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Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature a production of I Heart Radio.

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Speaker 1: The show where we get a big bowl of animal brains,

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Speaker 1: that cup of human brains, blend them together, bick him

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Speaker 1: at four D twenty five degrees for half an hour

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Speaker 1: in Voila. I'm your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden.

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Speaker 1: I studied psychology and evolutionary biology, and I ate rath

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Speaker 1: snails when I was a toddler. This is true today

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Speaker 1: on the show, we're talking weird diets, animals eating other

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Speaker 1: animals eating other animals, humans eating well, some pretty freaky things.

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Speaker 1: Discover this and more as we answer the angel question.

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Speaker 1: Is cannibalism good for you? Diets across the animal kingdom

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Speaker 1: can be fascinating, and who better to speak to this

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Speaker 1: than Charles Darwin, father of evolutionary theory, who decided during

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Speaker 1: the long arduous trip aboard the Beagle that multi bread

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Speaker 1: just wouldn't cut it, so he sampled some of his

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Speaker 1: animal specimens. Darwin had actually been a member of the

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Speaker 1: Glutton Club at Cambridge University before making his famous discoveries,

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Speaker 1: so perhaps it's less surprising that he used his adventures

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Speaker 1: as an excuse to eat giant tortoises, iguana's armadillo's puma,

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Speaker 1: and a goody, which is a giant squirrel like Roden.

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Speaker 1: And he even accidentally ate part of a less area,

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Speaker 1: a bird he'd been trying to collect a scientific specimen

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Speaker 1: of for several months. So what better way to celebrate

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Speaker 1: evolutionary biology than to take a gustatory trip through the

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Speaker 1: animal and human world. Joining me today is Katherine Spires,

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Speaker 1: food writer and host of the podcast smart Mouth. Welcome Catherine,

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Speaker 1: thank you. I'm excited to talk about this stuff. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so your podcast explores culinary things. We do a lot

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Speaker 1: of food history. I have a guest on and I

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Speaker 1: asked him ahead of time, what's your favorite food or whatever?

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Speaker 1: Research the heck out of it. And I'm like, did

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Speaker 1: you know? Um, well, I'm glad that you are into

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Speaker 1: food because this is going to be a pretty uh

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Speaker 1: it'll it'll be a wild ride. Yeah, it sounds like

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Speaker 1: I wanted to start out. I got a listener question,

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Speaker 1: um that I think really is very suitable for this topic. Um,

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Speaker 1: Amy b asks a creature I like a lottle? Is

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Speaker 1: the axelttle? Nice? Nice one? Amy? And I was wondering

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Speaker 1: what strange incidents and or weird and wacky facts are

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Speaker 1: associated with these little cuties. Um so, uh yeah, there's

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Speaker 1: a wacky fact that I know about axlttels, which is

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Speaker 1: that they will only grow up into adults when they

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Speaker 1: eat each other. Oh so not a lot of them

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Speaker 1: grow up into a doll. No, they don't, actually, so

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Speaker 1: axceltteles little background there, critically endangered species of salamander. They're

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Speaker 1: related to tiger salamanders. They live in Mexico. They're also

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Speaker 1: known as the Mexican walking fish. They're not a fish

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Speaker 1: there in amphibian um. They have four underdeveloped limbs and

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Speaker 1: lidless eyes. Already painting a nice picture. Um. They also

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Speaker 1: have these is like fluffy feathery sideburns. Those are actually

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Speaker 1: external gill stocks and that's how they breathe under waters,

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Speaker 1: so they can even regenerate their body parts, even parts

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Speaker 1: of their brains. Yeah, so they're pretty cool already. And

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Speaker 1: their method of eating is like Kirby style vacuuming in food.

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Speaker 1: The reason only some of them grow to adulthood is

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Speaker 1: that they're neotinic, meaning that they reach sexual maturity in

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Speaker 1: their juvenile aquatic form, so they never actually undergo metamorphosis

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Speaker 1: to their adult terrestrial form in most cases. Oh wow,

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Speaker 1: So is this a rare occasion where the fact that

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Speaker 1: they're almost extinct is their fault? No, no, they it's

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Speaker 1: actually because of the urban sprawl of Mexico City, that's

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Speaker 1: the environment. Do they eat other things besides yes, yes,

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Speaker 1: so they eat like insects, worm, small fish. There their carnivores.

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Speaker 1: Most of the time, they don't actually become cannibals, but

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Speaker 1: if they do, they will actually that will trigger their

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Speaker 1: metamorphosis into adulthood. UM. So, the biological reason x ldels

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Speaker 1: don't go through metamorphosis is that they lack thyroid stimulating hormone.

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Speaker 1: Remaining in that juvenile form is actually a survival mechanism

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Speaker 1: in environments that lack adequate nutrition for their larger adult

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Speaker 1: form um and especially things like iodine, which they need

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Speaker 1: in their diet, and they can't necessarily get enough of um.

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Speaker 1: But if they start to get enough nutrition, like enough iodine,

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Speaker 1: which they get by eating other x ltdeles, this will

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Speaker 1: actually trigger their body to start metamorphosis. So if they

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Speaker 1: cannibalize enough other acts ltels, they will turn into larger

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Speaker 1: terrestrial adults. You can even artificially induce this by giving

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Speaker 1: them iodine or thyroid stimulating hormone injections, and it makes

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Speaker 1: them crazy for more. No, no, they'll just like that'll

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Speaker 1: turn out and make them u that will give them

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Speaker 1: a thirst for blood, right, um, No, they'll they'll transform

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Speaker 1: into a terrestrial one. And actually a lot of people

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Speaker 1: keep x ltdeles as pets, and I saw these x

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Speaker 1: Laudela owner forums where they're like, oh, what to do

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Speaker 1: if your ax lottle like metamorphosizes into an adult um

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Speaker 1: because they can't you can't keep it in a in

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Speaker 1: a fish tank anymore because they will need to breathe

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Speaker 1: air like that, they'll grow lungs and they like a frog,

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Speaker 1: you know, that goes from tadpole which is fully aquatic

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Speaker 1: to being um terrestrial and then it can't breathe underwater anymore.

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Speaker 1: Is it an okay idea to keep one of them

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Speaker 1: as a pet? Yeah, I mean it's okay. I think

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Speaker 1: that if they're bread, you know, I don't know too

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Speaker 1: much about like the um ecological impacts of owning them

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Speaker 1: as pets. Um, if they're bread and captivity, I think

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Speaker 1: that's probably okay. But like, obviously the pet trade could

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Speaker 1: present a problem. I think the bigger problem for them

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Speaker 1: is just the the urban sprawl um and the the

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Speaker 1: sort of human impact on their environment. But I don't

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Speaker 1: think as far as like exotic pets go, I don't

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Speaker 1: think it's too much of a problem as long as

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Speaker 1: you don't you know, there are a lot of rules

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Speaker 1: for having exotic pets. You don't want to like introduce

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Speaker 1: them to wherever you live. You know, you don't want

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Speaker 1: to like dump them off in a lake or anything

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Speaker 1: like that, or flush them down the toilet, because you

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Speaker 1: can really screw up with the ecosystems in your your

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Speaker 1: own area when you introduce species that are not from there.

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Speaker 1: So yeah, I mean, I don't know. I think it's

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Speaker 1: mostly okay um, as long as they're not being gotten

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Speaker 1: from the illegal pet trade, right as long as so

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Speaker 1: Speaking of aquatic creepy aquatic animals, greenland sharks will eat

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Speaker 1: entire polar bears. Wow, I didn't really think there was

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Speaker 1: anything that would eat polar bear. But greenland sharks are huge,

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Speaker 1: so they live near well Greenland, Um. They grow up

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Speaker 1: to twenty five ft long and they can weigh over

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Speaker 1: two thousand pounds. That's too many pounds. That's a few

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Speaker 1: too many. And it's a species of sleeper shark. These

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Speaker 1: are sharks that live at great depths and they move

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Speaker 1: really slowly and sluggishly. They're they're just kind of they're

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Speaker 1: freaky in that they just seem ancient, like these ancient

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Speaker 1: callbacks to dinosaur times. Can I tell you the animal

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Speaker 1: I'm most afraid of, Sure, go for it. Whales. Really,

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Speaker 1: you wouldn't like this. It's kind of like it looks

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Speaker 1: it looks like a whale mixed with a shark. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's terrifying to me. And it's deep deep underwater. Why

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Speaker 1: are you afraid of whales just because of how big

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Speaker 1: they are? Yeah, they're too big. Yeah. I think that's

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Speaker 1: like part of the like the philosophobia thing, where it's

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Speaker 1: like you're afraid of like big things in the depths

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Speaker 1: of the ocean. That's interesting. I mean I definitely curl

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Speaker 1: my toes a lot when I was swimming so that

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Speaker 1: the monsters won't get Greenland sharks actually literally are ancient

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Speaker 1: because they have a lifespan of up to five hundred

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Speaker 1: years and specimens that are sometimes and it's hard to

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Speaker 1: actually encounter like specimens, especially like live specimens because of

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Speaker 1: the depths at which they live. When they actually date

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Speaker 1: the the bodies of these greenland sharks like they live

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Speaker 1: hundreds of years old. That's crazy. I've never even heard

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Speaker 1: of these. It's I mean, it is interesting, like some

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Speaker 1: of the most incredible animals that seem it's just like

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Speaker 1: they seem like fantasy creatures and they just aren't, I

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Speaker 1: guess because they're not cute and cuddly, like we don't

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Speaker 1: hear about them. And they're also not they don't kill

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Speaker 1: people generally, so they also don't have the poll of

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Speaker 1: the like you know, tabloid headlines. Um. They're probably ambush predators.

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Speaker 1: So they just move so slowly and quietly, they like

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Speaker 1: look like part of the environment until they're right behind

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Speaker 1: you and it's too late. Because they're not very fast.

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Speaker 1: They don't just like cruise around like you know you

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Speaker 1: see great whites and other sharks, and they're not like

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Speaker 1: zooming around like a cheetah. But they're fairly fast and

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Speaker 1: active and and vicious. Um. So that's how they get

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Speaker 1: the polar bears is just sneaking up on them. Well,

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Speaker 1: it's I'm not sure exactly. I don't think they've ever

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Speaker 1: been observed hunting polar bears. Most likely they just suck

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Speaker 1: up these rotting carcasses of polar bears. So a polar

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Speaker 1: bear dies, falls into the water, and these greenland sharks

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Speaker 1: just like vacuum this entire dead polar bear. How they've

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Speaker 1: also been found in there. And the only reason we

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Speaker 1: know this is like when we catch uh them and

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Speaker 1: they're dead and researchers look inside their stomachs and they

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Speaker 1: found rotting horses, moose, seals. They even found an entire

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Speaker 1: reindeer carcass. Um, how do they get a horse? I see.

