteen sixty. 443 00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:54,200 Speaker 2: I love that little detail. We'll take a little sponsor break, 444 00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:56,480 Speaker 2: and then we have a few more things before we 445 00:27:56,520 --> 00:28:10,240 Speaker 2: close out. Next we have a few works of religious artwork. 446 00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:14,960 Speaker 2: Archaeologists in Mexico doing rescue work ahead of a new 447 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:18,200 Speaker 2: train route have found a stone statue of the Maya 448 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:22,679 Speaker 2: god Kuwil. This is the first known sculpture representing this 449 00:28:22,760 --> 00:28:26,879 Speaker 2: deity found in Mexico, although there are three other sculptures 450 00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:31,000 Speaker 2: in Guatemala. There are more like two dimensional representations, but 451 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:35,040 Speaker 2: sculptures are actually pretty rare. This train route has come 452 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:38,480 Speaker 2: up on unearthed previously. It's become known as the Maya Train, 453 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,760 Speaker 2: and it's going to connect multiple sites on the Yucatan Peninsula. 454 00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:45,960 Speaker 2: This is a controversial project, one that may bring tourists 455 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 2: and researchers from coastal areas to historic and cultural sites 456 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:55,160 Speaker 2: farther inland, but which also has serious environmental and archaeological impacts. 457 00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,320 Speaker 2: There are plans to establish a museum to house artifacts 458 00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:02,200 Speaker 2: that have been unearth during its construction, but there are 459 00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:05,440 Speaker 2: also concerns that the construction is just too destructive for 460 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 2: any museum to possibly offset. Currently, the train is scheduled 461 00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:15,640 Speaker 2: to begin running in September next Archaeologists in Sudan found 462 00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:20,120 Speaker 2: an opening in the floor of a home of Old Dongola, 463 00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:22,280 Speaker 2: which is a town that was built starting in the 464 00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:26,120 Speaker 2: fourth century. It was known as Tungul in old Nubian. 465 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:29,840 Speaker 2: This is town is abandoned now. It was largely abandoned 466 00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:33,160 Speaker 2: in the nineteenth century after its population moved to what's 467 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 2: now known as just Dongola. This opening led to a 468 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:41,080 Speaker 2: small chamber, and in that chamber, the walls were covered 469 00:29:41,120 --> 00:29:45,400 Speaker 2: in Nubian art, including one artwork depicting a Nubian king 470 00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:48,400 Speaker 2: in the company of Jesus Christ and the archangel Michael. 471 00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:52,320 Speaker 1: There is a lot that's not yet known about this discovery. 472 00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:56,200 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working on the project have described this painting as 473 00:29:56,320 --> 00:30:00,520 Speaker 1: not typical of how Nubian rulers were normally depicted, and 474 00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:03,200 Speaker 1: there are also questions about the chamber where this artwork 475 00:30:03,280 --> 00:30:06,960 Speaker 1: was found, part of a complex of very small spaces 476 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,440 Speaker 1: that are almost like crypt but would have been at 477 00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:10,240 Speaker 1: ground level. 478 00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:15,680 Speaker 2: Next, an elephant statue unearthed in India is being described 479 00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:18,480 Speaker 2: as one of the oldest of its kind. It is 480 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:21,840 Speaker 2: a Buddhist statue. It probably dates back to the third 481 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:25,400 Speaker 2: century BCE. At that point, the population of the area 482 00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:29,760 Speaker 2: where it was found was predominantly Buddhist. It's about three 483 00:30:29,760 --> 00:30:32,480 Speaker 2: feet or a meter tall, and other finds in the 484 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:36,920 Speaker 2: area also include parts of a Buddhist temple Elephants are 485 00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:40,360 Speaker 2: a common motif in Buddhist art, linked to a story 486 00:30:40,360 --> 00:30:43,320 Speaker 2: that the Buddhists mother had a dream of a white 487 00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:47,520 Speaker 2: elephant that entered her side when she conceived him. And 488 00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:51,360 