1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,440 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:16,919 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Today we 4 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:21,440 Speaker 1: have one of those topics that listeners have been asking 5 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:25,160 Speaker 1: us to cover for our entire time hosting the show. 6 00:00:25,239 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: And when I say that, our list of listeners submitted 7 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:34,360 Speaker 1: suggestions is more than twelve hundred topics long, this one 8 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 1: is number twenty eight on there, so one of the 9 00:00:38,880 --> 00:00:43,599 Speaker 1: very first things stuck on there this um. When I 10 00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:45,640 Speaker 1: was reading this, I was like, I don't understand what 11 00:00:45,720 --> 00:00:47,840 Speaker 1: that means, because it made me realize that I don't 12 00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:51,200 Speaker 1: do lists the way you do. They don't chronologically add 13 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:53,960 Speaker 1: to the bottom. They just get shoved wherever. For me, 14 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: So I was like, what does twenty eight mean? Did 15 00:00:56,640 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 1: she waited by number of requits? My short list is 16 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 1: definitely stuff shoved wherever there's a whole, because I'll delete 17 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:09,080 Speaker 1: something once I have have done the episode, and then 18 00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:11,000 Speaker 1: when I have another thing that goes onto the list, 19 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:14,200 Speaker 1: it'll just go into that hole. But yeah, that particular list, 20 00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:17,399 Speaker 1: the most recent things are at the bottom. As a 21 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:20,479 Speaker 1: side note, we've been getting a lot of questions lately 22 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:23,640 Speaker 1: about how to suggest topics for that list, and the 23 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: answer is just dropping in an email. Yeah, you don't 24 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: need to do a ton of research. A couple of 25 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:32,120 Speaker 1: sentences saying who the person is probably or what the 26 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:34,520 Speaker 1: topic is probably helps, But like we we don't need 27 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: a ton of additional stuff besides that, just drop it 28 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:40,920 Speaker 1: in an email anyway. So we are finally going to 29 00:01:40,959 --> 00:01:45,000 Speaker 1: talk about the expulsion of the Acadians, which Acadians you 30 00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:49,600 Speaker 1: refer to as Le Grand Dara or the Great Upheaval. 31 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:53,640 Speaker 1: So the one sentence version of this is that starting 32 00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:57,360 Speaker 1: a seventeen fifty five, the British expelled the French speaking 33 00:01:57,400 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: Acadians from what's now the maritime ovinces of Canada and 34 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:05,280 Speaker 1: northern Maine, particularly the area around Nova Scotia, and a 35 00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:09,800 Speaker 1: lot of them eventually wound up in Louisiana. So that 36 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:13,040 Speaker 1: one sentence uh encapsulates the heart of a lot of 37 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:15,119 Speaker 1: basic write ups about this, but it really leaves out 38 00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:19,760 Speaker 1: a lot, and it's really normal for quick write ups 39 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:23,200 Speaker 1: to leave out some nuance. Like our episodes of this 40 00:02:23,280 --> 00:02:27,280 Speaker 1: show are generally thirty to forty minutes long, they don't 41 00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:31,040 Speaker 1: address every conceivable detail of a thing. But in working 42 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:35,440 Speaker 1: on this, I found some of the gaps between the 43 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:37,680 Speaker 1: quick write up in the more thorough treatment to be 44 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: particularly huge. Like the British. A lot of the British 45 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:47,079 Speaker 1: with this, we're really colonists from Massachusetts. They technically, yes, 46 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:49,880 Speaker 1: we're British, but that's not really what comes to mind 47 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:55,520 Speaker 1: when somebody says that the British did something. Brief summaries 48 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: of all this also tend to mention the Megama basically 49 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,200 Speaker 1: in passing just saying that they were the Acadians allies, 50 00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: but colonial officials attitudes towards the Megama were a big 51 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:10,880 Speaker 1: part of this too. So basically this was both a 52 00:03:10,919 --> 00:03:13,560 Speaker 1: lot worse and a lot more complicated than a lot 53 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:16,120 Speaker 1: of the little one pagers on it really suggests, and 54 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:19,239 Speaker 1: in a more dramatic way than I have usually encountered 55 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: when working on the show. The gap is large. Um So. 56 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:27,799 Speaker 1: This region of northeastern North America that came to be 57 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:30,840 Speaker 1: known as Acadia has been home to First Nations and 58 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:34,320 Speaker 1: Native American peoples for thousands of years. This includes the 59 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:38,560 Speaker 1: Algonquian speaking people's living in what's now Canada and northern Maine, 60 00:03:38,920 --> 00:03:43,120 Speaker 1: particularly the nations that established the Wabanaki Confederacy in about 61 00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 1: sixteen forty, But in terms of European claims to this land, 62 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: that has been in dispute almost since the first Europeans arrived. 63 00:03:51,600 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: John Cabot claimed it for the English in four and 64 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,400 Speaker 1: Jacques Cartier claimed it for the French in fifteen thirty four. 65 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:03,920 Speaker 1: It's unclear who started calling this region Acadia and why. 66 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: In some accounts it was Giovanni di Veronzo in four, 67 00:04:08,240 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: and he was naming it after the pastoral poem Arcadia 68 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:15,920 Speaker 1: by Jacobos and Nazarro and others, it came from a 69 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:19,880 Speaker 1: suffix in the Megama language that means place of abundance. 70 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,159 Speaker 1: And there are also some researchers who say that it 71 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:27,280 Speaker 1: might really be both the Vernzo's Arcadia morphed into Acadia 72 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:31,640 Speaker 1: and English or Acady and French, as Europeans started picking 73 00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:34,680 Speaker 1: up words from a language that was already being spoken 74 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:39,040 Speaker 1: in the area. European fishers and trappers started visiting Northeast 75 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:43,560 Speaker 1: North America long before establishing permanent colonies. Then, in sixteen 76 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 1: o three, King Henry the fourth of France gave Pierre 77 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:49,160 Speaker 1: do Augua de Mont a monopoly over the region's fur 78 00:04:49,240 --> 00:04:53,360 Speaker 1: trade and named him Governor of arc D. The following year, 79 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:57,600 Speaker 1: Samuel Champlain founded the colony of La Cadie, on an 80 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,719 Speaker 1: island near the mouth of the Sanquix River today is 81 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:04,039 Speaker 1: on the border between the US and Canada. This whole 82 00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: effort did not go very well. Of the seventy nine 83 00:05:06,960 --> 00:05:10,960 Speaker 1: men who arrived on the island, sixty developed scurvy during 84 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:14,560 Speaker 1: the first winter, and thirty five died. Some of the 85 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 1: survivors of that first winter went back to France, and 86 00:05:18,279 --> 00:05:21,039 Speaker 1: the rest moved to what they named Port Royal on 87 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:25,599 Speaker 1: the Annapolis Basin and what's now Nova Scotia. Their hope 88 00:05:25,640 --> 00:05:28,680 Speaker 1: was that the winters would be milder there. Um That 89 00:05:28,839 --> 00:05:32,480 Speaker 1: probably did not help all that much, but this did 90 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:36,120 Speaker 1: become one of the first permanent European settlements in North America. 