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Speaker 1: That's what makes me think that these must have fallen

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Speaker 1: into the ocean somehow. I don't clear on how a

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Speaker 1: horse full in the ocean, but things happen was it's

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Speaker 1: not a cruise on a Disney cre because they do

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Speaker 1: they do scavenge for food as well, so they're they're

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Speaker 1: predators and scavengers. Um. You kind of remind me of coyotes.

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Speaker 1: Everything you're describing around. Yeah, charote once almost got my

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Speaker 1: dog by sneaking up. Yeah. Yeah, she was on a leash.

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Speaker 1: I was walking her almost sneak Yeah. Yeah. They're kind

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Speaker 1: of like that, but huge and ancient even more terrifying

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Speaker 1: and undying. They they're an apex predator, meaning like they

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Speaker 1: don't have any natural predators except you know, humans. There

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Speaker 1: is a bit of a cosmic irony here because like

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Speaker 1: the greenland sharks like to eat these like dead, rotting animals,

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Speaker 1: and we return the favor. At least in Iceland. Uh,

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Speaker 1: there's an Icelandic dish. And my apologies for this whole episode.

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Speaker 1: Just accept my apology for the pronunciation things with these

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Speaker 1: food items um so called I think ha carl, which

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Speaker 1: is made of rotting greenland shark meat. Um, this is

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Speaker 1: a pretty incredible dish. Uh. The raw greenland shark is

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Speaker 1: actually poisonous due to the large amounts of urrea and

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Speaker 1: trimethylene in oxide, trimethylamine, trimethyl amine, trimethyl amine and oxide

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Speaker 1: in their flesh. Um. By fermenting the shark meat, it's

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Speaker 1: rendered edible. I guess it's not edible in the strictest

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Speaker 1: sense that it won't kill you anymore. Right So. Traditionally,

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Speaker 1: hakarl is made by placing the shark body in a

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Speaker 1: shallow sandy grave, then burying it in sand and gravel.

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Speaker 1: Then heavy stones are placed on top to put pressure

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Speaker 1: on the shark, and also I guess to keep the

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Speaker 1: zombie shark from rising. I would assume that's not actually

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Speaker 1: like part of the makes sense to me. If I

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Speaker 1: was like bearing this like giant ancient shark that eats

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Speaker 1: polar bears, I be definitely sure to put some heavy

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Speaker 1: rocks on its um. And then it's left to ferment

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Speaker 1: for oh, you know, twelve weeks in the ground. Um.

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Speaker 1: Then it's cut into strips and hung to dry in

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Speaker 1: a meat drying house. Um. It's no longer really made

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Speaker 1: this way for mass consumption in Iceland. It's instead made

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Speaker 1: by putting like squeezing it in a plastic container. Um.

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Speaker 1: But you know, for sort of more like cultural reasons.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes it's still made traditionally, especially like as a thing

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Speaker 1: to show people who are visiting. It apparently has an

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Speaker 1: extremely strong ammonia flavor. Um, because you know, like it's

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Speaker 1: even though the fermentation process does uh make those toxic

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Speaker 1: uh uria like not as harmful, it's still like pretty yeah. Um,

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Speaker 1: you know, I'm I've never had it, so I'm not

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Speaker 1: gonna say, oh, this is not a good dish. I

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Speaker 1: would say, because I've not been acclimated you eating any

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Speaker 1: kind of meat like this, I would probably struggle yeah

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Speaker 1: with it. Um something's really truly are acquired taste. Yes,

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Speaker 1: I do have the opinions of Anthony Bourdain and Gordon Ramsey.

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Speaker 1: Um So, Anthony Bourdain said it was the quote single worst,

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Speaker 1: most disgusting and terrible tasting thing, which I think is

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Speaker 1: a pretty harsh thing. I don't. I don't think he's

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Speaker 1: ever eaten. Like when I was in college, I used

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Speaker 1: to make myself macaroni and cheese and then from the

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Speaker 1: box like the crab, and I'd put it in the

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Speaker 1: fridge like the little mini fridge, and I just sit

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Speaker 1: there and dry out. And then like a day later,

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Speaker 1: I'd be like, huh, I still have some macaroni and

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Speaker 1: cheese left, and it would be this like mummified mac

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Speaker 1: and cheese, you know, just congealed that milky or bright

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Speaker 1: orange toxic. So so I feel like that would be

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Speaker 1: the worst thing I can see that. No, No, I

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Speaker 1: would still think that Gordon Ramsey couldn't even like eat it.

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Speaker 1: He tried to eat it and he couldn't. Ye wording

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Speaker 1: was much braver. I mean, fancy to be such a

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Speaker 1: weenie calling you out, Ramsey. So another weird So this

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Speaker 1: is something that the Vikings were thought to have eaten

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Speaker 1: as well, another weird thing that the Vikings ate. Again,

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Speaker 1: I'm not going to pronounce this good. Uh, Syria hoots

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Speaker 1: rude gar. Yeah, sure, let's pretend it is. It's soured

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Speaker 1: pickled rams testicles. Okay, you know, it actually sounds a

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Speaker 1: little despite the fact that it's rams testicles. It sounds

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Speaker 1: a little better to me than the shark. Right when

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Speaker 1: you get some pickling Brian in there and work right,

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Speaker 1: because you pickle it um and you know, sour. You know,

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Speaker 1: that's like I've I've had like sour meat, sweet and

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Speaker 1: sour meat, like that's good. Um, So you know, but

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Speaker 1: of course I don't want to I'm not I don't

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Speaker 1: want to drag Iceland too much because they're not. This

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Speaker 1: is not like, oh, man Iceland so weird. They make

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Speaker 1: weird dishes. Well, they don't have a lot of produce,

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Speaker 1: right exactly. So. And also, throughout human history, we've all,

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Speaker 1: like everyone in every culture, nobody is immune. We all

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Speaker 1: have made some freaky stuff. So, um, here's uh, and

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Speaker 1: I'm sure this this may be some stuff you're familiar with.

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Speaker 1: Here's some of the weirdest stuff that we've eaten throughout

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Speaker 1: human history, at least in uh Europe. I got some

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Speaker 1: of this research from the Fine Dining Lover's website. Uh,

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Speaker 1: the author Peter Basildon, So thank you. This is a

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Speaker 1: truly disturbing thing that I read this article that made

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Speaker 1: me not want to eat ever again. So thank you, Peter. So.

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Speaker 1: In medieval Europe, um, the helmeted cock is a cooked

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Speaker 1: chicken and pig where the chicken is made to ride

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Speaker 1: the pig while wearing military regalia. Here's a picture of it.

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Speaker 1: I'll probably post that or post the link to that

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Speaker 1: in the show notes. But it's that that looks like

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Speaker 1: sort of the late Renaissance period when people got really

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Speaker 1: weird about food. Yeah, they were doing stuff like that

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Speaker 1: to show off constantly. Yeah, it's uh, well, like what

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Speaker 1: else do you know? Um? The idea of the tred

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Speaker 1: ducan is supposed to have come from there. Just putting

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Speaker 1: things inside things inside things. I've got. I've got a

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Speaker 1: good one, okay. Um. Another medieval europe one is the

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Speaker 1: live frog pie. It was a fad to surprise guest

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Speaker 1: by sticking live animals in a pie empty pie crest

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Speaker 1: and have them pop out when they cut into it.

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Speaker 1: Is that a fun surprise? No, I wouldn't think so.

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Speaker 1: I don't think it is. I mean this is you know,

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Speaker 1: when is this medieval Europe? Is this like around the

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Speaker 1: Black Death? Maybe right after right before? A really dark

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Speaker 1: sense of humor exactly? Um So, Now moving on to

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Speaker 1: the tutors, which came a little later. I'm not a

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Speaker 1: I'm not a historian, but um so, roasted swan a

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Speaker 1: dish where and we don't really eat swan that much,

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Speaker 1: no more, don't necessarily the best tasting burden. I don't

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Speaker 1: think it's Also, it's probably not, and we raised so

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Speaker 1: many chickens. The swan was redressed in its skin and feathers,

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Speaker 1: so it looked like it did when it was alive.

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Speaker 1: It's like this dead swan feel a full of roasted meat,

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Speaker 1: just like with the swan skin. God, that's so horrible.

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Speaker 1: It's dark. And when they could get their hands on

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Speaker 1: a peacock they would do that too. Yeah, it was

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Speaker 1: so much show. Literally they didn't care what it tasted like.

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Speaker 1: There was something there's something so disturbing about that, like like,

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Speaker 1: you know, so if you murder someone, that's pretty bad, right,

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Speaker 1: that's that's upsetting. If you murder someone, skin them and

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Speaker 1: like jumble around their insides and then sew them back up. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you'll go to jail for longer if you do that. Yeah, right,

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Speaker 1: like the sentencing mandatory sentencing on jumbling people up and

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Speaker 1: sewing them back out. That's there's something disturbing about like

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Speaker 1: because then it's like it's not just about the necessity

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Speaker 1: of eating, it's about mutilating the corpse of the heating um.

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Speaker 1: Speaking of which the cock and trees, which is a

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Speaker 1: suckling pig. In a suckling pig, it's like a baby

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Speaker 1: pig that's upper body was sewn onto the lower half

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Speaker 1: of a capone castrated rooster um, which you know, I

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Speaker 1: mean like sure like turn your food into a Boschian nightmare.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly what they were doing, right right, Like like, hey,

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Speaker 1: what wouldn't it be funny if a pig was sewn

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Speaker 1: to a rooster and we ate it? Is this British too? Yes,

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Speaker 1: this is the tutor so that too. Yeah, well, the

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Speaker 1: tutors were super into showing off, so I guess this

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Speaker 1: is how they did it. Yes, it's weird if they

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Speaker 1: thought it was funny British people became funny, but clearly

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Speaker 1: where at that time humor is a I don't know,

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Speaker 1: it's not good then. Yeah, this researching this episode has

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Speaker 1: made me want to swear off meat entirely forever. Like

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Speaker 1: I'm already like trying to cut back on it for

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Speaker 1: health and environmental reasons, but like I like see this

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Speaker 1: and like maybe I'll just eat carrots for the rest

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Speaker 1: of my life. Yeah, people aren't really carts, groats or whatever.

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Speaker 1: So the elizabethans um would do bone marrow on toast,

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Speaker 1: And I've actually had this and it's really good. It

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Speaker 1: is um. That's and honestly, like if you know, if

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Speaker 1: you're gonna have bones anyway and you don't use them,

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Speaker 1: that's a waste of animals. So like you use if

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Speaker 1: you use their everything, every part of the animal, which

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Speaker 1: I think is probably good practice, you're gonna, you know,

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Speaker 1: have meat. Putting bone my own toast is pretty pretty tasty. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it does taste good. People describe it in a way

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Speaker 1: that either sounds really appetizing or off putting ring on

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Speaker 1: your head. It's just meat butter. It is meat butter.