Speaker 2: our last find of religious artwork shows how globally connected 489 00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:54,400 Speaker 2: the ancient world could be. Thousands of years ago. 490 00:30:55,160 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: Archaeologists have found a statue of the Buddha that dates 491 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:01,600 Speaker 1: back to between the years ninety and one. It was 492 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:05,400 Speaker 1: found in the ancient Egyptian port city of Baroniki on 493 00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:09,160 Speaker 1: the Red Sea. Archaeologists believed that it belonged to someone 494 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:11,640 Speaker 1: from South Asia, but that it may have been made 495 00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:16,000 Speaker 1: locally in Baroniki rather than brought with that person. An 496 00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:19,920 Speaker 1: inscription in Sanskrit has been found in Baroniki as well. 497 00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:24,520 Speaker 2: At this point when this was likely made, Egypt was 498 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:27,400 Speaker 2: under control of the Roman Empire, and we already knew 499 00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:31,600 Speaker 2: that Egypt was trading with the Indian subcontinent. But these 500 00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:35,160 Speaker 2: finds suggest that there may have been an established community 501 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,960 Speaker 2: of people from South Asia, possibly merchants, living in Egypt 502 00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:41,840 Speaker 2: during this period, in addition to the merchants who were 503 00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:45,600 Speaker 2: passing through the area. Now we're going to move on 504 00:31:45,640 --> 00:31:49,800 Speaker 2: to some weapons and tool finds. Archaeologists in Germany have 505 00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:54,480 Speaker 2: unearthed an incredibly well preserved Bronze age sword, one described 506 00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:58,560 Speaker 2: as being in such exceptional condition that it almost shines. 507 00:31:59,280 --> 00:32:01,320 Speaker 2: The sword was balanced in a way that would have 508 00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:03,960 Speaker 2: made it usable as a weapon, but it doesn't show 509 00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:07,640 Speaker 2: any evidence of having been used that way. There is 510 00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:10,760 Speaker 2: some disagreement about whether bronze swords in general would have 511 00:32:10,760 --> 00:32:14,160 Speaker 2: been used as weapons, since bronze is a pretty soft material. 512 00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 2: This sword was found alongside the remains of three people 513 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:20,920 Speaker 2: who seem to have been buried at about the same time, 514 00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:23,760 Speaker 2: but it isn't clear how they're connected to one another, 515 00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:27,920 Speaker 2: or how any of them might be connected to the sword. Next, 516 00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:31,440 Speaker 2: an eight year old student in Norway found a neolithic 517 00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:35,800 Speaker 2: dagger tucked in between some stones on a playground. She 518 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:38,880 Speaker 2: took this to her teacher. Teacher recognized it as something 519 00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:42,120 Speaker 2: that had been maybe intentionally made it wasn't just a 520 00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:46,680 Speaker 2: random cool rock, and contacted authorities to report a possible 521 00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:51,840 Speaker 2: prehistoric find. The dagger is about three thousand, seven hundred 522 00:32:51,920 --> 00:32:54,800 Speaker 2: years old, and it's made from flint, which is not 523 00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:58,360 Speaker 2: a material that's naturally present in Norway, so it was 524 00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:02,520 Speaker 2: likely imported from somewhere else, possibly Denmark. It's now being 525 00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:05,960 Speaker 2: studied at the University Museum of Bergen. This is a 526 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:09,640 Speaker 2: really rare find and further archaeological work at the playground 527 00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:13,160 Speaker 2: didn't find anything significant. Yeah, I'm not sure how it 528 00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:17,000 Speaker 2: came to be there. Speaking of flint though, we've talked 529 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:21,040 Speaker 2: about flint tools on several installments of Unearthed, but something 530 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:23,560 Speaker 2: we've never really touched on, is that the process of 531 00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:27,320 Speaker 2: making these tools, known as flint napping, could lead to 532 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:32,320 Speaker 2: serious injuries. Flint napping involves striking pieces of flint with 533 00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:35,480 Speaker 2: tools to flake off pieces of it until it gets 534 00:33:35,480 --> 00:33:39,400 Speaker 2: to the desired shape and sharpness. There are a lot 535 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:43,520 Speaker 2: of opportunities in this process for people to injure themselves. 