91 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: More people started arriving from France in about sixteen ten, 92 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:45,440 Speaker 1: and soon Akady was growing into a distinctly separate colony 93 00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:50,240 Speaker 1: from France's other colonial ventures in Northeast North America. A 94 00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:54,160 Speaker 1: trade jargon had already developed thanks to those earlier trappers 95 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:57,640 Speaker 1: and fishers, and the jargon drew from French, Bosque and 96 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:02,000 Speaker 1: Algonquian languages, as well as signs and gestures. The colony 97 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:04,880 Speaker 1: also survived its earliest years thanks to the help of 98 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: the indigenous people in the area, particularly the Megama. The 99 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:12,640 Speaker 1: Megama taught the colonists methods for hunting, fishing, and foraging, 100 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:16,719 Speaker 1: and for using local natural resources, which helped the colonists 101 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:21,080 Speaker 1: live through subsequent winters. The Megama also directly provided food 102 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,200 Speaker 1: and other support. The Megama and the French colonists became 103 00:06:25,279 --> 00:06:29,040 Speaker 1: trading partners and allies, with the Megama calling on the 104 00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 1: French to aid in their defense as early as sixteen 105 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:35,360 Speaker 1: oh seven. Since the vast majority of the French colonists 106 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:38,719 Speaker 1: were male, most of the marriages that took place in 107 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:42,839 Speaker 1: the colony's earliest years were between frenchmen and Megama women. 108 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:47,520 Speaker 1: English colonists from Virginia attacked the settlement at Port Royal 109 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:51,520 Speaker 1: and destroyed the settlement in sixteen thirteen, but the colonists 110 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:54,680 Speaker 1: survived and they rebuilt it. Many of the colonists who 111 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:58,280 Speaker 1: arrived in Acadia in the sixteen twenties were from coastal France, 112 00:06:58,760 --> 00:07:01,400 Speaker 1: some of whom were fleeing unrest and violence that we're 113 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 1: going to circle back to in just a bit. They 114 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:06,719 Speaker 1: brought with them the knowledge of how to drain swamps 115 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:09,880 Speaker 1: and marshes to turn them into farmland, and this turned 116 00:07:09,880 --> 00:07:12,960 Speaker 1: out to be extremely useful around the Bay of Fundy, 117 00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,640 Speaker 1: which the French call Bay Fan says. The Bay of 118 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:20,920 Speaker 1: Fundy is known for its dramatically high tides, and new 119 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:24,800 Speaker 1: arrivals from France started building a system of dikes, channels, 120 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: and gates at various places around the bay. The water 121 00:07:28,800 --> 00:07:31,360 Speaker 1: would drain out of the marsh during low tide, and 122 00:07:31,400 --> 00:07:33,840 Speaker 1: then these dikes and gates would keep it from coming 123 00:07:33,880 --> 00:07:38,440 Speaker 1: back in during high tide. The system became known as aboiteau, 124 00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:43,720 Speaker 1: although originally that term described just the channels specifically. This 125 00:07:43,760 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 1: took an enormous amount of time consuming collective work, requiring 126 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:51,400 Speaker 1: the labor of essentially everyone in the colony to build, maintain, 127 00:07:51,480 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: and expand that collective work has been cited as one 128 00:07:54,920 --> 00:07:58,360 Speaker 1: of the reasons why Acadian communities were particularly close knit, 129 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:02,320 Speaker 1: and it took years before marsh would become a farmable land, 130 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 1: which obviously had its own ecological consequences. However, the end 131 00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: result was extremely productive of fertile farmland all around the 132 00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:13,720 Speaker 1: bay in what's now Nova Scotia. And New Brunswick, as 133 00:08:13,760 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 1: well as in parts of Prince Edward Island in the 134 00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Acadians grew crops and planted orchards, 135 00:08:20,440 --> 00:08:24,120 Speaker 1: and their apples, in particular, became renowned all through northeastern 136 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:27,600 Speaker 1: North America. In addition to making it possible for the 137 00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:32,600 Speaker 1: colony to really thrive, converting these wetlands into farmland meant 138 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:35,480 Speaker 1: that the Acadians didn't have to clear a lot of 139 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:39,800 Speaker 1: forests for that purpose. Over time, they turned roughly eight 140 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:43,760 Speaker 1: thousand hectares of marsh into farmland. That's about thirty square 141 00:08:43,800 --> 00:08:47,400 Speaker 1: miles or eighty square kilometers, but they cut down only 142 00:08:47,559 --> 00:08:51,360 Speaker 1: two hundred hectares of forest that's less than one square 143 00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: mile or two square kilometers. That meant that for the 144 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:59,000 Speaker 1: most part, the Acadians were using land that other people weren't, 145 00:08:59,280 --> 00:09:03,520 Speaker 1: so they aren't making huge encroachments into Megama's territory to 146 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:06,679 Speaker 1: try to build the colony. This is one of the 147 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 1: reasons that the relationship between the Megama and the Acadians 148 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:14,920 Speaker 1: was generally one of mutual accommodation and trade rather than 149 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:18,880 Speaker 1: becoming something a lot more adversarial. Another was that in 150 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:21,200 Speaker 1: a lot of ways, the Acadians were left to their 151 00:09:21,240 --> 00:09:25,280 Speaker 1: own devices. Many but not all of them were devoutly Catholic, 152 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:28,560 Speaker 1: and there were often Catholic missionaries who tried to convert 153 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:32,480 Speaker 1: the Bingama population. Most of the Megama converted to Catholicism 154 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:35,520 Speaker 1: in the first half of the seventeenth century, but the 155 00:09:35,559 --> 00:09:38,520 Speaker 1: Catholic Church as an institution just didn't have a lot 156 00:09:38,559 --> 00:09:41,800 Speaker 1: of power or influence over people's everyday lives in the colony, 157 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: and there wasn't a huge focus on forcing Megama religious 158 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 1: observances to conform to Catholic standards from Europe. Also, France 159 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:54,680 Speaker 1: used a scenurial system to distribute land. Most people were 160 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:58,319 Speaker 1: tenants who paid dues to the signior, who also allotted 161 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:01,480 Speaker 1: the land, but in a Hedia this often was not 162 00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:06,320 Speaker 1: enforced very strictly. At some points, nobody was really collecting 163 00:10:06,360 --> 00:10:09,400 Speaker 1: the rent or enforcing the land titles at all. And 164 00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: this was especially true as the colony repeatedly switched from 165 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:16,880 Speaker 1: being under French to being under British control. We'll get 166 00:10:16,880 --> 00:10:20,040 Speaker 1: into the reasons for that shortly. It really went back 167 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:24,320 Speaker 1: and forth between the two nations over and over, so 168 00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:26,520 Speaker 1: in a lot of ways, the colonists just had to 169 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:29,319 Speaker 1: work things out for themselves without a lot of oversight 170 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:34,800 Speaker 1: or bureaucracy or pressure from colonial officials to dramatically expand 171 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:36,959 Speaker 1: the colony or change how they were dealing with their 172 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:41,200 Speaker 1: indigenous neighbors. We should note though, at times there were 173 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:45,640 Speaker 1: still violent conflicts between French colonists and indigenous people, including 174 00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: the Megama, and as was the case in the rest 175 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:53,160 Speaker 1: of the America's European introduced diseases were absolutely devastating to 176 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:55,959 Speaker 1: the Megama and the other First Nations and Native American 177 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 1: people's in what is now Canada and Maine, especially in 178 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:03,080 Speaker 1: the six teenth and seventeen centuries. So we mentioned at 179 00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:05,440 Speaker 1: the top of the episode that Britain and France had 180 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:09,840 Speaker 1: each claimed this region long before any of these colonists arrived, 181 00:11:10,400 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 1: and disputes between