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Speaker 1: It's um. It's kind of gelant, which it sounds gross,

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Speaker 1: but it's it's like and I'm very sensitive to texture

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Speaker 1: and stuff, and I can actually down this pretty pretty well.

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Speaker 1: I have to spread it thin though I don't like

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Speaker 1: it too chunky's but then when it's thin, it melts

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Speaker 1: just a teeny man into the bread and it does

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Speaker 1: taste really good. Yeah yeah, um, So the Georgians did, uh,

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Speaker 1: and this is kind of what you're talking about, Like

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Speaker 1: the tur ducan it was the rotie sounds peril um again,

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Speaker 1: apologies for the French there. It's a French dish of

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Speaker 1: seventeen birds stuffed inside each other. So, according to an

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Speaker 1: article and vice, the recipe calls for busted stuffed with

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Speaker 1: a turkey, stuffed with a goose, stuffed with a pheasant,

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Speaker 1: stuffed with a chicken, stuffed with a duck, stuffed with

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Speaker 1: a guinea foul, stuffed with a teal, stuffed with a woodcock,

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Speaker 1: stuffed with a partridge, stuffed with a plover, stuffed with

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Speaker 1: a lap wing, stuffed with a quail, stuffed with a thrush,

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Speaker 1: some of the lark, stuffed with an order land bunting,

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Speaker 1: stuffed with a garden warble, or stuffed with an olive.

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Speaker 1: Stuffed with the n anchovie stuffed with a single caper. Guys. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: stop it that. First of all, that would be so

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Speaker 1: frustrating to cook because would take days and then it's

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Speaker 1: dawn in a minute. Yeah, I mean, and it's also

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Speaker 1: they cook at different rates. It's nightmare. Yeah, that's so wasteful.

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Speaker 1: I mean, like what like seventeen different more than seventeen

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Speaker 1: animals had to die to make that because they also

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Speaker 1: like used like pig fat and all these other things,

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Speaker 1: and on a bed of child bones. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: And there's no possible way I'm gonna say this without

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Speaker 1: ever having it that it tasted very good. No, I

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Speaker 1: imagine it wouldn't because you can't. There's no way. It's

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Speaker 1: just too much together, like there's too much happening. No, no,

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Speaker 1: it's just complete insanity. Um it's it's I feel like

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Speaker 1: we have this concept that serial killers only happen within

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Speaker 1: modern society. I think they've always been around. It's just

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Speaker 1: back back in these times they were endorsed. Their behavior

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Speaker 1: was considered good and normal, and they got to be chefs,

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Speaker 1: and they got to be kings and queen means, and

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Speaker 1: they just got away or like I'm gonna sew a

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Speaker 1: pig to a duck and then stuff it inside an

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Speaker 1: ostrich and everyone's like how dro yes, please, wow, I

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Speaker 1: like that theory. That's cool. Yeah yeah yeah monsters while

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Speaker 1: they were monsters. Yeah. So now we know humans are

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Speaker 1: clearly ridiculous omnivores. But in modern times our diets can

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Speaker 1: range from omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan. But what about carnivorous?

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Speaker 1: Well maybe, but you'd have to eat your meat completely raw.

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Speaker 1: Around the turn of the century, Icelandic explorer Bill Hammer

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Speaker 1: Stephenson traveled to Alaska, where the Inuit of the Mackenzie

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Speaker 1: Delta allowed him to live with them and they taught

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Speaker 1: him about their lifestyle. Stephenson became an advocate of their diet,

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Speaker 1: which was meat and fish for six to nine months

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Speaker 1: of the year, an extreme ketogenic diet. But before you

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Speaker 1: try it yourself, you should know that it be difficult

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Speaker 1: to replicate. They eat freshly hunted, sometimes raw meat and

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Speaker 1: caught fresh fish, which they also on occasion ate raw.

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Speaker 1: And only by eating raw liver, fish, row, and eggs

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Speaker 1: can you get the vitamin CEA you need to avoid scurvy.

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Speaker 1: And if you try to eat only meat, and do

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Speaker 1: it incorrectly, you can die of malnutrition. Rabbit starvation is

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Speaker 1: a form of starvation caused by eating primarily rabbit meat,

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Speaker 1: which in more scientific terms is called protein poisoning. It's

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Speaker 1: when there's not enough fat in the diet, so you

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Speaker 1: will starve even if you continue eating. As Stephenson explained,

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Speaker 1: quote rabbit eaters, if they have no fat from another

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Speaker 1: source beaver, moose fish will develop diarrhea in about a week,

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Speaker 1: with headache, lassitude, and vague discomfort. If there are enough rabbits,

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Speaker 1: the people eat till their stomachs are distinted, but no

395
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:53,040
Speaker 1: matter how much they eat, they feel unsatisfied. So don't

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00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:55,959
Speaker 1: go trying and meat only diet at home, especially if

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Speaker 1: all you've got to eat or some lastly rabbits, Hey

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00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:01,879
Speaker 1: drop that fork will be right back after a quick break.

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Speaker 1: What's food without a little seasoning? And the best seasoning

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Speaker 1: in the world is salt. It's the magical mineral that

401
00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:15,160
Speaker 1: makes food taste good. So why do we like salt? Well,

402
00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:17,760
Speaker 1: we do need it to live. You can actually have

403
00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,600
Speaker 1: too little salt in your system, which is a condition

404
00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:26,120
Speaker 1: known as hypernatremia, which can cause brain swelling and even death. Fortunately,

405
00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:28,840
Speaker 1: you don't really need to worry about this. Typically we

406
00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:31,480
Speaker 1: have too much salt in the diet, but for many

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Speaker 1: animals salt is so vital they'll go to some interesting

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Speaker 1: lengths to get it. What I want to talk about is, uh,

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Speaker 1: butterflies and bees who love salt, and they will drink

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00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:46,280
Speaker 1: tears to get it. Oh how do they get the tears? Well? Uh,

411
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Speaker 1: it depends so uh. They will sometimes drink turtle tears

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Speaker 1: in the proving Amazon, So I just got so sad um.

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Speaker 1: So in the Peruvian Amazon, butterflies drink turtle tears to

414
00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:04,160
Speaker 1: supple their diet with sodium. Butterflies need sodium like most

415
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:07,320
Speaker 1: living animals, but they can't get it from flowers, so

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00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:11,240
Speaker 1: they'll get it typically from dirt or poop um where

417
00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:14,040
Speaker 1: you normally get told. Of course, they can also get

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00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:18,879
Speaker 1: it from tears. Uh. And what better than a turtle

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Speaker 1: that can't retract its head like the yellow spotted sideeck

420
00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:24,840
Speaker 1: turtles who their heads are just stuck out there. They

421
00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:27,960
Speaker 1: can't hide in their little shell home, so the butterflies

422
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,120
Speaker 1: are free to sip at their tears. Here's a picture.

423
00:25:31,920 --> 00:25:34,240
Speaker 1: And I didn't want to be clear that the turtle

424
00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:36,720
Speaker 1: is not sad. Can you tell me what would cause

425
00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:40,120
Speaker 1: a turtle to cry? I mean probably it's just the normal,

426
00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:46,280
Speaker 1: normal amount of tears and it's not it's not crying

427
00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:50,040
Speaker 1: because it's sad. Same thing with crocodiles. So butterflies are

428
00:25:50,119 --> 00:25:54,439
Speaker 1: sometimes seen drinking the tears of crocodiles, like the cayman

429
00:25:54,720 --> 00:26:01,120
Speaker 1: in Costa Rica. Here's uh, here's a bee and a butterfly, uh,

430
00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:05,159
Speaker 1: drinking out of the crocodiles tears at the same Time's amazing.

431
00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:07,480
Speaker 1: I feel like I've seen pictures of this before and

432
00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:11,000
Speaker 1: I didn't even think that it might be a thing. Yeah. Um,

433
00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:14,520
Speaker 1: So they're also tear drinking molls in the Amazon jungle

434
00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:19,000
Speaker 1: that drink bird tears, uh and sometimes not. It's not

435
00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:21,760
Speaker 1: even clear why they do this because there's like salt

436
00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:25,160
Speaker 1: in their environment already, so they just like to poke

437
00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:27,200
Speaker 1: birds in the eyes and make them cry and drink

438
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:30,680
Speaker 1: their tears. So they're just like little stinkers. Yeah, they're

439
00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:32,840
Speaker 1: little stinkers. And here's a picture of one just like

440
00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:36,040
Speaker 1: sitting on top of a terrified looking birds. Yeah. That

441
00:26:36,119 --> 00:26:39,880
Speaker 1: seems so rude. It's very rude. Humans are ruder, were

442
00:26:39,920 --> 00:26:45,680
Speaker 1: worse for those birds out there listening. Uh viewers, sensitive listeners,

443
00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:49,359
Speaker 1: sensitive to matters of birds. I'm gonna warn you about this.

444
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:53,359
Speaker 1: Next one gets very sad. The ordle in bunting. Have

445
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:57,600
Speaker 1: you heard of this. It's an upsetting It's an upsetting

446
00:26:57,640 --> 00:27:02,000
Speaker 1: restaurant or recipe. Um. So, ordoland bunting is a small,

447
00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:07,160
Speaker 1: peaceful songbird that is apparently good tasting to some people

448
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:12,000
Speaker 1: after being brutally tortured. So in classic Middle French cuisine,

449
00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:16,640
Speaker 1: the orderland is placed in a darkened cage, which causes

450
00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:22,080
Speaker 1: it to become psychologically disturbed, where it feeds compulsively. So

451
00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:25,479
Speaker 1: in the wild, ordlands will gorge themselves at night. So

452
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:27,560
Speaker 1: if you make it eternal night, they will just keep

453
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:32,120
Speaker 1: eating and eating, which is really disturbing. In Roman times,

454
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,119
Speaker 1: emperors would stab out the eyes of the lands so

455
00:27:35,160 --> 00:27:38,280
Speaker 1: they would compulsively eat anymore, even more because like no

456
00:27:38,480 --> 00:27:44,040
Speaker 1: light can enter their eyes. Yeah, it's pretty I mean,

457
00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:46,200
Speaker 1: I don't know if that's true. That could be apocryphal,

458
00:27:46,280 --> 00:27:51,800
Speaker 1: but I wouldn't put it past Romans Caligula. He was

459
00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:56,480
Speaker 1: a stinker. Um. So the bird is then drowned in

460
00:27:56,640 --> 00:28:00,840
Speaker 1: brandy um so that it is marinated murdered at the

461
00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:07,600
Speaker 1: same time. Um, and then it is roasted and eaten whole. Traditionally,

462
00:28:07,720 --> 00:28:11,119
Speaker 1: people would wear a large handkerchief over their heads to

463
00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:15,680
Speaker 1: quote like hide from God. It could also have been

464
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,760
Speaker 1: that's sort of like the superstition around, but it's also

465
00:28:19,840 --> 00:28:24,400
Speaker 1: could be to trap the odors from the dish or too.