536 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:48,360 Speaker 2: Research published in the journal American Antiquity surveyed one hundred 537 00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:52,400 Speaker 2: and seventy three modern flint nappers about their injuries and 538 00:33:52,520 --> 00:33:55,320 Speaker 2: found that a lot of those injuries could be quite serious. 539 00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:59,680 Speaker 2: Those one hundred seventy three flint nappers reported almost six 540 00:33:59,760 --> 00:34:03,480 Speaker 2: high hundred and ninety injuries among them, with about sixty 541 00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:06,680 Speaker 2: percent of those injuries happening to their fingers or hands, 542 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:11,239 Speaker 2: but respondents also described eye injuries and injuries to just 543 00:34:11,280 --> 00:34:14,640 Speaker 2: about every other part of their bodies, including cuts that 544 00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:18,680 Speaker 2: went all the way to the bone. So if ancient 545 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:22,279 Speaker 2: flint knappers saw similar rates of injury, that meant that 546 00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:26,160 Speaker 2: making these tools came with the significant risk not just 547 00:34:26,239 --> 00:34:29,040 Speaker 2: through the injuries themselves, but through the risk of infection. 548 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 2: We're talking about a time when antibiotics were not as 549 00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:36,359 Speaker 2: they are today in terms of treating and preventing infections. 550 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:40,800 Speaker 2: A paper in the Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology has offered 551 00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:44,879 Speaker 2: a possible explanation for the use of some unusual prehistoric 552 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,960 Speaker 2: objects that were unearthed in France. They're shaped roughly like 553 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:52,160 Speaker 2: the Greek letter omega, They're made of antler or bone, 554 00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:54,919 Speaker 2: and they're about the size that a person's finger could 555 00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:58,319 Speaker 2: fit through the center. The hypothesis is that these are 556 00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:02,200 Speaker 2: finger loops meant for use with spear throwers or dart throwers. 557 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:08,480 Speaker 2: To test this hypothesis, anthropologist Justin Garnett made replica loops 558 00:35:08,560 --> 00:35:11,719 Speaker 2: from antler, bone and three D printed plastic, and then 559 00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:17,400 Speaker 2: fitted these loops to reconstructed throwers, using them to launch darts. 560 00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:19,600 Speaker 2: This is not the first time on the show that 561 00:35:19,640 --> 00:35:24,279 Speaker 2: we have talked about testing hypothesis about these kinds of 562 00:35:24,320 --> 00:35:28,080 Speaker 2: things by just making one and trying it out. This 563 00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:31,800 Speaker 2: did seem to work, which may mean that this is correct, 564 00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:35,160 Speaker 2: that these were for you somethings like spear throwers, and 565 00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,520 Speaker 2: then that would mean that people have been using those 566 00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:42,000 Speaker 2: kinds of items in Europe starting way earlier than was 567 00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:43,040 Speaker 2: previously thought. 568 00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:48,000 Speaker 1: And lastly for this section, archaeologists in eastern China have 569 00:35:48,160 --> 00:35:51,880 Speaker 1: unearthed the four thousand year old ritual axe head, decorated 570 00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,080 Speaker 1: on both sides with engravings of clouds, birds and tigers. 571 00:35:56,680 --> 00:36:00,200 Speaker 1: Although other similar axes have previously been found with bird 572 00:36:00,239 --> 00:36:03,399 Speaker 1: and cloud decorations, this is the first who have been 573 00:36:03,440 --> 00:36:07,960 Speaker 1: found that was decorated with tigers. Speaking of birds, we 574 00:36:08,080 --> 00:36:10,840 Speaker 1: will close out this installment of an Earth with a 575 00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:15,480 Speaker 1: couple of fines just about birds. Researchers at an archaeological 576 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:19,080 Speaker 1: site on the eastern Mediterranean coast of the Levant found 577 00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,720 Speaker 1: a collection of seven flutes that are roughly twelve thousand 578 00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:26,160 Speaker 1: years old. The site where these were found had already 579 00:36:26,160 --> 00:36:29,799 Speaker 1: been studied pretty extensively, but these flutes were made from 580 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,000 Speaker 1: bird bones and they were mixed in with a lot 581 00:36:33,080 --> 00:36:37,080 Speaker 1: of other bird bones that had not been carved into anything. 