these two nations played a central role 182 00:11:13,679 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 1: in the development of this colony. We will get to 183 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: that after a quick sponsor break. Years ago, we talked 184 00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:32,679 Speaker 1: about the frequency with which um England and France were 185 00:11:32,679 --> 00:11:36,440 Speaker 1: at war, and two different listeners made two different websites 186 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:40,200 Speaker 1: to basically put in a year and find out whether 187 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:43,560 Speaker 1: England and France were at were with each other uh. 188 00:11:43,679 --> 00:11:45,840 Speaker 1: In terms of what we were talking about today. A 189 00:11:45,920 --> 00:11:48,960 Speaker 1: place we can start with that is that from sixty 190 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:52,720 Speaker 1: seven to sixte England and France were at war. A 191 00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:55,400 Speaker 1: lot of the fighting in this was playing out at 192 00:11:55,480 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: sea in Europe, and during this the predominantly honestant city 193 00:12:00,720 --> 00:12:04,920 Speaker 1: of LaRochelle sided with England, so France le siege to it. 194 00:12:05,280 --> 00:12:07,800 Speaker 1: That was one of the conflicts that drove people to 195 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:11,960 Speaker 1: leave coastal France and go to North America instead. This 196 00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 1: conflict spilled over into the colonies as well. English forces 197 00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:21,280 Speaker 1: started capturing French colonial territory, including Quebec in sixty nine. 198 00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:25,360 Speaker 1: Scottish colonists who arrived in Acadia during all of this 199 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:29,720 Speaker 1: called it Nova Scotia or New Scotland. New France was 200 00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:32,640 Speaker 1: returned to French control two years later under the Treaty 201 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: of Saint germains on Ley. After this, France started trying 202 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:39,679 Speaker 1: to build up the population of its colonies, including Acadia, 203 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:42,319 Speaker 1: which had the potential to act as a buffer between 204 00:12:42,360 --> 00:12:44,800 Speaker 1: the rest of New France and the British colonies to 205 00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:49,320 Speaker 1: the south. There was during this wave of migration after 206 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,720 Speaker 1: the sixteen seven to twenty nine war that people from 207 00:12:52,760 --> 00:12:56,480 Speaker 1: coastal France really started arriving in Acadia, and much larger 208 00:12:56,559 --> 00:13:00,360 Speaker 1: numbers than draining more of the marshes into farmland. A 209 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:03,520 Speaker 1: lot of people arrived as indentured workers, so they were 210 00:13:03,559 --> 00:13:07,760 Speaker 1: paying for their passage with about five years of mandatory 211 00:13:07,880 --> 00:13:11,720 Speaker 1: contracted labor to the colony. Over time, the new arrivals 212 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:15,440 Speaker 1: from Europe started including more women, so the number of 213 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:19,599 Speaker 1: inner marriages between the colonists and the Megamas slowly started declining. 214 00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:24,280 Speaker 1: But Megamon knowledge and customs continued to influence the culture 215 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:27,640 Speaker 1: of Acadia, which was also bringing in influence from other 216 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:32,160 Speaker 1: newly arriving colonists, mostly from France, but also from England, 217 00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:36,640 Speaker 1: Ireland and Spain. Even as new colonists were arriving from France, 218 00:13:36,679 --> 00:13:40,440 Speaker 1: Acadia remained relatively isolated from Europe and from other French 219 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:44,840 Speaker 1: colonies in North America. Instead, the Acadian's biggest trading partner 220 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:50,240 Speaker 1: was Massachusetts, which the Acadians referred to as Nozamile's enemy 221 00:13:50,360 --> 00:13:53,640 Speaker 1: or our friends the enemy. Under the Treaty of Whitehall 222 00:13:53,679 --> 00:13:57,440 Speaker 1: in six six, also known as the Treaty of American Neutrality, 223 00:13:57,920 --> 00:14:00,360 Speaker 1: England and France agreed that if they went to war 224 00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:05,280 Speaker 1: quote their colonies in America should continue in peace and neutrality. 225 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:09,680 Speaker 1: That did not last long, though. Two years later, England 226 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:12,880 Speaker 1: allied with the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the 227 00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:16,640 Speaker 1: Austrian Habsburgs to go to war against France and what 228 00:14:16,720 --> 00:14:19,200 Speaker 1: was known as the War of the Grand Alliance or 229 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:22,680 Speaker 1: the Nine Years War. The American arm of this war 230 00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:25,880 Speaker 1: was known as King William's War, fought between the French 231 00:14:25,960 --> 00:14:29,080 Speaker 1: colonies of Canada and the British colonies of New England 232 00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:33,120 Speaker 1: and each of their indigenous allies in the United States. 233 00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:35,720 Speaker 1: This is sometimes called the first of the French and 234 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:40,360 Speaker 1: Indian Wars. On May nine, six nineties, Sir William Phipps 235 00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:43,840 Speaker 1: set sail from Boston for Acadia, arriving ten days later, 236 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:47,480 Speaker 1: sacking Port Royal and demanding an oath of allegiance from 237 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,920 Speaker 1: the French colonists. He tried to do the same in Quebec, 238 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: but was not successful there. Meanwhile, French colonists and their 239 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:59,000 Speaker 1: allies attacked parts of New York and Massachusetts. As all 240 00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:03,800 Speaker 1: this was happening, Massachusetts increasingly saw the relationship between the 241 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:08,000 Speaker 1: Acadians and the Megama as a threat. British colonists in 242 00:15:08,040 --> 00:15:10,920 Speaker 1: New England thought that the trade with the Acadians was 243 00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:14,480 Speaker 1: strengthening the Megama, who they saw as their enemy, and 244 00:15:14,560 --> 00:15:17,640 Speaker 1: that together the Megama and the Acadians were a danger 245 00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:21,360 Speaker 1: to British interests in the entirety of the Americas. So 246 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:25,520 Speaker 1: in sixteen ninety six, Massachusetts outlawed its trade with Acadia. 247 00:15:26,120 --> 00:15:30,120 Speaker 1: The colony also passed legislation that empowered white citizens to 248 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:33,560 Speaker 1: form companies to fight against the Megama, and they set 249 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,560 Speaker 1: a bounty on Megama scalps. King William's War ended a 250 00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:40,720 Speaker 1: year later with the Treaty of Riswick in six seven 251 00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:44,560 Speaker 1: that returned Acadia to France, but once again this did 252 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:48,120 Speaker 1: not last long. The War of the Spanish Succession, also 253 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:50,960 Speaker 1: known as Queen Anne's War, started in seventeen o one, 254 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:55,120 Speaker 1: and that lasted for the next twelve years. Even though 255 00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:59,600 Speaker 1: Massachusetts had outlawed trade with Acadia, that trade had continued 256 00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:02,680 Speaker 1: only gally, and by about seventeen o four there was 257 00:16:02,880 --> 00:16:07,239 Speaker 1: less and less tolerance for it from Massachusetts. One prominent 258 00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 1: figure in this illicit trade was Scottish soldier Samuel Vetch, 259 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:14,400 Speaker 1: who was able to scout out the area in New 260 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:18,280 Speaker 1: France while on a diplomatic mission from Boston to Quebec. 261 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:21,960 Speaker 1: He was ultimately put on trial and convicted for his 262 00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:25,600 Speaker 1: illegal trade with Acadia, but while he was in England 263 00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:29,760 Speaker 1: appealing his conviction, he started promoting the idea that England 264 00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:34,960 Speaker 1: should conquer New France entirely, including removing all the Acadians 265 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:38,560 Speaker 1: from what the British were now calling Nova Scotia. Vet 266 00:16:38,640 --> 00:16:41,880 Speaker 1: wrote a lengthy treatise about all of this, which was 267 00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: very well received in the court of Queen Anne. British 268 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:49,840 Speaker 1: forces captured Port Royal again in seventeen ten. The British 269 00:16:50,120 --> 00:16:53,240 Speaker 1: changed its name to Annapolis Royal and Vetch became its 270 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:57,360 Speaker 1: first governor. A year later, the Wabanaki Confederacy and some 271 00:16:57,440 --> 00:17:01,320 Speaker 1: Acadian allies lay siege to the fort at Annapolis Royal, 272 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:05,719 Speaker 1: now called Fort am. The War of Spanish Succession ended 273 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:09,160 Speaker 1: with the Treaty of You Trecked in seventeen thirteen. Under 274 00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:13,520 Speaker 1: this treaty, France seeded the peninsular part of Acadia, now 275 00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:18,639 Speaker 1: called Nova Scotia, to England. France retained other parts of Acadia, 276 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:22,600 Speaker 1: including what's now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Under 277 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:25,119 Speaker 1: the Treaty of You Trecked, the Acadians had the option 278 00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:29,800 Speaker 1: to relocate to French territory or to be considered British subjects. 