466
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:27,240
Speaker 1: If it's like because these would be very wealthy people.

467
00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:29,240
Speaker 1: It could also be to hide the fact that they're

468
00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,639
Speaker 1: spitting out bird bones as they can. So that's a

469
00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:37,320
Speaker 1: I think it's illegal now. Um, it is illegal. Yeah,

470
00:28:37,359 --> 00:28:40,480
Speaker 1: but there's TV shows that will depict it as depictions

471
00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:42,360
Speaker 1: of how wealthy people are. Right, they've done it both

472
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,960
Speaker 1: on Billions and Succession. Yeah, I wonder if that's there's

473
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:49,080
Speaker 1: any truth to that, Like if wealthy people like have

474
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:54,440
Speaker 1: a black market order land under the table, rich people

475
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:58,760
Speaker 1: love having everything. There is a vegan version of order Lands.

476
00:28:58,760 --> 00:29:04,400
Speaker 1: So these vegan chefs have created a m Ortolan bunting

477
00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,240
Speaker 1: that's supposed to mimic the taste and texture of a

478
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,840
Speaker 1: of a bird with bones in it. Um made out

479
00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:15,880
Speaker 1: of entirely vegan ingredients. It doesn't necessarily look exactly like

480
00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:19,640
Speaker 1: a bird. It looks like one vaguely birds shaped lump

481
00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:25,000
Speaker 1: of weird ingredients, but they've put like other things to

482
00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:28,240
Speaker 1: make it like they wanted to mimic the texture of

483
00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:32,680
Speaker 1: like skin, guts and bones, and it's the thing. Is

484
00:29:32,840 --> 00:29:35,640
Speaker 1: one of the benefits. And I'm not vegan, but one

485
00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:38,360
Speaker 1: of the benefits I perceive of being vegan is you

486
00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,880
Speaker 1: don't have the gross out factor of eating another living creature.

487
00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:46,560
Speaker 1: So why would you want of this is replicated? I

488
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:51,200
Speaker 1: don't understand fake meat replicating. Obviously it's better, Obviously it's

489
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:55,600
Speaker 1: better than torturing real bird, but right, yeah, why would

490
00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:59,200
Speaker 1: you even want to have the pretend version? Right? Exactly? Yeah? Um,

491
00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:03,719
Speaker 1: A little bit of a less maccab weird preparation of

492
00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:09,200
Speaker 1: meat is Uh, there's a farmer in Seattle that feeds

493
00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:13,720
Speaker 1: his pigs marijuana. Um, and so it's actually not as

494
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:18,080
Speaker 1: crazy and weird as it sounds. It's marijuana that is

495
00:30:18,080 --> 00:30:22,160
Speaker 1: not used in medical marijuana manufacturing. So instead of throwing

496
00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:25,320
Speaker 1: out like the stocks and stuff, he takes it in

497
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:30,080
Speaker 1: like incorporates it into the pig slop. Apparently that helps

498
00:30:30,120 --> 00:30:33,600
Speaker 1: introduce fiber. It actually increases their appetite a little more

499
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:38,880
Speaker 1: like naturally without using like hormones and such and um,

500
00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:43,040
Speaker 1: it apparently affects the taste of the meat. Um makes

501
00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:46,920
Speaker 1: the meat tastes like more savory or something. I don't

502
00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,800
Speaker 1: I kind of I'm not really, I'm not into it

503
00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:54,160
Speaker 1: that much in terms of, like, you know, I feel

504
00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:56,320
Speaker 1: bad about eating pigs because they look like a little

505
00:30:56,320 --> 00:31:00,360
Speaker 1: doggies too. But I feel like the least we can

506
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:03,880
Speaker 1: do is give them marijuana. That's such a good point.

507
00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:06,520
Speaker 1: At least we could do is to get get them

508
00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:13,000
Speaker 1: baked before they get baked, free baking, pre baking, um.

509
00:31:13,040 --> 00:31:15,800
Speaker 1: I mean, And it is interesting. He claims that the

510
00:31:16,280 --> 00:31:18,840
Speaker 1: pigs don't necessarily get high, but he does say that

511
00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 1: they seem to enjoy it a good amount, So I wonder, yeah,

512
00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:26,080
Speaker 1: there's how do you know? We would never know? Yeah,

513
00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:30,040
Speaker 1: there's gotta be like just trace amounts of probably DHC

514
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:32,920
Speaker 1: and CBD. Yeah. He says that that you can't get

515
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:37,640
Speaker 1: high from the meat. Um, But but they're consuming tracing right,

516
00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:41,200
Speaker 1: so they've got to be. There's got to be some

517
00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:44,040
Speaker 1: high pigs there. You cannot tell me that they're not

518
00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 1: going to get or at least super chill, right, right exactly? Man,

519
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:51,959
Speaker 1: I kind of it's like it's it's such a cute

520
00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:54,880
Speaker 1: story and tell you're like, oh, and then they're slaughtered

521
00:31:55,840 --> 00:32:01,720
Speaker 1: another here's a less dark story about seasoning food. Japanese macaques,

522
00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:05,280
Speaker 1: which are also known as snow monkeys, will wash their

523
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:11,000
Speaker 1: yams and potatoes and saltwater. This is exclusive to the

524
00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:15,400
Speaker 1: Japanese island of Koshima. There's a colony of macaques who

525
00:32:15,440 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: have learned how to salt their potatoes. Oh my gosh uh.

526
00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:23,280
Speaker 1: In nineteen fifty three, a field macaque named emo which

527
00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:27,800
Speaker 1: is potato and Japanese, was observed by researchers washing sand

528
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,840
Speaker 1: off of the sweet potato in the river. Her family

529
00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:35,200
Speaker 1: watched this and they copied her, and they learned from her.

530
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:37,920
Speaker 1: And then because normally, like if you got a sandy potato,

531
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:39,920
Speaker 1: they would just brush it off with their little their

532
00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:42,880
Speaker 1: little hands, um. But washing in the river was much

533
00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:47,080
Speaker 1: more effective. And then emo Uh put a new spin

534
00:32:47,120 --> 00:32:49,800
Speaker 1: on it where she took it to the ocean, not

535
00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:53,840
Speaker 1: the freshwater river, but the ocean started washing it there,

536
00:32:54,280 --> 00:32:57,080
Speaker 1: and she found that she preferred that to the river

537
00:32:57,120 --> 00:33:00,840
Speaker 1: because of the saltiness. She would even like dip it,

538
00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:04,640
Speaker 1: take a bite, dip it again. She was double dipping.

539
00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:09,040
Speaker 1: I love it, Um and her her cohorts her family

540
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:13,760
Speaker 1: also copied that and started doing the same behavior. Now,

541
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:16,800
Speaker 1: even though I mean sadly, Emo and all the other

542
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:19,840
Speaker 1: original potato dippers have passed away, but this was in

543
00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:25,719
Speaker 1: so they lived nice, long lives of potato dipping. Um.

544
00:33:25,840 --> 00:33:30,080
Speaker 1: But the macaques living on Koshima Island still practice potato

545
00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:33,280
Speaker 1: dipping and washing. Oh my gosh, she changed the game

546
00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:35,240
Speaker 1: from that. Yeah, And I think it's one of the

547
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:38,200
Speaker 1: examples that points to like, hey, you know, animals actually

548
00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:42,040
Speaker 1: can have culture, like they can learn, especially the more

549
00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:46,840
Speaker 1: intelligent animals like primates can learn certain elements of culture

550
00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:49,760
Speaker 1: and pass things on and pass traditions on, which is

551
00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:52,760
Speaker 1: really incredible. Yeah, I'm getting more and more freaked out

552
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,000
Speaker 1: by the idea of keeping primates and zoos. Yeah, I

553
00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:59,600
Speaker 1: feel like they're real similar, tough. I mean, some zoos,

554
00:34:00,320 --> 00:34:04,080
Speaker 1: you know, like there's a lot of conservation going on. Um.

555
00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:06,960
Speaker 1: So I feel like, especially like the San Diego Zoo,

556
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:08,960
Speaker 1: I know, they go to great length to try to

557
00:34:09,239 --> 00:34:13,080
Speaker 1: create these enclosures that are humane, and they go towards

558
00:34:13,080 --> 00:34:16,440
Speaker 1: a lot of conservation efforts. Um. But yeah, I'm not

559
00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:23,000
Speaker 1: I'm definitely not comfortable with captive primates kept in suboptimal connections.

560
00:34:23,719 --> 00:34:26,920
Speaker 1: It's uh, they're yeah, they're very intelligent. And speaking of which,

561
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:32,080
Speaker 1: red colobus monkeys who live in human forests of western,

562
00:34:32,160 --> 00:34:36,840
Speaker 1: Central and Eastern Africa use charcoal to neutralize toxins in

563
00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:41,759
Speaker 1: their diet. Oh my gosh, these are these are boss bays,

564
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:45,400
Speaker 1: but they're living there like instead of doing like you know,

565
00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:48,080
Speaker 1: haven't you seen those like like eat more charcoal to

566
00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:53,360
Speaker 1: detoxify your system, which I don't know about that, but

567
00:34:53,520 --> 00:34:57,120
Speaker 1: it works for these red colobus monkeys. So they love

568
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:01,160
Speaker 1: eating mango and Indian almond tree leaves because they're high

569
00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:05,560
Speaker 1: in protein. Unfortunately, these leaves are also high in phenols,

570
00:35:05,640 --> 00:35:09,120
Speaker 1: which upset there. Don't tell me. They've learned to eat

571
00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:13,759
Speaker 1: charcoal to detoxify the leaves, and it's highly sought after,

572
00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:17,000
Speaker 1: Like they'll fight over the charcoal they'll have, Like they'll

573
00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:19,360
Speaker 1: gather huge amounts of it and carry it and like

574
00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:22,640
Speaker 1: hoard it so they can eat their favorite leaves. Um

575
00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:25,400
Speaker 1: they'll even so they gather it mostly from burnt trees,

576
00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:28,640
Speaker 1: but they'll even steal charcoal briquettes from humans when they

577
00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:33,719
Speaker 1: have the chance take that. Um, so it's yeah, they

578
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:36,000
Speaker 1: and they'll like they'll eat the leaves and then eat

579
00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:39,759
Speaker 1: the charcoal, and they've just discovered that that helps, uh

580
00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:43,400
Speaker 1: settle their stomachs. Do we know if the leaves taste

581
00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:46,719
Speaker 1: like the fruit the you mean, like mango. I have

582
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,799
Speaker 1: no idea. I don't know. I know that almonds have