582 00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:41,279 Speaker 1: And these flutes are very small. The only one that's 583 00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:44,799 Speaker 1: totally intact is only about two point six inches or 584 00:36:44,880 --> 00:36:49,160 Speaker 1: sixty five millimeters long. Replicas of some of the flutes 585 00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:53,000 Speaker 1: produced very high pitched sounds, and the researchers concluded that 586 00:36:53,080 --> 00:36:55,480 Speaker 1: the Natufians who lived in the region at the time 587 00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,480 Speaker 1: may have made these flutes to imitate bird calls. It's 588 00:36:59,480 --> 00:37:02,960 Speaker 1: not no why, though ideas span from hunting to try 589 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:05,840 Speaker 1: to communicate with the birds for religious reasons. 590 00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:10,200 Speaker 2: These are the oldest instruments known to have been made 591 00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:13,600 Speaker 2: to imitate bird calls, if indeed that's what they were for, 592 00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:19,319 Speaker 2: and the oldest known sound instruments from the Near East specifically, 593 00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,960 Speaker 2: and in our last find for this unearthed archaeologists in 594 00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:27,520 Speaker 2: Japan have found evidence that domesticated chickens. 595 00:37:27,080 --> 00:37:30,520 Speaker 1: Were being bred there as early as the fourth century BCE. 596 00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:34,360 Speaker 1: One challenge with this research is that the bones of 597 00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:38,560 Speaker 1: juvenile chickens really resemble the bones of other related animals, 598 00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,440 Speaker 1: including wild pheasants, that were known to live in Japan 599 00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:45,319 Speaker 1: at the time. The team used a technique called zoo 600 00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:51,160 Speaker 1: archaeology by mass spectrometry or zooms to conclusively determine whether 601 00:37:51,239 --> 00:37:54,120 Speaker 1: some bones of juvenile birds were from a pheasant or 602 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:58,280 Speaker 1: a chicken, and they were chicken bones. So before this point, 603 00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:01,640 Speaker 1: the only bones from this peer period that were conclusively 604 00:38:01,880 --> 00:38:06,080 Speaker 1: shown to be chicken bones were from adult male birds, 605 00:38:06,840 --> 00:38:09,279 Speaker 1: and that does not really answer the question of whether 606 00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:14,040 Speaker 1: they were being intentionally bred. Professor Masaki Ada of Hokkaido 607 00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:19,839 Speaker 1: University Museum describes this discovery as clear evidence of breeding 608 00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:23,960 Speaker 1: at the earliest time that chickens could have been introduced 609 00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:30,680 Speaker 1: into the Japanese archipelago. Pump pump bum unearthed for this quarter. 610 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:35,719 Speaker 2: Uh huh uh. I have a little listener mailbore we 611 00:38:36,160 --> 00:38:41,160 Speaker 2: wrap up today. This is from Anna, and Anna's email 612 00:38:41,320 --> 00:38:44,799 Speaker 2: is titled maps and Rabies, so of course that caught 613 00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:49,000 Speaker 2: my attention. Hello, Holly and Tracy. My name is Anna 614 00:38:49,040 --> 00:38:51,600 Speaker 2: and I'm a longtime listener of the podcast an occasional 615 00:38:51,719 --> 00:38:55,160 Speaker 2: live show attender. I still chuckle at the small child 616 00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:59,400 Speaker 2: during the Q and A session on emergency coffins, who asked, 617 00:39:00,160 --> 00:39:02,879 Speaker 2: but why were the bodies moving around after they were 618 00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:08,200 Speaker 2: dead in regards to corpse bloating. Anyways, I was inspired 619 00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:10,080 Speaker 2: to write in after listening to some of the twenty 620 00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:14,760 Speaker 2: twenty two episodes I missed Rabi's and Mercader like like y'all. 621 00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:17,239 Speaker 2: I also grew up with the mercader projection on the 622 00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:20,720 Speaker 2: pull down map in school, and this podcast episode brought 623 00:39:20,719 --> 00:39:23,560 Speaker 2: back such a distinct memory of the year we added 624 00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:26,480 Speaker 2: a new map to the geography class. I must have 625 00:39:26,520 --> 00:39:28,719 Speaker 2: been about second grade at the