279 00:17:30,560 --> 00:17:33,680 Speaker 1: This kind of treaty language really wasn't unusual. When we've 280 00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:36,720 Speaker 1: talked about the history of the southwestern US, we have 281 00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:40,240 Speaker 1: often talked about similar provisions in the Treaty of Guadalupe 282 00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:44,800 Speaker 1: Hidago that ended the Mexican American War. Most recently, similar 283 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: treaty provisions were a big part of our episode on 284 00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:51,520 Speaker 1: the Dreyfus affair. So while some Acadians did move to 285 00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:55,280 Speaker 1: French territory after all of this and the immediate aftermath 286 00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:58,480 Speaker 1: of this war, it just wasn't a huge priority to 287 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:03,640 Speaker 1: try to resettle everybody, really for totally practical reasons. It 288 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:06,479 Speaker 1: wasn't like the British authorities could just flip a switch 289 00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:09,639 Speaker 1: and replace all of the French colonists with British ones. 290 00:18:10,119 --> 00:18:13,480 Speaker 1: And the British knew that their garrisons could not survive 291 00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,160 Speaker 1: the winter if everybody just abandoned this colony and all 292 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,920 Speaker 1: the work that was associated with maintaining it. The Acadian 293 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:23,360 Speaker 1: colonists were also the ones who knew how to operate 294 00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:26,840 Speaker 1: and maintain all these dikes and canals that had transformed 295 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:31,280 Speaker 1: this region into fertile farmland, so at first, the French 296 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:35,160 Speaker 1: speaking colonists who left Nova Scotia were primarily the ones 297 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:37,879 Speaker 1: who had the closest ties to France or to the 298 00:18:37,920 --> 00:18:42,880 Speaker 1: French colonial government. Generally, though, most people just stayed put. However, 299 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:47,240 Speaker 1: British authorities in Nova Scotia wanted assurance that these French 300 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:52,040 Speaker 1: speaking Catholics would be loyal to Protestant Britain. Lieutenant Governor 301 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:55,080 Speaker 1: Thomas Caufield, who was acting as governor while Vetch was 302 00:18:55,119 --> 00:18:58,359 Speaker 1: away from the colony, started trying to get the Acadian 303 00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:01,280 Speaker 1: leaders to sign an oath stating that they would maintain 304 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 1: quote a true allegiance to His Majesty King George as 305 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,560 Speaker 1: long as they were in Lacka d or Nova Scotia. 306 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:11,600 Speaker 1: The oath stated that they could leave at any time, 307 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:15,240 Speaker 1: taking their household goods with them, so like these treaty 308 00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:18,440 Speaker 1: provisions about how the colonists could either move to French 309 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:22,600 Speaker 1: territory or become British subjects, these kinds of loyalty oaths 310 00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:26,320 Speaker 1: were also pretty typical for the time, but this became 311 00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:31,640 Speaker 1: a huge sticking point for the Acadians. For the most part, 312 00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:34,600 Speaker 1: the Acadians who were remaining in Nova Scotia were willing 313 00:19:34,680 --> 00:19:38,639 Speaker 1: to sign a loyalty oath to Britain. They were not, though, 314 00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:42,119 Speaker 1: willing to take up arms against the French or against 315 00:19:42,160 --> 00:19:47,360 Speaker 1: their Megama or other indigenous allies. So for years British 316 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:52,960 Speaker 1: authorities kept pressing Acadian representatives to sign an unconditional loyalty oath, 317 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:57,479 Speaker 1: and for years the Acadians refused to do that. Governor 318 00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:00,639 Speaker 1: Richard Phillips arrived in Nova Scotia in seven teen twenty 319 00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:04,119 Speaker 1: and met with the Acadian representatives to press this issue 320 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:07,960 Speaker 1: of the loyalty oath. At this point, tensions were escalating 321 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,880 Speaker 1: between the British colonies and the Megama, and the Acadians 322 00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:14,880 Speaker 1: threatened to ally with the Megama, although they didn't ultimately 323 00:20:14,960 --> 00:20:17,720 Speaker 1: carry through with this threat in an official way. The 324 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:21,200 Speaker 1: conflict between the New England Colonies and the Megama led 325 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:23,320 Speaker 1: to an all out war between the British and the 326 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:27,200 Speaker 1: Wabanaki Confederacy from seventeen twenty one to seventeen twenty five. 327 00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:32,760 Speaker 1: As that was happening, on August one, seventeen, Governor Phillips 328 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: issued a proclamation forbidding contact between the Acadians and the Megama. 329 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:41,720 Speaker 1: By seventeen thirty, which was seventeen years after the Treaty 330 00:20:41,720 --> 00:20:45,440 Speaker 1: of you Trek, British authorities and Nova Scotia still had 331 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:50,240 Speaker 1: not gotten the unconditional loyalty oath that they wanted, and 332 00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:53,919 Speaker 1: according to written accounts, the governor finally agreed to just 333 00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:57,600 Speaker 1: exempt the Acadians quote from bearing arms and fighting in 334 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:00,280 Speaker 1: war against the French and the Indians, and the said 335 00:21:00,320 --> 00:21:04,000 Speaker 1: inhabitants have only accepted allegiance on the promise never to 336 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:08,680 Speaker 1: take up arms. But while other people documented this conversation, 337 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:11,840 Speaker 1: this was not a formal commitment that the governor made 338 00:21:11,840 --> 00:21:15,880 Speaker 1: to the colonists and writing. Even so, around this time 339 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: the British started referring to the Acadians as the neutral French, 340 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:23,040 Speaker 1: and this verbal agreement started off a decade of at 341 00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 1: least relative calm and prosperity for the colony and continued 342 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 1: cooperation between the colonists and the Magma. That changed when 343 00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,480 Speaker 1: you guessed it, England and France went to war again, 344 00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: and we're going to talk about that. After we first 345 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:49,960 Speaker 1: paused for a sponsor break, the War of the Austrian 346 00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:54,520 Speaker 1: Succession started in seventeen forty in North America. It became 347 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:58,320 Speaker 1: known as King George's War, with British colonies and their 348 00:21:58,359 --> 00:22:02,119 Speaker 1: indigenous allies fighting French colonies and their allies from the 349 00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: Wamanaki Confederacy. France had established a port and a fortress 350 00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:09,679 Speaker 1: at Louisbourg and Cape Breton Island, and that was to 351 00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:13,080 Speaker 1: replace the port that had lost under the Treaty of Utrecht. 352 00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:17,080 Speaker 1: Britain lay siege to this fort, capturing it in seventeen 353 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:21,399 Speaker 1: forty five, and France considered this such a huge loss 354 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:24,000 Speaker 1: that in the negotiations for the Treaty of a la 355 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:28,679 Speaker 1: Chapelle in seventeen forty eight, France seated other territory to 356 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:32,679 Speaker 1: get Louisbourg back. This war also renewed concerns about the 357 00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:36,400 Speaker 1: loyalty of the Acadians in both Nova Scotia and Massachusetts. 