583
00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:52,839
Speaker 1: cyanide in them, so it's possible the leaves also have

584
00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:56,000
Speaker 1: some syanaide, which is also um a way that the

585
00:35:56,719 --> 00:35:59,799
Speaker 1: charcoal could help help their tummies, because you know, I mean,

586
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,080
Speaker 1: if you consume small amounts of cyanide, you won't die,

587
00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:05,160
Speaker 1: but will definitely make you sick. But don't do it, like,

588
00:36:05,239 --> 00:36:07,520
Speaker 1: don't I'm not gonna you know, don't be like, oh well,

589
00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:09,279
Speaker 1: if I have a little bit, it's okay, Like any

590
00:36:09,280 --> 00:36:14,960
Speaker 1: amount not bad news. Um. And speaking of neutralizing toxins, um,

591
00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:19,480
Speaker 1: birds will eat dirt to do this, Okay, does I

592
00:36:19,560 --> 00:36:21,840
Speaker 1: have to be any kind of dirt. It's a specific

593
00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:26,000
Speaker 1: kind of dirt. So eating dirt is called geophagia. Lots

594
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:30,879
Speaker 1: of animals eat dirt, birds, bats, and primates. This is

595
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:35,120
Speaker 1: often done to introduce minerals into their diets, such as calcium, sodium, iron,

596
00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:39,240
Speaker 1: zinc and so on. Sometimes pregnant women will crave dirt,

597
00:36:39,880 --> 00:36:42,640
Speaker 1: which could be out of a desire to make up

598
00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:47,440
Speaker 1: for mineral deficiency like anemia um or potentially because certain

599
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:52,120
Speaker 1: types of clear dirt could help destroy pathogens in the gut. Um.

600
00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:56,480
Speaker 1: I don't recommend eating dirt because you could just as

601
00:36:56,520 --> 00:37:01,600
Speaker 1: easily introduce harmful pathogens and toxins, like they're Helmett parasitic

602
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:05,360
Speaker 1: worms whose eggs can survive in dirt for years. Um.

603
00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:08,120
Speaker 1: And you can also get lead from from eating just

604
00:37:08,239 --> 00:37:11,239
Speaker 1: random dirt. But when you're pregnant, things go crazy, right.

605
00:37:11,239 --> 00:37:14,920
Speaker 1: I've heard red case studies of pregnant women actually buying salt.

606
00:37:14,920 --> 00:37:17,200
Speaker 1: Looks if you would keep in a barn to consume

607
00:37:17,239 --> 00:37:20,839
Speaker 1: on their own. Yeah, And like pika is the term

608
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:24,279
Speaker 1: for eating things that are typically inedible, and so yeah,

609
00:37:24,360 --> 00:37:27,280
Speaker 1: pregnant women will often have that because it's like it's

610
00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:30,239
Speaker 1: their their body is craving something, and so they will

611
00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,960
Speaker 1: eat things that aren't necessarily have any like eating ices

612
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:36,400
Speaker 1: another one. Oh I do that, and I'm not pregnant.

613
00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:39,440
Speaker 1: I don't know what's up with that, huh. But for

614
00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:43,680
Speaker 1: the Peruvian Animazon rainforest parrots, dirt is a way to

615
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,200
Speaker 1: filter toxic that their diet. And they're super super picky

616
00:37:47,320 --> 00:37:50,719
Speaker 1: about what dirt specifically they so they will flock to

617
00:37:50,760 --> 00:37:54,360
Speaker 1: this one specific place near the Manu River, and only

618
00:37:54,520 --> 00:37:57,880
Speaker 1: one layer of soil along the bend. So you know

619
00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:01,239
Speaker 1: how soil is in these sediments layers, they pick this

620
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:05,319
Speaker 1: one band of soil. And the reason the reason they

621
00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:07,879
Speaker 1: do this is this soil air has the highest cat

622
00:38:07,920 --> 00:38:12,239
Speaker 1: ion exchange capacity. So this is some chemistry stuff. It's

623
00:38:12,239 --> 00:38:15,200
Speaker 1: a little unfamiliar with for me, so bear with me.

624
00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:19,600
Speaker 1: So cat ions are positively charged ions um. Most soil

625
00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:24,160
Speaker 1: is negatively charged UM. So they will stick together negative

626
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:28,920
Speaker 1: positive um. If soil has high cat ion exchange capacity,

627
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:33,320
Speaker 1: it can attract to and bind two more cat ions UM.

628
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:37,439
Speaker 1: So the parents eat seeds and unripe fruit that has

629
00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:42,160
Speaker 1: alkaloids and toxins that are harmful uh, and these these

630
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:46,520
Speaker 1: toxins will become positively charged inside the parent's acidic stomach

631
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:49,239
Speaker 1: some kind of chemical reaction there. And so if the

632
00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:53,480
Speaker 1: clay that they eat has a high cat ion exchange capacity,

633
00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:59,320
Speaker 1: it will bind to these now positively charged toxins to

634
00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:03,040
Speaker 1: so clay is negatively charged. The toxins are positively charged

635
00:39:03,120 --> 00:39:07,920
Speaker 1: in their stomachs. They'll bind together and that neutralizes the toxins. Uh,

636
00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:10,600
Speaker 1: and then it allows the parrots to eat these foods

637
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:13,360
Speaker 1: that they love without getting sick. Those are some fancy

638
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:15,640
Speaker 1: parrot they really are. And it's funny to see them

639
00:39:15,640 --> 00:39:17,719
Speaker 1: because they're they're all just kind of lined along this

640
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:21,439
Speaker 1: one band of this like dirt, this face of dirt

641
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:26,120
Speaker 1: along the river, just all all like diners. They know

642
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:30,840
Speaker 1: exactly what they want. So because we are talking about

643
00:39:30,880 --> 00:39:35,359
Speaker 1: eating dirt, I got a little surprised for you. Um,

644
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:41,719
Speaker 1: it is dirt soda. Uh. It says it's shoveled and

645
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:48,680
Speaker 1: bottled in the USA. I don't know. Now, the ingredients

646
00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:56,040
Speaker 1: don't mention dirt. So the ingredients is carbonated artesian spring water, cane, sugar,

647
00:39:56,239 --> 00:40:01,520
Speaker 1: citric acid, artificial flavor, caramel, color, esther gum um, flash patch,

648
00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:07,680
Speaker 1: pasteurized as a natural preservative. So nowhere do they say

649
00:40:07,680 --> 00:40:12,720
Speaker 1: it contains dirt. I'm sure that's the natural flavors. Whatever

650
00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:15,919
Speaker 1: essence they right, like, is it dirt essence? I don't.

651
00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:18,400
Speaker 1: I don't like. I don't know if it's supposed to

652
00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:22,160
Speaker 1: taste like dirt. If it's just like that they didn't

653
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:27,560
Speaker 1: clean the factories, so he would mind going to do

654
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:31,520
Speaker 1: a little taste test here. Um, I'm down for it.

655
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:34,239
Speaker 1: Hang on, wait, I hope this is a twist off.

656
00:40:34,760 --> 00:40:39,799
Speaker 1: It might not be. Actually, okay, I'm gonna go get

657
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:45,279
Speaker 1: a bottle. I'll probably cut out some of that of

658
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:49,640
Speaker 1: us struggling to open this bottle of dirt soda, much

659
00:40:49,719 --> 00:40:51,919
Speaker 1: anticipated dirt, saying, you know, I hope it was worth

660
00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:54,960
Speaker 1: the struggle. I mean, it's got to be such a

661
00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:58,120
Speaker 1: big build up, so it's kind of red. Yeah, it's

662
00:40:58,120 --> 00:41:05,080
Speaker 1: got a nice amber color. Um, that's for you, thank you. Um,

663
00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:11,160
Speaker 1: this is for me a toast to dirt soda. Cheers. Yeah,

664
00:41:11,560 --> 00:41:13,480
Speaker 1: I only felt the dirt at the very beginning. You

665
00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:15,640
Speaker 1: know what it reminds me of. It's got a dirt bouquet,

666
00:41:16,640 --> 00:41:20,279
Speaker 1: but it's kind of cream soda eat a little bit. Yeah, Oh,

667
00:41:20,320 --> 00:41:22,439
Speaker 1: I don't care for the aftertaste. No, no, So it's

668
00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:25,760
Speaker 1: like the taste on the tongue is actually no, no dirt,

669
00:41:26,520 --> 00:41:31,680
Speaker 1: but it's very dirt forward. Um, and it's like a

670
00:41:31,719 --> 00:41:36,120
Speaker 1: dirt after taste. It's yeah, I wouldn't say that it

671
00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:40,680
Speaker 1: really approximates dirt. It's just a little gross yeah, it's

672
00:41:40,760 --> 00:41:44,040
Speaker 1: kind of just nasty. Um. I used to eat some

673
00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:47,840
Speaker 1: dirt when I was a kid, like especially love. You know,

674
00:41:47,920 --> 00:41:53,640
Speaker 1: there's like little furtless white fertilizer pellets to crunch on. Good. No, well,

675
00:41:53,640 --> 00:41:56,160
Speaker 1: not healthy for you. They're bad to eat, but they were.

676
00:41:56,280 --> 00:41:58,600
Speaker 1: I enjoyed it. Were you not allowed to eat junk food?

677
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:03,040
Speaker 1: Was it like, yeah, cheetoh substitute? Yeah? I I My

678
00:42:03,040 --> 00:42:05,280
Speaker 1: my parents were very good at having us eat healthy.