time, and for some 626 00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:33,080 Speaker 2: reason I understood the concept behind a different map projection 627 00:39:33,280 --> 00:39:37,280 Speaker 2: having to sacrifice accuracy on certain things. But I cannot, 628 00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,040 Speaker 2: for the life of me figure out why North wasn't 629 00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:44,120 Speaker 2: always up ah kid logic. At my pop Pop's house 630 00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:46,200 Speaker 2: growing up, we also had one of those maps with 631 00:39:46,280 --> 00:39:49,640 Speaker 2: both the USSR and China all in red. By the 632 00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:52,320 Speaker 2: time the Soviet Union dissolved, I was still a baby, 633 00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:54,759 Speaker 2: but I have fond memories of staring that at that 634 00:39:54,840 --> 00:39:57,080 Speaker 2: map with him as a young kid and asking questions 635 00:39:57,160 --> 00:40:00,759 Speaker 2: about all the countries. Incidentally, this this was the same 636 00:40:00,840 --> 00:40:03,000 Speaker 2: pop Pop who put the fear of gotten to me 637 00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:06,120 Speaker 2: about rabies when once I remarked on a squirrel I 638 00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:08,760 Speaker 2: saw eating a nut in the park. Thanks for bringing 639 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:12,560 Speaker 2: back those memories, uh, And I'm enclosing some pictures of 640 00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:15,520 Speaker 2: Gemma White and Meg Brown, my two lovely dogs who 641 00:40:15,560 --> 00:40:17,920 Speaker 2: I'm usually walking when I'm listening to your podcast. I 642 00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:20,080 Speaker 2: guess that could also be Gemma. I don't actually know 643 00:40:21,080 --> 00:40:26,399 Speaker 2: that's from Anna with such cute dogs poppers goodness, oh 644 00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:32,120 Speaker 2: my goodness, I love it. There's there's recently been another 645 00:40:32,239 --> 00:40:37,319 Speaker 2: round of people on social media suddenly becoming aware that 646 00:40:37,719 --> 00:40:44,920 Speaker 2: rabies is uh, almost all the time fatal whoops. So 647 00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:47,719 Speaker 2: it was a weird coincidence that this this email, this 648 00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:50,480 Speaker 2: emails actually from a couple of weeks ago, but suddenly, 649 00:40:50,560 --> 00:40:53,000 Speaker 2: all of a sudden, my various social feeds were people 650 00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:57,640 Speaker 2: talking about rabies. Yes, rabies. If you are bitten by 651 00:40:57,680 --> 00:41:03,600 Speaker 2: an animal that may have rabies, incredibly good idea to 652 00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:09,279 Speaker 2: immediately seek some maybe not immediately like that exact, very 653 00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:14,080 Speaker 2: promptly seek medical attention because once Raby's symptoms, I don't know, 654 00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:16,840 Speaker 2: I would say immediately, yeah, I would do it immediately. 655 00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:20,399 Speaker 2: But we talked about in the episode about rabies about 656 00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:24,640 Speaker 2: how sometimes like the the emergency facility might not have 657 00:41:24,719 --> 00:41:27,600 Speaker 2: the raby shots on hand, and if it's not that 658 00:41:27,719 --> 00:41:30,080 Speaker 2: exact minute that it's probably still going to be okay. 659 00:41:30,120 --> 00:41:37,960 Speaker 2: But yeah, once symptoms of rabies develop, the fatality rate 660 00:41:38,080 --> 00:41:43,120 Speaker 2: is effectively one hundred percent the tiny number of people 661 00:41:43,160 --> 00:41:47,360 Speaker 2: who have developed symptoms and survived. It's a tiny, tiny, 662 00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:51,120 Speaker 2: tiny number, and the protocol that seems to have achieved 663 00:41:51,160 --> 00:41:56,120 Speaker 2: that definitely does not work for everyone. So that's the rabies. 664 00:41:56,280 --> 00:42:02,000 Speaker 2: PSA again, thank you so so much for sending this, 665 00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,000 Speaker 2: this email and these great, great pictures. 666 00:42:04,080 --> 00:42:04,360 Speaker 1: Anna. 667 00:42:04,880 --> 00:42:06,359 Speaker 2: If you would like to send us a note about 668 00:42:06,360 --> 00:42:09,080 Speaker 2: this or any other podcasts, we're at History Podcast at 669 00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:12,319 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio dot com. We're all over social media. Ad missed 670 00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:15,120 Speaker 2: in History. That's there. You'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 671 00:42:15,239 --> 00:42:18,960 Speaker 2: and Instagram. You can subscribe to our show on the 672 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:23,520 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you'd like to get your podcasts. 673 00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,520 Speaker 2: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 674 00:42:30,880 --> 00:42:35,480 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 675 00:42:35,600 --> 00:42:39,000 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.