358 00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:41,280 Speaker 1: The Acadians generally had very large families and comparatively very 359 00:22:41,359 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: low infant mortality, so they easily outnumbered British colonists in 360 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,560 Speaker 1: Nova Scotia. This also renewed fears that the Acadian trade 361 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:52,680 Speaker 1: with the Megama was strengthening the Magma fighting force, who 362 00:22:52,760 --> 00:22:56,720 Speaker 1: the British regarded as an enemy. Governor William Shirley of 363 00:22:56,800 --> 00:23:00,600 Speaker 1: Massachusetts found these connections between the Acadians in the Megama 364 00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:05,360 Speaker 1: to be particularly threatening. He was convinced that the Acadians 365 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:09,159 Speaker 1: were secretly still loyal to France, and that at any 366 00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:12,399 Speaker 1: moment they might ally with the Megama and wage war 367 00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:16,960 Speaker 1: against New England. And although most of the Acadians did 368 00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:20,240 Speaker 1: try to remain neutral, there were some who took up 369 00:23:20,359 --> 00:23:22,760 Speaker 1: arms to fight with France. There with one of its 370 00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:27,399 Speaker 1: first nation's allies. I just reinforced Shirley's whole idea that 371 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: all of the Acadians were a huge threat. On October 372 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:35,679 Speaker 1: twenty one, seventeen forty seven, Shirley issued a proclamation saying 373 00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:39,800 Speaker 1: that any Acadians who remained loyal to Britain would be protected, 374 00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:44,080 Speaker 1: but anyone who colluded with England's enemies or assisted in 375 00:23:44,119 --> 00:23:48,520 Speaker 1: attacks on New England troops would be prosecuted as traitors. 376 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: This war ended in seventeen forty eight, and in seventeen 377 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,560 Speaker 1: forty nine Britain started trying to boost its population in 378 00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,480 Speaker 1: Nova Scotia so the British colonists wouldn't keep being so 379 00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:02,960 Speaker 1: heavily outnumbered by the neutral French. At this point there 380 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: were about twelve thousand Acadians scattered around British territory, and 381 00:24:07,119 --> 00:24:10,560 Speaker 1: as the British population increased, some started to leave for 382 00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:14,919 Speaker 1: places that were under French control. This did not necessarily 383 00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:18,119 Speaker 1: go well for them, though, French officials resettled many of 384 00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:21,600 Speaker 1: them in forested areas that were totally unlike the land 385 00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:23,840 Speaker 1: that they knew how to work, and they didn't really 386 00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:27,080 Speaker 1: want to make unconditional loyalty oaths to France any more 387 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,679 Speaker 1: than they had to Britain. Edward Cornwallis became Governor of 388 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: Nova Scotia in seventeen forty nine. Shortly after his arrival, 389 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:39,520 Speaker 1: he established the city of Halifax. He violated a treaty 390 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,639 Speaker 1: with the Megama to do this. A lot of what 391 00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:46,240 Speaker 1: he did, honestly was violating treaties with the Megama. This 392 00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:49,720 Speaker 1: fed into a war which was known as Father Le 393 00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,399 Speaker 1: Loutre's War, and that once again pitted Britain and France 394 00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,640 Speaker 1: against one another, each with their indigenous allies. Also, as 395 00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,719 Speaker 1: kind of a side note here, Cornwallis had been an 396 00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:02,440 Speaker 1: off sir in the British Army during the Jacobite Rising 397 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:05,280 Speaker 1: of seventeen forty five, and a lot of the Scots 398 00:25:05,359 --> 00:25:09,119 Speaker 1: who were in Nova Scotia had shown up there after 399 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:14,240 Speaker 1: the Highland clearances. So like these two relocations of people 400 00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: are kind of connected together in a way that crosses 401 00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:23,360 Speaker 1: the whole Atlantic Ocean. During this war that Tracy just referenced, 402 00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:27,000 Speaker 1: England built Fort Lawrence in Nova Scotia and France built 403 00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:31,600 Speaker 1: Fort Beege right across the river in New Brunswick. Cornwallis 404 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:35,160 Speaker 1: offered a bounty on Megama scalps, and some Acadians allied 405 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:38,840 Speaker 1: with the Megama against the British. All of this bolstered 406 00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:43,199 Speaker 1: the opinion of Massachusetts Governor William Surely that the French 407 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:47,000 Speaker 1: Neutrals in Nova Scotia were threatening the British colonies as 408 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,800 Speaker 1: a whole. Cornwallis had also been tasked with securing the 409 00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: Acadians unconditional loyalty, as so many other governors had tried 410 00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:58,800 Speaker 1: to do before him, But in seventeen fifty one, the 411 00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:02,760 Speaker 1: Massachusetts legisla Cher petitioned the king to do something different, 412 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:07,399 Speaker 1: which was completely removed the Acadians from Nova Scotia. The 413 00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:11,639 Speaker 1: Crown did not take up this proposal. Cornwallis did not 414 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:15,520 Speaker 1: succeed in getting an unconditional loyalty oath and then eventually, 415 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:19,800 Speaker 1: in seventeen fifty four, Charles Lawrence was appointed governor of 416 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:23,280 Speaker 1: Nova Scotia, and he and Shirley started working together to 417 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:28,000 Speaker 1: actively plan to remove the Acadians. That year, yet another 418 00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:31,639 Speaker 1: war began between England and France, with their colonies in 419 00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:34,560 Speaker 1: North America once again going to war along with their 420 00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:38,280 Speaker 1: indigenous allies. This one is known as the French and 421 00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:41,040 Speaker 1: Indian War or the Seven Years War, even though it 422 00:26:41,080 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: actually lasted for at least nine years. It followed France's 423 00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:48,640 Speaker 1: expansion of its colonies into the Ohio River Valley, conflicting 424 00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:52,119 Speaker 1: with British expansion into the same region. A lot of 425 00:26:52,119 --> 00:26:54,760 Speaker 1: the wars that we've already talked about our groups together 426 00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:58,160 Speaker 1: collectively as the French and Indian Wars, but this one 427 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:03,239 Speaker 1: specifically is also known the French and Indian War. So 428 00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:07,399 Speaker 1: even though the Acadians no longer outnumbered British colonists in 429 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:11,320 Speaker 1: Nova Scotia during the Seven Years War, authorities in both 430 00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:14,760 Speaker 1: England and New England regarded them as a serious threat. 