679
00:42:05,320 --> 00:42:07,840
Speaker 1: I could eat like goldfish crackers and stuff, but that

680
00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:12,359
Speaker 1: was a treat for you. But you know, I would

681
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:16,279
Speaker 1: eat rass nails when I was a baby. I would

682
00:42:16,280 --> 00:42:20,360
Speaker 1: eat dirt. Did you so you were a baby, you

683
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,440
Speaker 1: didn't have a sense that you were eating a live animal? No,

684
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,400
Speaker 1: I had no. I have no memory of it. My

685
00:42:25,440 --> 00:42:28,839
Speaker 1: mom just tells me that it got it. I do

686
00:42:28,960 --> 00:42:31,560
Speaker 1: remember eating ants, and those were actually pretty good. They're

687
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,040
Speaker 1: kind of pepperine tasting, not bad. This kind of almost

688
00:42:35,040 --> 00:42:41,880
Speaker 1: smells like crayons. I can see that, like dirty crams,

689
00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:46,840
Speaker 1: dirty crams that like a smoker. You're It's like it

690
00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:50,600
Speaker 1: smells like you're in a smoker's car that's full of dirt,

691
00:42:50,680 --> 00:42:54,960
Speaker 1: crayons and sugar. So there's this um set up that

692
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:57,200
Speaker 1: people who are training to learn about wine can use,

693
00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:01,000
Speaker 1: where it's a set of like eighty different sences, and

694
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:03,360
Speaker 1: so you learn how to identify the essences so you

695
00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:07,200
Speaker 1: can describe the wine. And seventy two of those essences

696
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,680
Speaker 1: are delicious things, and then there's the eight that are

697
00:43:10,719 --> 00:43:13,200
Speaker 1: gross that can help you describe like a corked bottle

698
00:43:13,239 --> 00:43:16,960
Speaker 1: of wine. And this dirt soda is actually kind of

699
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,720
Speaker 1: reminding me of the band aid essence. Oh my god, Yeah,

700
00:43:20,840 --> 00:43:24,239
Speaker 1: there's a band aid essence with like, well, so are

701
00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:28,279
Speaker 1: these essences that help you identify bad wine or good

702
00:43:28,320 --> 00:43:31,640
Speaker 1: and bad? So most of them are for identifying good wine,

703
00:43:31,680 --> 00:43:33,040
Speaker 1: and then there's a couple that you're like, oh no,

704
00:43:33,160 --> 00:43:36,160
Speaker 1: something hasn't gone wrong. Somebody dropped a band aid and

705
00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:40,280
Speaker 1: the wine it's something like if it's oxidized or something

706
00:43:40,360 --> 00:43:42,160
Speaker 1: like that. But that's what this. I feel like they

707
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:46,239
Speaker 1: dropped essence of band aid into God, it's not good.

708
00:43:46,640 --> 00:43:50,160
Speaker 1: It's not even good to drink. Ironically, the smell alone

709
00:43:50,239 --> 00:43:53,920
Speaker 1: is very bad because like, honestly, dirt, like the smell

710
00:43:53,960 --> 00:43:57,440
Speaker 1: of wet dirt like petrocre is actually really nice. It

711
00:43:57,520 --> 00:44:03,880
Speaker 1: doesn't the smells like duty. Yeah, I feel like dirt

712
00:44:03,960 --> 00:44:10,080
Speaker 1: is maybe something that you can't synthesize or make synthetic. Right, Um,

713
00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:12,000
Speaker 1: this is just gross. This is just gross in a

714
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:13,680
Speaker 1: way that, like you said, I don't think dirt is

715
00:44:13,680 --> 00:44:16,319
Speaker 1: actually gross. So right, if you're going to give the

716
00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:20,759
Speaker 1: dirt soda rating, can we get a rating there out

717
00:44:20,760 --> 00:44:24,360
Speaker 1: of like, let's do five stars, half a star, half

718
00:44:24,360 --> 00:44:29,200
Speaker 1: a star, um, just out of give it to stars

719
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:34,920
Speaker 1: just because of how difficult the bottle was to open,

720
00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:37,000
Speaker 1: which I felt like was kind of a nice It's

721
00:44:37,320 --> 00:44:41,319
Speaker 1: almost apo semanticism, like where it's like warning sign that

722
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:44,799
Speaker 1: you shouldn't drink it. So for that design of it

723
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:47,960
Speaker 1: to be hard to open, I think two stars. I

724
00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:56,520
Speaker 1: like that. Why do humans use spices just because it

725
00:44:56,560 --> 00:45:00,120
Speaker 1: tastes good? Well, researchers tried to answer this question. A

726
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:03,920
Speaker 1: scientific paper called Darwinian Gastronomy Why We Use Spices by

727
00:45:03,920 --> 00:45:07,080
Speaker 1: Sherman at All found that spice use may be used

728
00:45:07,120 --> 00:45:11,200
Speaker 1: potentially to protect us from micro organisms and food poisoning

729
00:45:11,480 --> 00:45:14,800
Speaker 1: by borrowing the defensive weapons of plants from which spices

730
00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:17,600
Speaker 1: are derived. But when we return, we'll find that there

731
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:29,279
Speaker 1: may be no spice antidote to certain dangerous diets. Sometimes

732
00:45:29,280 --> 00:45:32,120
Speaker 1: we go to great lengths for our meals, even putting

733
00:45:32,120 --> 00:45:35,680
Speaker 1: ourselves in danger. The heart Attack grill in Las Vegas,

734
00:45:35,719 --> 00:45:39,319
Speaker 1: which offers the octopol bypass Hamburger, should give you an

735
00:45:39,360 --> 00:45:41,800
Speaker 1: idea of how much we're willing to risk for our food.

736
00:45:42,160 --> 00:45:44,960
Speaker 1: We're also willing to eat fugu fish, a type of

737
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:48,920
Speaker 1: pufferfish which if prepared improperly, can be deadly as it

738
00:45:48,960 --> 00:45:53,439
Speaker 1: contains lethal amounts of tetratotoxin in its inner organs. Both

739
00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:57,800
Speaker 1: humans and dolphins risk death by eating wriggling octopus. Sanac g,

740
00:45:58,239 --> 00:46:01,960
Speaker 1: a Korean dish, is made of freshly killed octopus. Some

741
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:05,360
Speaker 1: people think that they're still alive, as nerve activity continues

742
00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:08,840
Speaker 1: to function within the tentacles, causing them to wriggle around.

743
00:46:09,280 --> 00:46:12,440
Speaker 1: This presents a choking hazard. If not chewed properly, the

744
00:46:12,560 --> 00:46:15,160
Speaker 1: suction cups can stick to your throat and actually kill you.

745
00:46:15,719 --> 00:46:18,920
Speaker 1: Dolphins also risk being choked to death when eating octopus,

746
00:46:19,239 --> 00:46:22,240
Speaker 1: and sometimes smashed the octopus by tossing it around, tearing

747
00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:25,440
Speaker 1: it to shreads to make it less dangerous. But sometimes

748
00:46:25,480 --> 00:46:27,520
Speaker 1: you're not even out of the woods if you swallow

749
00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:31,319
Speaker 1: your dinner. Cassu marzoo is a classic Sardinian dish made

750
00:46:31,320 --> 00:46:34,439
Speaker 1: of sheep, milk, cheese, and live larva of the cheese fly.

751
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,760
Speaker 1: This is meant to give the cheese is nice soft texture,

752
00:46:38,120 --> 00:46:40,800
Speaker 1: but if the larva survived the trip down your gollet,

753
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:43,960
Speaker 1: the worms can try to burrow through and eat your stomach, lining,

754
00:46:44,040 --> 00:46:47,480
Speaker 1: resulting in a condition called pseudomy assis a k A

755
00:46:47,480 --> 00:46:53,880
Speaker 1: accidental parasitization. The common Asian toad has also suffered from indigestion.

756
00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:57,640
Speaker 1: The blind snake, a small worm like snake, can survive

757
00:46:57,719 --> 00:47:00,960
Speaker 1: being ingested and has been seen escape being alive out

758
00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:03,440
Speaker 1: of the butt of a common Asian toad. Well, you

759
00:47:03,560 --> 00:47:07,160
Speaker 1: just described all my worst nightmares. That's all horrifying. That's

760
00:47:07,160 --> 00:47:12,719
Speaker 1: what the podcasts about. It's bringing nightmares to the surface

761
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,440
Speaker 1: so you can you know, not have them when you're sleeping,

762
00:47:15,480 --> 00:47:18,600
Speaker 1: but when you're awake. Yeah, thank you so much. You're welcome.

763
00:47:19,200 --> 00:47:23,920
Speaker 1: I remember learning about Cassu marzoo and like an anthropology

764
00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:27,000
Speaker 1: class when we were talking about like, I don't I

765
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:30,120
Speaker 1: think it's good to eat insects generally as part of

766
00:47:30,120 --> 00:47:33,799
Speaker 1: our cuisine, and I I haven't been socialized myself to

767
00:47:33,960 --> 00:47:36,680
Speaker 1: eat insects but I think it's a great protein source

768
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,840
Speaker 1: in this case. This is different. This is different. I

769
00:47:40,840 --> 00:47:43,279
Speaker 1: don't know for people who haven't eaten insects, it's not

770
00:47:43,320 --> 00:47:46,080
Speaker 1: that weird. It's mostly crunchy, right, It's like it's like

771
00:47:46,120 --> 00:47:52,160
Speaker 1: eating popcorn but legs. Yeah, but this cheese maggoting. You

772
00:47:52,200 --> 00:47:55,000
Speaker 1: can see them. There's still a lie. You can they

773
00:47:55,120 --> 00:47:59,200
Speaker 1: like jump out of the cheese. Sometimes I don't understand

774
00:47:59,280 --> 00:48:03,640
Speaker 1: how this dish came about accident, I would assume, Yeah,

775
00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:06,400
Speaker 1: but why keep doing it? Like why is it consisted

776
00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:09,000
Speaker 1: like that? Because it probably tastes good really if you

777
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:12,040
Speaker 1: can get over it. Yeah, all right, I don't know.

778
00:48:12,239 --> 00:48:13,960
Speaker 1: I'll never know. I'm not going to try it. Well, no,

779
00:48:14,120 --> 00:48:17,760
Speaker 1: I mean I will. I will try most insects, except

780
00:48:17,760 --> 00:48:21,439
Speaker 1: for live insects. I think. I think that's really fair.

781
00:48:21,560 --> 00:48:24,759
Speaker 1: With cheese. It's that almost makes it worse. It totally does.

782
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:29,560
Speaker 1: Humans will sometimes well, as we already discussed, will imperil

783
00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:34,839
Speaker 1: themselves for food. Um and one really amazing example of

784
00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:39,400
Speaker 1: this is honey hunters of Nepal. Uh So, there is

785
00:48:39,640 --> 00:48:42,680
Speaker 1: a man named mally Don who is one of the

786
00:48:42,760 --> 00:48:46,120
Speaker 1: last mad honey hunters of Nepal and now it's not.

787
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:49,200
Speaker 1: He's not mad, but the honey is called mad hunter.

788
00:48:49,840 --> 00:48:54,160
Speaker 1: He's part of the Kolong indigenous people. Uh, and they

789
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:58,239
Speaker 1: have been using this this mad honey for centuries as

790
00:48:58,520 --> 00:49:02,280
Speaker 1: um because it has been to snell properties and an antiseptic.