431 00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:18,879 Speaker 1: This idea that they were secretly French and we're going 432 00:27:18,920 --> 00:27:23,360 Speaker 1: to become traders was reinforced when Massachusetts troops under Colonel 433 00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:27,480 Speaker 1: John Winslow took Fort Beausejour and found about two hundred 434 00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:31,520 Speaker 1: and fifty Acadian militia there. At least some of these 435 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:34,240 Speaker 1: were refugees who had taken shelter at the fort and 436 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:38,160 Speaker 1: had been pressed into its defense. But to the Massachusetts force, 437 00:27:38,320 --> 00:27:41,280 Speaker 1: this was evidence that the Acadians as a whole, we're 438 00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:44,119 Speaker 1: just waiting for the right time to take up arms 439 00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:48,000 Speaker 1: and fight for France. Working with Governor Shirley of Massachusetts, 440 00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:52,000 Speaker 1: Governor Lawrence of Nova Scotia decided to deport all French 441 00:27:52,080 --> 00:27:57,679 Speaker 1: neutrals from the colony on July. In his words, the 442 00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:01,280 Speaker 1: plan was quote to divide them ang the colonies, where 443 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:03,359 Speaker 1: they may be of some use, as most of them 444 00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: are strong, healthy people. As they cannot easily collect themselves 445 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,960 Speaker 1: together again, it will be out of their power to 446 00:28:10,080 --> 00:28:14,600 Speaker 1: do any mischief. On August nine, an anonymous person in 447 00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:17,600 Speaker 1: Halifax wrote quote, we are now upon a great and 448 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:21,680 Speaker 1: noble scheme of sending the neutral French out of this province, 449 00:28:22,119 --> 00:28:25,560 Speaker 1: who have always been secret enemies and have encouraged our 450 00:28:25,560 --> 00:28:29,480 Speaker 1: savages to cut our throats. If we affect their expulsion, 451 00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:32,320 Speaker 1: it will be one of the greatest things that ever 452 00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:35,919 Speaker 1: the English did in America, for by all the accounts, 453 00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:38,960 Speaker 1: that part of the country they possess is as good 454 00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:42,440 Speaker 1: land as any in the world. In case, therefore, we 455 00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:46,040 Speaker 1: could get some good English farmers in their room, this 456 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:50,479 Speaker 1: province would abound with all kinds of provisions. I like 457 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:55,160 Speaker 1: how they give no credit to the people's knowledge, and 458 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:56,960 Speaker 1: they're just like, the land is great, We'll go in 459 00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,760 Speaker 1: and do great, great things with it. Yeah, anonymous person 460 00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,880 Speaker 1: and Halifax, the land was already abound with all kinds 461 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:10,280 Speaker 1: of provisions that the Acadians grew. Ye. Governor Shirley raised 462 00:29:10,280 --> 00:29:13,440 Speaker 1: a regiment to aid Governor Lawrence, later ordering them to 463 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:16,760 Speaker 1: quote take an eye for an eye, in short, a 464 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:20,200 Speaker 1: life for a life if the Acadians fought back. On 465 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:24,080 Speaker 1: September five, seifty five, Colonel John Winslow, who was leading 466 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,520 Speaker 1: this regiment, summoned all men from the region to Grand 467 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 1: pre Church, with men including boys ages ten and up. 468 00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:34,920 Speaker 1: Once they were gathered, he informed them that quote your 469 00:29:35,040 --> 00:29:38,560 Speaker 1: land and tenements, cattle of all kinds, and livestocks of 470 00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: all sorts are forfeited to the Crown, with all other 471 00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:46,040 Speaker 1: your effects, savings, your money and household goods, and you 472 00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:51,200 Speaker 1: yourselves to be removed from this province. British regulars and 473 00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:55,400 Speaker 1: Massachusetts militia rounded up families at gunpoint and took them 474 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:58,800 Speaker 1: to transports that had been hired from Boston, some of 475 00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:03,000 Speaker 1: which were really slaves ships. They surrounded churches during Sunday 476 00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:08,000 Speaker 1: services to capture everyone who was inside. They burned homes 477 00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:11,640 Speaker 1: and farms and settlements, and broke through the dikes so 478 00:30:11,720 --> 00:30:15,400 Speaker 1: that anybody who escaped would not have anything to return to. 479 00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:18,760 Speaker 1: This also meant that people had no way to support 480 00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:22,520 Speaker 1: or feed themselves before the transports actually set sails, so 481 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,480 Speaker 1: a lot of the people who were being expelled were 482 00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:30,320 Speaker 1: malnourished before their journey even started. Some of the Acadians 483 00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:35,080 Speaker 1: fought back aggressively against all this. Joseph Broussarne, also known 484 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:38,880 Speaker 1: as Basil, had been fighting against British incursions into Acadia 485 00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:43,280 Speaker 1: for decades. He and his brother Alexandra had become particularly 486 00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:45,880 Speaker 1: famous or infamous, depending on which side you were on 487 00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:51,000 Speaker 1: during Father la Lutre's War. After escaping from Fort Beausejour, 488 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:55,160 Speaker 1: which the British had renamed Fort Cumberland, Basil harassed the 489 00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,360 Speaker 1: British around the Bay of Fundy from a small privateering 490 00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:03,280 Speaker 1: vessel avoiding explos for years. I read one account that 491 00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:05,400 Speaker 1: said that they escaped from the fort by digging their 492 00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:08,000 Speaker 1: way out with spoons and knives, but I could not 493 00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:11,600 Speaker 1: find that confirmed anywhere besides that one account. Regardless, it 494 00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:16,040 Speaker 1: seems like a pretty daring escape. Transports started leaving Nova 495 00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: Scotia on October seventeen fifty five, and so by that 496 00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:23,160 Speaker 1: point some people had been on board the ships for weeks. 497 00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:28,040 Speaker 1: Troops had also not put any effort into keeping families together, 498 00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:32,160 Speaker 1: so in many cases people had family aboard other transports 499 00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:34,800 Speaker 1: that were bound for other colonies and they just never 500 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:38,040 Speaker 1: saw them again. Since the whole idea was to break 501 00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:41,000 Speaker 1: up the Acadian population into small enough groups that they 502 00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:44,600 Speaker 1: would not be a threat, transports made multiple stops all 503 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:47,560 Speaker 1: along the East coast, dropping off a few hundred people 504 00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:51,720 Speaker 1: at a time. Often local authorities had not been consulted 505 00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 1: about any of this and had no way to house 506 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:56,800 Speaker 1: or feed these people who were arriving with only what 507 00:31:56,880 --> 00:32:00,760 Speaker 1: they could carry. Thousands of people died during voyage or 508 00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:05,600 Speaker 1: shortly after arriving at their destination. They died due to starvation, disease, 509 00:32:05,760 --> 00:32:09,520 Speaker 1: and even drowning. Many who survived wound up being forced 510 00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: into indentures to pay their way in a place that 511 00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:14,479 Speaker 1: they had not even wanted to go in the first place. 512 00:32:15,240 --> 00:32:18,680 Speaker 1: All this happened really without a lot of oversight from 513 00:32:18,680 --> 00:32:22,000 Speaker 1: the British government. In London. Governor Lawrence had written to 514 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,680 Speaker 1: the Board of Trade about the issue of the Acadians, 515 00:32:25,160 --> 00:32:27,560 Speaker 1: and the Board had been kind of vague in its response. 516 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:31,600 Speaker 1: Lawrence did not send another communication on the matter until 517 00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:35,440 Speaker 1: after he had started removing the Acadians. A letter from 518 00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:39,240 Speaker 1: Sir Thomas Robinson in London that recommended a more moderate 519 00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: approach was also delayed in transit, and it got to 520 00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:47,040 Speaker 1: North America after the removal had already started. This first 521 00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:50,360 Speaker 1: phase of removal in seventeen fifty five involves less than 522 00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:54,440 Speaker 1: half of the Acadian population in British territory, but removals 523 00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:58,520 Speaker 1: and deportations continued throughout the Seven Years War, with Acadians 524 00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:02,000 Speaker 1: being dispersed through British terror tory or deported to France. 525 00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:06,520 Speaker 1: British forces captured Louisbourg in seventeen fifty eight and deported 526 00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:10,760 Speaker 1: about thirty one hundred Acadians, but an estimated sixteen hundred 527 00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:15,320 Speaker 1: forty nine died of drowning or disease. In seventeen sixty two, 528 00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,120 Speaker 1: the city of Boston turned away a transport that was 529 00:33:18,160 --> 00:33:22,640 Speaker 1: carrying about fifteen hundred Acadians, arguing that Massachusetts had already 530 00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:26,560 Speaker 1: absorbed enough of the neutral French people also fled in 531 00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:28,760 Speaker 1: the face of the removals, making their way to French 532 00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,880 Speaker 1: territory or taking refuge with the Megama or other indigenous people. 533 00:33:33,720 --> 00:33:36,640 Speaker 1: The Seven Years War ended with the Treaty of Paris 534 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:39,480 Speaker 1: in the seventeen sixty three, and by that point an 535 00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:44,040 Speaker 1: estimated ten thousand of about fifteen thousand Acadians had been 536 00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:48,280 Speaker 1: removed from what's now Canada, but thousands of them had 537 00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:51,520 Speaker 1: died as a direct result of the removal, and many 538 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:55,120 Speaker 1: of those who died were infants and children. It's unclear 539 00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:57,440 Speaker 1: how many of the Megama were killed during the Seven 540 00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:00,480 Speaker 1: Years War, but the deportation of the accade Medians and 541 00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:03,160 Speaker 1: the end of a French colonial presence in North America 542 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,080 Speaker 1: affected them as well, since it meant that the Megama 543 00:34:06,120 --> 00:34:10,040 Speaker 1: lost a major trading partner and ally. Along with other 544 00:34:10,160 --> 00:34:13,480 Speaker 1: First Nations in the region, multiple bands of Megama signed 545 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,279 Speaker 1: treaties with Britain in the seventeen sixties. Those are known 546 00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:20,239 Speaker 1: as the Halifax Treaties. Megamon efforts to have the terms 547 00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:25,919 Speaker 1: of those treaties enforced and respected have continued through to today. Yeah, 548 00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:31,120 Speaker 1: there were huge headlines about uh Megama efforts to keep 549 00:34:31,160 --> 00:34:35,759 Speaker 1: to have their fishing rights respected, like as recently as 550 00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:39,520 Speaker 1: last year, probably into this year. It's also outside the 551 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:43,520 Speaker 1: scope of this podcast, but obviously like the Megama then 552 00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:47,360 Speaker 1: faced the same issues that the other Indigenous people of 553 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:50,480 Speaker 1: Canada faced after Britain to control, including things like the 554 00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:54,080 Speaker 1: residential schools that we've talked about, all of those types 555 00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:57,879 Speaker 1: of things. After the war was over, Acadians all over 556 00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:01,880 Speaker 1: British territory and in France started petitioning for permission to 557 00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:05,120 Speaker 1: return to Nova Scotia, and some of them ultimately did, 558 00:35:05,840 --> 00:35:08,840 Speaker 1: but by the time they arrived, colonists from New England, 559 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:12,839 Speaker 1: including loyalists who had supported Britain during the American Revolution, 560 00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:17,799 Speaker 1: had mostly taken over all the Acadian farmland. Returning Acadians 561 00:35:17,840 --> 00:35:21,680 Speaker 1: generally wound up with less advantageous, less further land that 562 00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:25,439 Speaker 1: was farther away from the Bay of Fundy. Acadians also 563 00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:28,360 Speaker 1: continued to migrate from the places they'd been removed to 564 00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:31,160 Speaker 1: or deported to after the war was over. They were 565 00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,040 Speaker 1: trying to reunite with others or just find a place 566 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:37,440 Speaker 1: to settle into the early nineteenth century. If you look 567 00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:40,160 Speaker 1: at a map of the Acadian removal and the migrations 568 00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,960 Speaker 1: that followed, there are a lot of arrows leading from 569 00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:46,400 Speaker 1: Nova Scotia down the East coast to the Caribbean, South 570 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,880 Speaker 1: America and the Falkland Islands, and back and forth across 571 00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:54,400 Speaker 1: the Atlantic Ocean. The most well known population of Acadian 572 00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:59,200 Speaker 1: descendants today is the Cajun population of Louisiana. Louisiana had 573 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:03,040 Speaker 1: been under French control until seventeen sixty two, and it 574 00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:06,920 Speaker 1: still had a large population of French speakers, although by 575 00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:09,560 Speaker 1: the time most of the Acadians started arriving there, it 576 00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:14,600 Speaker 1: had become Spanish territory. Most Acadians arrived in Louisiana between 577 00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:18,440 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty five and seventeen eighty five. That included about 578 00:36:18,520 --> 00:36:23,200 Speaker 1: sixteen hundred people who arrived from France after being deported 579 00:36:23,239 --> 00:36:25,960 Speaker 1: to France. So while there were some people that like 580 00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:29,480 Speaker 1: made their way through the continental US to get to Louisiana, 581 00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:34,440 Speaker 1: a lot of people had traveled across Ocean's first Beausol 582 00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:37,600 Speaker 1: and his family eventually arrived in Louisiana, and they were 583 00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:42,240 Speaker 1: welcomed as heroes there. Today, the Cajun ethnic group includes 584 00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:45,600 Speaker 1: people who were descended from the Acadians, as well as 585 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:49,280 Speaker 1: people from other immigrant groups who assimilated with the Cajuns 586 00:36:49,320 --> 00:36:53,640 Speaker 1: in and around Louisiana after arriving there. The Acadian population 587 00:36:53,760 --> 00:36:57,120 Speaker 1: of Canada's maritime provinces in northern Maine didn't start to 588 00:36:57,160 --> 00:37:01,400 Speaker 1: approach its pre removal levels until the teen thirties and forties. 589 00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:05,960 Speaker 1: The idea of Acadian as an ethnic identity really started 590 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:09,960 Speaker 1: to coalesce around this time, with more Acadians entering politics 591 00:37:10,040 --> 00:37:15,120 Speaker 1: to represent Acadian interests, and in eighteen forty seven, poet 592 00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:19,719 Speaker 1: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow introduced the Acadian deportation so a lot 593 00:37:19,760 --> 00:37:22,560 Speaker 1: of the rest of the English speaking world who did 594 00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:26,200 Speaker 1: not already know about it through his long poem Evangeline. 595 00:37:26,880 --> 00:37:32,320 Speaker 1: This poem was incredibly popular and also spread the awareness 596 00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:34,279 Speaker 1: of this beyond the English speaking world, as it was 597 00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:37,400 Speaker 1: translated into at least thirteen different languages within about a 598 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:40,960 Speaker 1: decade of its first being published. They were also multiple 599 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:45,120 Speaker 1: fully illustrated editions of this poem, although in general they 600 00:37:45,120 --> 00:37:48,000 Speaker 1: were illustrated by people who had never been to Acadia 601 00:37:48,080 --> 00:37:50,920 Speaker 1: and they didn't really know what it looked like or 602 00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:54,839 Speaker 1: how Acadians had historically dressed. They sort of created an 603 00:37:54,880 --> 00:38:02,480 Speaker 1: image of Acadia that was not really like that. Evangeline 604 00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:05,839 Speaker 1: tells the story of two lovers separated by the deportation. 605 00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:10,040 Speaker 1: It is very romanticized, and as you probably guess from 606 00:38:10,239 --> 00:38:14,000 Speaker 1: Tracy describing the visual depictions, it was also not in 607 00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:17,760 Speaker 1: terms of wording, particularly historically accurate. But it did really 608 00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:20,520 Speaker 1: establish the idea of who the Acadians were in the 609 00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:24,560 Speaker 1: popular consciousness in places that had not been directly involved. 