791
00:49:02,360 --> 00:49:05,879
Speaker 1: It can be like a cough syrup. And honey has

792
00:49:05,960 --> 00:49:10,759
Speaker 1: like this antibiotic property and uh can actually help heal

793
00:49:11,440 --> 00:49:14,759
Speaker 1: your throat. But to get this, he will climb a

794
00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:18,360
Speaker 1: three hundred foot bamboo rope ladder up a sheer cliff

795
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:22,600
Speaker 1: face of granite above the Hungu River. Um. So he's

796
00:49:22,680 --> 00:49:25,799
Speaker 1: after the red honey produced by Himalayan bees, which is

797
00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:30,600
Speaker 1: called mad honey because it has psychotropic properties. Um. It

798
00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:34,480
Speaker 1: becomes psychotropic because bees feet on the flowers of Rhodan

799
00:49:34,560 --> 00:49:39,160
Speaker 1: drune trees, which contains toxins. It can also be sold

800
00:49:39,239 --> 00:49:42,360
Speaker 1: on the black market for like eighty dollars a pound

801
00:49:43,280 --> 00:49:45,600
Speaker 1: because it's like you get high off the honey. Yeah,

802
00:49:46,040 --> 00:49:48,640
Speaker 1: it sounds fun. It does sound fun. It doesn't sound

803
00:49:48,640 --> 00:49:51,680
Speaker 1: fun to collect though, So he has to hold onto

804
00:49:51,680 --> 00:49:56,000
Speaker 1: the cliff face by hand with tiny footholds while carrying

805
00:49:56,040 --> 00:49:58,959
Speaker 1: a huge bamboo pole that he uses to saw off

806
00:49:59,040 --> 00:50:02,480
Speaker 1: sections of the honey. Comb while he carries some burning

807
00:50:02,520 --> 00:50:05,319
Speaker 1: grass to kind of try to soothe the bees which

808
00:50:05,360 --> 00:50:08,200
Speaker 1: are not happy, and they still sting them. But if

809
00:50:08,239 --> 00:50:10,719
Speaker 1: he flinches, like he could fall to his death. Is

810
00:50:10,760 --> 00:50:14,879
Speaker 1: he doing this for the potential money? Uh, it's partially that,

811
00:50:15,200 --> 00:50:18,920
Speaker 1: um So, it's it's partially just for a survival, you know,

812
00:50:18,960 --> 00:50:22,960
Speaker 1: to to get the money. It's also um sort of

813
00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:26,120
Speaker 1: part of this this tradition and there's a deep spiritual

814
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:29,319
Speaker 1: nous to it. Um. So it's it's very it's a

815
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:34,000
Speaker 1: very meaningful things. So it makes sense that it's not

816
00:50:34,080 --> 00:50:36,239
Speaker 1: he's not just doing it to try to get high.

817
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:41,560
Speaker 1: It's is of great cultural significance and it's very helpful

818
00:50:41,640 --> 00:50:45,240
Speaker 1: for him and his family because of the money, um,

819
00:50:45,680 --> 00:50:48,840
Speaker 1: especially when it's harder to get other sources of income.

820
00:50:49,760 --> 00:50:52,880
Speaker 1: It's just incredible. And I mean he does have a helper,

821
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:55,520
Speaker 1: like on the other side of the cliff, but from

822
00:50:55,520 --> 00:50:57,799
Speaker 1: that side of the cliff, you can't reach the honeycomb,

823
00:50:58,200 --> 00:50:59,719
Speaker 1: or if you try to get it, like you could

824
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:02,839
Speaker 1: make the whole honeycomb fall down. And they don't want that, like,

825
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:05,440
Speaker 1: they really don't, and it's they do it in a

826
00:51:05,440 --> 00:51:07,600
Speaker 1: way where they don't want to harm the bees. They

827
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:10,680
Speaker 1: don't want to, like, you know, destroy the colonies. It's

828
00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:14,919
Speaker 1: very conscientious. They sing this song like as they're doing

829
00:51:14,920 --> 00:51:17,080
Speaker 1: it about like you know, I'm not here to hurt you.

830
00:51:17,280 --> 00:51:21,480
Speaker 1: I'm like, you know, Uh, it's the honey kind of

831
00:51:21,480 --> 00:51:24,600
Speaker 1: looks it looks a little bit like this. The color

832
00:51:24,680 --> 00:51:28,640
Speaker 1: of this dirt soda, although not not the viscosity. Well,

833
00:51:28,960 --> 00:51:30,920
Speaker 1: this dirt sod is actually really pretty. The color of

834
00:51:30,960 --> 00:51:34,239
Speaker 1: it is garnet. Yeah, that's right, that's right. It's very

835
00:51:34,280 --> 00:51:36,640
Speaker 1: pretty to look at. Not good to eat. The honey

836
00:51:36,719 --> 00:51:41,040
Speaker 1: is probably really nice to eat and then very fun right.

837
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:46,680
Speaker 1: Psychotropic properties um So, bees themselves can also be daredevils

838
00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:48,600
Speaker 1: when it comes to getting a meal. They will get

839
00:51:48,640 --> 00:51:52,680
Speaker 1: punched in the flight face by flowers, punched in the

840
00:51:52,719 --> 00:51:58,120
Speaker 1: flace by flowers. Uh. So. Alfalfa leaf cutting bees are

841
00:51:58,239 --> 00:52:00,960
Speaker 1: found all over the world, but they were introduced to

842
00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:04,080
Speaker 1: the US, so they're not indigenous. Um and they were

843
00:52:04,120 --> 00:52:08,000
Speaker 1: introduced to help with crops. Uh. They're solitary bees, meaning

844
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:11,759
Speaker 1: they don't form colonies or store honey and honeycombs. Uh.

845
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,799
Speaker 1: They'll build their own individual nests and line them with

846
00:52:14,840 --> 00:52:17,960
Speaker 1: the leaves that they've cut. So even though they're not

847
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:21,319
Speaker 1: social bees, uh, they kind of they're fine with each other.

848
00:52:21,320 --> 00:52:24,360
Speaker 1: They're not like aggressive, So they just live in studio

849
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:28,399
Speaker 1: apartment exactly. In fact, farmers will sometimes make high rise

850
00:52:28,440 --> 00:52:31,120
Speaker 1: apartments for them out of styrofun They'll cut out little

851
00:52:31,120 --> 00:52:35,799
Speaker 1: holes in syrofoam to house like like hundreds of these bees. Uh,

852
00:52:35,840 --> 00:52:38,239
Speaker 1: and they're just each in their little apartment and they

853
00:52:38,280 --> 00:52:40,879
Speaker 1: go where to go, where their babies are, uh, they

854
00:52:40,920 --> 00:52:44,640
Speaker 1: need them for alfalfa, and alfalfa is a major component

855
00:52:44,640 --> 00:52:48,720
Speaker 1: in feeding cows and other livestock. Alfalfa flowers are really

856
00:52:48,719 --> 00:52:52,120
Speaker 1: hard to pollinate. Their pollen is deep inside the flower

857
00:52:52,360 --> 00:52:55,160
Speaker 1: and it's only released when the be steps on what's

858
00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:57,960
Speaker 1: called a keel pedal, which is a spring loaded pedal

859
00:52:58,320 --> 00:53:01,080
Speaker 1: that actually ejects pollen for the flower. So they step

860
00:53:01,120 --> 00:53:04,319
Speaker 1: on the petal and then this like this, uh, this

861
00:53:04,520 --> 00:53:08,600
Speaker 1: pollen column like shoots out of the flower and shoots

862
00:53:08,640 --> 00:53:11,879
Speaker 1: out pollen um. And this is a normally a good

863
00:53:11,920 --> 00:53:15,960
Speaker 1: strategy for the alfalfa because it launches the pollen onto

864
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:18,440
Speaker 1: the the pollinator and gets it all over and it's

865
00:53:18,480 --> 00:53:22,360
Speaker 1: a very effective way of distributing pollen and also avoiding

866
00:53:22,360 --> 00:53:28,200
Speaker 1: like self pollination, but alfalfa is also introduced to the US,

867
00:53:28,320 --> 00:53:31,560
Speaker 1: so the be the western bees, the honey bees found

868
00:53:31,600 --> 00:53:35,320
Speaker 1: here are really ginger and they're kind of weeny, you know.

869
00:53:35,440 --> 00:53:37,920
Speaker 1: They don't really want to be punched by a flower,

870
00:53:38,320 --> 00:53:41,160
Speaker 1: so they've figured out how to like very carefully step

871
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:45,000
Speaker 1: around the the keel petal so they don't get punched,

872
00:53:45,040 --> 00:53:47,319
Speaker 1: and then they sit honey from or the they sip

873
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:51,120
Speaker 1: the nectar like from the side of the flower. Um.

874
00:53:51,160 --> 00:53:55,480
Speaker 1: But leafcutter bees are some bad bitches. They are really

875
00:53:55,480 --> 00:53:58,040
Speaker 1: tough enough to take a flower punch to the face.

876
00:53:58,760 --> 00:54:04,400
Speaker 1: Um and uh so uh and they they're just like

877
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:06,480
Speaker 1: like you can see videos of it all postal link

878
00:54:06,480 --> 00:54:08,799
Speaker 1: where the bees just like get in and they like

879
00:54:08,880 --> 00:54:11,880
Speaker 1: it punched in the face with pollen. They're just continue on.

880
00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:15,200
Speaker 1: So there's no indication that it like startles them. They

881
00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:18,600
Speaker 1: don't kind of go a fly about the s They

882
00:54:18,640 --> 00:54:21,960
Speaker 1: seem totally cool with it. They're they're really and they

883
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:24,359
Speaker 1: they they kind of look a little more tankish. They're

884
00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:26,319
Speaker 1: like sort of gray and black, and they're just they

885
00:54:26,320 --> 00:54:29,239
Speaker 1: look a little more bulky, little a little more sort

886
00:54:29,280 --> 00:54:33,920
Speaker 1: of like these uh, these pro wrestler bees like glow

887
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:39,040
Speaker 1: be yes because these are going to be females from

888
00:54:39,040 --> 00:54:43,799
Speaker 1: the last part. Um, I just love that if these

889
00:54:43,840 --> 00:54:46,400
Speaker 1: bees didn't weren't able to take a punch to the

890
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:48,480
Speaker 1: face from a flower like, we probably wouldn't be able

891
00:54:48,520 --> 00:54:52,200
Speaker 1: to have as much crop pollination about health in the US.

892
00:54:52,239 --> 00:54:55,440
Speaker 1: So it really does transform our our whole farming industry.

893
00:54:55,480 --> 00:54:57,080
Speaker 1: That's the kind of thing that people need to know

894
00:54:57,120 --> 00:54:59,960
Speaker 1: about so that they can be actually concerned about bees.

895
00:55:00,040 --> 00:55:04,040
Speaker 1: That right, exactly, like if you if these bees aren't

896
00:55:04,080 --> 00:55:06,040
Speaker 1: willing to get punched in the face, we will not

897
00:55:06,120 --> 00:55:10,200
Speaker 1: have milk, yeah and ice cream. Yeah. Bees getting punched

898
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:13,360
Speaker 1: in the face equals having yeah and ice cream. And

899
00:55:13,480 --> 00:55:14,759
Speaker 1: you have to say ice cream because it has to

900
00:55:14,760 --> 00:55:18,760
Speaker 1: be the thing people most want, right exactly. Yeah. Um,

901
00:55:18,880 --> 00:55:22,520
Speaker 1: So I want to end the show with a listener question.