610 00:38:25,120 --> 00:38:28,239 Speaker 1: It was also adapted into plays and films, including the 611 00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:31,600 Speaker 1: nineteen thirteen Canadian film of Angeline, which is cited as 612 00:38:31,640 --> 00:38:36,320 Speaker 1: Canada's first feature length film. There are also multiple monuments 613 00:38:36,320 --> 00:38:39,480 Speaker 1: to the Acadian deportation that incorporate a statue of the 614 00:38:39,560 --> 00:38:43,680 Speaker 1: character of Evangeline, and streets, squares and other landmarks are 615 00:38:43,719 --> 00:38:48,680 Speaker 1: made for her. During the Acadian expulsion, Acadian's face discrimination 616 00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:53,320 Speaker 1: and persecution and hardship really regardless of where they were taken, 617 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:57,360 Speaker 1: and that really continued for Acadian communities in the Northeast, 618 00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:00,680 Speaker 1: and for Cajun communities in Louisiana and the generations that 619 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:05,880 Speaker 1: followed this, both Cajuns and Acadians faced negative stereotypes, including 620 00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:08,400 Speaker 1: the idea that they were ignorant, and then this was 621 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:14,440 Speaker 1: compounded by compulsory education laws, including in both Louisiana and Maine, 622 00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:18,160 Speaker 1: that specified that schools be taught only in English when 623 00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:22,200 Speaker 1: most of the children in these communities spoke French. More 624 00:39:22,239 --> 00:39:26,680 Speaker 1: recent efforts to encourage French speaking and bilingual education in 625 00:39:26,719 --> 00:39:31,000 Speaker 1: these communities have unfortunately also focused more on French as 626 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,960 Speaker 1: it would probably be spoken in Paris, rather than French 627 00:39:35,080 --> 00:39:38,359 Speaker 1: as it is spoken in Acadian and Cajun communities, which 628 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:44,120 Speaker 1: are like to distinctly different dialects of French. Yeah, I 629 00:39:44,239 --> 00:39:50,879 Speaker 1: definitely have known Canadian friends who have referenced um their 630 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:55,520 Speaker 1: Parisian French class by that wording like it is it 631 00:39:55,600 --> 00:40:00,880 Speaker 1: is not our colloquial French's Parisian French. In the United States, 632 00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:03,759 Speaker 1: some of the perception of Cajun started to shift after 633 00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:07,279 Speaker 1: World War Two. About twenty five thousand Cajuns in the 634 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:10,160 Speaker 1: US served in either the military or the civil service, 635 00:40:10,239 --> 00:40:14,760 Speaker 1: including as translators. This led to increasing awareness of Cajun 636 00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:18,800 Speaker 1: cuisine and culture, and although there were still plenty of stereotypes, 637 00:40:18,840 --> 00:40:23,280 Speaker 1: the level of stigma decreased somewhat. In nineteen fifty five, 638 00:40:23,520 --> 00:40:27,080 Speaker 1: the first feature film was produced that had an Acadian script, 639 00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:31,080 Speaker 1: and that was called Lesaboto. On December nine, two thousand three, 640 00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:34,919 Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth the Second issued a royal proclamation marking July 641 00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:38,080 Speaker 1: twenty of each year starting in two thousand five as 642 00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:41,799 Speaker 1: quote a day of commemoration of the Great Upheaval. This 643 00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:44,920 Speaker 1: statement acknowledged that thousands of people had died, but it 644 00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:48,359 Speaker 1: was not an apology, and it noted that the proclamation 645 00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:52,440 Speaker 1: did not quote constitute a recognition of legal or financial 646 00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:56,720 Speaker 1: responsibility by the Crown. This followed more than a decade 647 00:40:56,760 --> 00:41:01,440 Speaker 1: of campaigning spearheaded by Warren parent of Louisian uh. Tracy 648 00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:04,600 Speaker 1: did not find any real acknowledgement from Massachusetts in any 649 00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:08,719 Speaker 1: of her research. No, and the idea that Massachusetts was 650 00:41:08,760 --> 00:41:12,319 Speaker 1: a big part of this something I found fairly late 651 00:41:12,360 --> 00:41:20,200 Speaker 1: in my research and I was like, what, Jim, excuse um, 652 00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:24,680 Speaker 1: I'm so glad you did this one. Thanks. I'm glad 653 00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:28,640 Speaker 1: it took such a long time. It's a lot to 654 00:41:28,880 --> 00:41:33,200 Speaker 1: unravel because there are one cajillion conflicts, some of which 655 00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:38,040 Speaker 1: all have the same name, and there hasn't always been 656 00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:42,759 Speaker 1: the most honest accounting of how things played out, which 657 00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:44,239 Speaker 1: I know when I have tried to look at this 658 00:41:44,320 --> 00:41:46,640 Speaker 1: history before, I have gotten very frustrated by it. Just 659 00:41:46,719 --> 00:41:49,759 Speaker 1: been like I'm closing this book and moving on. So 660 00:41:49,880 --> 00:41:53,200 Speaker 1: it's tricky. Yeah, we'll probably talk more about that on 661 00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:59,160 Speaker 1: Friday till then. Have listener mail from Bethany. Bethany wrote, Hi, 662 00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:01,239 Speaker 1: Holley and Trace. I just wanted to pop in and 663 00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:04,400 Speaker 1: say hi. I live in central North Carolina and I 664 00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:08,880 Speaker 1: passed kud Zoo literally every day. I'm so desensitized to it. 665 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:12,200 Speaker 1: I didn't realize how much I see every day until 666 00:42:12,239 --> 00:42:15,240 Speaker 1: listening to this episode. I was telling my husband about 667 00:42:15,280 --> 00:42:19,319 Speaker 1: the episode. He's from Michigan and the villainous reputation, and 668 00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:22,200 Speaker 1: he agreed that one of the first things they heard 669 00:42:22,239 --> 00:42:24,839 Speaker 1: about when they came here were the horrors of kud 670 00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:27,919 Speaker 1: Zoo and why it should be avoided. He said there 671 00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:31,480 Speaker 1: could be dead bodies in there. I'm intrigued by all 672 00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:34,759 Speaker 1: the positive uses for kud Zoo and keep mentioning tidbits 673 00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:37,440 Speaker 1: of knowledge to my co workers and family. They're all 674 00:42:37,480 --> 00:42:40,239 Speaker 1: surprised that there is some good in kud Zoo. I 675 00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,840 Speaker 1: even have kudzoo bugs occasionally. I live in a small 676 00:42:42,880 --> 00:42:45,279 Speaker 1: subdivision that backs up to the woods, so every once 677 00:42:45,280 --> 00:42:48,160 Speaker 1: in a while the back porch columns are covered in 678 00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:50,680 Speaker 1: the diny little guys. We only moved into this house 679 00:42:50,680 --> 00:42:53,920 Speaker 1: in January, and I had to google these tiny critters, 680 00:42:54,520 --> 00:42:56,440 Speaker 1: even though I only moved a few miles from my 681 00:42:56,480 --> 00:42:59,480 Speaker 1: previous home. Tracy, I think I live in the same 682 00:42:59,520 --> 00:43:02,440 Speaker 1: general area where you grew up. I also do not 683 00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:05,520 Speaker 1: like the taste of fresh green beans and prefer canned 684 00:43:05,680 --> 00:43:10,480 Speaker 1: any day, although I now suffer through them coated in 685 00:43:10,560 --> 00:43:13,799 Speaker 1: balsamic vinegar or some other sauce in an effort to 686 00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:16,560 Speaker 1: get my kid out to eat them. Bethany, thank you 687 00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:18,719 Speaker 1: so much, Bethany. For folks who were like, what is 688 00:43:18,760 --> 00:43:20,759 Speaker 1: she talking about with the green beans, I think it 689 00:43:20,840 --> 00:43:23,799 Speaker 1: was when we did our episode on canning, I talked 690 00:43:23,840 --> 00:43:27,839 Speaker 1: about how we grew and home cans pretty much all 691 00:43:27,840 --> 00:43:30,640 Speaker 1: of our vegetables when I was a kid um and 692 00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:36,400 Speaker 1: I consequently overwhelmingly the green beans that I ate were canned, 693 00:43:36,440 --> 00:43:39,040 Speaker 1: and when I was presented with fresh green beans during 694 00:43:39,080 --> 00:43:41,640 Speaker 1: the growing season. I was like, I don't this does 695 00:43:41,680 --> 00:43:43,480 Speaker 1: not taste right to me. I do not like it. 696 00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:48,760 Speaker 1: I would say, since doing that episode, I have found 697 00:43:48,760 --> 00:43:51,759 Speaker 1: some creative ways to eat fresh green beans. But if 698 00:43:51,760 --> 00:43:54,080 Speaker 1: I'm still just gonna have regular green beans as a 699 00:43:54,120 --> 00:43:56,000 Speaker 1: side dish, I probably wanted to come out of a 700 00:43:56,040 --> 00:44:02,160 Speaker 1: can fascinating. So thank you again Bethany for sending that email. 701 00:44:02,239 --> 00:44:04,200 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, we are 702 00:44:04,239 --> 00:44:07,600 Speaker 1: at history podcast that I heart radio dot com, and 703 00:44:07,760 --> 00:44:10,840 Speaker 1: you'll also find us on social media at Missed in History. 704 00:44:10,920 --> 00:44:14,799 Speaker 1: There's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. 705 00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:17,880 Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to our show on the I 706 00:44:17,960 --> 00:44:20,880 Speaker 1: heart Radio app or Apple Podcasts or anywhere else that 707 00:44:20,920 --> 00:44:28,360 Speaker 1: you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in 708 00:44:28,440 --> 00:44:31,160 Speaker 1: History Class is a production of I Heart Radio. For 709 00:44:31,239 --> 00:44:34,520 Speaker 1: more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 710 00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:37,840 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.