902
00:55:23,080 --> 00:55:27,000
Speaker 1: So Brittany asks, uh, tapers are my favorite animals, specifically

903
00:55:27,120 --> 00:55:31,239
Speaker 1: Malayan tapers. When I was not tapers tapers. When I

904
00:55:31,280 --> 00:55:33,560
Speaker 1: was at the zoo recently, there was a tape eer talk.

905
00:55:33,680 --> 00:55:36,720
Speaker 1: The keeper told us that tapiers are known to climb trees,

906
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:39,520
Speaker 1: but I can't find any information on this at all. Also,

907
00:55:39,560 --> 00:55:43,000
Speaker 1: tapers could be on an episode for keutas babies. Unfortunately

908
00:55:43,040 --> 00:55:49,799
Speaker 1: we're not um. So I actually didn't know whether this

909
00:55:49,920 --> 00:55:52,960
Speaker 1: is true or not, although it seems improbable because tapers

910
00:55:53,320 --> 00:55:56,960
Speaker 1: they basically they're large pig shaped animals. Um. They have

911
00:55:57,080 --> 00:55:59,960
Speaker 1: these long snoots which are actually a tiny pre hint

912
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:03,319
Speaker 1: style trunk. They're found in the jungles and forests of

913
00:56:03,360 --> 00:56:07,640
Speaker 1: South and Central America and Southeast Asia. Uh. They're actually

914
00:56:07,680 --> 00:56:11,040
Speaker 1: not related to pegs as much as they are odd

915
00:56:11,080 --> 00:56:15,200
Speaker 1: toed ungulates, so they're related to zebras, rhinos, horses, and donkeys.

916
00:56:15,320 --> 00:56:18,520
Speaker 1: They're about six ft long, three hundreds to seven hundred pounds.

917
00:56:18,640 --> 00:56:23,600
Speaker 1: They live up to thirty years. They're herbivores um and

918
00:56:23,719 --> 00:56:27,000
Speaker 1: as far being able to climb trees, I don't think

919
00:56:27,040 --> 00:56:30,680
Speaker 1: they can climb trees like you would imagine like a

920
00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:33,719
Speaker 1: monkey or a little bear or jaguar climbing up a tree,

921
00:56:33,760 --> 00:56:35,920
Speaker 1: like clambering up and like sitting on top of the

922
00:56:35,920 --> 00:56:41,720
Speaker 1: tree and being like what now, um, But they can't.

923
00:56:41,760 --> 00:56:46,160
Speaker 1: They are surprisingly athletic and agile, so they can kind

924
00:56:46,160 --> 00:56:49,200
Speaker 1: of march their legs up the tree and then stand

925
00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:51,600
Speaker 1: on their hind legs to reach the tallest leaves. So

926
00:56:51,680 --> 00:56:55,000
Speaker 1: here's a picture of that. Uh So, and then they

927
00:56:55,040 --> 00:56:58,040
Speaker 1: can get those really high up leaves. They can also

928
00:56:58,120 --> 00:57:01,320
Speaker 1: swim really well, so they'll climb and they can climb

929
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:05,280
Speaker 1: steep mountains. So so they're just athletes. They are athletes, yeah,

930
00:57:05,120 --> 00:57:08,440
Speaker 1: uh so they are surprisingly agile on like these really

931
00:57:08,480 --> 00:57:12,400
Speaker 1: steep mountains, like like goats basically, so their diet is

932
00:57:12,440 --> 00:57:15,759
Speaker 1: fruit berries and seeds. Uh and they're dongue actually is

933
00:57:15,920 --> 00:57:19,840
Speaker 1: really good for saving the rainforest, so it contains a

934
00:57:19,840 --> 00:57:24,240
Speaker 1: lot of undamaged seeds that can help replant the Amazon rainforest,

935
00:57:25,040 --> 00:57:27,760
Speaker 1: especially because they like to go into parts of the

936
00:57:27,840 --> 00:57:32,040
Speaker 1: rainforest that have been recently disturbed or deforested or burned

937
00:57:32,240 --> 00:57:34,640
Speaker 1: where new growth is starting to come back, because they

938
00:57:34,680 --> 00:57:37,480
Speaker 1: like those like new tender leaves and they poop there

939
00:57:37,520 --> 00:57:40,919
Speaker 1: and they distribute a lot of the seeds and then

940
00:57:40,960 --> 00:57:46,800
Speaker 1: that that can help the biodiversity of the rainforest. And

941
00:57:46,840 --> 00:57:50,320
Speaker 1: they're adorable. They're adorable, especially the babies. As as the

942
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:57,920
Speaker 1: listener suggested, so they will also sometimes push less sturdy

943
00:57:57,920 --> 00:58:00,160
Speaker 1: trees over, like as they're sort of like rising up

944
00:58:00,160 --> 00:58:02,560
Speaker 1: on their hind legs and putting their little fore legs

945
00:58:02,600 --> 00:58:04,480
Speaker 1: on the tree, they will push it over and that's

946
00:58:04,480 --> 00:58:07,280
Speaker 1: actually even though it sounds destructive, it's actually very important

947
00:58:08,040 --> 00:58:13,160
Speaker 1: for other species because by lowering the leaves it allows

948
00:58:13,240 --> 00:58:16,280
Speaker 1: other species of animals to access them. So this helps

949
00:58:16,360 --> 00:58:21,160
Speaker 1: the sandbar deer, the barking deer, and chevrotaines, which I'm

950
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:24,840
Speaker 1: so excited to talk about these because so on the

951
00:58:24,840 --> 00:58:27,600
Speaker 1: show we've talked about dick dicks, which are adorable little

952
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:32,680
Speaker 1: tiny antelopes. Watch out dick dicks. These chevrotaines are even tinier.

953
00:58:33,120 --> 00:58:37,120
Speaker 1: These are the smallest hooved animals in the world. They're

954
00:58:37,120 --> 00:58:40,160
Speaker 1: also known as the mouse deer. Look at this little guy.

955
00:58:40,480 --> 00:58:45,000
Speaker 1: They're any time to freak out. They're like just they're

956
00:58:45,080 --> 00:58:49,400
Speaker 1: like a little bigger than a jewel. They're so tiny.

957
00:58:49,560 --> 00:58:52,160
Speaker 1: I know everyone's been giving me dick dick pick picks,

958
00:58:52,760 --> 00:58:56,040
Speaker 1: which has been great, But can we start the chevrotaine

959
00:58:56,120 --> 00:58:59,240
Speaker 1: train now because I want now, I want pictures of

960
00:58:59,480 --> 00:59:03,439
Speaker 1: chevrotaine because they are so cute. I'll quit a link

961
00:59:03,480 --> 00:59:07,000
Speaker 1: to some photos of these guys. They're adorable, um, and

962
00:59:07,080 --> 00:59:08,920
Speaker 1: so that makes it. It's just so cute that like

963
00:59:09,000 --> 00:59:11,400
Speaker 1: these big tapers, it's like they lower because otherwise it's

964
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:18,080
Speaker 1: little guys couldn't reach these trees tape yours sound amazing

965
00:59:18,120 --> 00:59:21,440
Speaker 1: the fit. Yeah they I want there to be a

966
00:59:21,440 --> 00:59:24,120
Speaker 1: Disney movie about a tape here and a chevtaine that

967
00:59:24,240 --> 00:59:26,960
Speaker 1: team up and like like a little guy, maybe he

968
00:59:27,120 --> 00:59:30,320
Speaker 1: has some special skills we can help, like the tape

969
00:59:30,320 --> 00:59:32,200
Speaker 1: here and the tape here like lowers trees for him,

970
00:59:32,240 --> 00:59:34,880
Speaker 1: like sort of a milo and notist situation. This is good.

971
00:59:34,960 --> 00:59:37,800
Speaker 1: Get on that, Disney. Well you need to get credit

972
00:59:37,840 --> 00:59:40,120
Speaker 1: for it, right, Yeah, pay me the big books for

973
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:45,960
Speaker 1: my chev taine tape here story called like chev chevertine

974
00:59:46,680 --> 00:59:54,680
Speaker 1: train tapeier capiers. We'll still works up that well. Thank

975
00:59:54,720 --> 00:59:57,640
Speaker 1: you so much for joining me, um, and thank you

976
00:59:57,680 --> 01:00:00,760
Speaker 1: for trying the dirt soda my pleasure. Do you've got

977
01:00:00,760 --> 01:00:05,360
Speaker 1: anything to plug? Um, just my podcast. I even know

978
01:00:05,400 --> 01:00:08,000
Speaker 1: how to pronounce it. My podcast, which is smart mouth,

979
01:00:08,040 --> 01:00:11,720
Speaker 1: which is two words, which apparently some people, Yeah, smart

980
01:00:11,760 --> 01:00:15,080
Speaker 1: mouth two words. Um. I'm starting a newsletter at smart

981
01:00:15,120 --> 01:00:19,080
Speaker 1: mouth dot substack dot com and uh it has an

982
01:00:19,080 --> 01:00:23,520
Speaker 1: Instagram at Smartmouth podcast awesome. Um. You can find us

983
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:28,400
Speaker 1: on the internet Creature feature pod dot com, Creature feature

984
01:00:28,480 --> 01:00:33,120
Speaker 1: Pod on Instagram, Creature feet Pod on Twitter, e t

985
01:00:33,320 --> 01:00:36,560
Speaker 1: that is ah. You can find me at Katie Golden

986
01:00:36,600 --> 01:00:38,920
Speaker 1: and of course, as always at Pro Bird Rights, where

987
01:00:38,960 --> 01:00:41,480
Speaker 1: I really fight for the important things in life, like

988
01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:45,480
Speaker 1: bread access for birds. Don't actually feed birds bread, It's dangerous.

989
01:00:46,960 --> 01:00:50,400
Speaker 1: It is the best Twitter account. Thank you. Thank you

990
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:53,400
Speaker 1: guys so much for listening. If you're liking the podcast,

991
01:00:53,480 --> 01:00:57,680
Speaker 1: please mash that subscribe I don't what is it on podcast?

992
01:00:57,840 --> 01:01:00,920
Speaker 1: Rate it? Subscribe it like it. We'll do all these

993
01:01:01,400 --> 01:01:05,480
Speaker 1: press the stars. Yeah yeah, please do that, um and

994
01:01:05,720 --> 01:01:11,080
Speaker 1: you can catch us next Wednesday. Thank you. Creature feature

995
01:01:11,160 --> 01:01:13,760
Speaker 1: is a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works.

996
01:01:14,080 --> 01:01:16,600
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the I

997
01:01:16,720 --> 01:01:19,640
Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

998
01:01:19,720 --> 01:01:23,120
Speaker 1: your favorite shows. And thanks to the Space Classics for

999
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:25,240
Speaker 1: their awesome song Exo Lumina.